Idea Transcript
Book of Abstracts of the 12th Latin-American Congress: Electricity Generation and Transmission
Book of Abstracts 2
Table of Contents TOPIC 1 ................................................................................................................23 Energy Development Planning and Load Forecasting 01.001 Processing and Load Forecasting of a Micro Grid Using GRNN Neural Network
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M. P. R. Carvalho and A. D. P. Lotufo
01.003 Rede ARTMAP Euclidiana na Solução do Problema de Previsão de Cargas Elétricas
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T. T. Gomes, M. L. M. Lopes, C. R. J. Santos, M. F. Alves e A. D. P. Lotufo.
01.004 25 Integração Energética Análise a partir de Empresas Privadas de Fontes de Energia Primária na América Latina A. C. Sotero, M. E. M. Udaeta, A. L. V. Gimenes e V. O. d. Silva
01.005 25 O Sistema de Contas Ambientais da Energia como Subsídio para o Planejamento de Energético no Brasil D. M. Dias1 e C.B. Martinez2
TOPIC 2 ................................................................................................................27 Generation and Transmission Systems Planning and Operation 02.001 28 Novel Topology Analysis of Synchronous and Induction Generators in Parallel Operation Mode in an Offshore Isolated Electric System V. Zimmermann Silva, Â. J. Junqueira Rezek and R. Di Lorenzo Corrêa
02.002 28 Proyecto Computacional para la Planeación de Sistemas de Transmisión en un Ambiente Centralizado V. H. Reséndiz E., F. Toledo T., R. Mota P.
02.003 29 Proposal of a Methodology for Adjusting the Risk Parameters for Physical Guarantee Calculation M. A. H. Mizuta, R. V. X. Souza and T. Sousa
02.005 29 Static Planning of the Expansion of Electrical Energy Transmission Systems Using Flower Pollination Algorithm P. S. Neves, R. O. G. Souza, I. C. S. Junior and B. H. Dias
02.006 Optimization of Wind Farms Layout Through Artificial Immune System
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L. L. Gomes, L. W. Oliveira, I. C. Silva Jr and J. A. Passos Filho
02.007 30 Determinación de Máxima Potencia de Parques Fotovoltaicos Dispersos para evitar Problemas de Estabilidad Transitoria M. C. Giménez, R. E. Rosés y M. E. Balmaceda
02.009 31 Algoritmo Dinâmico de PRIM aplicado ao Planejamento da Expansão de Redes de Distribuição Aéreas de Média Tensão F. B. Bornioti1, L. P. S. Freitas1, C. Rocha1 e R. L. B. Freitas2
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02.010 31 Técnica de Otimização Robusta Aplicada ao Problema de Planejamento Energético com Geração Solar S. C. A. de Ferreira, J. S. Carvalho, L. W. Oliveira, T. L. O. Araújo e E. J. Oliveira
02.012 32 Reconfiguração de Sistemas de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica com a Aplicação do Algoritmo Dinâmico Guloso H. L. M. Nunes Jr., M. S. Ghellere, C. Rocha e R. L. B. Freitas
02.013 Determination of Control Actions with Grids Partitioning
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M. R. Monteiro1,2, V. N. Costa3, Y. R. Rodrigues1 and A. C. Zambroni de Souza1
02.014 33 Spinning Reserve Calculation Considering the Generator Capability Curve and Load Level Scenarios M. S. Aleixo, E. J. de Oliveira, L. W. de Oliveira and M. B. A. Souza
02.015 Review of System Protection Schemes based on Synchronized Phasor Measurements
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P. D. Gill Estevez1, C. Galarza1 and M. Elizondo2
02.017 34 Algoritmo Heurístico Construtivo aplicado ao Planejamento de Redes Aéreas de Média Tensão com a alocação de Geração Distribuída E. E. Benitez, P. R. Belin, L. A. Souza, C. Rocha e A. B. Almeida
02.018 Novos Materiais e Técnicas para Construção de Modelos Reduzidos
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A. P. M. Saliba1, E. M. F. Viana1, J. L. Z. Tarqui1, C. B. Martinez1, M. E. F. Costa2 e A. G. Ferreira Júnior3
02.019 35 Estudo de Caso Real de Ajuste de Proteção de uma Linha de Transmissão Isolada Utilizando RTDS A. R. Oliveira1, E. J. Oliveira2, L. W. Oliveira2, J. S. Carvalho2, W. J. Virgilio3, M. D. Carvalho3, L. G. Meireles3, E. C. Brandão3, A. C. Tavares e P. A. N. Garcia
02.020 Performance of Metaheuristics Applied to Wind-Hydrothermal Dispatch Problem
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R. A. de Moraes, T. S. P. Fernandes, M.R. Bessa and K. Geus
02.022 36 Uma Abordagem Determinística para o Problema de Fluxo de Potência Ótimo Reativo com Variáveis de Controle Discretas D. N. da Silva e G. R. M. da Costa
02.024 36 Avaliação da Capacidade de Máxima Transferência de Potência em Sistemas Elétricos Interligados via Programação Linear Sequencial T. G. Moreira, K. R. Barbosa, J. A. Passos Filho e J. L. R. Pereira
02.025 37 Aplicação do STATCOM no Fluxo de Potência com Controladores Ajustados pelo PSO, para Avaliação da Estabilidade a Pequenas Perturbações C. E. Pupin1 e P. B. de Araujo2
02.026 37 Coordenação Hidrotérmica para Mercados Pool de Eletricidade Via Programação Linear Estocástica em Dois Estágios G. F. Bregadioli, E. C. Baptista e L. Nepomuceno
02.027 Algoritmo Metaheurístico Construtivo Aplicado à Manutenção Programada da Geração M. J. Oliveira1, F. A. Assis2, L. A. F. Manso3 e A. M. Leite da Silva4
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02.028 Juego de Opciones Aplicado a Inversiones en Capacidad de Generación Eléctrica
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S. B. López1, G. F. Baum1, F. G. Olsina2, F. F. Garcés2 y G. A. Blanco3
02.030 39 Despacho Econômico de Unidades Térmicas Considerando a Presença de Usinas Fotovoltaicas Conectadas ao Sistema de Potência A. C. G. Carvalho, C. E. A. Santos, Y. B. Moreira e B. F. S. Junior
02.031 Método para Estimar a Confiabilidade de Sistemas de Subtransmissão
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E. G. Silveira1, F. S. da Silva1 e L. C. Nascimento2
02.032 Static Planning of Power Optimization Technique
40 Transmission
System
Expansion
through
Bioinspired
C. A. Moraes, E. J. De Oliveira, L. W. Oliveira and I. C. Silva Junior
02.033 Aprendizaje Experiencial Aplicado a Inversiones de Generación de Energía Eléctrica
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G. F. Baum1,2, S. B. López1,2, F. G. Olsina1, F. F. Garcés1 y G. A. Blanco2
02.034 41 Definição dos Níveis de Reserva Girante em Sistemas de Geração com Elevada Participação de Fontes Renováveis Intermitentes M. A. S. Pereira1, L. A. F. Manso2 e W. S. Sales2
02.038 41 Uma Abordagem Determinística Para o Problema Multiobjetivo e Não-Diferenciável de Despacho E. Gonçalves1, A. R. Balbo1 e D. N. da Silva2
02.039 A Three Stage Hybrid Technique for Dynamic Transmission Network Expansion Planning
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L. E. de Oliveira1, F. D. Freitas1, I. C. Silva Junior2 and F. P. Oliveira Rosa2
02.041 42 Aplicação da Análise de Sensibilidade e Medidas Corretivas para Redução de Perdas em Sistemas Elétricos de Potência J. C. B. Soares Terceiro1, N. X. Melo2, S. L. S. Lima Barcelos3, W. M. dos Santos4 e B. F. Santos Junior2
02.043 Equivalentes de Redes para Análises da Estabilidade de Tensão – Abordagem Comparativa
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F. D. Silva, M. H. M. Vale, C. E. de Sousa e L. C. Nunes
02.046 43 Model for the Self-Scheduling of a Hydrothermal Company in a Pool-Based Electricity Market T. Gomes Cabana and L. Nepomuceno
02.047 Improving Special Protection Schemes with Operations Research Analysis
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A. Hoese
02.048 Optimal Involvement in the Futures Market for a Hydro Power Producer T. Forti da Silva and L. Nepomuceno
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TOPIC 3 ................................................................................................................45 Thermoelectric Power Plants 03.001 46 Evaluación Estocástica de Plantas de Generación de Energía Eléctrica en Ciclo Abierto y Ciclo Cerrado B. Mombello1, F. Olsina2 y R Pringles2
03.002 46 Análise em Tempo-Real da Qualidade do Óleo Combustível em Unidades Termelétricas de Combustão Interna C. E. Teixeira1, E. L. Bonaldi2, L. E. Lacerda de Oliveira2, I. Noronha2, G. Lambert-Torres2, L. E. Borges da Silva1, J. G. Borges da Silva2 e R. T. Ferraz3
TOPIC 4 ................................................................................................................47 Thermonuclear Power Plants 04.001 48 Análise da Hidroeletricidade e Termoeletricidade Nuclear no Contexto do Planejamento Energético Brasileiro: Uma Abordagem Sob o Aspecto Estratégico e Econômico R. F. Otobe Jr.1, J. Gramulia Jr.2, R. T. S. Pinto1, P. T. L. Asano1, J. M. L. Moreira1 e P. Carajilescov1
TOPIC 5 ................................................................................................................49 Hydroelectric Power Plants 05.001 50 Técnica de Produção e uso de Sedimentos Artificiais para Ensaios de Modelos Reduzidos de Usinas Hidrelétricas B. S. C. Capello1, J. L. Z. Tarqui2, A. P. M. Saliba2, C. B. Martinez2 e E. M. F. Viana2
05.002 Perda de Carga em Labirintos Sob Pressão
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A. L. P. Castro1,2, E. A. M. Rico2, C. B. Martinez2, S. A. Coelho2 e A. G. Ferreira Junior2
05.003 51 Descargas Parciais em Hidrogeradores - Uma Avaliação de Técnicas de Mineração de Dados no Monitoramento e Acompanhamento do Fenômeno A. C. N. Pardauil1, U. H. Bezerra1, W. D. Oliveira1, H. P. Amorim2 e A. T. Carvalho2
05.004 Guidelines for the Hydraulic Potential Studies of Mining Plants for Electricity Generation
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I. E. V. Passos and E. M. Leal
05.005 52 Study of Hydrocytetic Turbine Application as a Solution for the Generation of Electrical Energy in Isolated Communities I. E. V. Passos, E. M. Leal and V. R. Cavalcanti
05.006 52 Study of the Effect of the Complementary Use of Wind Energy on the Load Recovery Capacity of Henry Borden Hydropower Plant in Brazil P. M. de Arruda, J. C. Teixeira and P. T. L. Asano
05.007 53 Influência do Incremento de Tempo no Estudo da Velocidade Crítica da Espécie Pimelodus Maculatus M. C. Sampaio1, E. M. de F. Viana1, R. S. Alonso1, E. A. M. Rico1 e D. M. de A. Diniz2
05.008 Tecnologias de Protecão da Ictiofauna em Empreendimentos Hidrelétricos A. A. Cesário Porto1, E. M. de Faria Viana2 e C. Barreira Martinez2
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05.009 54 Uma Metodologia Laboratorial para Avaliação de Funções de Proteção e Controle Associadas à Excitação de Geradores Síncronos D. P. F. Fraga, I. B. M. Rocha e A. L. M. Coelho
05.010 54 Simulação em Tempo Real para Avaliação da Proteção de Perda de Excitação e de Sincronismo de Geradores Síncronos B. F. Pinheiro, L. D. Silva, P. M. Silveira e A. L. Magalhães Coelho
05.011 55 Simulação em Tempo Real para Teste e Análise da Proteção contra Faltas a Terra em 100% do Estator de Geradores Síncronos P. I. D. Correa, P. M. Silveira e A. L. M. Coelho
05.012 55 Influência da Taxa de Infestação de “Limnoperna Fortunei” na Redução da Potência de Turbinas Hidráulicas E. A. M. Rico1, C. B. Martinez1, A. L. P. Castro2, T. R. D. C. Souza1 e M. E. C. Ribeiro1
TOPIC 6 ................................................................................................................57 Small Power Plants 06.001 58 Effect of Working Fluids on Organic Rankine Cycle for The Recovery of Low-Grade Waste Heat E. S. R. Escalante, J. A. de Carvalho Junior and J. A. P. Balestieri
06.003 58 Análise da Eficiência de Grupos Diesel Geradores em uma Plataforma de Perfuração Equipada com Sistema de Posicionamento Dinâmico B. de Almeida, C. O. P. Piernagorda, R. M. Monaro e M. B. C. Salles
06.004 59 A Redução da Vida Útil de Máquinas Hidráulicas por Ação de Abrasão. Um Estudo de Caso Sobre a Amazônia Brasileira R. O. P. Serrano1, 3, L. P. Santos1, A. E. C. Palomino1, A. L. Pilz de Castro1,2, E. M. F. Viana1 e C. B. Martinez1
06.005 59 Estudo do Triângulo de Velocidades e Forças Atuantes em um Rotor Francis: um Foco na Influência do Desgaste por Erosão L. P. Santos1, R. O. P. Serrano1, 2, A. G. Ferreira Júnior1, J. L. Z. Tarqui1 e E. M. F. Viana1,
06.007 60 Simulação de uma Rejeição de Carga e os Efeitos Causados pela Incrustação do Mexilhão Dourado nos Condutos Forçados das Centrais Geradoras Hidrelétricas no Brasil: Um Estudo de Caso A. G. Ferreira Jr, C. B. Martinez, A. P. M. Saliba, R. O. P. Serrano, L. P. Santos e T. R. da Costa
TOPIC 7 ................................................................................................................61 Renewable and Non-Conventional Sources of Electric Power (Fuel Cell, Solar, Wind, Biomass, etc.) 07.001 62 Nova Metodologia para a Estimativa da Capacidade de Acomodação de Geradores FVs em Sistemas de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica L. C. Brolin e F. C. L. Trindade
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07.002 62 Optimal Investment Allocation for Supplying Isolated Systems by Renewable Energy Plants M. H. Balan, D. S. Ramos, E. Guarnier and L. A. S. Camargo
07.003 63 Análise de Desempenho da Potência Hidráulica de uma Turbina Hidrocinética em Ambientes com Alto Conteúdo de Sedimentos E. C. Machado, O. R. Saavedra e V. L. Paucar
07.005 Otimização da Operação de Baterias em Sistemas de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica
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A. L. M. dos Santos, L. W. Oliveira, B. H. Dias e J. G. de Oliveira
07.006 Controle Dinâmico de Descarga de Baterias Através de Sistema Imunológico Artificial
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P. H. D. Vidal1, A. L. M. dos Santos1, L. W. Oliveira1, J. G. de Oliveira1 e Â. R. Oliveira2
07.007 65 A Questão da Garantia Física: Proposta para Estimular a Geração Adicional por Biomassa no Período Seco Z. J. Souza
07.008 65 Avaliação da Complementaridade das Usinas Hidráulicas e Eólicas frente às Mudanças Climáticas N. Scherner, J. W. Marangon Lima, L. M. Marangon Lima e A.R. de Queiroz
07.009 Melhoria do IDH por Meio de Eletrificação Sustentável
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A. S. Jucá1, E. Oveira2, H. A. C. Mundin2, J. C. L. Fernandes2 e R. B. Sanchez2
07.010 67 Análise Transitória de Faltas em Geradores de Indução Duplamente Alimentados no Contexto da Energia Eólica B. H. Pontes da Silva1, M. L. Anders2, R. M. Monaro2 e S. G. Di Santo2
07.011 67 Estudo das Proteções de Geradores Eólicos Duplamente Alimentados em Ambiente de Cosimulação Embarcada F. A. L. Franco, F. C. N. Caetano, L. A. Sousa, R. M. Monaro e S. G. Di Santo
07.012 Análise Transitória de Faltas em Geradores Síncronos no Contexto da Energia Eólica
68
M. L. Anders, B. H. Pontes da Silva, R. M. Monaro e S. Giuseppe Di Santo
07.013 Factor de Capacidad de Turbinas Eólicas en Argentina
68
A. Jurado, E. Vinson, B. Cerne, P. Gill y F. Nicchi
07.014 69 Assessment of Environmental Influences in Solar Farms Efficiency: Case Study of a Real PV Plant R. J. dos Santos1, V. Carnelossi da Cunha1 and A. R. Donadon2
07.016 69 Desenvolvimento de Elementos de Aerogeradores no DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM para Simulação Dinâmica de Sistemas Elétricos de Potência J. R. Silva Neto, C. B. Mendonça Oliveira e O. R. Saavedra
07.017 Option Valuation of Solar Power Investments in an Office Building F. Penizzotto, R. Pringles, J. P. Martinez and F. Olsina
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07.018 71 Evaluación de la Energía Undimotriz en el sudeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina P. O. Prado1, J. J. Roberts2 y O. R. Noguera1
07.019 Economic Feasibility Study of Solar Photovoltaic Systems at Brazilian Universities
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A. G. Givisiez1, B. H. Dias1, L. W. de Oliveira1, W. O. Guedes1 and M. Z. Fortes2
07.020 Investment Analysis of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Systems: A Real Options Approach
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W. O. Guedes1, A. G. Givisiez1, B. H. Dias1, L. O. Willer1 and B. S. M. C. Borba2
07.021 72 Optimal Investment on Solar Photovoltaic System Considering Different Tariff Systems for Low Voltage Consumers V. A. Cabral1, J. P. Lauro1, B. H. Dias1, I. C. da Silva Jr1 and V. H. Ferreira2
07.022 73 Evaluación de un Sistema de Calefacción Solar- Eléctrico Aplicado a un Digestor Anaeróbico Enterrado M. A. Morales1, M. I. Sosa2 y A. C. Boucíguez1
07.023 73 Estudo de Caso: Proposta de Substituição de um Gerador de Diesel por um Sistema Híbrido (PV / Diesel) para Geração de Energia Elétrica na Comunidade Rural Nazaré no Município de Abaetetuba Pará M. J. S. Rodrigues e S. Vale
07.024 74 Análise da Implementação de um Sistema de Geração Distribuída utilizando Geração Solar Fotovoltaica para áreas degradadas e Utilização de energia residual de Abastecimento de Água Utilizando Bomba Funcionando como Turbina L. M. Custódio, R. E. Lopes V. Valamiel e R.B. Cardoso
07.025 74 Modelagem Via Redes Neurais da Capacidade de Sistemas de Armazenamento com Baterias em Smart Grids Isoladas com Fontes Renováveis M. S. Pereira, P. B. Leite Neto, O. R. Saavedra e S. L. Lima
07.026 75 Dimensionamento Ótimo de Uma Micro-Usina Baseada em Correntes de Maré para Sistemas Isolados B. Gomes de Sá1, O. R. Saavedra1, D. Queiroz Oliveira1 e P. B. Leite Neto2
07.029 Electricity Generation with Pyrolysis of Health Care Wastes in Lages-SC
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W. G. Buratto1, R. N. Muniz2, J. Amarante3, F. L. Ribeiro3, E. Esmério3, V. J. Costa3 and A. E. Siegloch3
07.030 76 Modelagem e Simulação de uma Microrrede Piloto Isolada com Provimento de Referência Através de um Gerador Síncrono Virtual R. C. Basoni1, D. Carletti2, M. T. A. Orlando2, L. F. Encarnação2 e J. F. Fardin2
07.031 Assessment of Flexible Investments in Solar-Photovoltaic Generation
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R. Pringles, F. Penizzotto and F. Olsina
07.032 77 Grid Transient Stability Using Inverters Controlling the Reactive Power of Photovoltaic Generators W. T. S Pinheiro, C. F. Vieira, V. C. Souza, Z. A. F. Souza and M. V. A. Nunes
07.034 Complementariedade de Parques Eólicos na Mitigação de Riscos Book of Abstracts 9
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A. M. Rocco1, F. K. Miguel2 , E. M. Lourenço1
07.035 The Use of Biogas from Landfills of São Paulo City for Bioelectricity Generation
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M. Carvalho Guimarães1,2, R. Franciélle Paulino1,2, J. L. Silveira1,2 and C. E. Tuna1,2
07.036 Análise dos Efeitos da Geração Fotovoltaica na Proteção de Sistemas de Distribuição
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G. L. Macieira e A. L. M. Coelho
07.037 Efecto de las Condiciones Meteorológicas de Mar del Plata en la Producción Fotovoltaica
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G. J. Murcia1, S. A. González1,2,3, N. I. Echeverría1,2,3, E. Garin1, J. C. Branda1 y S. B. Jacob1
TOPIC 8 ................................................................................................................81 Bioenergy for Electricity Generation 08.003 Minimum Fluidization Velocity of Mixture of Sand and Sugarcane Bagasse Particles
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N. Proenza Pérez1, J. Santana Antunes2, R. A. Verdú Ramos3 and J. L. Silveira2
TOPIC 9 ................................................................................................................83 High-Voltage Transmission Systems 09.002 84 Medición de Parámetros Eléctricos de Líneas de Alta Tensión en Presencia de Interferencia Provocada por un Entorno Electromagnético Real G. D. Baron, H. C. Zini, J. M. Serrano Mora y L. L. Rodríguez
09.003 84 A Novel HOS/ANN Approach for Transmission Line Protection Using Current Signals Only D. V. Coury1 and J. R. de Carvalho2
09.004 85 Analysis of the Influence of Soil Resistivity and Tower-Footing Characteristics on Overvoltages Caused by Lightning in Power Transmission Towers A. R. J. Araújo1, C. M. Seixas2, S. Kurokawa1, V. Okhmatovski3 and B. Kordi3
09.005 86 Redes Neurais Artificiais para Classificação, Localização e Determinação de Resistência de Faltas em Linhas de Transmissão Compensadas E. G. Silveira1, H. R. Paula1, L. F. Ribeiro1 e S. A. Rocha2
09.006 86 Power Swing Detection to the Distance Relay Blocking based on Mean Error of Periodic Functions C. Lazaro, C. V. Dias, L. Zapata and G. Cardoso Jr.
