Ecologie et conservation des abeilles sauvages le long d ... - Urbanbees [PDF]

´ Ecologie et conservation des abeilles sauvages le long d’un gradient d’urbanisation Laura Fortel

To cite this version: ´ Laura Fortel. Ecologie et conservation des abeilles sauvages le long d’un gradient d’urbanisation. Agricultural sciences. Universit´e d’Avignon, 2014. French. .

HAL Id: tel-01159781 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01159781 Submitted on 3 Jun 2015

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9#??-0F031"$N%/3W,$F"1/,3% ! 1.0

Variables factor map (PCA)

Wooded areas Wooded.areas

Water

Roads Roads

0.0

Dim 2 (18.96%)

0.5

Water

Buildings Buildings

Industrial.areas

Industrial areas

-1.0

Individuals factor map (PCA) -0.5

0.0

3

-1.0

0.5

site7

site6 site22 site11

site23

1

site16 site15

site14 site10

site12

0

site19 site24 site5 site21 site1

site8

site4

site20

site13

-1

Dim 2 (18.96%)

1.0

Dim 1 (40.31%)

2

Dim 2 (18.96%)

-0.5

Open.areas

Open areas

Arable.land

Agricultural land

site17

site18

site2 site3

-3

-2

site9

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Dim 1 (40.31%)

Dim 1 (40.31%)

!

&/.#$0%@S9%_e%(04#-14%,W%1>0%?$/3+/?"-%+,F?,3031%"3"-N404%,3%1>0%-"364+"?04%5"$/"8-04% ,50$%"%^ii%F%$"6/#4S%

! !

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LYON

CAILLOUX SUR FONTAINE

LYON

VILLEURBANNE

LYON

VILLEURBANNE

FRANCHEVILLE

LIMONEST

MEYZIEU

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

5°00'30.4"E

4°46'28.8"E

+##,-..///0123)4>,3260'2.")9#"#?#"&))=5.36#=?29>9=13,35039,

%+##,-..///09?,0'2.

;

%+##,-..///097"2"50'2.

:

%+##,-..///07&)#94&206&7.

8

%+##,-..///0123)45$&)06&7.

*

B%

%+##,-..///0123)4>,3260'2.")9#"#?#"&))=5.36#=?29>9$735"7039,

A

45°46'2.05"N

45°50'02.2"N

283

249

129

255

210

395

217

190

166

181

172

328

Conservatoire d'Espaces Naturels Rhône-Alpes (http://www.cren-rhonealpes.fr/)

24

23

22

4°49'37.3"E

45°45'23.90" 4°55'8.16"E N 45°44'28.48" 4°44'10.25"E N

45°43'27.1"N

45°46'13.27" 4°47'45.05"E N 45°46'16.35" 4°52'47.03"E N

4°54'00.1"E

213

45°52'20"N

188

4°51'22.1"E

172

219

165

45°46'20.92" 4°49'47.03"E N

4°52'55.6"E

4°56'35.2"E

45°44'15.66" STE FOY LES LYON 4°47'9.99"E N 45°36'49.29" GRIGNY 4°48'1.90"E N COLLONGES AU MT 45°49'49.67" 4°49'55.19"E D'OR N 45°47'46.12" MARCY L'ETOILE 4°42'53.84"E N

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@@@%HS A/"+>$,3/+%"3"-N404e%1>0%05,-#1/,3%,W%+,-,3/C"1/,3%,50$%1/F0% ! ,D!9^8!B6C7!B\G;:8B!CDB9;778R!CD!9^8!qCD98:!6c!KLJLrKLJJY!D8C9^8:!9^8!655G::8D58! c:8\G8D5T! D6:! 9^8! ;IGDR;D58! 6c! qC7R! I88B! 5^;D@8R! 6O8:! 9^8! 9q6! T8;:B! 6c! B;QH7CD@! d[C@G:8B!,,,!K/!;DR!,,,!K*fV! ! ! ,D! 9^8! I88! ^6987B! CDB9;778R! CD! 9^8! qCD98:! 6c! KLJLrKLJJY! 9^8! 655G::8D58! c:8\G8D5T!6c!8;5^!6c!6G:!9^:88!@:6GHB!q;B!BC@DCcC5;D97T!RCcc8:8D9!I89q88D!9^8!cC:B9!;DR! 9^8!B856DR!T8;:V!Q1>,/%0),@7,0!;DR!Q3%#7@"/*70!q8:8!BC@DCcC5;D97T!78BB!c:8\G8D9!CD!KLJ=! 9^;D! CD! KLJKY! IG9! 9^8! 6HH6BC98! q;B! 6IB8:O8R! c6:! Q3% @"/*512% d[C@G:8!,,,!=/f3% "^8! ;IGDR;D58B! 6c! 9^8! 9^:88! @:6GHB! 6c! BH85C8B! q8:8! BCQC7;:! 6O8:! 9^8! 9q6! T8;:B! d[C@G:8!,,,!=*fV! ! ! !