09.007 Studies of Electrical Interference of High-Voltage Power-Lines Over Pipelines
87
A. Chavarro
09.008 Método Intervalar de Fluxo de Potência baseado na Expansão Completa em Série de Taylor
87
L. M. Quintanilha e V. M. da Costa
09.010 88 Análise do Comportamento Termo-magnetico do Enrolamento de Transformadores Durante Correntes de Inrush A. R. M. Sousa1, D. S. Lima2, F. W. S. Conceição3, M. V. A. Nunes1 e W. S. Fonseca1
09.011 A Comparative Analysis of Differential Protection Methods for UHV Transmission Lines Book of Abstracts 10
88
L. Zapata, A. C. Marchesan, G. Cardoso, A. P. de Morais and C. Lazaro
09.012 89 Efeito Combinado do Campo Elétrico sob Tensão Elétrica de até 640 kV e da Ionização do Ar pelo Raios-X em Torno do Isolador de Polimérico de 500 kV - Ensaio Experimental H. Fujiwara1, G. J.V. Xavier1, E. J. da Silva Júnior1, A. H. Shinohara1, E. G. Costa2, H. B. D. T. Lott Neto3, P. R. R. Britto3 and M. A. B. Fontan3
09.013 89 Sistema Radiográfico Digital para Detecção de Defeitos Internos nos Isoladores Poliméricos em Linhas de Transmissão de 500 kV Energizada A. H. Shinohara1, E. J. Silva Jr1, G. J. V. Xavier, H. Fujiwara1, H. B. D. T. Lott Neto2, P. R. R. Britto2 e M. A. B. Fontan2
TOPIC 10 ..............................................................................................................91 Direct Current Transmission Systems 10.001 92 Analysis of the implementation of new HVDC links in the Argentine Interconnection System (SADI) L. Casterás and F. Muiño
10.002 93 Comparação de Métodos para Seleção de Parâmetros de Conversores Modulares Multiníveis N. Y. Suzuki1, V. A. Lacerda1, G. Costa de Oliveira2, R. M. Monaro1 e D. V. Coury1
10.003 Simulação de um Disjuntor de Corrente Contínua para Aplicações em Alta Tensão
93
G. C. Prezotto1, N. Y. Suzuki1, G. Costa de Oliveira2,1, R. M. Monaro1 e S. G. Di Santo1
TOPIC 12 ..............................................................................................................95 Electrical Distribution Systems 12.001 Nuevos desafíos en la Aplicación de Fusibles en Fuentes Fotovoltaicas
96
J. C. Gómez, G. Zamanillo, E. Florena, D. Tourn, F. Romero y G. Campetelli
12.002 96 Limitadores de Corriente de Falla: Revisión de Sus Desarrollos y Características Técnicas Actuales J. C. Gómez, J. Vaschetti, M. Piumetto, J. Arcurio, C. Coyos y C. Ibarlucea
12.004 97 Analysis of the Magnetic Coupling Influence between Different Feeders on Unbalanced Distribution Networks N. A. Amaral Filho, M. S. N. Silva, L. R. Araujo and D. R. R. P. Araujo
12.005 97 Alocação Ótima de Dispositivos de Manobra em Redes de Distribuição para Melhoria de Confiabilidade A. Candiá Júnior1, L. W. Oliveira1, B. H. Dias1, L. A. F. Manso2 , E. J. Oliveira1
12.006 Aplicação da Técnica de Busca Harmônica para o Planejamento de Geração Distribuída
98
F. A. Alves1, T. G. de Almeida1, L. W. de Oliveira1, B. H. Dias1 e B. S. M. C. Borba2
12.007 98 Análise Estático-Dinâmica dos Processos de Ilhamento, Operação Isolada e Reconexão de Microredes com Diferentes Níveis de Controle Y. R. Rodrigues, A. C. Zambroni de Souza e P. F. Ribeiro
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12.008 99 Otimização de um Sistema de Energia Híbrido Fotovoltaico/Diesel de uma microrede com Foco em Confiabilidade K. P. Rocha, L. W. Oliveira e J. G. Oliveira
12.009 Herramienta Informática para la Localización de Fallas en Sistemas de Distribución Rural
99
G. di Mauro, C. Babic, C. Agüero y J. Vignerte
12.010 100 Avaliação Quantitativa do Efeito dos Desequilíbrios na Rede e na Carga na Operação de Sistemas Elétricos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica J. Beust da Silva e S. Haffner
12.013 100 Development and Integration of a Centralized Service Restoration Model into an Interactive Simulation Tool for Power Distribution Networks B. L. Soto, H. O. Vargas, J. B. Mendoza and R. C. Martínez.
12.015 101 Reconfiguração de Sistemas de Distribuição Visando Balanceamento entre Alimentadores Através de Técnica de Decomposição S. C. A. de Ferreira, T. L. O. Araújo, L. W. Oliveira, J. S. Carvalho , E. J. Oliveira
12.016 101 Restabelecimento Multiobjetivo de Sistemas de Distribuição via Enxame de Partículas e Lógica Fuzzy L. Apa. P. D. Lacerda, L. W. Oliveira, Â. R. Oliveira, T. Trezza Borges , E. J. Oliveira
12.017 Adjustment and Operation of Banks Capacitors Using Three-phase Representation
102
A. R. Baran Junior, R. A. Borba and T. S. Piazza Fernandes
12.018 102 Eventos que Impactam nas Perdas não Técnicas de um Sistema de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica P. A. Brasil Vieira dos Santos, R. E. Lopes e C. B. Martinez
12.019 103 Estudo do Uso de Sistemas de Armazenamento Para Minimizar Problemas Relacionados à Tensão Devido à Integração Fotovoltaica em Sistemas de Distribuição D. L. Silva, P. J. Colorado e A. P. Grilo
12.022 103 Location of Faults in the Power System of the Federal University of Grande Dourados by Artificial Intelligence C. R. Manica, E. Biasotto and T. F. da Silva
12.023 104 Analysis on the Use of Demand Side Management Techniques to Delay Investments in Electrical Distribution Systems Infrastructure N. N. R. Silva and E. M. C. Franco
12.025 Smart Grids: Self-healing and Switch Allocation in a Real System
104
J. C. López1, M. J. Rider1, P. L. Cavalcante3, A. V. Garcia2, L. L. Martins3, L. F. Miranda4 and L. F. Silveira4
12.026 Fluxo de Carga em Redes Modernas de Distribuição de Eletricidade
105
C. C. Martins, O. R. Saavedra e V. L. Paucar
12.027 105 Voltage Unbalance Reduction in Large Distribution Consumers by Coordinated Charging of Electrical Vehicles G. I. M. Silva, P. A. Guaracy, G. S. Gomes, B. H. Dias, L. W. Oliveira and T. T. Borges
Book of Abstracts 12
12.028 106 Planejamento Multiestágio da Expansão de Sistemas de Distribuição Considerando Critérios de Confiabilidade, Geração Distribuída e Alocação de Capacitores R. Silva Pinto, C. Unsihuay-Vila e T. S. Piazza Fernandes
12.031 Probabilistic Model for Determining Non-Technical Losses in a Power Distribution System
106
A. Chavarro
12.035 107 Representation of Time-Current Characteristic of Expulsion Fuse Links for Computeraided Simulations G. B. Costa1, A. C. Marchesan2, A. Z. Bertoletti1, A. P. Morais3, G. Cardoso1 Jr e L. Zapata1
12.038 107 Avaliação do Impacto da Inserção de Geração Distribuída nos Índices de Confiabilidade de Sistemas de Distribuição I. O. Guimarães, L. C. Nascimento e L. A. F. Manso
12.039 108 Otimização de Sistema Elétrico de Distribuição de Médio Porte por meio de Reconfiguração em Espaço de Busca Reduzido com Algoritmo Bioinspirado L. I. da Silva , E. A. Belati
12.040 108 Impactos Econômicos de Veículos Elétricos na Rede de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica Brasileira F. T. Mariotto1, L. C. P. Silva2, Y. G. Pinto2 e F. C. L. Trindade2
12.041 Load Balance on Electrotechnology Projects via Harmony Search Algorithm Optimization
109
L. E. Oliveira1, F. D. Freitas1, I. C. S. Junior2, L. W. Oliveira2, F. P. O. Rosa2 and J. B. de Oliveira
TOPIC 13 ..............................................................................................................111 Substations and Equipments 13.001 112 Assessment of the Performance of Sugarcane Based Insulating Oil in Accelerated Aging Experiments A. F. Bassetto1, M. Marques Júnior2, L. Partamian Carriel1, C. A. Galdeano2, J. H. Aguiar1 and E. H. dos Santos Silva3
13.002 Interface Gráfica para a Análise de Saturação de Transformadores de Corrente
112
S. A. Souza1, M. Silva1, P. B. Prado1 e S. Trento2
13.004 113 Grau de Confiabilidade Operacional de Transformadores de Instrumentos para Sistemas Elétricos de Potência M. E. Tostes1, E. D. Sousa2 e F. J. Zortea1
13.005 Isolamento Elétrico de Subestações: Evolução da Tecnologia e Tendências
113
A. R. de Oliveira1, G. C. Fernandes1, R. L. dos Anjos1, T. K. B. Silva1 , E. J. Oliveira2
13.006 114 Projeto de Melhoria em Reguladores de Tensão com Tap Eletromecânico: Aplicação de Resistores para Proteção dos Contatos Principais M. A. Tavares Lira1, L. Mendes Rodrigues2, F. W. Rodrigues Neto3 e E. Mariano2
Book of Abstracts 13
TOPIC 14 ..............................................................................................................115 Maintenance Electrical Power Systems 14.002 116 Optimization of the Maintenance Programs of Distribution Systems with Focus on the Reliability through an Artificial Immune System H. F. Moraes1, C. Trentini1, L. W. Oliveira1, B. H. Dias1 and V. H. Ferreira2
14.003 116 Sistema Híbrido para Predição de Falhas no Sistema de Arrefecimento de Usina Termelétrica J. Guedes Borges da Silva1, C. Paes Salomon2, E. L. Bonaldi1, L. E. Lacerda de Oliveira1, G. LambertTorres1, L. E. Borges da Silva2, W. C. Santana2 e A. de Paula Mar3
14.004 117 Gerenciamento da Monitoração de Descargas Parciais nos Hidrogeradores da Eletrobras Eletronorte F. S. Brasil1 e P. R. M. Vilhena2
14.005 117 Técnicas de Análise Termográfica para Avaliação de Eficiência de Carregamento Térmico de Transformadores em Sistemas de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica J. M. F. Júnior, J. Q. de Freitas, F. M. A. Linard, N. X. Melo, B. F. S. Júnior, M. A. T. Lira e F. R. Barbosa
TOPIC 15 ..............................................................................................................119 Control and Safety Measures Systems 15.001 120 Predicción por Series Temporales Aplicada a la Estimación de Cargabilidad de Transformadores de Distribución para la Toma de Decisiones M. Piumetto1, J. Pucheta2, J. Vaschetti1, J. C. Gómez Targarona1, C. Coyos1 y J. Arcurio1
15.002 Sistema Alternativo de Medição de Posição de Máquinas de Pátio Aplicadas a Mineração
120
M. Souza e A. F. Bianco
15.004 121 A Small Linearized Signal Model Developed to Evaluate the Stability of Power Control Circuit When the Photovoltaic Generator Provides Frequency Response V. R. Ramos and M. V. A. Nunes
15.005 121 Comparação de Métodos Baseado em Algoritmos Genéticos para Ajuste Coordenado de Estabilizadores de Sistemas de Potência C. F. Vieira1, C. M. Affonso2 e J. P. A. Vieira2
TOPIC 16 ..............................................................................................................123 Technical and Economical Issues Related to Cogeneration Systems 16.001 124 Oportunidades para Expansão da Cogeração de Eletricidade para o Sistema Interligado Nacional em Plantas Sucroalcooleiras É. R. Savazzi e P. Magalhães Sobrinho
16.002 Cogeneration within the New Regulations on Distributed Generation M. I. Sosa
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125
16.003 125 A Methodology for Loss Allocation in Electricity Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation E. M. S. Castro1, B. F. Santos2 and G. H. C. Oliveira1
TOPIC 17 ..............................................................................................................127 Tariff Systems 17.001 128 How Can Energy Prices and Subsidies Leverage the Integration of Electric Vehicles in Brazil? An Economic Analysis R. E. da Silva, P. Magalhães Sobrinho e T. M. de Souza
17.003 128 Impact of the Application of the Horo-Seasonal Rate Applied to Group B in the State of Piaui Using the Charging Curve Analysis A. P. B. S. Junior1, A. M. R. Barroso2, G. D. Ferreira1 e F.R. Barbosa2
17.004 129 Viability Analysis of the Implementation of White Tariff for Concessionaire and Low Voltage Consumers in Brazilian Northeastern A. G. C. Menezes1, A. M. R. Barroso2, A. P. B. S. Junior3, J. M. Soares2, R. S. Carvalho1 and F. R. Barbosa2
TOPIC 18 ..............................................................................................................131 Legislation for the Electric Energy Trade 18.001 132 Desafios da Regulação e Fiscalização dos Serviços de Distribuição no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro T. Pedroso e T. Sousa
18.002 132 Analysis and Review of the Evaluation Methodology for Research and Development Projects in the Brazilian Electricity Sector A. A. F. Leite1, L. B. F. Leite1, D. A. J. Lopes1, H. H. Silva1, V. P. Santos1 and L. P. A. Pinheiro2
TOPIC 19 ..............................................................................................................133 Computer Models and Programs for Analysis of Electrical Systems 19.001 134 Thermal Study for Temperature Estimate of Dry-Type Power Transformers Using the Finite Element Method L. R. Torin, T. Sousa and V. M. Lira
19.002 134 A Fireworks Metaheuristic for the Design of PSS and TCSC-POD Controllers for SmallSignal Stability Studies E. de Vargas Fortes1, L. H. Macedo2, L. F. Barone Martins3 and E. L. Miotto4
19.003 Voltage Stability Analysis of Power Systems using the Continuation Method
135
A. D. Vasquez and T. Sousa
19.004 135 Design of the PSSs, PI – UPFC and PI – UPFC – POD controllers using the Firefly Algorithm L. F. B. Martins1,2, P. B. Araujo2, E. V. Fortes3, E. L. Miotto4,2 and B. R. Gamino2
Book of Abstracts 15
19.005 136 Avaliação e Dimensionamento de Sistemas de Aterramento para Redução de Desligamentos de Linhas de Transmissão por Backflashover: Estudos de Caso para uma LT de 138 kV F. M. de Vasconcellos and F. A. Moreira
19.006 Electromagnetic Transients Effect on Blocks of π Circuits with Damping Resistance
136
L. H. Jús, M. O. Santos, T. G. Pereira, A. C. Moreira and A. J. Prado
19.007 137 Multiobjective optimal placement of switches and protective devices in electric power distribution systems with distributed energy resources I. Chiarella, J. Mendoza
19.008 137 Laboratory Tests with Model based on π Circuits considering the Introduction of Branches composing by RL Parallel Elements T. G. Pereira, A. C. Moreira, M. O. Santos, L. H. Jús, A. A. Ferreira and A. J. Prado
19.009 138 Introduction of Damping Resistances in Simulations of Electromagnetic Transients Using Alternate Structures M. O. Santos, L. H. Jús, T. G. Pereira, A. C. Moreira and A. J. Prado
19.010 138 Physical Model of Transmission Lines With Additional Branches to Introduce the Influence of the Frequency A. C. Moreira, T. G. Pereira, L. H. Jús, M. O. Santos, A. A. Ferreira and A. J. Prado
19.011 Optimal Power Flow Analysis with Interval Mathematics – the Krawczyk Method
139
A. C. Monego and T. S. P. Fernandes
19.012 139 Coordinated Tuning of the Parameters of PSS and POD Controllers Using the BAT Algorithm E. L. Miotto1, P. B. de Araujo2, E. de V. Fortes3, Luiz F. B. Martins4 and B. R. Gamino2
19.016 Feeders Clustering Through Load and Circuit Characterization
139
A. U. Antunes1, A. Meffe1, D. Takahata1, J. Castilho Neto1, L. S. Sousa1, T. M. Miranda1, A. A. Cordeiro2, G. P. Guedes2 and M. R. C. Paes Júnior2
19.017 140 Estudio del Comportamiento de Máquinas Asincrónicas ante Cuplas Oscilantes y de Impacto E. Vinson, A. Jurado y J. Sotelo
19.018 A Work Proposition Method to Improve Reliability Indices
140
A. U. Antunes1, A. Meffe1, D. Takahata1, J. Castilho Neto1, L. S. Sousa1, T. M. Miranda1, A.A. Cordeiro2, G. P. Guedes2, M. R. C. Paes Júnior2
19.021 141 A Model for the Optimal Allocation of Voltage Regulators and Capacitors based on MILP Applied to Distribution Systems in Steady State M. S. Medrano1, S. M. C. Tome1, L. L. Martins1, P. L. Cavalcante1, H. Iwamoto1, M. R. R. Malveira1 and T. M. de Moraes2
19.023 A Non-iterative Method for Distribution Systems Power Flow Analysis B. A. S. Ambrósio and O. L. Tortelli
Book of Abstracts 16
142
19.024 142 A Comparison Between the Efficiency of the Outer Approximation Method and the Branchand-Bound Method to Solve the Optimal Power Flow Problem with Discrete Control Variables L. R. Matos, D. P. Silva and E. M. Soler
19.025 142 Controle de Tensão de Mini Aerogerador e Interface com Plataformas Computacionais Utilizando Arduino F. O. Matos, J. N. Jesus, M. L. Andrade, T. O. Nascimento e G. N. A. Maranhão
19.026 143 Análise de Contingências em Sistema Elétrico de Potência e Aplicação de RNA Supervisionada na Mitigação de Perdas Elétricas R. R. M. Carvalho, M. de M. Costa e B. F. dos Santos Júnior
19.027 143 Análise de Metodologia para Detecção de Perda Total de Excitação em Geradores Síncronos sob Condições de Perda Parcial de Campo A. Itczak, A. R. Fagundes, E. M. Dos Santos, J. J. A. Saldanha, M. C. Stalter e F. G. K. Guarda
19.028 Estimadores de Frequência: uma Abordagem Aplicada a Sistemas Elétricos de Potência
144
M. C. Stalter, E. M. Dos Santos, J. J. A. Saldanha, A. R. Fagundes e A. Itczak
19.030 Methodology and Computational Tool for Evaluation of R&D Projects
144
V. P. S. Santos1, A. A. F. Leite1, H. H. Silva1, D. A. J. Lopes1, L. B. F. Leite1 e L. P. A. Pinheiro2
19.031 145 Análise do Desempenho da Proteção Diferencial Sob Condição de Saturação dos Transformadores de Corrente A.R. Fagundes, A. Itczak, E. M. dos Santos, J. J. A. Saldanha, M. C. Stalter e F. G. K. Guarda
19.032 146 Automatic Allocation of Reactors on Distribution Lines for the Mitigation of Technical Losses T. M. Miranda1, F. Romero1, A. Meffe1, J. Castilho Neto1, L. F. Tadashi Abe2 and F. Espindula Corradi2
19.033 Resonance Analysis on a Distribution System Caused by Reactor Allocation
146
T. M. Miranda1, F. Romero1, A. Meffe1, J. Castilho Neto1, L. F. Tadashi Abe2 and F. Espindula Corradi2
19.034 A Firefly Algorithm Applied to Coordinated Tuning of Power Systems Controllers
147
A. L. M. Takahashi and P. B. Araujo
19.035 Sazonalização da Energia Assegurada via Flower Pollination Algorithm
147
W. S. Lima1, V. A. Cabral1, A. C. O. W. Rocha1, I. C. S. Junior1, B. H. Dias1, C. M. B. Castro1, G. R. Amador2
TOPIC 20 ..............................................................................................................149 Signal Processing and Analysis 20.002 PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motors Bearing Failures Identification
150
C. H. B. Souza, M. M. Pereira Cunha, H. Rachid, L. Gonçalves Jr. and R. C. Creppe
20.003 150 Voltage Unbalance Identification of Three Phase Induction Motors Through Vibrations Signals and Wavelets Transforms Book of Abstracts 17
H. Rachid, C. H. B. Souza, M. M. Pereira Cunha, L. Gonçalves Jr and R. C. Creppe
20.004 Early Bearing Fault Detection Using Hilbert Transform
151
M. M. Pereira da Cunha, H. Rachid, C. H. B. Souza, L. Gonçalves Jr and R. C. Creppe
20.005 151 Avaliação do Desempenho dos Sensores MFCs para o Diagnóstico de Descargas Parciais em Transformadores B. A. Castro, V. P. Luiz, J. A. C. Ulson, A. L. Andreoli, F. G. Baptista, R. R. Riehl e D. A. Luz
TOPIC 21 ..............................................................................................................153 Smart Grid Systems Applications 21.001 154 Energy Resource Management in a Smart Grid Considering Integration of Electric Vehicles and Wind Power Generation using Simulated Annealing M. A. A. Viegas and C. M. Affonso
21.005 154 Modeling and Simulation of Hybrid PV/Wind Distributed Generation System Under Different Power Input Scenarios T. A. Cardoso and R. Ribeiro Riehl
21.006 A Cooperative Games Approach for Demand Side Management in Smart Grids
155
L. S. M. Arnoux and W. Uturbey
21.008 155 Impact Analysis of a Distribution Network with Cold Storage Warehouse to Improve Energy Demanded Management Z. A. F. Souza, J. H. Angelim, D. B. Vilar and C. M. Affonso
21.009 156 Optimal Investment and Operation of Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids with Renewable Generation C. A. Alvez, J. E. Sarmiento, A.C. Zambroni de Souza and R. C. Leme
21.013 Solid State Transformer in the Control of Voltage Levels in Distribution Networks
156
L. A. A. Godoi1, D. Paschoareli Júnior2 and J. B. Souza2
21.014 157 Impacto de la Generación Distribuida con Energía Solar Fotovoltaica en la Tensión Eléctrica – Simulación de un Caso. S. S. Tedoldi, S. B. Jacob, J. Vignerte, J. L. Strack, G. J. Murcia, J. C. Branda y E. Garín Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
TOPIC 22 ..............................................................................................................159 Artificial Intelligence, Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks 22.001 160 Behavior Analysis of Exact and Approximate Techniques on Distribution Systems Reconfiguration C. Gerez and E. A. Belati
22.002 FACTS Allocation via CROW Search Algorithm
160
S. C. Reis, O. L. Tortelli and L. S. Coelho
22.003 Multinodal Load Forecasting Based on Fuzzy- ARTMAP Neural Network Book of Abstracts 18
161
A. J. Amorim, T. Abreu and C. R. Minussi
22.004 161 Melhoria da Confiabilidade do Fornecimento de Energia Elétrica em Sistemas de Distribuição Utilizando Alocação de Chaves e Algoritmo Evolutivo Multi-Objetivo L. D. Boff1, M. F. Castoldi1, M. Silva1, S. A. Souza1 e C. B. S. Silva2
22.005 Uso de PSO Modificado para Controle Dinâmico de Motor CC
162
G. N. de A. Maranhão e C. Soares Modesto
22.006 Previsão Multi-Passos da Velocidade do Vento Através de Redes Neurais Artificiais
162
Rafael S. F. Ferraz1, F. da C. Cruz1, Renato S. F. Ferraz1, A. F. S. Correia2 e E. F. de Simas Filho3
22.007 163 Minimização das Perdas e Custos de Operação em um Sistema de Distribuição Utilizando Alocação de Banco de Capacitores e Evolução Diferencial Binária com Restrições de Qualidade de Fornecimento T. A. Moreira1, M. Silva1, M. F. Castoldi1, S. A. Souza1, P. C. Lazarini2 e C. B. S. Silva2
22.010 163 Sintonia de Parâmetros de Métodos de Detecção de Eventos Baseada em Algoritmos Genéticos H. A. D. Azzini1, J. G. I. Cipriano1, A. C. V. da Silva2 e L. C. P. da Silva1
TOPIC 23 ..............................................................................................................165 Efficient Use of Energy / Power Quality 23.001 La Presencia de Armónicas es ya un Problema para Nuestros Sistemas de Distribución
166
J. C. Gómez, G. Zamanillo, E. Florena, F. Romero y S. Nesci
23.002 Sensibilidad de las Lámparas LED a los Huecos de Tensión
166
J. C. Gómez, G. Campetelli, J. C. Amatti, C. Reineri y H. Rovere
23.004 167 Análise de Alocação de Filtros para Mitigação de Distorção Harmônica em Sistemas Elétricos de Distribuição M. P. C. da Silva1, R. C. Leborgne1 e V. Barrozo2
23.006 167 Estudio de un Banco de Pruebas para la Determinación de la Eficiencia Energética de Motores Asincrónicos Trifásicos J. M. Trepat y P. A. Massa
23.008 Sistema Transformador Atenuador de Harmônicos
168
R. T. Ferraz1, E. L. Bonaldi2, L. E. de Lacerda de Oliveira2, G. Lambert-Torres2, L. E. Borges da Silva3, R. R. Pereira3, R. Bauwelz Gonzatti3 e A. C. V. Delgado4
23.009 168 Avaliação da Perda de Carga em Grades de Tomada D’água com Infestação do Limnoperna Fortunei T. R. D. C. Souza1, D. M. D. A. Diniz3,4, A. L. P. Castro2, E. A. M. Rico1, J. L. Z. Tarqui1 e C. B. Martinez1
23.010 Estudo de Inversor Aplicado a um Sistema Fotovoltaico para Compensação de Reativos W. G. de Souza, M. A. Rocha, P. J. Amaral Serni, A. Ferreira Alves, A. L. Andreoli e P. S. da Silva
Book of Abstracts 19
169
23.014 170 Dimensionamento de um Sistema de Alta Temperatura Utilizando Energia Solar e um Sistema Auxiliar para Processos de Pirólise G. R. A. Chumpitaz1, C. J. R. Coronado1, M. A. R. Nascimento1, J. J. Roberts2 e E. M. D. Santos1
23.017 Static Synchronous Compensator based on Modular Multilevel Converter
170
B. S. Medeiros1, F. T. Ghetti2 and P. G. Barbosa1
23.021 Harmonics in Three-Phase Transformers to Columns with Fe-Si and Amorphous cores
171
C. O. Dimenna and G. A. Bacino
23.022 Optimal Configuration of Capacitor Banks by ACO (Ant Colony Optimization)
171
J. Vignerte, C. Agüero, G. di Mauro and D. O. Anaut
23.024 172 The Impact of Differential Rate Charging and the Power Factor for Low Voltage Consumers J. A. Cagnon, M. E. Bordon, M. N. Franchin and G. C. S de Santi
23.025 Supervision System for Water Control and Measurement in Buildings
172
J. A. Cagnon, M. E. Bordon, M. N. Franchin and A. C. Mendes Trentini
TOPIC 24 ..............................................................................................................173 Environmental Aspects of Power Plants 24.001 174 Os Desafios da Regularização Ambiental de Uma Pequena Central Hidrelétrica no Ano de 2013, Cujos Aspectos e Impactos Estão Relacionados aos Equipamentos e Sistemas Produtivos de 1962 G. A. Santana de Sá, P. Magalhães Sobrinho e A. Nascimento
24.002 Importância dos Dados Experimentais em Simulações Computacionais
174
F. L. F. O. Tomé, R. S. Alonso, L. P. Santos, M. T. C. Faria, M. C. Sampaio e E. M. F. Viana
24.003 Slope Influence on Variation of Reynolds Stream Inside a Tank of Fishway
175
F. L. F. O. Tomé, M. C. Sampaio, E. M de F. Viana, R. S. Alonso e J. L. Z. Tarqui
24.004 Slope Influence on Variation of Velocity Inside a Tank of Fishway
175
F. L. F. O. Tomé1 , M. C. Sampaio1, , E. M. de F. Viana1, R. S. Alonso1, D. M. de A. Diniz2
24.005 176 Metodologia para Fixação de Carcaças de Mexilhão Dourado na Confecção de Modelos Físicos D. M. A. Diniz1, R. O. S. Perea2, T.R. Costa3, A. P. M. Saliba3, C. B. Martinez3 e S. A. Coelho3
24.006 Impactos Ambientais Associados à Utilização do Gás SF6 nos Disjuntores de Potência
177
M. A. Tavares Lira1, L. Mendes Rodrigues2 e E. Mariano2
24.007 177 Estudo de Barreiras Elétricas e uma Nova Configuração para Distribuição de Campo Elétrico L. Brando1, L. M. Custódio2, M. F. S. Barroso1 e R. E. Lopes2
Book of Abstracts 20
TOPIC 25 ..............................................................................................................179 Instrumentation and Data Acquisition 25.002 180 Identificação e Classificação de Cargas Através do Conteúdo Harmônico Via Redes Neurais Artificiais Fazendo Uso de um Sistema de Aquisição de Dados Baseado em Arduino C. A. Gomes de Souza, E. Biasotto
TOPIC 26 ..............................................................................................................181 Geographic Information Systems and Telemetry 26.001 182 Uso del Catastro Georreferenciado de la D.P.E. para la Localización de Fallas en Sistemas de Distribución C. A. Agüero, C. I. Babic, G. F. di Mauro y J. Vignerte
26.002 182 Herramientas de Análisis de Topologías para el Modelado de Redes Eléctricas de Distribución C. Agüero, G. di Mauro, D Anaut, J. Strack, J. Vignerte y L. Nicolini
TOPIC 27 ..............................................................................................................183 Engineering Education 27.001 GAtoolbox: a Matlab-based Genetic Algorithm Toolbox for Function Optimization
184
J. J. Roberts1, A. M. Cassula2, J. L. Silveira1, P. O. Prado3 and J. C. Freire Junior2
27.002 Power Factor Concepts with Nonsinusoidal Current Through LabVIEW: a Learning Tool
184
Y. Q. Marinho and P. J. A. Serni
27.003 185 Desenvolvimento de um Kit Didático para Conversores CC-CC com Aplicação em Sistemas Fotovoltaicos F. da C. Ferreira, J. dos S. Ramos, N. Carvalho, Â. R. de Oliveira, L. C. Gambôa Lopes, L. O. A. Júnior e R. H. Rosemback
27.004 185 Electricity Auction Simulator as a Learning Tool Considering the Brazilian Electricity Market D. A.V. Gonçalves1, B. S. M. C. Borba1, B. H. Dias2, L. Willer de Oliveira2 and E. B. Xavier2
27.005 186 Development of a Computational tool for Three-phase Power Flow analysis of Unbalanced Distribution Systems with DG R. P. Barcelos1, A. C. Marchesan2, L. Zapata1, S. Hunsche1 and G. Cardoso Jr1
27.006 Development of an Educational Platform for Short-Circuit Studies in Unbalanced Systems
186
S. Hunsche1, A. C. Marchesan2, C. Lázaro1 and G. Cardoso Jr1
27.007 Comparação Interlaboratorial Utilizando Fonte de Luz Elétrica para a Qualidade de Dados E. C. Burini Junior, E. R. Santos e A. G. Kanashiro
Book of Abstracts 21
187
Book of Abstracts 22
TOPIC 1 ENERGY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND LOAD FORECASTING
Book of Abstracts 23
01.001 Processing and Load Forecasting of a Micro Grid Using GRNN Neural Network M. P. R. Carvalho and A. D. P. Lotufo Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
Knowing the load behavior in advance is very important for several tasks in electric power systems operation and planning mainly in smart grid environment. This work emphasizes the analysis and treatment of data coming from less aggregate levels of consumption, which present high variability due to the human behavior in consuming electrical energy. Therefore, the traditional prediction methods are not adequate to realize the demand forecasting. This way, artificial neural networks are used to realize the forecasting, in particular the GRNN (General Regression Neural Networks). The data come from a micro grid placed at PTI (Parque Tecnológico de Itaipu) obtained by intelligent meters each 15 minutes. This work tried to use the bottom up concept, a new paradigm in prediction, where the parts compose the total demand. As the data set contain many missing data, a moving average filter is applied as a preprocessing procedure to treat and recuperate not only the missing data as well as the noisy ones. The GRNN was chosen to the characteristics of generalizing and as it is based on probability density function, the chances to fall in local minima is not possible, besides this neural network converges in one iteration which is able to real time applications. The assertiveness of the predictions are measured by MAPE (mean absolute perceptual error) that is the most used metric to do this task, and the results are according to the literature with indices around 5% to 8% after the application of the moving average filter. Index Terms: Bottom up, GRNN, demand forecasting, smart grids, artificial neural network.
01.003 Rede ARTMAP Euclidiana na Solução do Problema de Previsão de Cargas Elétricas T. T. Gomes, M. L. M. Lopes, C. R. J. Santos, M. F. Alves e A. D. P. Lotufo. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
Electrical power systems with generation, transmission and distribution require studies and methods to predict the load with assurance. The innovation of intelligent cities is due to the intelligent systems that allow a modernization using technologies to improve the system besides being more reliable. Thus to assure that the electrical demand is enough and with quality, it is necessary to provide a very good prediction. The proposal of this work is to realize the short term global load forecasting using a precise and reliable technique with low computational costs. The technique used is the Euclidian ARTMAP neural network, which is based on Adaptive Resonance Theory, preserving the plasticity and stability characteristics. The advantage of this version (Euclidian ARTMAP) is that the input data normalization is not necessary, which represents a faster processing when compared to the traditional Fuzzy ARTMAP. Thus, it is adequate to realize short term load forecasting. The data used on the simulations are from a Brazilian electric system. The results are presented comparing the MAPE (mean average perceptual error). Conclusions consider that this tool is adequate for short term load forecasting. Index Terms: Short term load forecasting, euclidean distance, adaptive resonance theory, euclidean ARTMAP neural network. Book of Abstracts 24
01.004 Integração Energética Análise a partir de Empresas Privadas de Fontes de Energia Primária na América Latina A. C. Sotero, M. E. M. Udaeta, A. L. V. Gimenes e V. O. d. Silva GEPEA/EPUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
The objective of this work is to analyze the private players within the energy integration in South America as a process. Through the gas sector as energy vector, the methodology l the countries located in South America, particularly that nations with natural gas activi- ty. Even if there are already gas trading among some coun- tries of the continent, example the Gasbol (bulk gas pipe- line across two countries like Bolivia e Brazil), the conti- nent keep being very attractive to companies that operate with this hydrocarbon through exploration projects, pro- duction, refining etc. Thus the analysis leads to consider the continent as is rich in energy sources, however, not equally distributed, thus the energy integration process is extremely important in order to keep enough energy sup- ply throw the countries of the continent. Proven, in some sense that the private actors are responsible in supporting the energy integration in South America, due to sharing technologies, planning and knowhow among the compa- nies that work as partnership in different countries. Any- way so to form a transboundary trading market of energy resources between the two or more nations, is extremely complex and cannot depend solely, of actions and initia- tives of the Governments of each country. Index Terms: South America, natural gas industry, corporate integration, energy transboundary manage- ment, hydrocarbon industry, Integrated Resource Planning (PIR).
01.005 O Sistema de Contas Ambientais da Energia como Subsídio para o Planejamento de Energético no Brasil D. M. Dias1 e C.B. Martinez2 2Universidade
1Centro de Pesquisas Hidráulicas - CPH, Brasil Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Hidráulica e Recursos Hídricos (UFMG), Brasil
This paper presents and discusses a methodological proposal for the implementation of the System of Environmental Energy Economic Accounts (SEEA-Energy) in Brazil. Following United Nations (UN) guidelines and methodological standards, the SEEA-Energy establishes the relationships between various groups of economic activities and the use of the natural resource energy, estimating the stocks and flows of energy from its generation up to final application. The paper also presents the advantages of this approach, with a view to the production of information that can support policies aimed at environmental conservation, as well as the evaluation of economic activities regarding their impact on energy accounts and the energy planning of the Brazilian economy. Index Terms: Environmental accounting, energy accounting, system of environmental economic accounting, economy activities, energetic planning.
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TOPIC 2 GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS PLANNING AND OPERATION
Book of Abstracts 27
02.001 Novel Topology Analysis of Synchronous and Induction Generators in Parallel Operation Mode in an Offshore Isolated Electric System V. Zimmermann Silva, Â. J. Junqueira Rezek and R. Di Lorenzo Corrêa Federal University of Itajubá (UNIFEI), MG, Brazil
This paper presents an analysis of a parallel connection of one synchronous generator and one self-excited induction generator, each coupled to its dc machine as well as a capacitor bank with three resistive load banks connected to the system. The circuit was complemented with a voltage control loop, speed control loop, and auto transformer installed in a primary machine armature circuit to vary the applied voltage over its armature circuit as an alternative method of speed control in addition to field flux variation. Using the auto transformer method it is possible to widen the speed and power limits from the induction generator what relieves so much the power supply from synchronous generators. A detailed analysis related to power balance between the two types of generators was conducted. The results enable comparison of the two methods of induction generator speed control, auto- transformer and field flux adjust. The first is more representative of actual conditions in the field, whereas generators in offshore platforms are driven by gas or oil turbines and have a large speed range. An analysis of comparing the power balance for both methods is presented as result for the cited isolated electric system. Index Terms: Induction generator, isolated electric system, generators in parallel, synchronous generator.
02.002 Proyecto Computacional para la Planeación de Sistemas de Transmisión en un Ambiente Centralizado V. H. Reséndiz E., F. Toledo T., R. Mota P. UAM-A - SEPI ESIME-IPN
This work describes the development of computational algorithms of mixed integer linear programming based on deterministic, indicative and economic criteria, this as support for the implementation of expansion planning for transmission systems. Three methodologies are compared: static, dynamic or multiperiod and contingency criterion (N-1). The computational project is implemented in VisualFortran in conjunction with the AMPL (A Mathematical Programming Language) software. In the static methodology the transport and disjunctive models are compared, the first one being the most economical computationally, but it doesn't consider certain aspects of the network. The disjunctive model offers a solution closer to reality. It is shown that the dynamic or multiperiod planning model is the cheapest methodology, since the investment is made only if necessary in the indicated period of time, in turn this model is more complex numerically. The N-1 model is the most efficient considering the safety of the network, it determines the most severe contingency and proceeds to plan the expansion of the network under this criterion, it turns out to be the least economic model, but the most reliable. The computational program is applied with satisfactory results to the Garver system. Index Terms: Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), Transmission expansión planning, Static planning, Dynamic planning, Contingency planning (N-1).
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02.003 Proposal of a Methodology for Adjusting the Risk Parameters for Physical Guarantee Calculation M. A. H. Mizuta, R. V. X. Souza and T. Sousa Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brasil
This paper presents the impacts of the adjustments of the risk parameters of the NEWAVE computational model for the calculation of Physical Guarantee (PG) of individualized plants (Thermoelectric and Hydraulic). For this purpose, changes in the risk parameters of the NEWAVE model (Conditional Value at Risk - CVaR) were processed with the intention of generating sensitivities in PG values. That said, a deck of the Company of Energy Research (EPE) was used, referring to the Decennial Energy Plan (PDE 2019) for the calculation of PG of thermal and hydraulic plants. Index Terms: Physical guarantee, conditional value at risk, marginal cost of operation, marginal cost of operation, settlement price of differences.
02.005 Static Planning of the Expansion of Electrical Energy Transmission Systems Using Flower Pollination Algorithm P. S. Neves, R. O. G. Souza, I. C. S. Junior and B. H. Dias Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
In many engineering applications it is needed to find the ideal solution for non-linear, multimodal and highly complex constraints problems. Conventional optimization techniques, based on derivate and gradients, generally do not work well for problems like that, especially for the bigger ones. Recently, bio- inspired metaheuristic algorithms have been used to solve complex problems, and they have been surprisingly efficient at that. This paper presents a hybrid version between Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) and Clonal Selection Algorithm (CLONALG) to solve the transmission expansion planning problem. The goal of this problem is to find the electrical circuits that should be built to minimize the investments and operation costs while supplying the expected demand for a given planning horizon. Based on flower reproduction, FPA simulates the pollination process that happens in nature. The clonal selection operator, giving by CLONALG, is incorporated in the standard FPA to improve the local search process by cloning the most attractive solutions. The proposed methodology was verified in the Garver and South Brazilian systems and the results show that the hybridized version proposed can find better solutions when compared with original FPA, and therefore is a promising technique. Index Terms: Heuristic algorithms, power system planning, power transmission.
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02.006 Optimization of Wind Farms Layout Through Artificial Immune System L. L. Gomes, L. W. Oliveira, I. C. Silva Jr and J. A. Passos Filho Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
The penetration of wind energy into electrical power systems has been increased due to technical, availability and environmental aspects. This leads to the problem of optimizing the wind farms layout aiming at minimizing investments and maximizing the wind energy. In this sense, the present work proposes a novel application of metaheuristic to the wind farms optimization. In particular, the bioinspired technique known as Artificial Immune System (AIS) is proposed to determine the number, optimal placement and layout of wind turbines in a predefined land of a wind farm. The objectives are to maximize the power from wind turbines subjected to minimal investment and operational costs. The proposed approach considers important aspects as the wake effect, the ground roughness and the limits for the number of turbines and land. The innovative aspect consists of an application of an unexplored technique to the wind farms optimization. A test case is presented to assess the proposed approach. Index Terms: Artificial immune system, layout, wake effect, wind turbines.
02.007 Determinación de Máxima Potencia de Parques Fotovoltaicos Dispersos para evitar Problemas de Estabilidad Transitoria M. C. Giménez, R. E. Rosés y M. E. Balmaceda Instituto de Energía Eléctrica, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), San Juan, Argentina
Nowadays there is a trend to use Photovoltaic Generation to replace the conventional one which involves fossil fuels. This obliges to carry out studies to analyze different aspects of the operation of these parks where both technologies either conventional or nonconventional ones coexists. One of the aspects to be studied is the analysis of dynamic behavior of the electric system called Analysis of Transient Stability. Photovoltaic generation systems, in contrast with conventional ones, are static, i.e. they do not have mobile parts, and nevertheless, changes in solar radiation, produced by the presence of low and isolated clouds, modify the power delivered by the photovoltaic park. These changes of active power generated by photovoltaic parks are seen as a constraint by the electric system producing frequency variations in the electric system and the consequent speed variation in conventional generators in operation. Therefore, the impact of solar radiation changes under the presence of traveling trains of clouds over the Transient Stability, considering not only concentrated but also disperse Photovoltaic Generation, is analyzed in this work. Besides, it is presented a methodology to determine a Penetration Index of Disperse Photovoltaic Generation which allows the definition of the maximum power coming from photovoltaic generation in relation to the maximum power demanded as well as the Spinning Reserve Power that guarantee the Transient Stability of the Power System, taking into account the geographical distribution of photovoltaic generators. Index Terms: Frequency control, photovoltaic system, solar panels, solar power generation, power system stability.
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02.009 Algoritmo Dinâmico de PRIM aplicado ao Planejamento da Expansão de Redes de Distribuição Aéreas de Média Tensão F. B. Bornioti1, L. P. S. Freitas1, C. Rocha1 e R. L. B. Freitas2 1Universidade 2Faculdade
Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Brasil União das Américas (UNIAMÉRICA), Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil
In this paper a new algorithm for application in the expansion planning to medium voltage overhead distribution networks is presented. This new algorithm is based on the PRIM algorithm, but was implemented with the concept of dynamic computational programming, using the aid of data structure to model the problem. The input data for the algorithm were modeled in a double-chained list format to ensure the movement and quick access of the information. Thus, the algorithm has the ability to establish a new radial topology for the network, seeking to meet future demand by building new lines that are successively selected at a lower possible construction cost. For the evaluation of the performance of the algorithm, computational tests using data from systems available in the specialized literature: the 23 and 33 node systems. The results were of quality and were obtained in an excellent processing time and the new algorithm was efficient and robust in the solution search process. Index Terms: Dynamic programming, power distribution lines, power system analysis computing, power pystem planning, radial basis function network.
02.010 Técnica de Otimização Robusta Aplicada ao Problema de Planejamento Energético com Geração Solar S. C. A. de Ferreira, J. S. Carvalho, L. W. Oliveira, T. L. O. Araújo e E. J. Oliveira Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
This document optimizes a commissioning problem, minimizing the cost of dispatching thermoelectric generators to a time horizon of the electric power system, with the presence of solar, hydroelectric and thermoelectric power generation. In order to define the temporal order of thermoelectric generation, the problem takes into account a history of flow in the hydropower plants of the system and the uncertainties inherent in the production of solar energy. Thus, shortterm energy planning will be defined taking into account the estimation of solar irradiance through the concept of uncertainties. As a proposal of resolution, we use linear programming coupled to a mathematical technique called Robust Optimization (RO) that will be solved by the algorithm of generation of columns and restrictions (C&CG), applied to decompose the global problem among the uncertainties of the given Operation By Solar irradiation achievements. Index Terms: Energy planning, robust optimization, C&CG, optimization in electrical systems.
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02.012 Reconfiguração de Sistemas de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica com a Aplicação do Algoritmo Dinâmico Guloso H. L. M. Nunes Jr., M. S. Ghellere, C. Rocha e R. L. B. Freitas Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas (CECE) da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), campus de Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil
This paper aims to present a new algorithm to the application about the reconfiguration problem of electric power distribution systems with the objective of establishing the best configuration for the distribution network minimizing electrical losses and improving voltage levels. The new algorithm was implemented using the Dev-C++ and based on the Greedy Algorithm, but it was built through intelligent programming with double chained lists and dynamic memory to ensure a good performance. Thus the algorithm has the capacity of establishing a radial topology for the network, seeking to minimize losses by opening or closing switches that are successively selected. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, computational tests were performed on systems that are available in the specialized literature. The results obtained with the simulations showed quality solutions obtained with an excellent processing time, attesting the efficiency of the new algorithm. Index Terms: Optimization of electrical systems, reconfiguration of power supplies, meta-heuristic, PRIM, doubly linked lists
02.013 Determination of Control Actions with Grids Partitioning M. R. Monteiro1,2, V. N. Costa3, Y. R. Rodrigues1 and A. C. Zambroni de Souza1 1Universidade
Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itajubá, Brasil Educacional Dom Bosco (AEDB), Resende, Brasil 3Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz, Campinas, Brasil
2Associação
In order to maintain the operation of the electric power system under normal operating conditions, possible control actions may be taken. In this study, an optimization process is employed to determine the amount of reactive power compensation that should be installed in buses groups previously defined. Thus, three objectives functions are adopted, to reduce the active power losses, in system and in critical areas, and to maximize the load margin. For this sake, it is employed the evolutionary optimization technique, particle swarm optimization (PSO), and the coherence areas determination is performed with the aid of the tangent vector. As the reactive power problem is local, for the control of voltage levels, the most appropriate buses for installation of reactive compensation are also determined by tangent vector sensibility. Thus, two groups with eight buses are identified: sensitive to losses and critical to the voltage collapse. The tests were performed using IEEE 118 and 300 buses system. The results show how the losses reduction in determined areas impact on the system total loss and the load margin. Furthermore, the sensitivity information provided by the tangent vector as initial data for optimization help the PSO to find its solution. Index Terms: Critical areas, particle swarm optimization, active power losses, reactive power compensation.
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02.014 Spinning Reserve Calculation Considering the Generator Capability Curve and Load Level Scenarios M. S. Aleixo, E. J. de Oliveira, L. W. de Oliveira and M. B. A. Souza Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
The growing penetration of renewable resources, as the wind power, in the energy matrix of several countries increases the uncertainties related to the continuity of supply due to intermittences of such sources. Therefore, ancillary services are important to improve the reliability and security of a power system. This paper presents an approach to evaluate the spinning generation reserve that considers uncertainties over load demand by using an AC power flow model. The constraints referred to the power flow limits of lines and to a simplified capability curve of hydraulic generators are observed. The objective is to support the system operator in the supply of energy with continuity and the lower possible spinning reserve cost. Index Terms: Capability generation curve, load scenarios, optimal power flow, power system, spinning reserve.