@@@%2S 9N3+>$,3/+% "3"-N404e% 1>0% /3W-#03+0% ,W% 1>0% ".0% ,W% 1>0% 3041/3.% 4/10% ! ,D!KLJMY!D8C9^8:!9^8!655G::8D58!c:8\G8D5T!D6:!9^8!;IGDR;D58!6c!qC7R!I88B!q;B! BC@DCcC5;D97T! RCcc8:8D9! I89q88D! 9^8! B\G;:8B! IGC79! GH! CD! 9^8! qCD98:! 6c! KLJLrKLJJ! ;DR! 9^6B8!IGC79!9^8!c6776qCD@!qCD98:!dCV8VY!9q6AT8;:!67R!B6C7!B\G;:8B!56QH;:8R!96!6D8AT8;:! 67R!6D8Bp![C@G:8B!,,,!K1!;DR!,,,!K0fV! ! ! +8C9^8:!9^8!655G::8D58!c:8\G8D5T!D6:!9^8!;IGDR;D58!6c!I69^!"1>,/%0),@7,0!;DR% Q3%#7@"/*70%q8:8!BC@DCcC5;D97T!RCcc8:8D9!I89q88D!9^8!I88!^6987B!CDB9;778R!CD!9^8!qCD98:! 6c! KLJLrKLJJ! ;DR! 9^6B8! CDB9;778R! 9^8! c6776qCD@! qCD98:% d[C@G:8B!,,,!=1! ;DR! ,,,!=0f3% #6q8O8:Y!I69^!9^8!655G::8D58!c:8\G8D5T!;DR!9^8!;IGDR;D58!6c%Q3%@"/*512!q8:8!76q8:! CD!9^8!9q6AT8;:!67R!I88!^6987B!9^;D!CD!9^8!6D8AT8;:!67R!6D8B!d[C@G:8B!,,,!=1!;DR!,,,!=0fV! ! ! !

･J=K･!

!

Bee occurrence frequency

Diachronic analyses 1.0

NS

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.0

0.0

B

C

0.8

0.6

5

Bee abundance

1.0

A

0.8

Synchronic analyses

5 NS

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

0

0

NS

D

NS

Soil squares of the winter of 2010/2011 Soil squares of the winter of 2011/2012

Samplings of 2012 Samplings of 2013

! &/.#$0%@@@%ae%2>"3.04%,50$%1/F0%,W%1>0%F0"3%800%+"?1#$04%/3%4,/-%4d#"$04%,50$%1X,% +,340+#1/50%40"4,34%"W10$%1>0/$%/341"--"1/,3%/3%1>0%X/310$%,W%ai_iuai__%j7%"36%Hl%"36% 0WW0+1%,W%1>0%".0%,W%1>0%4,/-%4d#"$04%,3%1>0%F0"3%800%+"?1#$04%$0+,$606%/3%ai_b%j2%"36% AlS%"^8!BTQI67!;DR!9^8!^6:C`6D9;7!I;:!;I6O8!8;5^!H;C:!6c!567GQDB!CDRC5;98!9^8!BC@DCcC5;D58!6c! 9^8!RCcc8:8D58!I89q88D!9^8B8!T8;:B!d+%U!H!ò!LVL0%F0"3%800%+"?1#$04%/3%800%>,10-4%,50$%1X,% +,340+#1/50%40"4,34%"W10$%1>0/$%/341"--"1/,3%/3%1>0%X/310$%,W%ai_iuai__%j7%"36%Hl%"36% 0WW0+1%,W%1>0%".0%,W%1>0%F"10$/"-%/3%800%>,10-4%,3%1>0%F0"3%800%+"?1#$04%$0+,$606%/3% ai_b%j2%"36%AlS%38:9C5;7!I;:B!CDRC5;98!%$V!"^8!BTQI67!;DR!9^8!^6:C`6D9;7!I;:!;I6O8!8;5^!H;C:! 6c!567GQDB!CDRC5;98!9^8!BC@DCcC5;D58!6c!9^8!RCcc8:8D58!I89q88D!9^8!T8;:B!d+%U!H!ò!LVL,-04%/3%4?0+/04%,W%-,.4%"36%>,--,X%410F4%j7l%"36%"F,3.%?/1>N%410F4%jHlS!"^8:8!CB!;! BC@DCcC5;D9!H:8c8:8D58!c6:!BH85C8B!Cc!9^8!n･!