02.015 Review of System Protection Schemes based on Synchronized Phasor Measurements P. D. Gill Estevez1, C. Galarza1 and M. Elizondo2 1Universidad 2Pacific
de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina Northwest National Laboratory, EEUU
Under extreme operational conditions, it could be difficult to assure power system stability against severe contingencies only by means of normal system schemes. The so-called System Protection Schemes (SPS) are implemented in many utilities to guarantee stability of the power system under extreme contingencies and they are also used to increase operational power transfer limits in order to maximize grid utilization. SPS monitor the magnitudes over a wide area and perform automatic actions based on the detection of system contingencies and the actual power system conditions. Synchrophasor technology uses Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) to measure grid voltage and current and to calculate frequency and phase angle over an area. These measurements are time-synchronized to references such as GPS satellites. Synchrophasor data is reported at rates of 25 to 50 records per second. This work performs a literature exploration of PMU-based SPS, prioritizing implementations in real power systems, which will be taken into account in a future reformulation of the current SPS of the 500kV transmission network of the Argentine Power System. Basic principles and fundamentals of each reported case will be described. Index Terms: System protection schemes, transmission system, PMU, synchrophasors.
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02.017 Algoritmo Heurístico Construtivo aplicado ao Planejamento de Redes Aéreas de Média Tensão com a alocação de Geração Distribuída E. E. Benitez, P. R. Belin, L. A. Souza, C. Rocha e A. B. Almeida Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas (CECE), Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Campus de Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil
This paper presents a new algorithm to medium voltage overhead distribution lines expansion planning. Such algorithm is able to establish a strategy for the connection of distributed generation units into distribution power system. In the first step the algorithm establishes a new topology for the network, meeting the future demand and the necessary technical criteria to deliver electricity to consumers. The problem is represented by a nonlinear mathematical model and the solution is obtained iteratively. In each iteration, a specialized sensitivity indicator using information from the solution of the mathematical model supports the decision making. In the second step, looking for the best benefit to the network operation, the algorithm evaluates the established topology to indicate the capacity and candidate buses for connection of the distributed generation. Computational tests were carried out to evaluate the algorithm performance. The results obtained through the simulations showed that the algorithm converges rapidly and finds feasible solutions. Index Terms: Distributed power generation, power distribution lines, power system analysis computing, power system management, power system planning.
02.018 Novos Materiais e Técnicas para Construção de Modelos Reduzidos A. P. M. Saliba1, E. M. F. Viana1, J. L. Z. Tarqui1, C. B. Martinez1, M. E. F. Costa2 e A. G. Ferreira Júnior3 1Departamento
de Engenharia Hidráulica e de Recursos Hídricos. Centro de Pesquisas Hidráulicas da UFMG, Escola de Engenharia da UFMG, Brasil 2Centrais Elétricas de Minas Gerais (CEMIG), Brasil 3Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brasil
Hydraulic models have been extensively used in engineering since the XIXth century, when many hydroelectric power plants were under design and numerical models were not available. Building a hydraulic model was faster and cheaper than solving differential equations of fluid dynamics over large model domains. Development of numerical tools in the last decades have drawn most of the research focus on fluid mechanics, leading hydraulic models to a secondary plane. In fact, numerical models quickly evolved, and nowadays they are able to solve three-dimensional problems, producing stable and consistent results. However, numerical models still need calibration and parameters estimation, and hydraulic models are needed on that ever since no field data is available, which is quite frequent. Considering that computer science development stressed project schedules, hydraulic models need to be built and commissioned in a few months. This article presents the experience acquired on the Hydraulics Research Center (Centro de Pesquisas Hidráulicas - CPH) in this regard, which made possible building two hydraulic models in 6 months. These models were built to study reservoir silting of the Salto Paraopeba Hydropower, owned by CEMIG. Materials and techniques used are described, and some of the obtained results are shown. Index Terms: Fluid mechanics, river engineering, hydraulic models, reservoir silting, hydropower. Book of Abstracts 34
02.019 Estudo de Caso Real de Ajuste de Proteção de uma Linha de Transmissão Isolada Utilizando RTDS A. R. Oliveira1, E. J. Oliveira2, L. W. Oliveira2, J. S. Carvalho2, W. J. Virgilio3, M. D. Carvalho3, L. G. Meireles3, E. C. Brandão3, A. C. Tavares e P. A. N. Garcia 1Centro
Federal de Educação Tecnológica (CEFET- MG), MG, Brasil Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil 3Grupo Energisa, Brasil
2Universidade
This paper presents a case study about a real power system, operating as an isolated system (delta-delta network) in a 69kV transmission line, focused on the changes in the protection adjustments. The line under analysis makes part of a transmission/distribution system that, under normal operational conditions is connected in 69kV level until the substation a small city in the end of the circuit. However, when maintenance is necessary in one of the 69kV line, it is necessary an alternative to feed the small city. To overcome this problem and operational minimize costs, an 11,4kV distribution line is used to feed a 69kV substation, that is the origin of the 69kV transmission line that transports energy to the small city. In maintenance conditions, there is an isolated system established around the line under analysis. In this sense, a study using RTDS (Real Time Digital Simulator) is made, by the analysis of the behavior of voltages and currents seen by the protection. The results show that the system conditions vary significantly when the 69kV line is removed from operation and the system starts operating with the 11.4kV line, which demands important changes in the protection, to guarantee its performance in case of contingency. Index Terms: Distribution system, power system protection, RTDS, system operation.
02.020 Performance of Metaheuristics Applied to Wind-Hydrothermal Dispatch Problem R. A. de Moraes, T. S. P. Fernandes, M.R. Bessa and K. Geus Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
The growing of alternative forms of generation coordinated with conventional types of generations (as hydraulic and thermal generation) requires the developing of new formulations of power and energy dispatches for different horizons of study. For the horizon of one year, which is the object of this study, there are many works that formulate hydrothermal dispatch problems which are difficult to be solve because these problems are nonlinear, stochastics and intertemporal. They are solved via various traditional techniques and artificial intelligence. Although many papers apply the classical formulation of the GAs to solve the dispatch problem of energy, there is another metaheuristic technique called Differential Evolution (DE) that presents good performance to this kind of problem. So, the main objective of the work is to carry out a comparison of metaheuristic techniques to solve a wind- hydrothermal dispatch that incorporates the transmission constraints of the electric network for the horizon of one year. The techniques analyzed are DE and GA, tested on a 34-bus system. Index Terms: Wind-hydrothermal scheduling, genetic algorithm, transmission restrictions, differential evolution, short-term horizon.
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02.022 Uma Abordagem Determinística para o Problema de Fluxo de Potência Ótimo Reativo com Variáveis de Controle Discretas D. N. da Silva e G. R. M. da Costa EESC, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brasil
The Reactive Optimal Power Flow (ROPF) problem is mathematically modeled as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, and plays an important role in the power systems planning and operation. The main goal of solving a ROPF problem is to optimize a power system performance measure, while satisfying its physical and operating constraints. This paper proposes a trust region nonlinear rescaling approach to solve ROPF problems for transmission active power loss minimization. A penalty function is employed to handle the discrete variables, so that the problem becomes continuous and differentiable. The nonlinear rescaling method is applied to the inequality constraints, leading to an equivalent problem with only equality constraints, which is solved by a trust region sequential quadratic programming method. Each trial step of the trust region method is decomposed into two components: a normal step, that tries to achieve feasibility, and a tangential step, which tries to achieve optimality while preserving the feasibility attained by the normal step. Numerical experiments with the IEEE benchmark test-systems are carried out to show the performance of the proposed algorithm. Index Terms: Discrete variables, modified logarithmic barrier, nonlinear rescaling, reactive optimal power flow, trust region.
02.024 Avaliação da Capacidade de Máxima Transferência de Potência em Sistemas Elétricos Interligados via Programação Linear Sequencial T. G. Moreira, K. R. Barbosa, J. A. Passos Filho e J. L. R. Pereira Due to the increasing complexity of Electrical Power Systems, economical analysis related to their planning and operation are extremely important. In this context, the evaluation of the maximum active power transfer between different regions is an important task in order to allow a better use of energy resources.This paper proposes the use of the Linear Programming (LP) based Optimal Power Flow, which consists of the intercalated solution of the conventional AC power flow and the linear programming problem through linearized constraint sensitivity coefficients. The new set of the control variables is obtained from the LP problem and a new operation point is calculated. The results are achieved by successive generation redispatch, whose objective function is the minimization of the active power generation cost. Initially, the power system is divided in two regions: exporter and importer. In the exporting region the active power generation is increased, while the other region is decreased, in order to make the transfer of active power among the regions. As a consequence, the maximum active power transfer capacity is also achieved. The proposed approach was implemented using MatLab environment and the obtained results were validated through the comparison with FLUPOT program. Index Terms: Available transfer capability, optimal power flow, linear programming, maximum active power transfer, power transmission.
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02.025 Aplicação do STATCOM no Fluxo de Potência com Controladores Ajustados pelo PSO, para Avaliação da Estabilidade a Pequenas Perturbações C. E. Pupin1 e P. B. de Araujo2 1Universidade
Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (UNOCHAPECÓ), Chapecó, SC, Brasil Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
2Universidade
In this paper the non-ideal Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) model, applied to the control of voltage in the power flow, was solved by Newton's method. The flow results are used to evaluate STATCOM interference in stability to small perturbations of two power test systems. In order to improve the transient characteristic of the system, additional damping controllers are inserted, in the generators Power System Stabilizer - PSS and Power Oscillation Damping - POD in the STATCOM, both adjusted simultaneously by the technique Particle Swarm Optimization - PSO. The Power Sensitivity Model is applied to represent the electric system, resulting in the representation of state space. Stability is analyzed by the Lyapunov method and curves in time. Index Terms: Flexible alternating current transmission systems, newton power flow, particle swarm optimization with high convergence, power oscillation damping, power system stabilizer, static synchronous compensator.
02.026 Coordenação Hidrotérmica para Mercados Pool de Eletricidade Via Programação Linear Estocástica em Dois Estágios G. F. Bregadioli, E. C. Baptista e L. Nepomuceno Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
This paper investigates the coordination between medium-term generation planning and short-term operation in electricity markets for hydropower systems. Traditional central- ized short-term models have been replaced by decentralized dispatch models such as the auction models used by market operators. Most of the day-ahead auction models proposed are formulated for thermal systems. Such models neglect any sort of coordination strategy. However, coordination is essential in hydropower systems in order to enforce security and reliability now and in the future. This work proposes a hydrothermal coordination approach for day-ahead energy markets where short- and medium-term decisions are taken into account in a single model. In this approach, hydrothermal coordination is formulated as a two-stage stochastic linear programming problem, where the water inflow uncertainty is represented by a set of scenarios. The first-stage consists in solving a network- constrained multi-period energy auction model and obtain the generation power scheduling for each hour of the day-ahead. The second-stage decisions are made by solving a medium-term gener- ation planning problem. To evaluate the impact of the proposed coordination approach, computational tests are performed. By evaluating the generation dispatch and the daily nodal prices, it is possible to observe the impact of the hydrothermal coordination in the energy market. Index Terms: Auction energy, energy markets, hydrothermal coordination, medium-term, stochastic programming.
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02.027 Algoritmo Metaheurístico Construtivo Aplicado à Manutenção Programada da Geração M. J. Oliveira1, F. A. Assis2, L. A. F. Manso3 e A. M. Leite da Silva4 1UFSJ/CEFET-MG 2Pontifícia
e Instituto Federal do Sudeste de Minas Gerais – IFET SUDESTEMG, Brasil Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro e Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais (IFMG), Brasil 3Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Brasil 4Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Brasil
This paper proposes the use of a constructive metaheuristic algorithm to solve the generating unit maintenance scheduling problem. A reliability based maintenance methodology is considered to provide a quantitative basis for allocation of maintenance efforts and budgets. The proposed tool makes the gradual construction of maintenance plans through local and global search engines, commonly used by optimization techniques. At the constructive process four mechanisms are used: addition, crossover, mutation and depuration. These mechanisms are responsible for ensuring a parsimonious construction process, towards good quality solutions. Sensitivity indices, based on generation system reliability information, are used in the constructive process, both in the identification of generating units for the addition mechanism and in the definition of generating units that will be removed from the maintenance plan, by the depuration process. The IEEE-RTS system is used for performance analysis of the constructive metaheuristic algorithm, when employed to solve the problem of planning the maintenance of generating unit. Index Terms: Constructive metaheuristic, interruption costs, maintenance scheduling, reliability.
02.028 Juego de Opciones Aplicado a Inversiones en Capacidad de Generación Eléctrica S. B. López1, G. F. Baum1, F. G. Olsina2, F. F. Garcés2 y G. A. Blanco3 1IEE-UNSJ
y FP-UNA, Asunción, Paraguay San Juan, Argentina 3FP-UNA, Asunción, Paraguay
2IEE-UNSJ,
In the electricity markets with oligopolistic competition, generation companies carry out strategies or games to exert market power in order to increase their profits above competitive levels to prevent the entry of new agents to the market. To minimize the risks in capital intensive projects (investments in capacity), generation companies must invest timely (anticipate or react). For this, the investors seek tools that allow quantify the value of flexibility considering the strategic movements of its competitors. This paper develops an evaluation tool, called Options Game, which combines Real Options with Game Theory. To validate the model, an application of the Options Game approach has been represented, which quantifies the effect of a duopolistic market in decision making. The results indicate a considerable reduction of risk by postponing the investment, which is related to the arrival of new information before making the decision. Index Terms: Flexibility, game theory, generation capacity, investment, real options, strategic behaviour, uncertainty.
Book of Abstracts 38
02.030 Despacho Econômico de Unidades Térmicas Considerando a Presença de Usinas Fotovoltaicas Conectadas ao Sistema de Potência A. C. G. Carvalho, C. E. A. Santos, Y. B. Moreira e B. F. S. Junior Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Piauí, Brasil
In this article we propose the resolution of the problem of economic dispatch in the electric power system with the integration of the photovoltaic plants with the objective of optimizing the dispatch using the internal points method using MatPower software and analyzing the influence that a renewable source would have on the total cost of operation of the thermal units. The proposal considers the variation of the generation of the photovoltaic plant of São João do Piauí as well as of the demand of load of the state of Piauí along the horizon of operation in studies dividing it in intervals of one hour. For each interval, a dispatch will be made considering the value of the photovoltaic plant generation and the load demand of the system for this moment. In the results, we have the determination of the most suitable value of power injection of the photovoltaic plant for the minimum cost of operation of the thermal units as well as the time interval that this will occur. In addition, it was determined in which cases the highest operational cost of the thermal units occurs. Index Terms: Economic dispatch, power generation control, power system operations, solar power generation, unit commitment, variable generation.
02.031 Método para Estimar a Confiabilidade de Sistemas de Subtransmissão E. G. Silveira1, F. S. da Silva1 e L. C. Nascimento2 1Centro
Federal de Educação Tecnológica (CEFET), MG, Brasil Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), MG, Brasil
2Universidade
This paper presents the application of a method to estimates the structural reliability of the Subtransmission systems, directed to the planning of the expansion and operation of the Electric Power System (EPS). This method is innovative in the sense of evaluating reliability not only by the historical records of EPS performance, which are influenced by variables such as the climate and quantity of programmed interventions, but mainly by the constructive characteristics of their structures. The stochastic behavior of EPS is represented by connection trees, the reliability is evaluated probabilistically using the method of minimal cut-sets, and the total durations of interruptions for 1st and 2st order cuts are evaluated in the period of one year, depending on the failure rates of the lines and transformers, the average maneuvering times and the carrying capacity of the remaining elements, that gives the percentage of load transfer. An existed Subtransmission system is evaluated and a reliability ranking of its structures is established, then alternatives works are defined in order to improve its worst structures. The planned system is assessed and only the alternatives which reached the balance between the prudent investment and relia ility s targets it will included at works portfolio. Index Terms: Connection trees; minimal cut-sets; power system reliability; prudent investment; structural reliability; subtransmission systems.
Book of Abstracts 39
02.032 Static Planning of Power Transmission System Expansion through Bioinspired Optimization Technique C. A. Moraes, E. J. De Oliveira, L. W. Oliveira and I. C. Silva Junior Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (UFJF), MG, Brasil
This work proposes a two-step resolution strategy to solve the static transmission expansion planning problem: (a) Initially, a constructive heuristic algorithm is used to serve two purposes: firstly, to finds an improved initial set of candidate solutions for the bioinspired metaheuristic, aiming at improving the performance of the optimization algorithm; secondly, to generate only a good initial solution that will be inserted into the set of random initial solutions. For that, four sensitivity indexes are used in this constructive heuristic algorithm; (b) Since this improved initial set of candidate solutions and initial solution are known, they are transferred to the multimodal optimization process, based on the echolocation phenomenon considering the doppler effect. The obtained results indicate that the proposed solution strategy provides increased efficiency for the multimodal optimization process by the search for optimality, since competitive solutions to the proposals in the literature were obtained. Index Terms: Static transmission networking expansion planning, constructive heuristic, sensitivity indexes, bat algorithm, Doppler effect.
02.033 Aprendizaje Experiencial Aplicado a Inversiones de Generación de Energía Eléctrica G. F. Baum1,2, S. B. López1,2, F. G. Olsina1, F. F. Garcés1 y G. A. Blanco2 1Instituto
de Energía Eléctrica de la Universidad Nacional de San Juan (IEE-UNSJ), Argentina Politécnica de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción (FP-UNA), Paraguay
2Facultad
In the liberalized markets, generation companies evaluate investment alternatives considering high committed capital, risk and profitability expectations. These expectations are difficult to anticipate because they depend on several factors that are highly uncertain, including both exogenous uncertainties - such as variations in demand and endogenous uncertainties -such as the behavior of competing generating agents. This paper proposes a methodology that adapts and clarifies the long-term data through a novel technique of experiential learning. This methodology is based on the Agent-based Computational Economics approach and similarity techniques. The results indicate a reduction of the extreme values of the profitability expectations of the alternatives Therefore, this implies a considerable reduction of the risk exposure of the investment alternatives. Index Terms: Adaptación, aprendizaje, monte carlo evaluación de inversiones, riesgos.
Book of Abstracts 40
02.034 Definição dos Níveis de Reserva Girante em Sistemas de Geração com Elevada Participação de Fontes Renováveis Intermitentes M. A. S. Pereira1, L. A. F. Manso2 e W. S. Sales2 1Universidade
Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ) e Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Brasil 2Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica da UFSJ, Brasil
To ensure proper functioning of power systems it is essential that the spinning reserve levels be carefully dimen- sioned. This paper presents a new methodology to determine the ideal amounts of spinning reserve in function of different load levels and weather seasons of the year, considering long-term planning horizons. The central idea is to size the reserve levels for each load profile, taking into account the fluctuation of power from renewable sources of energy. To reach the proposed objec- tives, the costs associated with the energy not supplied and the spinning reserve costs required to maintain acceptable reliability indices are estimated through sequential Monte Carlo simulation (SMCS), which is incorporated into the genetic algorithm (GA) to provide the necessary information for the evaluation of each possible solution. The methodology is applied in three test sys- tems: IEEE RTS96, IEEE RTS96H and IEEE RTS96HW. Index Terms: Generating reliability, genetic algorithm, monte carlo simulation, renewable sources, spinning reserve.
02.038 Uma Abordagem Determinística Para o Problema Multiobjetivo e NãoDiferenciável de Despacho E. Gonçalves1, A. R. Balbo1 e D. N. da Silva2 1Universidade
Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brasil
2Universidade
The multi-objective economic and environmental dispatch problem with valve-point loading effect and losses is concerned with the minimization of generation costs and the emission of pollutants while accounting for systems operational constraints. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective, nonlinear, non-convex, non-differentiable problem and due to such numerical complexities, this problem has been solved mainly by heuristic approaches. The objective of this paperis to investigate and solve the multi-objective dispatch problem by a deterministic approach. The deterministic approach pro- posed involves the method of progressive bounded constraints, smoothing functions and nonlinear rescaling method with inertia correction techniques. The multi-objective nature of the problem is handled by the method of Progressive Bounded Constraints; a smoothing technique is used to handle non-differentiability issues; the nonlinear rescaling method is used to solve the subproblems resulting from the Progressive Bounded Constraints method and the inertia correction strategy is used so that only descent directions are generated. The methodology will be applied to generation systems and the results obtained will be compared to others optimization approaches. Index Terms: Multi-objective problem, economic/environmental dispatch, valve point loading effect, losses, deterministic approach.
Book of Abstracts 41
02.039 A Three Stage Hybrid Technique for Dynamic Transmission Network Expansion Planning L. E. de Oliveira1, F. D. Freitas1, I. C. Silva Junior2 and F. P. Oliveira Rosa2 1Universidade 2Universidade
de Brasília (UNB), DF, Brasil Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (UFJF), MG, Brasil
This work presents a hybrid method based on Harmony Search (HS) and Branch & Bound (B&B) to solve the problem of Static (PEEST) and Dynamic (PDEST) Transmission Network Expansion Planning in electrical power systems. The result of this formulation is mixed-integer nonlinear programming, where the difficulties are intensified in the PDEST by the temporal coupling. Therefore, a methodology was developed to reach the solution in three different stages: The first one is responsible for obtaining an efficient set of best candidate routes for the expansion; the metaheuristic optimization process uses Harmony Search to find PEEST’s optimal solution and its neighborhood that provides a PDEST candidate zone; lastly, a hybrid algorithm that mixes the HS and B&B concepts is adapted to provide the optimal PDEST. In this study, the lossless linearized modeling for load flow is used as a representation of the transmission network. Tests with the Garver, Two Valleys, and southern Brazilian systems were carried out to verify the performance method. The computational time saving for the PEEST and PDEST prove the efficacy of the proposed method. Index Terms: Branch & bound, constructive heuristic algorithms, dynamic transmission expansion planning, harmony search, power systems planning.
02.041 Aplicação da Análise de Sensibilidade e Medidas Corretivas para Redução de Perdas em Sistemas Elétricos de Potência J. C. B. Soares Terceiro1, N. X. Melo2, S. L. S. Lima Barcelos3, W. M. dos Santos4 e B. F. Santos Junior2 1Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brasil Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Brasil 3Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Brasil 4Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Brasil 2Universidade
The paper proposes to apply the sensitivity analysis technique to estimate the electric losses of active and reactive power. From the Jacobian Matrix, it is possible to identify which points in the system are most sensitive to an adjustment of a control variable in order to minimize losses. The control variables considered in this work were: the voltage in the generation bus, the active power injection in all the bus of the system (except the slack bus), and the reactive power injection in the load bus. Thus, the main objective is to determine corrective measures that lead to a new operation point of the system where losses are reduced. Index Terms: Losses reduction, operation systems, power systems, sensitivity analysis, system matrices.
Book of Abstracts 42
02.043 Equivalentes de Redes para Análises da Estabilidade de Tensão – Abordagem Comparativa F. D. Silva, M. H. M. Vale, C. E. de Sousa e L. C. Nunes Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
This paper compares the performance of different methods for calculating the Thévenin Equivalent parameters commonly used in online evaluation of voltage stability. The methods are based on Least Squares Method, Tellegen Theorem and Adaptive Method. In addition, this work presents an analytical method, which the parameters are taken as the reference of the study. After presenting the network equivalents, simulations are conducted in the WSCC 9 bus to assess the performance of the methods towards two conditions: noisy data and small changes in system load. Detailed performance analysis of the methods are given in order to identify which Thévenin Equivalent parameters are more accurate if compared to the actual network system. Index Terms: Network equivalents, least square method, tellegen theorem, adaptive method, voltage stability.
02.046 Model for the Self-Scheduling of a Hydrothermal Company in a PoolBased Electricity Market T. Gomes Cabana and L. Nepomuceno Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
In the day-ahead electricity market, generation companies need to solve some problems with the ultimate goal of maximizing their profits. One of those problems consists in determining, in the short-term, the optimal self-scheduling of the units belonging to the company so that the profit from selling energy is maximized disregarding the power balance in the system. In this paper we propose a 0/1 mixed-integer linear programming model for self-scheduling problem of a generation company owing hydro and thermal plants. We assume a price- maker generating company, which means that it has the ability the market-clearing prices by means of altering its offers in the market. The main tool of this model is the price-quota curve, which models the ability of company price-maker to altering market-clearing prices. As result, we present a computation tool of economic analysis for companies in the day ahead market. Index Terms: Hydrothermal systems, self-scheduling model, price quota curve, electricity pool market, market clearing procedure, mixed integer linear programming.
Book of Abstracts 43
02.047 Improving Special Protection Schemes with Operations Research Analysis A. Hoese EEConsulting, San Juan, Argentina
The paper describes the fundamentals of Special Protection Systems (SPS) and their strength relationship with mathematical models of the transmission network. New technical, social and environmental restrictions are demanding SPS to deal with real-time assessment, intelligent decision- making models, state estimators, optimization algorithms and heuristics among other techniques of Operations Research (OR). State of the art in communication, acquisition, control and monitoring devices together with real-time automation controllers allow building these models as the core of a SPS, leaving behind the traditional concept of precalculated "state tables" and the use of "ladder-logic" programming languages. Two recent applications at the Central Interconnected System in Chile designed by the author are shown as examples of this synergy between OR and hardware technology, to build successful SPS currently in operation. The paper intends to emphasize the need of incorporating advanced OR techniques in the design of core control algorithms for modern SPS in transmission power systems, and to depict the advantages and challenges that it entails. Index Terms: Power system analysis computing, power system modeling, system security and reliability, special protection systems.
02.048 Optimal Involvement in the Futures Market for a Hydro Power Producer T. Forti da Silva and L. Nepomuceno Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
A power producer can use the futures market as a hedging tool against the volatility of pool market prices, seeking a tradeoff between higher profits and lower risks. However, a hydroelectric power producer must coordinate its participation in these markets with the management of its reservoir levels in the medium term, transferring water from the rainy season to the dry season. To solve this problem, this work proposes a two-stage stochastic programming model that considers the uncertainties associated with the pool market prices and the water inflows, using the conditional value at risk (CVaR) measure. The proposed model can be effitiently solved via commercial available solvers and it is evaluated in a test system consisting of 13 hydroelectric power plants over a period of one year. Index Terms: Power portfolio optimization, electricity market, hydrothermal systems, conditional value at risk, stochastic programming.
Book of Abstracts 44
TOPIC 3 THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Book of Abstracts 45
03.001 Evaluación Estocástica de Plantas de Generación de Energía Eléctrica en Ciclo Abierto y Ciclo Cerrado B. Mombello1, F. Olsina2 y R Pringles2 1Facultad
de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), Argentina de Energía Eléctrica (IEE), UNSJ-CONICET, San Juan, Argentina
2Instituto
Additions of power generation capacity usually commit significant amounts of capital resources. In the long-term, returns of power investments are vulnerable to the occurrence of unfavorable market conditions. Volatility of electricity and fuel prices, transmission constraints and technical unavailability of the own installations introduce significant uncertainty on the financial performance of the investment generation project actual. Decisions on capital investments are typically ased on deterministic profita ility metrics such the project’s net present value (NPV) and/or the internal rate of return (IRR). Nevertheless, because of the uncertain factors realized returns may dramatically differ from projections at time of decision. In fact, some unanticipated adverse scenarios can even endanger the survival of the generating firms. For this reason, generation companies consider not only profitability expectations, but also the involved risks. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the feasibility of applying stochastic simulation for appraising generation investment projects under consideration of exogenous and endogenous project uncertainty and its associated risks. A gas-fired open cycle and a combined cycle power plant are used as exemplary investment projects. Expected profitability and risk metrics, such as VaR (Value-at-Risk) and loss probability, are derived from these distributions. Sensitivity analysis of return and risk metrics upon some driving variables is performed. Index Terms: Incertidumbres, rentabilidad, riesgo, valuación, inversiones, mercados eléctricos, simulación, Monte Carlo.
03.002 Análise em Tempo-Real da Qualidade do Óleo Combustível em Unidades Termelétricas de Combustão Interna C. E. Teixeira1, E. L. Bonaldi2, L. E. Lacerda de Oliveira2, I. Noronha2, G. Lambert-Torres2, L. E. Borges da Silva1, J. G. Borges da Silva2 e R. T. Ferraz3 1Universidade
Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itajubá, MG, Brasil Gnarus, Itajubá, MG, Brasil 3SUAPE II, Brasil
2Instituto
This paper presents a methodology able to diagnose, non-intrusively via ultrasound signature techniques, the quality of the fuel being supplied to large diesel engines. This methodology has been implemented at Suape II Thermal Power Plant, which has 28 MVA Wärtsilä generators. At this level of power, any reduction of generation capacity due to the poor quality of fuel propellant generates significant revenue losses. The main idea behind the ultrasound signature techniques is based on each kind of oil has a signature when exposed to a specific signal of ultrasound. When the oil varies, this signature also varies and can establish a distance between signatures generating an index of distance. Index Terms: Qualidade de óleo combustível, manutenção preditiva, monitoramento da condição, processamento de sinais, sistemas de medição, turbogeradores. Book of Abstracts 46
TOPIC 4 THERMONUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Book of Abstracts 47
04.001 Análise da Hidroeletricidade e Termoeletricidade Nuclear no Contexto do Planejamento Energético Brasileiro: Uma Abordagem Sob o Aspecto Estratégico e Econômico R. F. Otobe Jr.1, J. Gramulia Jr.2, R. T. S. Pinto1, P. T. L. Asano1, J. M. L. Moreira1 e P. Carajilescov1 2Instituto
1Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brasil Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Considering the context of the Brazilian Energy Planning, it is reiterated the great importance of the thermoelectricity in order to guarantee an optimum operation of the reservoirs in a given planning period. In other words, it can be affirmed through results obtained by computational simulations that thermoelectricity plays a fundamental role in meeting the demand for electric power in a Hydrothermal Power System. Evident that the thermoelectricity, when used efficiently, shows a strategic and operational value of great importance in the Brazilian electricity matrix. Based on this scenario, the present work will analyze hydroelectricity and thermoelectricity in the context of Operation Planning of Hydrothermal Power Systems. Considering that there is no cost of fuel related to hydroelectricity, this paper will analyze the present forms of planning and it will discuss alternatives to optimize the electric power generation complemented by thermoelectric, especially nuclear thermoelectric, which presents itself as a base complementary source and constant throughout the planning period, given its lower cost of fuel compared to other sources, and of course, it will discuss the strategic aspect and the energy security, given the fact that this is a technology in the domain of our nation. Index Terms: Complementação térmica, hidroeletricidade, planejamento planejamento energético, segurança energética, termoeletricidade nuclear.
Book of Abstracts 48
hidrotérmico,
TOPIC 5 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Book of Abstracts 49
05.001 Técnica de Produção e uso de Sedimentos Artificiais para Ensaios de Modelos Reduzidos de Usinas Hidrelétricas B. S. C. Capello1, J. L. Z. Tarqui2, A. P. M. Saliba2, C. B. Martinez2 e E. M. F. Viana2 1Potamos
Engenharia e Hidrologia LTDA, Brasil Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brasil
2Universidade
The reduction of the storage capacity and the regularization in the reservoirs generates a gradual decrease in the capacity of generation of energy and has a strong impact on the national electricity system. The reduction of the capacity of regularization is study by means of reduced models of moving bottom, the sediments used in the models will be representative in the relation of the geometric and dynamic similarities of the transport process of the sediment in the prototype (real scale). Various types of sediments are used such as high density wood forest residues, but these materials are difficult to obtain and decompose over time. Thus, the use of artificial (synthetic) and low-cost materials should be compared as an alternative to this type of application. The article presents the development of a methodology and preliminary results of the study of the physical and hydrodynamic characteristics of tire rubber grain for its use in reduced models that allow to represent the behavior of the original material (sand grain) present in the sediment transport process (involving the drag, suspension and deposition) in the reservoir. Index Terms: Models, micro hydro power, reservoir, sediments, hydraulic.
05.002 Perda de Carga em Labirintos Sob Pressão A. L. P. Castro1,2, E. A. M. Rico2, C. B. Martinez2, S. A. Coelho2 e A. G. Ferreira Junior2 1Universidade
Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
2Universidade
In the Francis turbine rotors fluid leakage can be seen at the periphery between the rotor inlet and the suction pipe and between the rotor and the top cap, these leakage locations are called labyrinths. The labyrinths are the interstices formed by the pairs of fixed and movable wear rings which are positioned so that they have the function of non-contact sealing and are strategically constructed with the function of minimizing the leakage of fluid from a system, the rings have the shortest distance between the rotating and fixed part of the rotor of the turbine, which consequently generates a greater use of the available energy. In this system, as the rotation increases the pressure difference (ΔP) tends to decrease. As the flow through the labyrinth respects the relation of load versus internal loss of charge there will be a reduction in the flow outflow. To verify this assertion, it was developed based on the studies of Idelcik (1960) and Pfleider and Petermann (1979), an equation for the calculation of the head loss and the other calculations necessary in labyrinths of the simple type that is a model of labyrinth in Cylindrical ring used in rotors manufactured for available falls of up to 60 meters. The equation found results in the head loss in a function of pressure variation, friction coefficient and labyrinth width. Index Terms: Turbina francis, labirintos hidráulicos, perda de carga, perda de carga em labirintos.
Book of Abstracts 50
05.003 Descargas Parciais em Hidrogeradores - Uma Avaliação de Técnicas de Mineração de Dados no Monitoramento e Acompanhamento do Fenômeno A. C. N. Pardauil1, U. H. Bezerra1, W. D. Oliveira1, H. P. Amorim2 e A. T. Carvalho2 1UFPA,
Brasil Brasil
2CEPEL,
Measurement and analysis of partial discharges (PD) is one of the most effective methods for analyzing the statistical isolation of the generator. However, despite having well-defined patterns, it is not trivial to fitting the signals in these patterns, due principally to the variations of PD of the same type of the problem. The use of a tool that streamlines this process is suggested in this work, as it is a solution for analyzing large amounts of information. A hybrid (unsupervised / supervised) approach was applied to identify patterns and then will make the classification in the known forms of PD. This paper proposes the use of data mining techniques based on clustering to group the characteristic patterns of PD DP into hydro generators, defined in standards. Then, decision trees are trained to classify cases from new measurements. A comparative analysis will be performed between clustering algorithms and decision trees to for choose what is the superior combination to made the better classification to the diagnosis of machine. Index Terms: Clustering, data mining, decision tree, partial discharges.
05.004 Guidelines for the Hydraulic Potential Studies of Mining Plants for Electricity Generation I. E. V. Passos and E. M. Leal Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFPO), Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
Currently, the Brazilian mining sector is recovering from a crisis due to the recent events that have raised doubts about the conditions of tailings dams and their structural efficiency. It is known that one of the great problems of the mining companies is the use of water resources in the ore transportation and storage of waste and one of the great expenses of their plants is the high consumption of electric energy to feed the engines. This paper aims to discuss and seek the possible ways to take advantage of the available water resources in the exploration regions. The objective is to show the guidelines for the establishment of hydroelectric power plants in mining plants. It will also be discussed the possibility of reducing the demand for electric power purchased from concessionaires and the sale of surplus electricity to other companies, which makes it attractive for mining companies to generate energy through the reject dam, since the water resources available in the region are used in the ore extraction and enrichment. Index Terms: Mining, tailings dam, power generation, hydraulic energy, sustainability.
Book of Abstracts 51
05.005 Study of Hydrocytetic Turbine Application as a Solution for the Generation of Electrical Energy in Isolated Communities I. E. V. Passos, E. M. Leal and V. R. Cavalcanti Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFPO), Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
Energy is the key element in the human society development. It is the driving force of most services destined to benefit people. As one of the energy production sources, the fossil fuels are pointed out as the main cause of climate changes suffered by the planet. In that context, alternative ways of clean energy production are necessary. Brazil is known for its energy generation potential due to its huge land extension and water resources. This work presents a possible solution for energy production to different applications, aiming sustainability and ease of deployment, the hydrokinetic turbine. The hydrokinetic turbine studied was the Gorlov turbine. The QBlade software was used to evaluate the airfoils used in such turbines, showing advantages for the NACA 0018 profile. A profile in such turbine must present a stronger geometry in order to be more impact resistant. Finally, the hydrokinetic turbine reappears as an alternative of clean energy source with low environmental impacts. The hydrokinetic turbines can produce energy to small companies, communities, and to places far from the public network, where there are problems involving electrical network lines. Index Terms: Energy generation, hydrokinetic turbine, isolated regions, sustainability.
05.006 Study of the Effect of the Complementary Use of Wind Energy on the Load Recovery Capacity of Henry Borden Hydropower Plant in Brazil P. M. de Arruda, J. C. Teixeira and P. T. L. Asano Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brasil
The Henry Borden hydropower plant in Brazil is supplied by the Pinheiros waterway, which is elevated 31 m by Traição and Pedreira pumping plants to Billings reservoir, then falls 720 m towards the turbines. This height difference implies 5.654 MW/m3/s of energy gain. The hydropower plant can also perform load recovery (black start) during a blackout. However, since 1992, it delivers 75% less power than its nominal 889 MW, due to water transfer restrictions. To increase its generation, in normal operation and during blackouts, the water available at its reservoir should increase. Feeding the pumping plants with wind energy could enable sending all of Henry Borden's electricity to the grid. The proximity of Billings reservoir has reasonable wind speeds and enough area to host a wind farm to generate the annual power the pumps demand. Four different scenarios of wind energy use in a complementary way to Henry Borden were investigated, before and during a long-lasting blackout, and the energy delivery to the grid was compared. Different water levels at the reservoir were considered. The best scenario was the one in which, in normal operation, wind energy is injected into the grid, and, during a blackout, it powers the pumps. Index Terms: Hydroelectric power generation, load management, power system planning, pumps, wind energy.
Book of Abstracts 52
05.007 Influência do Incremento de Tempo no Estudo da Velocidade Crítica da Espécie Pimelodus Maculatus M. C. Sampaio1, E. M. de F. Viana1, R. S. Alonso1, E. A. M. Rico1 e D. M. de A. Diniz2 1Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil Universitário UNA, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
2Centro
The installations of a hydroelectric’s implantation causes the interruption of the natural flow of the rivers and with this we have an obstruction of the traffic of fish. This becomes more sensitive when these buses stops the migration of the species during the reproductive period, forcing them to find another forms of migration or simply preventing them from that. In many cases, individuals migrants seek to overcome the rails by entering the suction tubes of the hydraulic turbines and moving to near the rotors of the machines. The entry of fish into the hydraulic turbines can cause death events with severe environmental and legal repercussions. To try to minimize this impact, Fish Transposition Mechanisms (MTP's) are installed, in charge of connecting the downstream region to the reservoir, allowing the species to access upstream to continue the natural reproduction process. In order for the design of these mechanisms to be effectively, it is necessary to know the swimming characteristics of the species to be transposed. Thus it is necessary to identify the speeds developed by the fish in order to design devices that allow the species to be able to perform the transposition. The identification of the swimming capacity of the fish is done through the determination of the critical velocity. For this are used the methodology and apparatus based on Brett's (1964) breathalyzer. This work presents a study on the reduction of increment of the time of changing speeds during the test of 10 to 05 and 04 minutes for the the critical’s speed calculations. This reduction of the time increment directly impacts the working capacity of the research groups regarding the survey of the critical speeds of Neotropical fish species. The target species in this study is Pimelodus maculatus, better known as mandi-amarelo. The statistical differences obtained with the tests are analyzed in order to verify the possibility of carrying out the tests with increments of speed with intervals of time less than 10 minutes. Index Terms: Neotropical fishes especies, pimelodus maculatus, fish transposition mechanisms, fish swimming, critical velocity.
05.008 Tecnologias de Protecão da Ictiofauna em Empreendimentos Hidrelétricos A. A. Cesário Porto1, E. M. de Faria Viana2 e C. Barreira Martinez2 2Universidade
1Usina Hidrelétrica Retiro Baixo, MG, Brasil Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
The Hydroelectric Power Plants are the most important source of energy in Brazil. At the beginning of the XX Century, the Electric Sector has passed the environmental problems witch was gradually surpassed or mitigated. Among the questions that were open, stand out those subjects about aquatic fauna, in special the icthyofauna. The literature list that the main anthropic factor is a loss of biodiversity and the change of the habitats. The dealerships has been striving to mitigate the negative impacts of its reservoirs on fish community. One of the most discussed impacts among the specialists is an interception of migratory fish routes through out the dam, which leads to interference of the fish community. Attention towards this impact is extremely relevant when consider the diversity of fish species in Brazilian rivers and their Book of Abstracts 53
importance in the culture and subsistence of people who lives near the river and in the economy (Junho, 2008). This project have the purpose to show the impacts from the hydroelectric power plant implantation on the fish community and in their respective migrations actions through detailed analyzes, preventive studies and applications of viable technological alternatives during the Project, aiming for operational improvement (Services of operation and maintenance – O&M) and the environmental viability of the enterprise. Next is presented the case study of Retiro Baixo HPP where the improvements and technological mechanisms proposed during the Project resulted in a significant improvements in the system. In order to achieve this result, we verified the main locations where fish mortality could occur and the solutions arrangements. Next the possible conditions for machine shutdowns and maintenance of the systems were studied. The gains from the modifications were evaluated based on the operational facility and the reduction of fish mortality in the HPP. Index Terms: Electrical sector, hydroelectric power plants, impacts, technological innovations.
05.009 Uma Metodologia Laboratorial para Avaliação de Funções de Proteção e Controle Associadas à Excitação de Geradores Síncronos D. P. F. Fraga, I. B. M. Rocha e A. L. M. Coelho Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itabira, Brasil
The synchronous generator is an important component of the electrical power systems and it is subjected to various risks, especially in its excitation. For this reason, the use of protection devices to safeguard the generators is essential. In this sense, this paper presents the results of a numerical protection relay behavior in response to various events which the generators may be subjected. For this, loss of excitation and overexcitation caused by load shedding in a synchronous generator of salient poles were simulated in a test power system simulated in Simulink/Matlab environment. The secondary voltage and current signals from this simulation are converted to COMTRADE format and loaded in a secondary test equipment to be applied in the generator protection relay under test. The main results and conclusions are presented and analyzed from the oscillograms, time relay responses and based on the literature references about the theme. Index Terms: IED, loss of excitation, overexcitation, protection relay, synchronous generator.
05.010 Simulação em Tempo Real para Avaliação da Proteção de Perda de Excitação e de Sincronismo de Geradores Síncronos B. F. Pinheiro, L. D. Silva, P. M. Silveira e A. L. Magalhães Coelho Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itajubá, Brasil.
An important part of the synchronous generator is the excitation system. Any failures in the excitation system can cause several consequences for the generator and power system connected to it. The loss of excitation is worst event that can happen in the generator excitation system. This disturbance can cause the machine to lose synchronism with the power system. In additional, these events can cause the overexcitation of the neighboring generators. To minimize these effects, it is necessary to isolate the synchronous machine quickly using protection relays with the following ANSI functions: loss of excitation (ANSI 40), loss of Book of Abstracts 54
synchronism (ANSI 78) and overexcitation (ANSI 24) protections. So, this paper presents an evaluation of these protections functions of a numerical relay for loss of excitation and loss of synchronism events. Computational simulations using a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and closed loop tests are performed for this purpose. The results and conclusions are presented and analyzed from the oscillograms, based on the time relay responses and based on the main gaps observed in the literature. Index Terms: Loss of excitation, loss of synchronism, overexcitation, real time digital simulator, synchronous generator.
05.011 Simulação em Tempo Real para Teste e Análise da Proteção contra Faltas a Terra em 100% do Estator de Geradores Síncronos P. I. D. Correa, P. M. Silveira e A. L. M. Coelho Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itajubá, Brasil.
One of the important aspects when analyzing the generators protection is the grounding type of the stator neutral, which will define the protection philosophy to be used. The type of generator grounding depends of the machine size. For large machines, a high value of grounding impedance is generally used to limit the fault current. The use of this type of grounding can cause problems related to overvoltage and insensitivity of the differential protection against stator-toground faults. Once phase-to-ground faults occur, a careful analysis of the stator protection philosophy (ANSI 64) of the synchronous generator is necessary. So, this paper presents a set of tests to evaluate the 100% protection of the stator of synchronous generators for phase-to-ground faults. For this, computational simulations are performed using a synchronous machine model of the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). In additional, the real-time performance of a commercial relay using a hardware-in-the-loop scheme is analyzed. The main results are presented and discussed observing the gaps of the literature. Index Terms: 100% stator protection, RTDS, synchronous generator, phase-ground faults, third harmonic voltage.
05.012 Influência da Taxa de Infestação de “Limnoperna Fortunei” na Redução da Potência de Turbinas Hidráulicas E. A. M. Rico1, C. B. Martinez1, A. L. P. Castro2, T. R. D. C. Souza1 e M. E. C. Ribeiro1 1Universidade 2Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
Hydro-generator equipment has a lifetime that is related to several factors. Living organisms can negatively impact the shelf life of equipment, such as mollusks that can adhere to equipment surfaces by increasing surface roughness and causing increased pressure drop. In Brazil, some of the most representative bio- invasion occurrences are related to the introduction of the "Limnoperna fortunei" mussel, originating in Southeast Asia, introduced by the water of ship star and has a new distribution, not Brazil, Argentina Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia. From the incrustation in the pipes and condoms of the hydroelectric installations, this organism causes an occlusion in the pipes, generating an increase of loss of load and losses of efficiency in the Book of Abstracts 55
systems. This work presents an investigation about the influence of the rate of infestation of the Limnoperna fortunei in the increase of the internal losses of small hydraulic turbines of type Francis taking into account the temporal evolution of the same one. For this, a case study of a turbine that equips a Hydroelectric Generating Station (CGH) that is submitted to the infestation of Limnoperna fortunei is presented. As it is an infestation advances it causes increased internal losses, especially inside the spiral box. Index Terms: Limnoperna fortunei, central geradora hidrelétrica (cgh), turbina francis, velocidades, caixa espiral.
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TOPIC 6 SMALL POWER PLANTS
Book of Abstracts 57
06.001 Effect of Working Fluids on Organic Rankine Cycle for The Recovery of Low-Grade Waste Heat E. S. R. Escalante, J. A. de Carvalho Junior and J. A. P. Balestieri São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Guaratinguetá, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil
This paper presents an analysis of basic organic Rankine cycle (ORC) used five type of working fluids: one wet fluid (R717), two isentropic fluids (R11 and R12) and two dry fluids (benzene and R113) with boiling point ranging from - 33,35°C to 79,85°C, to convert waste energy to power from low- grade heat source. These organic fluids are analyzed and compared, in the order to determinate with which of them the best performance can be obtained. The evaluation will be performed using a combined first and second law of thermodynamics and varying certain system operation parameters at saturation conditions. Results from these analysis show that the higher system thermal efficiency was obtained with the working fluids R11 and R113 compared with the others working fluids. In addition, the fluid that shows the best thermal efficiency is the one that the highest boiling point. Index Terms: Organic rankine cycle, working fluids, thermal efficiency, waste heat.