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@IS A/4+#44/,3% ! w8!8O;7G;98R!9^8!5676DC`;9C6D!6c!Q;DAQ;R8!D8B9CD@!B9:G59G:8B!IT!qC7R!I88B!;9! J>!BC98B!;DR!6O8:!6D8!T8;:!c6:!^;7c!6c!9^8!BC98B!;DR!9q6!T8;:B!c6:!9^8!:8Q;CDCD@!^;7cV! "^8:8! q;B! D6! 8cc859! 6c! 9^8! T8;:! 6c! B;QH7CD@! 6:! 9^8! T8;:! 6c! CDB9;77;9C6D! 6c! 9^8! B6C7! B\G;:8B! 6D! 9^8! I88! 655G::8D58! c:8\G8D5T! 6:! 9^8C:! ;IGDR;D58V! %H85C8B! 69^8:! 9^;D! Q0672! #7@"/*70! ;DR! QV! @"/*512! q8:8! Q6:8! c:8\G8D97T! 6IB8:O8R! RG:CD@! KLJK! 9^;D! RG:CD@!KLJ=Y!IG9!9^8T!q8:8!D69!Q6:8!;IGDR;D9V!Q3%#7@"/*70!q;B!;B!;IGDR;D9Y!IG9!78BB! c:8\G8D97T!6IB8:O8R!RG:CD@!9^8!KLJK!B;QH7CD@B!9^;D!RG:CD@!9^8!KLJ=!6D8BV!,D!KLJ=Y!Q3% #7@"/*70! ;DR! 9^8! 69^8:! BH85C8B! 8Q8:@8R! CD! BCQC7;:! DGQI8:B! c:6Q! 9^8! qCD98:! KLJLrKLJJ!^6987B!9^;D!c:6Q!9^6B8!6c!KLJJrKLJKV!'D!9^8!69^8:!^;DRY!Q3%@"/*512!q;B! Q6:8!c:8\G8D97T!:856:R8R!CD!KLJ=!9^;D!CD!KLJK!q^8D!766sCD@!;9!9^8!KLJLrKLJJ!I88! ^6987BV! /7B6! CD! KLJ=Y! Q3% @"/*512! q;B! Q6:8! c:8\G8D97T! :856:R8R! ;DR! q;B! Q6:8! ;IGDR;D9! CD! 9^8! KLJLrKLJJ! ^6987B! 9^;D! CD! 9^8! KLJJrKLJK! 6D8BV! %6C7! 98]9G:8! RCR! D69! CDc7G8D58!9^8!D8B9CD@!6c!qC7R!I88B!CD!9^8!B6C7!B\G;:8BV!489Y!CD!9^8!I88!^6987BY!Q3%#7@"/*70% D8B98R! Q6:8! CD! A@,/% BHV! 76@B! 6:! CD! 4212&)2% BHV! B98QB! 9^;D! CD! ;DT! 69^8:! 76@! 6:! B98Q! BH85C8B!H:6OCR8R!96!9^8QV! ! !

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9"36%% 9/-1% 2-"N% d@rJLL@f! d@rJLL@f% d@rJLL@f% lMVJ! lV=! ZV>! l=VZ! lVZ! ZV>! l>! >V>! ZVM! lMVK! lV=! ZV! ZV! n! lVM! ! KKVJ! J=V=! MnVl! KMVZ! K! JZV>! JnVlVZ! J>V>! JMVZ! M=V=! JnVn! =>Vl! >MVM! KJVJ! JMVlVM! KLV>! JJ! >MVV>! >nVK! KLVVK! JlVn! MM! =ZVJ! JlVn! >lVK! KJ! JLVl! ZLV>! Jn! JLVM! ! MZV>! ==V>! JlVl! MVK! JlVM! MZV! JlVl! JLV>! >lVK! KLVZ! JJVJ! ! JVl! JZVZ! MlVJ! =MV>! JZV=! VZ! KlV! ! Z! l! n! J! K! =! M! ! Z! l! n! J! K! =! M! ! Z! l! n!

9"36%% 9/-1% 2-"N% d@rJLL@f! d@rJLL@f% d@rJLL@f% >nVZ! JnVJ! JJVK! ! J>! l>V>! ZVZ! Vn! J>V=! ZZV>! JJVn! JLV! >>V=! JZVn! JVl! MVZ! MM! >lVV>! JMVn! ZZVn! JMVK! ZVn! ZMV=! J>VV>! JMVl! lV>! >M! JZVM! JlV>! Z>V=! JMVlVVl! =LV=! ZZV!

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!

10

0CB9:CIG9C6D!6c!9^8!B6C7!98]9G:8!c:6Q!9^8!JK>!B6C7!B\G;:8B!CD!9^8!98]9G:8!9:C;D@78! !

20

90

30

80

70

cla

rce

y

pe

40

clay

pe

50

rce

silt

nt

nt

60

50

clay

sandy 40

clay

70

silty clay

clay loam

loam

sandy clay

30

60

silty

80

loam 20

loam

90

silt loam

sandy loam 10 loamy

silt

sand

sand

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

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%

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J2&7@150%1565&"/56%

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I207"+&"0056%+/70,"&56%

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Q0672%05#67@2*0%

J>!

I207"+&"0056%62&2@>5/56%

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Q0672%1/7@"/*70%

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I207"+&"0056%6,0"0@&,/56%

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JZ!

X1,&70%67*512%

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