06.003 Análise da Eficiência de Grupos Diesel Geradores em uma Plataforma de Perfuração Equipada com Sistema de Posicionamento Dinâmico B. de Almeida, C. O. P. Piernagorda, R. M. Monaro e M. B. C. Salles Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (POLI-USP), Butantã, SP, Brasil
In oil exploration activities there is a special type of platform with the capacity to drill and prepare the wells for production. These units are called drilling rigs. Most of these vessels uses dynamic positioning systems in order to maintain its position. A dynamic positioning unit has its power system typically powered by diesel generator sets connected to medium voltage busbars and are responsible for feeding the entire electrical plant including the thrusters, providing thrust against the resultant weather conditions applied on the platform. In this context, this work will obtain the consumption of the diesel generator sets for a typical platform based in two different electrical configurations for the medium voltage switchboards: with them connected (single busbar) and for segregated (three split). To achieve this objective the diesel consumption curve of the engine will be used and real propulsion load data were obtained in different scenarios: with the unit keeping position at a desirable location and during sailing. This analysis is relevant because will bring the fuel consumption levels at these different scenarios and which one it is possible to reduce the consumption, obtaining greater economy and also allowing the decrease of the greenhouse gases emission. Index Terms: Diesel engines, fuel economy, marine equipment, power systems, propulsion.
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06.004 A Redução da Vida Útil de Máquinas Hidráulicas por Ação de Abrasão. Um Estudo de Caso Sobre a Amazônia Brasileira R. O. P. Serrano1, 3, L. P. Santos1, A. E. C. Palomino1, A. L. Pilz de Castro1,2, E. M. F. Viana1 e C. B. Martinez1 1Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brasil Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Brasil 3Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Brasil
2Universidade
The rivers of the Amazon region present a high sediment load, which pass through the hydraulic machines causing abrasive wear, reducing the useful life of the equipment. The wear resistance due to abrasion and erosion of the rotors, depends on the characteristics of the materials used in its manufacture, however this wear is almost impossible to be totally avoided. This work presents a study of wear caused under a metal surface of the rotor blades of a small hydraulic turbine. In this analysis, the pellet samples collected at Acre River near the city of Rio Branco (AC) with different grain particles having D50 of 0,097mm, 73% of the sample of sand. Such wear can interfere with the profile of the equipment, reducing the efficiency of the equipment. The micro abrasion tests carried out on the AISI 8620 steel showed that as semirounded forms of the sediments, they can cause micro- grooving and deformation of the surface, as well as erosion by flow of the mixture. Index Terms: Abrasives, impellers, sediments.
06.005 Estudo do Triângulo de Velocidades e Forças Atuantes em um Rotor Francis: um Foco na Influência do Desgaste por Erosão L. P. Santos1, R. O. P. Serrano1, 2, A. G. Ferreira Júnior1, J. L. Z. Tarqui1 e E. M. F. Viana1, 1Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brasil Federal do Acre (UFAC), Brasil
2Universidade
The erosive wear on hydraulic turbines occurs due to the presence of solid particles immersed in the working fluid and causes the loss of rotor material reducing its efficiency and in some cases rendering it unusable. Methods of coating hydraulic machines blades to reduce erosion, have as consequence an increase in blade thickness which in turn modifies the velocity triangle and the forces acting on the rotor. This article describes the design of a Francis rotor and elaboration of the velocity triangle for three hypotheses considering variation in blade thickness and an ideal situation considering it infinitesimal, in order to correlate the velocities found in each condition with the drag force acting on the rotor surface, to verify that the advantages of the coating process are greatly reduced with the increase of forces. The difference in pressure over the same area and assumptions with different blade thicknesses can be neglected according to the analysis, given the advantages of the coating process. Index Terms: Francis turbine, erosion, velocity triangle, drag force.
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06.007 Simulação de uma Rejeição de Carga e os Efeitos Causados pela Incrustação do Mexilhão Dourado nos Condutos Forçados das Centrais Geradoras Hidrelétricas no Brasil: Um Estudo de Caso A. G. Ferreira Jr, C. B. Martinez, A. P. M. Saliba, R. O. P. Serrano, L. P. Santos e T. R. da Costa Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brasil
The Golden Mussel is a freshwater bivalve mollusk that has caused several environmental and economic problems in some hydroelectric plants in Brazil. The first detection of this mollusk in Brazil occurred in the late 1990s. The infestation of the penstocks by this mollusk has special influence on systems with small diameters, typical of low power hydroelectric plants. When Golden Mussel infestation occurs in the penstocks of these developments, a significant increase in relative roughness (e/D) is observed. This work aims to evaluate the influence of Golden Mussel infestation on hydraulic transient in penstocks of these systems that operate with 1.000 kW machines, evaluating three penstocks separeted of different lengths during a load rejection with 100% of nominal flow. To obtain the desired results, the method of characteristics was used to calculate the hydraulic transients, in a simple system composed of a penstock with an upstream reservoir and a valve downstream. The closing time of the valve was adopted as slow, that is, greater than the critical time. First, the method of characteristics was applied to the penstocks without incrustation by the Golden Mussel. Then, a simulation of infestation was performed with the Golden Mussel, according to the roughness detected by Souza et al. (2016) of the uniform type, throughout the length of the penstocks, and a load rejection was simulated to evaluate the effects of this infestation. The results showed a difference between the values of the maximum overpressure in the penstocks without and with infestation by the Golden Mussel. Within this context, it was verified the need to change the closing law of the maneuver equipment, when the penstocks are under infestation by the Golden Mussel. Index Terms: Hydraulic transients, load shedding, Golden Mussel.
Book of Abstracts 60
TOPIC 7 RENEWABLE AND NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ELECTRIC POWER (FUEL CELL, SOLAR, WIND, BIOMASS, ETC.)
Book of Abstracts 61
07.001 Nova Metodologia para a Estimativa da Capacidade de Acomodação de Geradores FVs em Sistemas de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica L. C. Brolin e F. C. L. Trindade Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brasil
Typically, electric power distribution systems were not designed for the massive connection of generators. Therefore, technical problems can happen due to the growth in the number of generators connected to distribution systems. To ensure that the system operates within the quality standards imposed by regulatory agencies, utilities must evaluate the connection requests prior to the installation of a new photovoltaic generator (PV). Conducting case-by-case studies requires a large number of man-hours and processing time due to the need of repetitive power flow and short-circuit calculations. Thus, the development of metrics and procedures that allow the utility engineers to assess the connection requests faster should be adopted. This paper presents a sensitivity study of hosting capacity with respect to local network parameters. From the results provided by the sensitivity study, a graphic approach is proposed to check if a rooftop PV can be connected to the low voltage distribution system without any steadystate overvoltage problem. Index Terms: Capacidade de acomodação, sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica, sistemas solares fotovoltaicos, sobretensão.
07.002 Optimal Investment Allocation for Supplying Isolated Systems by Renewable Energy Plants M. H. Balan, D. S. Ramos, E. Guarnier and L. A. S. Camargo Escola Politécnica da USP, SP, Brasil
In Brazil, the Isolated Systems represent those unconnected to the National Interconnected System. They are geographically distributed in 234 systems (representing a load of approximately 482,7 MWavg), mainly located in the Northern States, where the environmental preservation and great distances make the connection with the National System unfeasible. As consequence and given the favorable logistics for fuel supply, they are characterized by the strong dependence of small diesel power generation, an expensive fuel source and environmentally unfriendly. Then, the replacement of diesel per renewables power generation systems can bring benefits for the Isolated Systems. In this context, we propose a general methodology that aims to: (i) minimize the overall costs of electric power generation in Isolated Systems and (ii) to evaluate the technical and economic attractiveness of renewable generation systems implantation in such locations. The considered portfolio is composed by solar, wind and small hydroelectric power plants, which stand out for being environmentally suitable and be operated in an integrated way at minimal global cost. Index Terms: Power generation planning, isolated power systems, renewable energy sources, solar energy, wind energy.
Book of Abstracts 62
07.003 Análise de Desempenho da Potência Hidráulica de uma Turbina Hidrocinética em Ambientes com Alto Conteúdo de Sedimentos E. C. Machado, O. R. Saavedra e V. L. Paucar Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, MA, Brazil
Researches conducted in the northern coast of Brazil reported significant potential indicators of tidal energy (tides and tidal currents) especially at the coast of the states of Amapá, Pará and Maranhão. Those regions are characterized by the strong influence of large rivers, especially of the Amazon river, with an enormous volume of sediments. The performance of a submerged hydrokinetic turbine considering a marine environment with high sediment content is yet unknown. In this paper, the study of the impact of the sedimentation level on the performance of hydrokinetic turbines in oceanic estuaries is presented. Studies and simulations were performed using the ANSYS platform. As case study, a site located in the Bay of São Marcos (State of Maranhão) was considered. The data of ocean currents was collected in March of 2017 and used to elaborate a mathematical model to analyze the behavior of a marine hydrokinetic turbine in environments with high sediment content. Results of performance of the turbine are reported, including sensitivity analysis in relation to sediment concentration and ocean depth as well. Index Terms: Marine technology, renewable energy sources, turbines, wave power, navier-stokes equations.
07.005 Otimização da Operação de Baterias em Sistemas de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica A. L. M. dos Santos, L. W. Oliveira, B. H. Dias e J. G. de Oliveira Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
This work proposes an optimization application for the planning of the operation of storage systems in electricity distribution networks with the insertion of renewable wind generation. For this, an optimum power flow algorithm is applied with the inclusion of the power supplied or absorbed by banks of batteries as an optimization variable in the developed model. The objective is to minimize technical losses with minimum investment cost in storage systems, observing network constraints, such as voltage limits and load curves, as well as the variation of power from the renewable energy sources present in the system. A contribution of this work is analysis of the best places of the network for the allocation of batteries through sensitivity indexes from Lagrange multipliers. Another contribution is the assessment of the impact of representing the battery efficiency variation with its state of charge and current. A case study using a known system in the literature is performed to evaluate the proposed application. Index Terms: Storage system, distribution network, optimal planning, optimization.
Book of Abstracts 63
07.006 Controle Dinâmico de Descarga de Baterias Através de Sistema Imunológico Artificial P. H. D. Vidal1, A. L. M. dos Santos1, L. W. Oliveira1, J. G. de Oliveira1 e Â. R. Oliveira2 2Centro
1Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil Federal de Educação Tecnológica (CEFET-MG), Unidade Leopoldina, MG, Brasil
Storage devices, as batteries, super capacitors and flywheel systems are being introduced or investigated to be added to modern electric distribution systems (EDS) for many reasons. Among them, it can be highlighted the increased growth of the distributed generation (DG) in an electrical network due to technical and environmental issues. The battery energy storage systems (BESS) aid the operation of renewable resource based DG within the concepts of smart grids, since such generation presents an intermittent behaviour over a planning period. The connection of a BESS into the electrical grid comprises some power electronic devices as power converters with relevant impact over some network requirements as the energy quality, the voltage and frequency levels, the power factor and the total harmonic distortion. Therefore, the output must be properly handled before being injected into the system. Moreover, there charging behaviour of a BESS is non-linear and the evaluation of such parameter is important for preserving the life time of the battery as well as too obtain a good quality signal at its output. Finally, some constraints of a dynamic model for a BESS are significant, as its output current, internal impedance and voltage between poles. A proper parameter setting of a BESS dynamic model can enable an efficient control strategy to improve the system operation. In the described scenario, the application of optimization approaches is potential to find a good setting for a BESS control in face of the EDS requirements. For instance, an optimization method is applied in [1] that seeks to obtain the optimum value of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative gains which reduce the steady state error. In the same line of research, the present paper proposes an optimization approach based on the metaheuristic known as Artificial Immune System (AIS). The objective is to obtain good parameters setting for a BESS that optimizes the voltage behaviour of the system output for improving the energy quality at the connection point with the grid. Constraints as the minimum and maximum SOC and recharging rate, as well as maximum output voltage overshooting are observed. [1] Hsiao, Y.-T., Chuang, C.-L. and Chien, C.-C. (2004). Ant colony optimization for designing of PID controllers. In: 2004 IEEE Int. Symp. Comp. Aided Contr. Syst. Des., pp.321326. Index Terms: Artificial immune systems, battery energy storage system, distributed generation, distribution systems.
Book of Abstracts 64
07.007 A Questão da Garantia Física: Proposta para Estimular a Geração Adicional por Biomassa no Período Seco Z. J. Souza União da Indústria de Cana de Açúcar (UNICA), SP, Brasil
In 2014, the average Price for Settling Differences (PLD) started January at R$ 378/MWh and was in February and March at the upper regulatory limit (R$ 822/MWh). During the same period, biomass generation increased by more than 70% in relation to the same quarter of 2013. In April 2017, the weekly PLD exceeded the level of R$ 300/MWh and this is indicating that it should remain higher than in 2016. Considering that the supply of biomass generation is not so inelastic in the short-term, this conjuncture could stimulate biomass generation. However, the regulatory scenario had the following changes that inhibit this extra generation: (i) the process of judicializing/default in financial settlements in the spot market (MCP); (ii) a large part of the biomass plants had no physical guarantee defined in a regulatory act in 2014/15 and started to have in 2017; (iii) even for the plants that had physical guarantees granted, a new methodology to review the ballast was instituted in 2017, also making it difficult to sell additional generation in contracts. The article presents the following proposal: allow that the monthly biomass generation can be sold in the form physical guarantee or contracts, avoiding positive exposure in the MCP. Index Terms: Biomassa, comercialização, garantia física, geração mensal, setor sucroenergético.
07.008 Avaliação da Complementaridade das Usinas Hidráulicas e Eólicas frente às Mudanças Climáticas N. Scherner, J. W. Marangon Lima, L. M. Marangon Lima e A.R. de Queiroz Federal University of Itajubá (UNIFEI), MG, Brazil
Wind and hydro power plants are classified into renewable energy because they contribute to decrease the greenhouse effect. However, the power production by these sources depends on the climate variables like precipitation and wind which can be affected by climate changes. Most of expansion and operation studies carried out by the National Interconnected System (SIN) in Brazil use historical data of these variables and do not take into consideration the dynamics associated with climate changes. Thus, it is recommended to analyze such changes into the current operational planning, mainly because almost 90% of the power generation in Brazil comes from hydro and wind sources. Some studies prove the existence of the complementarity between wind and water sources in several regions of Brazil, through the analysis of historical wind and precipitation series. This paper analyses the wind and precipitation time series behavior and their correlation using both the historical and future data. The future data are the results from the Global Climate Models (GCM), based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with the current update of the last meeting in 2014. These are further transformed by downscaling to obtain a better resolution using the ETA regional model. The regional model ETA has been the main tool to produce weather and climate forecasts over South America since 1996 by the National Institute for Spatial Research (INPE). Index Terms: Climate change, hydroelectric power generation, hydro-wind complementary, wind power generation. Book of Abstracts 65
07.009 Melhoria do IDH por Meio de Eletrificação Sustentável A. S. Jucá1, E. Oveira2, H. A. C. Mundin2, J. C. L. Fernandes2 e R. B. Sanchez2 1Centro
Universitário Capital (UNICAP), SP, Brasil Universitário ENIAC, SP, Brasil
2Centro
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a benchmark used to rank countries through their "human development" degree. This index is also aided in the indication of countries as developed (very high human development), developing (medium and high human development) and underdeveloped (low human development). It is an important indicator of the benchmark for measuring the quality of life of people between countries. The level of energy consumption per capita is one of the components of the parameter list used, without calculating the HDI, being linked to people's energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary that the person has a condition of electric power, having a shower with heating through the electrical resistance, has a television set, among other resources that depend directly and indirectly on electricity. All countries with high HDI rates are consumers of large amounts of electricity. The per capita consumption of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours per inhabitant per year (kWh/hab/year) in developed countries, as some variations, is considered as the minimum desirable parameter consumption 6,000 kWh/hab/ year. In Brazil, this figure is much lower and it is without a plateau of 2,200kWh/hab/year, that is, it is approximately one third of the minimum value necessary to achieve a good waste of HDI. In this way, to provide electric energy at affordable costs and visibly home environments. They are present in the agenda of the government plans of the Brazilian municipalities. In remote localities where low-income communities are located, local electricity generation based on the conversion of renewable primary energy sources, such as solar and wind, has become a key factor in favor of improving the regional HDI, therefore, incentives to should be implemented by the public power in partnership with the private sector. In this sense, the paper proposes to demonstrate that there is an opportunity to improve the HDI, with the application of the electrification of regions not served by the local energy matrix distribution system, which analyzes the feasibility of applying mixed structures through distributed systems microgeneration Photovoltaic and wind power plants. The researchers carried out a mapping of the regions that do not have energetic electrical within the Brazilian territory, as well as their climatic conditions, with the intention of proposing combined solutions that meet each region. Index Terms: Energy sustainable, human development index, consumption of electricity, climatic conditions.
Book of Abstracts 66
07.010 Análise Transitória de Faltas em Geradores de Indução Duplamente Alimentados no Contexto da Energia Eólica B. H. Pontes da Silva1, M. L. Anders2, R. M. Monaro2 e S. G. Di Santo2 1Escola
de Engenharia Elétrica da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brasil Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brasil
2Escola
This work investigates the behavior of the topology of the wind turbine based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) when simulating faults in the stator and rotor machine terminations. A DFIG model was simulated in the Matlab / Simulink software using a voltage source with Thévenin equivalent to simulate an electrical network, an interface transformer, a 2MVA induction machine and two-level VSC voltage source converters connected in the back-toback topology. The control of the converters was conceived from the vector control strategy using PI controllers designed from the Symmetric Optimum Method. The crowbar protection and current protection of the inverters were also implemented in the simulation and then validated to simulate the approximate behavior of the real DFIG system and then to verify the transient behavior of the DFIG at the moment of single-phase, two-phase and three-phase faults at the machine terminals. The objective of this investigation is to discover information still scarce in the literature on the transient behavior of the DFIG topology, including the generating unit, cc link and converters at the moment of internal faults to the system. Index Terms: AC machines, circuit faults, simulation, transient behavior.
07.011 Estudo das Proteções de Geradores Eólicos Duplamente Alimentados em Ambiente de Co-simulação Embarcada F. A. L. Franco, F. C. N. Caetano, L. A. Sousa, R. M. Monaro e S. G. Di Santo Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brasil
The proposed paper is concerned with protection schemes of wind turbines, mainly for protect the turbine from internal faults. The faults were applied in the converters’ terminals, i.e., in the stator and rotor side terminals. The paper begins with a control validation of an DFIG topology with back-to-back converter and MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking). Then, some protection devices, such as over-current, differential-current, over- and sub-voltage, power flow and crowbar protection are included in the model and tested over different machine operations mode, as well as fault conditions. The simulated system was modeled in Simulink and the protection algorithms in Matlab software. After the validation of the protection algorithms, they were co-simulated by PIL (Processor in the loop) with ARM Cortex M4 microcontroller. The objective of this investigation is to discover information, still scarce in the literature, on the transient behavior of the DFIG topology, including the generating unit, cc link and converters in the moment of internal faults, as well as discuss about the protection scheme algorithms. Index Terms: Wind generator, doubly fed induction generator, power converter, control, protection.
Book of Abstracts 67
07.012 Análise Transitória de Faltas em Geradores Síncronos no Contexto da Energia Eólica M. L. Anders, B. H. Pontes da Silva, R. M. Monaro e S. Giuseppe Di Santo Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brasil
Wind energy has been considered an attractive alternative for electricity generation. There are several studies in the literature on faults in wind farms. There is, however, a lack of research that includes internal faults in wind turbines. In this work the transient behaviour of a variable speed wind turbine with a synchronous generator is investigated. A computational model for the wind turbine was developed, using vector control techniques for back-to-back converter. The PI controller gains were adjusted using the symmetric optimum method. The DC chopper overvoltage protection and built-in over-current protec- tion of the converters were incorporated to the system, in order to obtain the closest possible behaviour of the real system in the simulation. Fault events were simulated at several points of the electrical system, varying the fault resistance and fault type, and also considering different wind incidences. This research aims to provide information on the transient behaviour of the wind turbine with synchronous machine, covering the internal components such as the electric generator, direct current link and power converters at the moment of internal faults to the system. Index Terms: Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), simulation, internal faults, transient behavior.
07.013 Factor de Capacidad de Turbinas Eólicas en Argentina A. Jurado, E. Vinson, B. Cerne, P. Gill y F. Nicchi Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Due wind intermittence, the wind turbine annual energy generation is far from theoretical one that arises from considering the nominal power of the turbine in the same period. That situation is quantified by the so called Capacity Factor (CF). It depends of wind and turbine characteristics. The CF is determinant for studies on feasibility and long term scenarios. Calculation programs use the CF as an exogenous datum and, in some cases, as a constant in wide regions. That induces –in some measure- rudimentary results. On the other hand, nowadays there is some registered evidence about changes in wind velocity, around the world and also in Patagonia. Then, the necessity of an accurate calculus for the CF over every specific region emerges for reducing errors in mentioned studies of feasibility and long term scenarios. Another problem is that –for CF calculus- it is necessary to use mean wind velocity at turbine height. That data is of very difficult obtaining. At present work we propose to calculate the CF for two regions in Argentina using wind data obtained from private individuals and for various power curves of wind turbines. Results will be compared with others from regional data in use. We also propose to compare the results with others calculated based on wind data at 10 m (supplied by national weather service). That will permit quantify errors originated in turbulences and ground roughness. Index Terms: Capacity factor, wind turbine, wind data, scenarios, Argentina.
Book of Abstracts 68
07.014 Assessment of Environmental Influences in Solar Farms Efficiency: Case Study of a Real PV Plant R. J. dos Santos1, V. Carnelossi da Cunha1 and A. R. Donadon2 1Universidade
Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brasil Paulista de Força e Luz, Campinas, Brasil
2Companhia
Photovoltaic (PV) generation has attracted worldwide attention as a potential energy source due to the necessity of diversifying the primary energy resources, technological advances and reduction of costs. In this context, CPFL, one of the largest private utilities in Brazil, decided to implement a 1 MWp solar farm, called USFV Tanquinho. Based on several measurements, such as irradiance, active power, DC voltages and currents, collected along the operation of USFV Tanquinho from January 2016 to April 2017, this paper analyzes the influence of cloud enhancement, shading and soiling on solar farm efficiency and operation. Overall, this work analyzes an extensive field data collection intending to assess three problems commonly faced in photovoltaic generation in order to shed light on these issues. Index Terms: Cloud enhancement, photovoltaic generation, shading, soiling, solar farms.
07.016 Desenvolvimento de Elementos de Aerogeradores no DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM para Simulação Dinâmica de Sistemas Elétricos de Potência J. R. Silva Neto, C. B. Mendonça Oliveira e O. R. Saavedra Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luis, Brasil
This work opens way for a better exploration and dissemination of the DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM computer system in the execution of simulations of electrical power systems using wind turbines for time-domain flow study. The research was motivated by the scarcity of information on the creation of projects within this platform. This software is present in more than 130 countries, including several South American countries. The DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM covers studies for power transmission and distribution, with applications in load flow calculations, short circuit, electromechanical or electromagnetic transient, harmonics, overcurrent protection and reliability. The work shows how to use the main screens of the program, data manager, besides the creation of projects, blocks, parameters and graphs, being presented a concept for the 5 types of blocks, showing when and how to handle them. Also include the elaboration of a wind control module developed foe the DFIG-Model for Stability, presenting the wind speed being constant, increase in ramp and step, as well the analysis of the step angle, rotor speed, active and reactive power and induced voltage in the stator. To illustrate the procedures and models presented, case studies are included with analysis of results and discussions. Index Terms: DigSILENT PowerFactoryTM, instruction, developed modules, doubly-fed induction generator, synchronous generator.
Book of Abstracts 69
07.017 Option Valuation of Solar Power Investments in an Office Building F. Penizzotto, R. Pringles, J. P. Martinez and F. Olsina Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ) y CONICET, San Juan, Argentina
Distributed renewable generation, such as rooftop solar photovoltaic, has grown exponentially in the past few years. Despite its benefits, investments in solar energy need to be encouraged in underdeveloped countries. More than 50% of Argentinian population lives and works in cities, which actually represent more than 80% of the energy demanded all over the country. In addition, 30% of this energy is consumed by buildings, where exist substantial saving opportunities through the use of photovoltaic panels and small wind turbines. The recent Argentinian Law 27.191 about the use of renewable energy, states that for the year 2025, 20% of electrical consumption must be provided by clean energy sources. One of the challenges, among many others more technical, that face self-generation decisions is about the economic benefits that this technology can provide, since uncertainty about important variables like feed-in tariffs, technology costs, and government policies is high. In this work, we have applied a modern economic method to evaluate a rooftop solar photovoltaic project investment in a government building in San Juan, Argentina (Civic Center of San Juan), in order to aid decision making. To consider uncertainties, we apply Monte Carlo simulation to achieve an stochastic option valuation. The option of “differing” the investment was taken into account. Therefore, the decision of “when” is the right moment to exercise the option of investing is answered after a real option analysis. Index Terms: Photovoltaic systems, power generation economics, forecast uncertainty, decision making, cost benefit analysis.
Book of Abstracts 70
07.018 Evaluación de la Energía Undimotriz en el sudeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina P. O. Prado1, J. J. Roberts2 y O. R. Noguera1 1Universidad 2IPBEN-UNESP
Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Argentina Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Brasil
The objective of the project is to study and characterize the ocean wave energy resource in the southeast coastal area of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The incipient development in the country of this type of energy, the limited available information from official organisms and the complexity of the thematic, lead to the necessity of working with qualitative information derived from secondary sources. The study was restricted to the coastal area of the Buenos Aires province ounded y the parallels 35°00’S and 41°00’S where 10 years of o servations were carried out between the years 2000 and 2009. The information, provided by the Service of Naval Hydrography of the Ministry of Defense, was processed and validated according to a defined methodology for this case. This data was used to estimate the Significant Wave Height, the Mean Wave Period and the Annual Mean Power, for the analyzed decade. From the results obtained in the present work and considering the specific technical aspects it can be concluded that there is a potential wave energy resource in the studied region, and it would be technically feasible to use it for energy generation. Index Terms: Recursos energético de las olas, energía marina, energías de los océanos, energías renovables, planificación energética.
07.019 Economic Feasibility Study of Solar Photovoltaic Systems at Brazilian Universities A. G. Givisiez1, B. H. Dias1, L. W. de Oliveira1, W. O. Guedes1 and M. Z. Fortes2 1Universidade
Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brasil
2Universidade
This paper presents an economic feasibility study of a possible implementation of a photovoltaic system at a Brazilian University, which is a consumer connected to medium voltage level. In this study, it is considered current electricity and equipment prices, as well as, applied taxes. A sensitivity analysis is performed to find the best size of the solar power generation to the university campus. Also, an additional study considering annual readjustment on electricity prices is performed to evaluate the sizing and investment return with a different economic perspective. This study considers net present value (VPL), internal rate of return (TIR) and payback period to evaluate the investment. Finally, a tax incentive program is proposed to lower prices of equipment, which boosts the investment return. The simulations results are promising and show clearly that the current legislation and incentives are having good effect. However, more incentive from the government would be considerably great to encourage even more consumers to invest in distributed small/medium scale renewable energy. Index Terms: Distributed power generation, photovoltaic systems, renewable energy sources, solar power generation, economic feasibility study, public university.
Book of Abstracts 71
07.020 Investment Analysis of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Systems: A Real Options Approach W. O. Guedes1, A. G. Givisiez1, B. H. Dias1, L. O. Willer1 and B. S. M. C. Borba2 1Universidade
Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brasil
2Universidade
In recent years, photovoltaic energy use has been raising on the entire world, appearing among the largest sources of renewable energy generation, behind only of wind energy and hydroelectric power. In Brazil, even with all the favorable natural characteristics, this energy does not have much participation in the energy matrix. With measures to promote the use of the sun as a source of renewable energy generation, Brazil begins to see an increase in the exploitation of photovoltaic energy. This study sought to analyze the best moment to invest in a residential photovoltaic system, applying the Real Option Theory (ROT). The analysis were carried out through the estimated cash flow during the useful life of the photovoltaic system and the value of the project was calculated considering two premises, the immediate implantation of the system, or using the option to wait to invest in the following year, searching the best scenario for the investor. Traditional valuation methods such as net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback, as well as, the real options theory were used in this study as project evaluation methods. Index Terms: Real options, photovoltaic system, investment analysis, renewable energy, investment value.
07.021 Optimal Investment on Solar Photovoltaic System Considering Different Tariff Systems for Low Voltage Consumers V. A. Cabral1, J. P. Lauro1, B. H. Dias1, I. C. da Silva Jr1 and V. H. Ferreira2 1Universidade
Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brasil
2Universidade
The increasing energy demands together with the energy prices and environmental concerns brings the discussion on increasing the renewable generation in power systems. The present work proposes a technical and economic study of solar PV systems in low voltage consumers considering the optimization of the return on investment. The 25-year life span is considered to- gether with real consumers’ load profiles. This work compares two different tariffs: conventional and white tariff, according to Brazilian resolution REN 414/2010, and its update 725/2016. The latter, a time-of-use scheme to be implemented as an option for small consumers in 2018 in Brazil. The optimal arrangement is evaluated considering the number of solar panels, frequency in- verter, protection, cables and structure, in order to obtain the best return on investment in each tariff option. In addition, the lowest energy consumption was acquired to make the system feasible considering the load profile of each consumer considered in this work. Index Terms: Energy consumption, solar energy, solar power generation, white tariff, investment analysis.
Book of Abstracts 72
07.022 Evaluación de un Sistema de Calefacción Solar- Eléctrico Aplicado a un Digestor Anaeróbico Enterrado M. A. Morales1, M. I. Sosa2 y A. C. Boucíguez1 1Universidad 2Universidad
Nacional de Salta (UNSA), Salta, Argentina Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
This paper presents the design and implementation of a solar-electric hybrid heating system that allows the maintenance of adequate thermal conditions in an anaerobic digester also developed to adapt to the climate of the northern region of Argentina, where two extremely important factors are combined: levels High solar radiation and extensive areas dedicated to intensive cattle breeding. The digester is buried, which reduces heat losses to the medium, at the same time has a thermal insulation designed with disposable materials that covers the internal walls of the same. The total capacity of the digester is 1200 liters. This is built to work continuously, has three containers that work in series, so the load goes through each one of these. The heating system has a control circuit composed of two electronic thermostats that simultaneously measure the temperature of the digester and the solar collector. The heating system consists of a coil installed inside the digester, valves of water with electric lock and a water pump. To evaluate the proposed hybrid system, the temperature is measured at various points in the system. The results in the measurements of the various tests have been satisfactory and demonstrate the advantage of using solar thermal energy in this case. Index Terms: Biogás, digestor, colector solar, temperature.
07.023 Estudo de Caso: Proposta de Substituição de um Gerador de Diesel por um Sistema Híbrido (PV / Diesel) para Geração de Energia Elétrica na Comunidade Rural Nazaré no Município de Abaetetuba Pará M. J. S. Rodrigues e S. Vale Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brasil
This work shows the technical feasibility of implementing a hybrid solar-diesel system from the operational point of view for seven residences located Nazaré island, in rural of the municipality of Abaetetuba the state Pará. In order to do so, intends to analyze the local where the residences they are inserted, evaluating the installed load and the fuel consumption of the generator group that attends the same. A survey was carried out of: total load and time of use of the household appliances in order to estimate the energy demand and diesel consumption. It is worth mentioning that the survey takes place in two moments: from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. and from 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. for the 12 months of 2016. Through an analytical method only the photovoltaic (PV) generator and its components are sized, this because the diesel generator already exists in the locality, a simulation is performed of the solar-diesel hybrid system with the software Homer Energy analyzing the energy delivered by the PV generator, battery bank charge state etc. It is also evaluated the reduction of diesel consumption with the insertion of the PV generator. Index Terms: Energía solar, sistemas híbridos (geradores fotovoltaicos e geradores diesel).
Book of Abstracts 73
07.024 Análise da Implementação de um Sistema de Geração Distribuída utilizando Geração Solar Fotovoltaica para áreas degradadas e Utilização de energia residual de Abastecimento de Água Utilizando Bomba Funcionando como Turbina L. M. Custódio, R. E. Lopes V. Valamiel e R.B. Cardoso Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Campus Itabira, Itabira, MG, Brasil
In Brazil, crises in the water sector have been recurrent, and, taking into account that the generation of energy in Brazil is largely from generation in Hydropower Plants, and that the main function of water, according to the Agência Nacional das Águas - ANA is the human supply and the watering of animals, not the generation of energy, generation is a scenario where more than ever, incentives and investments in the diversification of the energy matrix are needed. Associated with this, we have the real insertion of the need to study and use alternative sources of energy, and of energy use from the industrial sector. Thus, this study aims to analyze and present solutions to improve the energy matrix in a proposal of distributed generation using the spaces and potential energy potential located in the industrial, rural and municipal sectors. For this, this work presents a possibility of building solar plants in degraded areas and the use of energy, coming from the water supply network, using pumps functioning as turbines to recover energy in the supply system. And present the results in order to try to classify them as to their environmental, energy and economic impacts, aiming to understand the implementation of these sources, and their importance for society as a whole. Index Terms: Degraded areas, distributed generation, fotovoltaic generation, renewable generation, recover.
07.025 Modelagem Via Redes Neurais da Capacidade de Sistemas de Armazenamento com Baterias em Smart Grids Isoladas com Fontes Renováveis M. S. Pereira, P. B. Leite Neto, O. R. Saavedra e S. L. Lima Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brasil
In Brazil, in the next few years it is expected a great growth of the wind and photovoltaic solar on grid and off-grid generation as well. This diversification also begins to become a reality in the distribution, in the form of micro-generation, mainly solar photovoltaic. Among the various technologies available and emerging batteries, those using acid lead adapted for deep discharge still prevail competitively. However, these types of batteries have their performance affected by the sulfating process. This process reduces the useful life and can impact the viability of using this type of battery banks in the presence of intermittent sources. Sulfation also influences the state of charge of the battery, making it difficult to predict which energy can be stored and reused at a certain stage of battery life. Currently, the models used to represent the batteries are very simple and inaccurate. In this paper, we propose a solution using neural network to estimate the state of charge of lead acid battery banks, to have a more reliable estimation of the current stored energy available to take operational decisions in microgrids operation. As a case study, real data from an isolated microgrid from the north of Brazil is considered. Index Terms: Batteries, neural network, state of charge, microgrid. Book of Abstracts 74
07.026 Dimensionamento Ótimo de Uma Micro-Usina Baseada em Correntes de Maré para Sistemas Isolados B. Gomes de Sá1, O. R. Saavedra1, D. Queiroz Oliveira1 e P. B. Leite Neto2 1Universidade 2Instituto
Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brasil de Energias Oceânicas e Fluviais, São Luís, Brasil
The most favorable sites for the exploitation of oceanic energy are characterized by high current intensities and high average tide height, as well as adequate bathymetry and tide data. In Brazil, the greatest amplitudes and speeds of tide are in the north and northeast, in the states of Amapá, Pará and Maranhão. For example, the energy potential available on the coast of the State of Maranhão was estimated at 22 TWh / year. In terms of tidal currents, the São Marcos Bay in Maranhão and the channel of Varador in Amapá should be highlighted. However, Brazil does not yet have an inventory with the potential of tidal currents. This article deals with the optimal design of a micro power plant based on tidal current energies. In order to ensure reliable power supply to the isolated system, a storage system must be taken into account. Considering the variation of the sea currents as well as the energy demand curve, the problem is formulated as a multi-period nonlinear optimization problem. As a case study, it is considered a place located in the Bay of São Marcos (Maranhão), more specifically in the channel of the island of Medo. Through the in-situ data the available energy potential curve is obtained. The physical, environmental and economic constraints of the problem to be optimized are identified and formalized. Index Terms: Oceanic energy, tidal currents, insulated system, optimal design, storage system.
07.029 Electricity Generation with Pyrolysis of Health Care Wastes in Lages-SC W. G. Buratto1, R. N. Muniz2, J. Amarante3, F. L. Ribeiro3, E. Esmério3, V. J. Costa3 and A. E. Siegloch3 1Instituto
Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brasil Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brasil 3Universidade do Planalto Catarinense (UNIPLAC), Lages, SC, Brasil 2Universidade
The present study had as objective to carry out the quantitative survey of the residues in the municipality of Lages-SC, and to evaluate the economic viability of slow pyrolysis with rotary drum in the municipality to generate electricity, since the health services wastes are now transported to the West of the State and after the sterilization of these in autoclave, is available in Class I and II landfills. By means of an economic analysis, it was verified that there is the impossibility due to the costs of the Group A residue being very low, reducing the time of return of the investment of the pyrolysis unit, in which it would take 25 years for the recovery, making it unfeasible due to the Long-term return to investors. It is analyzed that with the treatment capacity of 2 tons/day which would generate 50 kWe, and is similar to the production of the municipality, it would be necessary to raise the waste treatment price to twice the current price, which is 0,83R$/liter and would have to be 1.86R$/liter to occur viability in 2 years. Index Terms: Health service wastes (HSW), economic analysis, slow pyrolysis, electricity, Lages.
Book of Abstracts 75
07.030 Modelagem e Simulação de uma Microrrede Piloto Isolada com Provimento de Referência Através de um Gerador Síncrono Virtual R. C. Basoni1, D. Carletti2, M. T. A. Orlando2, L. F. Encarnação2 e J. F. Fardin2 1Instituto
Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE), Sobral, CE, Brasil 2Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brasil
The provision of frequency and voltage reference on isolated microgrids is realized through diesel generators, which have some disadvantages, such as loud noise generation, emission of harmful gases, fossil fuel consumption, etc. The proposal of this article is an alternative to the use of these generators, using a energy storage system, a frequency inverter, and a DC-DC bidirectional buck-boost quadratic converter and an appropriate control. The inverter control strategy proposed in this paper to establish reference to a microgrid is based on the virtual synchronous generator control for inverters to mimic the behavior of traditional synchronous machines. This article presents a modeling made on EMTDC/PSCAD of a microgrid including local loads, battery system, DC-DC converters, power inverters, wind turbine and solar array located at Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - BR. The results prove the efficiency of the adopted control, maintaining the voltage and frequency of the microgrid constant during load changes, as well as providing active and reactive power balance to the isolated system. Index Terms: Microgrid, synchronverter, distributed power generation, smart grid, renewable energy.
07.031 Assessment of Flexible Investments in Solar-Photovoltaic Generation R. Pringles, F. Penizzotto and F. Olsina Instituto de Energía Eléctrica, UNSJ-CONICET, Argentina
Risk management is a key concept when deciding investments in electricity markets. Power investment projects are capital-intensive, largely irreversible and subject to high uncertainties on future returns. Fortunately, most projects have strategic flexibilities embedded to manage uncertainties and mitigate risks under unfavorable market scenarios. Modern corporate finance recognizes Real Option analysis (ROA) as the correct approach for valuing investment projects with these features. Because of environmental concerns and fuel price escalations, power generation based on renewable sources has shown a dramatic global growth in the last decade. Argentina has recently established aggressive support policies for meeting ambitious renewable targets. Renewable investment projects share many of the mentioned characteristics. Hence, option valuation methods can be applied for appraising the monetary worth of managerial flexibility embedded in renewable power investments. In this work, a methodology for assessing the economic value of a photovoltaic power plant under uncertainty is presented. ROA is applied to determine the monetary value of delaying the investment decision in order to wait for better market information and for cost abatements due to technological development. In addition, the economic value of relocating the solar power plant in the future to a more attractive site in terms of costs, grid access and/or regulatory policies is also considered. The option valuation problem is solved by means of stochastic simulation combined with recursive approximate dynamic programing techniques. The developed methodology can be used by investors for efficient decision making and by regulatory agencies for designing proper support policies to encourage investments in renewable generation. Index Terms: Investments, flexibility, renewable energy, real options, uncertainty, stochastic Book of Abstracts 76
simulation.
07.032 Grid Transient Stability Using Inverters Controlling the Reactive Power of Photovoltaic Generators W. T. S Pinheiro, C. F. Vieira, V. C. Souza, Z. A. F. Souza and M. V. A. Nunes Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brasil
This paper proposes the evaluation of the influence of the modes of control of the reactive power of the distributed photovoltaic systems, Also analyzing the transient stability of synchronous generators connected in distribution networks in Distributed Generation (DG). It will also be evaluated the negative and positive influence of the control mode volt-var and the control mode of Vanctusen in the stability of the synchronous machine. The analyzes are performed using the test system UKGDS 95 bus, With two photovoltaic connections, one inserted in the bar 18 and the other in the bar 89 and a synchronous generation in the bar 73. Index Terms: Transient stability, influence of control mode volt-var and vancutsen in synchronous machine stability, distributed generation.
07.034 Complementariedade de Parques Eólicos na Mitigação de Riscos A. M. Rocco1, F. K. Miguel2 , E. M. Lourenço1 1Universidade
Federal do Pará (UFPR), Brasil Energia, Brasil
2Copel
This paper proposes a methodology to identify the repetition of the wind series over the years. The approach is based on the portfolio selection of wind power generation projects proposed in Miguel's thesis. The main contribution of the work is the use of windows of short time, which avoids the need for an old data history, ie, the historical data of the wind do not affect the result of the portfolios when applying the proposed method. Thus, it is possible to provide subsidies to the generator to decide future investments from energy generation data and the latest wind maps. The methodology takes into account limited financial resources and is based on the use of Markowitz's theory. A relevant contribution of this proposal is its ability to minimize costs, thanks to the use of more recent measures that allow the analysis of geographical areas, which were not considered previously because they do not have an old data history. The paper presents relevant results that show the feasibility and effectiveness of the present proposal. Index Terms: Teoria de portfólios, modelo de otimização de portfólios de Markowitz, janelas de tempo, histórico de ventos, tranches.
Book of Abstracts 77
07.035 The Use of Biogas from Landfills of São Paulo City for Bioelectricity Generation M. Carvalho Guimarães1,2, R. Franciélle Paulino1,2, J. L. Silveira1,2 and C. E. Tuna1,2 1Instituto
de Pesquisa em Bioenergia (IPBEN-UNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Laboratório Associado de Guaratinguetá 2Laboratório de Otimização de Sistemas Energéticos (LOSE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Guaratinguetá, SP, Brasil
The increase of solid waste generation is a concern for modern society because its incorrect disposal can lead to risks to public health and pollution of the environment. Landfills are the most used method for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in Brazil, and they generate by-products such as biogas that can be exploited and used to produce bioelectricity. Therefore, it is possible to avoid the use of fossil fuels by generating equivalent amount of electricity and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). This work aimed to study the use of biogas generated in landfills located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, as a source of renewable energy, analyzing the technical aspects and economic viability of bioelectricity generation using an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and a Gas Turbine (GT). This study showed that the three landfills can generate about 41 MW of bioelectricity with ICE or 39.3 MW with GT. It also proved the use of biogas from landfills to be an economically viable approach to generate bioelectricity. Index Terms: Bioelectricity, biofuel, biogas, economic analysis, energy analysis, gas turbine, internal combustion engine, sanitary landfill, sustainability.
07.036 Análise dos Efeitos da Geração Fotovoltaica na Proteção de Sistemas de Distribuição G. L. Macieira e A. L. M. Coelho Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itabira, MG, Brasil
This paper presents the results of an investigation about the photovoltaic (PV) generation effects on the protection of distribution power systems. For this, a distribution test system is implemented in a computational environment, where all the components of the power system and PVs under analysis are modeled. The PVs models are included in different points of the grid and three-phase and single-phase faults are simulated. Thus, it is possible to analyze the contribution of DG to the short-circuit currents and how much it impacted in the relay's response. In addition, the voltage levels at the DGs coupling bus is also monitored to verify the voltage minimum requirements defined by power distribution companies for the connection into the grid. The signals obtained in the simulations are converted to COMTRADE format and loaded into a current and voltage injection test equipment, thus allowing the analysis of the performance of a protective relay with and without DG. Index Terms: Distribution power system, distributed generation, photovoltaic, protection relay, overcurrent, undervoltage.
Book of Abstracts 78
07.037 Efecto de las Condiciones Meteorológicas de Mar del Plata en la Producción Fotovoltaica G. J. Murcia1, S. A. González1,2,3, N. I. Echeverría1,2,3, E. Garin1, J. C. Branda1 y S. B. Jacob1 1Universidad
2Instituto
Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas en Electrónica (ICYTE), Mar del Plata, Argentina 3CONICET, Argentina
Increasing installation of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) energy systems demand more accurate prediction of their operational performance. Argentina has prompted the research that aims to establish the relationships between output efficiencies and weather parameters. The direct use of efficiency figures quoted y PV manufacturers, normally based on measurements taken in clean laboratory environments of 25°C and at standard air density, is often not appropriate as field studies have demonstrated the actual outputs could be reduced by as much as 60% in dusty or polluted climate without regular cleaning. The experimental investigations and case study took place in the city of Mar del Plata in the southeast of Argentina. First, outdoor field measurements were taken and then a statistical evaluation of weather parameters and system outputs from the actual PV installation was produced for a whole year. The results obtained are then compared with irradiation data provided by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and deviations between those estimations and experimental data is presented. Index Terms: Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) energy systems, Roof-top solar energy systems, Energy efficiency.
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Book of Abstracts 80
TOPIC 8 BIOENERGY FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Book of Abstracts 81
08.003 Minimum Fluidization Velocity of Mixture of Sand and Sugarcane Bagasse Particles N. Proenza Pérez1, J. Santana Antunes2, R. A. Verdú Ramos3 and J. L. Silveira2 1Federal
Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ), Angra dos Reis Campus, RJ, Brazil 2Laboratório de Otimização de Sistemas Energéticos (LOSE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Guaratinguetá, SP, Brasil 3Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia (IPBEN-UNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Laboratório Associado de Ilha Solteira, Brasil
This paper is focused on the study of fluid dynamic behavior of mixtures of the sugarcane bagasse particles and quartz sand in a transparent fluidized bed column. The minimum fluidization velocity (Vmf) was determined through different means particles diameter and different mass fractions in the mixtures compositions. The values of (Vmf) of the mixture increased while increasing the size and quantity of biomass particles in the binary mixture in the range of diameter of 9.5 mm < dpb < 0.225 mm. Binary mixtures with diameter ratios iomass/sand ≤ 1 had a (Vmf) almost constant as a function of mass fraction of biomass. It is suggested a practical upper limit of biomass fraction in the mixtures less than 5% of the overall bed mass to obtain a good mixing and uniform distribution in the bed. New correlations were developed to predict the values of (Vmf). It was found that the present proposed correlation predicted the (Vmf) for binary mixtures of sugarcane bagasse and sand particles in a more accurate form than other correlations reported in the literature. Index Terms: Biomass sand mixture, fluidized bed, minimum fluidization velocity, segregation.
Book of Abstracts 82
TOPIC 9 HIGH-VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Book of Abstracts 83
09.002 Medición de Parámetros Eléctricos de Líneas de Alta Tensión en Presencia de Interferencia Provocada por un Entorno Electromagnético Real G. D. Baron, H. C. Zini, J. M. Serrano Mora y L. L. Rodríguez Instituto de Energía Eléctrica (IEE), UNSJ-CONICET, San Juan, Argentina
The accuracy of the line parameters are importance for the setting of line protection relays and for accurate systems studies. Assessment line parameters by measurements is usual part of the commissioning tests. These parameters are calculated from electrical magnitudes which are measured in tests. In both, measurement and calculation stages the procedure raises some difficulties. An important issue is the electromagnetic coupling with other lines that operate the power frequency. These interferences affect the measurement when the tests is in the same frequency. There are on the market test equipment that avoid this error by estimating the impedances from measurements made at different, but near, frequencies. They are based on power electronics and digital processing to filter the interference. The IEE-UNSJ-CONICET institute has undertaken a development based on this approach. The main concepts, as well as the first results, are shown in the paper. The paper also addresses the procedure for calculating line parameters from the measurement. There is currently no well- established procedure for this task. The methodology usually applied is based on the simplification that result in errors, especially for long lines. An iterative procedure has been developed to avoid this source of error. Index Terms: High voltage line, parameters, measurement, electrical environment.
09.003 A Novel HOS/ANN Approach for Transmission Line Protection Using Current Signals Only D. V. Coury1 and J. R. de Carvalho2 1São 2Centro
Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Campus III, Leopoldina, MG, Brasil
This paper presents the use of Higher Order Statistics (HOS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for distance relaying purposes. The main objective is to design a distance relay prototype. In the current paper, the results of fault detection, classification and location using such tools are presented. It can be noticed the reliability, as well as high speed in detecting faults. These results are very promising as the method combines a large number of samples of HOS with different features and the capability of ANNs to discriminate different patterns. Furthermore, this new distance protection approach under development is based on current signals only which represent an innovation in distance relaying. Index Terms: Transmission line protection, higher order statistics, artificial neural networks.
Book of Abstracts 84
09.004 Analysis of the Influence of Soil Resistivity and Tower-Footing Characteristics on Overvoltages Caused by Lightning in Power Transmission Towers A. R. J. Araújo1, C. M. Seixas2, S. Kurokawa1, V. Okhmatovski3 and B. Kordi3 1São
Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, Brazil Institute of Sao Paulo (IFSP), Votuporanga, Brazil 3University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
2Federal
Backflashovers (BFs) are one of the main causes of faults leading to outages in power systems. In this context, the tower-footing impedance plays a key role in overvoltages caused by lightning stricking at the towers. Then a low tower-footing impedance is desirable for reducing BFs. Typically, tower-footing impedance is made by long electrodes in different shapes and orientation buried in soil. Grounding impedance has been evaluated by many models and numeric methods in frequency and time domain, which the electrode is represented by its lumped or distri uted parameter models. It has een also used numerical methods for solving Maxwell’s equations applied in the electrode geometry. In this paper, the impedances of two electrodes, buried vertically and horizontally at different soils, are calculated in frequency domain by Distributed Parameter Transmission Line Theory (DPTLM) and by numerical Method of Moments (MoM). These impedances are represented by an electric circuit, obtained by Vector Fitting technique, directly in time domain. Finally, a lightning strike is applied at each electrode and the Grounding Potential Rise is calculated and compared by DPTLM and MoM. Index Terms: Backflashover, electromagnetic transients, grounding impedance, lightning, overvoltages.
Book of Abstracts 85
09.005 Redes Neurais Artificiais para Classificação, Localização e Determinação de Resistência de Faltas em Linhas de Transmissão Compensadas E. G. Silveira1, H. R. Paula1, L. F. Ribeiro1 e S. A. Rocha2 1Centro
Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil 2Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
This paper proposes an algorithm based on Artificial Neural Networks to classify, locate faults and determine fault resistances in transmission lines with series compensation. The training of ANNs requires three-phase voltage and current signals measured at the one terminal of the line from different faults scenarios. First of all, a total of 504 scenarios are implemented in the Alternative Transient Program (ATP). These data are processed by means of mathematical techniques. The methodology adopted includes filtering, interpolation and the Method of Least Errors in order to obtain the phasor modules of the samples to be used in trainings. The adopted topology of ANNs is the Multilayer Perceptron implemented according to the backpropagation algorithm and uses Levenberg Marquardt supervised learning technique. The proposed algorithm produced meaningful results when tested for different fault scenarios. The applied algorithm has reached accurate results for different failure angles values, transmission line length and series capacitance. Index Terms: Compensação série, linhas de transmissão, localização de faltas, método dos mínimos quadrados, redes neurais artificiais.
09.006 Power Swing Detection to the Distance Relay Blocking based on Mean Error of Periodic Functions C. Lazaro, C. V. Dias, L. Zapata and G. Cardoso Jr. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
It’s proposed a new methodology to lock distance relays under power swing. The method is based on the comparison of the voltage signal with periodic signals, requiring simple adjustments which doesn’t need intensive studies over power electrical system. It is used the Mean Square Error concept of time periodic signals in relation to the sampled voltage signal with the objective of block in power swing e unblock in fault during power swing. In other words, the voltage signal is compared to signals generated by a periodic function, usually used in the electric engineering field, such as sinusoidal, triangular and sawtooth. The proposed methodology presents as main advantage in relation to the conventional methods its capacity to identify faults during power swing events. The method was tested in several scenarios, varying the oscillation frequency, the loading angle and the fault distance, verifying its efficiency when compared to the other methods used to the same purpose. As differential, it was verified the good performance under any range of swing frequencies, fault applied distance and response time about 2 cycles of 60Hz. Index Terms: Distance relay blocking, mean square error, power swing, short-circuit detect, protection relay.
Book of Abstracts 86
09.007 Studies of Electrical Interference of High-Voltage Power-Lines Over Pipelines A. Chavarro Consultoría Colombiana S.A, Bogotá, Colombia
This article presents the application of models that identify and analyze the effect of the movement of electrical currents of a high voltage transmission line, that operates under normal conditions or under regimen of failure, which generates an electromagnetic field on parallel buried pipes which are located in its proximity, inducing voltages and currents whose magnitude depends on several factors , which include: the conditions of the approach, the magnitude and gap of currents in the line, the electrical characteristics of the pipe and its coating. The model considers that phases are not equidistant to the pipeline, which in normal regime arises a small induced voltage (tens of volts) which can generate electromagnetic compatibility problems on computers connected to the pipeline system, and electrical shock to staff in contact with it; while in fault regime, where high currents and at the same time the maximum imbalance arise the voltages induced in this situation may be high (in the kV range) and may cause damage to equipment (cathodic protection), perforation of the coating, breakdowns in the line and staff security issues eventually this in contact with the pipe. Index Terms: Análisis de falla de la línea, inducción electromagnética, parámetros eléctricos, recubrimiento del tubo, resistencia eléctrica del suelo.
09.008 Método Intervalar de Fluxo de Potência baseado na Expansão Completa em Série de Taylor L. M. Quintanilha e V. M. da Costa Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
The growth of intermittent sources participation, such as wind and solar, into power grids has increased the need of power flow studies that deal with the considerable uncertainties associated to them. The Taylor inclusion function, which transform the power flow nonlinear equations with interval variables into the solution of three equations, can be efficiently used. This come only because when using rectangular coordinate system to express the set of variables, there is no higher order term than the second one in Taylor series expansion. In this sense, this paper investigates a method that it is not necessary to include interval numbers and operations into Newton iterative method, what leads to accurate results. It is proved by several tests comparing results from the proposed method, regular interval power flow and Monte Carlo simulation. The results are also compared to the ones from a system with larger loads. Index Terms: Interval mathematics, electrical power systems, interval power flow, taylor inclusion function, uncertainties.
Book of Abstracts 87
09.010 Análise do Comportamento Termo-magnetico do Enrolamento de Transformadores Durante Correntes de Inrush A. R. M. Sousa1, D. S. Lima2, F. W. S. Conceição3, M. V. A. Nunes1 e W. S. Fonseca1 1Universidade 2Universidade
Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brasil Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará (UNIFESSPA), Marabá, PA, Brasil 3ELETRONORTE, Brasil
Power transformers are considered as vital equipment for the transmission and distribution of electric energy, thus connecting the generating centers to the consumer centers. In this context, this work aims to investigate and analyze the electric operation coupled to the thermal behavior of the power transformers through the Finite Element Method (MEF), in order to evidence factors that may decrease the useful life of the equipment, thus corroborating in the planning of Predictive maintenance on it. In the development of the work a 50 MVA transformer was used that is connected to the transmission system of the northern region of Brazil, the analyzes were made using three-dimensional computational simulations through two software. . At the end of the analysis it was verified that the excessive heating caused by inrush currents cause thermal expansion in the turns of the winding which can cause rupture of the insulation proving an internal short circuit and taking the operating machine. Index Terms: Transformer, inrush current, thermal analysis, finite elements, maintenance.
09.011 A Comparative Analysis of Differential Protection Methods for UHV Transmission Lines L. Zapata, A. C. Marchesan, G. Cardoso, A. P. de Morais and C. Lazaro Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
The capacitance of the transmission lines arises a current, which appears mainly due to the increase of the voltage and the size of the lines. The problem is that being non-physical cannot be measured and estimation methods are needed to compensate it in protection systems. This work intends to compare some methods that exist to calculate and to compensate the effect of the capacitance of the Ultra High Voltage lines in the line differential protections. This comparison is performed in the alpha plane, which presents significant advantages compared to the traditional differential plane. These algorithms are evaluated in a system with two and three terminals, under different operating conditions that can be presented in the network as internal, external faults and energizations. The results showed that the four analyzed methods presented adequate responses to the conditions evaluated, and the best method was that based on the product of the capacitance by the voltage at the terminals of the line. Index Terms: Alpha plane, charging current, line differential protection, UHV transmission lines.
Book of Abstracts 88
09.012 Efeito Combinado do Campo Elétrico sob Tensão Elétrica de até 640 kV e da Ionização do Ar pelo Raios-X em Torno do Isolador de Polimérico de 500 kV - Ensaio Experimental H. Fujiwara1, G. J.V. Xavier1, E. J. da Silva Júnior1, A. H. Shinohara1, E. G. Costa2, H. B. D. T. Lott Neto3, P. R. R. Britto3 and M. A. B. Fontan3 1Federal
University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Brazil 3Sistema de Transmissão do Nordeste (STN), Brazil
2Federal
The loss of electrical and mechanical strength of polymeric insulators start as soon as they are put in operation in the electrical field of high voltage transmission lines due to the aging caused by thestrong electric field, mechanical load of the weight of electrical conductor cables, vibrations, weathering, accumulation of pollutants containing salts, Corona discharge, acid generation. The two main critical failures of the polymeric insulators are the mechanical failure of GFRP by the brittle fracture and/or electric breakdown known as flashover due to the loss essentially of the hydrophobicity and build-up of pollutants. Among the new technologies for inspection of internal and hidden defects in polymeric insulators related to the brittle fracture, is the radiography with ionizing radiation, but in the high and the extra-high voltage transmission lines, X-rays or γ-rays can drastically reduce the voltage breakdown voltage due to the combined effects of air ionization and the Townsend discharge mechanisms. At present work, experimental results of testing aiming to evaluate the combined effect of air ionization around polymeric insulators of 500 kV induced by X-ray at different distance and up to 640 kV are presented and discussed. Index Terms: Air ionization, avalanche breakdown, electric breakdown, electric field, X-rays
09.013 Sistema Radiográfico Digital para Detecção de Defeitos Internos nos Isoladores Poliméricos em Linhas de Transmissão de 500 kV Energizada A. H. Shinohara1, E. J. Silva Jr1, G. J. V. Xavier, H. Fujiwara1, H. B. D. T. Lott Neto2, P. R. R. Britto2 e M. A. B. Fontan2 1Universidade 2Sistema
Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), PE, Brasil de Transmissão do Nordeste SA (STN), PE, Brasil
The in-service life of a composite insulator in transmission lines involves both electrical and mechanical aspects. Among the mechanical aging failures, the brittle of the core material composite of GFRP can result in catastrophic break-age of the insulator string and conductive cables go to ground. In the present work, aiming to mitigate brittle fracture of composite rod of GRFP, a conceptual design of digital radiography system was developed, tested in laboratories and also in the field to validate the operation and performance to detect critical defects as well as to analyze their dimensions, depths independent of the presence of thick layer of pollutants on the silicon rubber material that covers and protects the composite of 500 kV polymeric insulators, which has a length of approximately 4 m and complex geometry using high sensitive image dectetor Imaging Plate (IP). As a result, the laboratory testing and radiographic images of desired high quality obtained safely will be presented. Index Terms: Falhas mecânicas ocultas, integridade estrutural, isoladores poliméricos, linhas transmissão energizada de 500 kV radiografia digital. Book of Abstracts 89
Book of Abstracts 90
TOPIC 10 DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Book of Abstracts 91
10.001 Analysis of the implementation of new HVDC links in the Argentine Interconnection System (SADI) L. Casterás and F. Muiño Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires (UTN-FRBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
The Argentine territory and therefore the Argentine Interconnection System (SADI) has the peculiarity of having a large extension and the demand for energy is mainly concentrated in a small portion. The generation is installed where there are primary sources of energy and in regions of Low demand, so these usually have the characteristics of being highly exporting areas such as Comahue, NEA and NOA and be at a great distance from the centers of consumption. As for SADI demand, two- thirds of it is concentrated in the GBA area, the Province of Buenos Aires and the south of the Coastal area. At the same time it is studied that the growth of the total demand of the country is at 4% per annum, which will require an incipient analysis and execution of new generation projects to supply it. There are studies of exploitation of hydraulic resources and of renewable energies that must be taken into account for the growth of the generating park, which have identical characteristics of remoteness with the centers of consumption. Along with the growth of the installed power will be necessary the expansion of the transmission and distribution network to link the generation with the consumption fulfilling parameters of quality and continuity of the supply. This motivates to think of the HVDC transmission as a viable alternative for such a connection because it has technical and economic advantages compared to the conventional transmission in alternating current, when trying to transmit large levels of power over great distances. In the following work we analyze different possibilities considering this advantage: 1) Energy export from the Comahue area to GBA, 2) Energy exports from the NEA area to GBA and 3) Export of energy from the Patagonian area to GBA. Then taking into account additional advantages of the HVDC transmission, since this type of link does not increase the short-circuit power at the nodes between which it is connected and the property of having lower losses because there is no reactance in the busway, they are analyzed Two possible projects: 4) Exportation of the GBA area to the Ezeiza node of Central Costanera and 5) Interconnection of the SADI with Tierra del Fuego through an HVDC submarine link crossing the Strait of Magellan. A description of the generation projects considered in each case is made and a methodology is developed to determine a ranking that allows to distinguish the projects that are more convenient to build with their due justification and conclusions. Index Terms: HVDC transmission, HVDC links, electrical generation projects, SADI, electrical studies.
Book of Abstracts 92
10.002 Comparação de Métodos para Seleção de Parâmetros de Conversores Modulares Multiníveis N. Y. Suzuki1, V. A. Lacerda1, G. Costa de Oliveira2, R. M. Monaro1 e D. V. Coury1 1Polytechnic 2Laboratoire
School, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, SP, Brazil des signaux et systèmes, SUPÉLEC, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
The dimensioning of a modular multilevel converter’s electrical components is an important stage of its project. Besides affecting the converter’s performance, under- or overdimensioned elements could cause higher operation or construction expenditure. Thus, this article presents a comparison between three particular methods for determining the arm inductance and the submodule capacitance of a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) in terms of circulating current magnitude, su module voltage ripple, and controller’s performance. The three design approaches are applied to a High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission system consisting in two terminals linked by a long-distance transmission line, simulated through the software PLECS R . The results showed that the dimensioning method did not significantly influence the converter’s controller’s per- formance, except that of the DC voltage control; on the other hand, there were differences concerning circulating currents and su modules’ voltage ripples. Index Terms: HVDC transmission, modular multilevel converters, power conversion.
10.003 Simulação de um Disjuntor de Corrente Contínua para Aplicações em Alta Tensão G. C. Prezotto1, N. Y. Suzuki1, G. Costa de Oliveira2,1, R. M. Monaro1 e S. G. Di Santo1 1Polytechnic 2Laboratoire
School, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, SP, Brazil des signaux et systèmes, SUPÉLEC, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
The increasing use of High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology brings to light the requirement of a protection system that can reduce the affected area and minimize damages caused by faults. In that background, the development of a DC circuit breakers have an important task. This paper presents a simulation model, performed in the PLECS software, of hybrid DC breakers whereas their different protection ac- tuation and an analysis of the reliability of the device. The methodology used in this study consists of the evaluation of the devices’ construction parameters by a detailed simulation model, created by the authors, and is based on the hybrid circuit breaker developed by Asea Brown Boveri (ABB). Finally, the simulation results enables the discuss of possible simplifications for model optimization, investigating its limitations and seeking to obtain sufficiently precise values of the indicated parameters. Index Terms: DC circuit breakers, HVDC transmission, Simulation.
Book of Abstracts 93
Book of Abstracts 94
TOPIC 12 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Book of Abstracts 95
12.001 Nuevos desafíos en la Aplicación de Fusibles en Fuentes Fotovoltaicas J. C. Gómez, G. Zamanillo, E. Florena, D. Tourn, F. Romero y G. Campetelli Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
The world is presently facing an energy crisis, which leads to a paradigm change in the traditional electric systems: the distribution of the energy sources. These sources, being the photovoltaic (PV) one of them, are in general of much smaller size, their behavior in front of faults is different, behavior influenced by temperature and its dispatchability depends on weather conditions. PV cells have special characteristics that require protective devices specifically designed for this application, among which the fuse presents optimum features. Due to the high number of PV cell combined, the terminals rated voltage is of the order of kilovolts, with fault currents that are significantly increased. The electrical energy obtained from the conversion should be transformed into 50 or 60 Hz a.c., requiring of an inverter. The equipment can includes storage batteries, for what important values of inverse current can be presented. The gPV class fuse represents a fuse specially designed to protect photovoltaic cells. The main differences, requirements and challenges for fuses to be applied in distribution systems with PV generation are analysed. The need for more coordinated work between PV cells and fuses manufacturers is stressed, indicating the areas where this work is required. Index Terms: PV cells, gPV fuses, SC currents, storage battery, inverters.
12.002 Limitadores de Corriente de Falla: Revisión de Sus Desarrollos y Características Técnicas Actuales J. C. Gómez, J. Vaschetti, M. Piumetto, J. Arcurio, C. Coyos y C. Ibarlucea Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Córdoba (UTN-FRC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
The world is presently facing a deep energy crisis, and the electric energy is one of the affected types. The conflicting situation in which more electric power is required everywhere leads to a paradigm change in the traditional electric systems. The energy sources are connected where the energy is available. During the last 50 years the installation sizes are dramatically changing, significantly increasing the fault currents, thus fault currents are already beginning to overcome the breaking capacities of the involved equipment, for what becomes necessary to control such a current y using “current limiters”. Here, the limiters history is descri ed explaining mainly their operation principles and significant characteristics. Technological advances allow adding new types of limiters with very innovative operation principles, which have today diverse development states from pilot stage until equipment already established in the market. It is concluded that the peculiar characteristics of the actual distribution systems with high DG penetration level, demand the use of fault current limiters designed especially for this protection, showing that even more research and development work on limiters seems to be necessary. It is indicated the necessity of a bigger joint work of the distribution systems operators and limiters manufacturers. Index Terms: Current limiters, distributed generation, fault currents, circuit breakers, magnetic saturation.
Book of Abstracts 96
12.004 Analysis of the Magnetic Coupling Influence between Different Feeders on Unbalanced Distribution Networks N. A. Amaral Filho, M. S. N. Silva, L. R. Araujo and D. R. R. P. Araujo Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), MG, Brazil
This paper presents an analysis of the magnetic coupling influence between different feeders that share the same pole or run parallel paths together on different poles in a unbalanced distribution network. For this, an algorithm based on the Backward/Forward Sweep Method capable of handling this magnetic coupling is developed and presented. The influence of the magnetic coupling is analyzed for some different constructional characteristics, such as the length of the sections of the distribution feeders that have mutual coupling, the separation distance between the conductors and their phase sequences and geometry in the poles. Two modified IEEE test feeders are used to simulate and comparisons are made considering and not considering the magnetic coupling representation. The results show the need to represent this mutual coupling in power flow analyzes, especially under certain conditions. Index Terms: Acoplamento mútuo, alimentadores em paralelo, backward/forward sweep, fluxo de potência, redes de distribuição desbalanceadas.
12.005 Alocação Ótima de Dispositivos de Manobra em Redes de Distribuição para Melhoria de Confiabilidade A. Candiá Júnior1, L. W. Oliveira1, B. H. Dias1, L. A. F. Manso2 , E. J. Oliveira1 1Federal
University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), MG, Brazil Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), MG, Brasil
2Universidade
This work presents an approach to solve the problem of optimal maneuver devices allocation in electric distribution systems (EDS). The maneuver devices considered are normally closed switches coupled to the beginning or to the end of distribution branches. The objective is to improve the system reliability with minimal investment cost. The metaheuristic and bio-inspired technique known as artificial immune system (AIS) is applied to handle the discrete feature of the switch allocation problem. The index considered to evaluate the reliability is the system expected outage cost to customers due to supply outages (ECOST). A case study with a test system from literature is introduced to evaluate the proposed approach. Index Terms: Allocation of switches, artificial immune system, distribution system, reliability.
Book of Abstracts 97
12.006 Aplicação da Técnica de Busca Harmônica para o Planejamento de Geração Distribuída F. A. Alves1, T. G. de Almeida1, L. W. de Oliveira1, B. H. Dias1 e B. S. M. C. Borba2 1Federal
University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), MG, Brazil Federal Fluminense (UFF), RJ, Brasil
2Universidade
The use of distributed generation (DG) has become a promising solution to the challenges inherent in modern energy distribution systems (EDSs). This type of generation can be obtained from several renewable sources for environmental sustainability, such as solar, wind and biomass. Another factor that encourages DG penetration is a conversion and injection of energy into an electric grid close to its load, which reduces the technical losses. The present work proposes an application of a method to solve the problem of optimal allocation of solar and wind based DG in EDS through the Harmony Search (HS) meta- heuristic. The optimization model is proposed to determine the locations and types of DGs that minimize the total investment and operational costs, which include costs of technical loss and gas emission. A case study with a wellknow system is performed to assess the proposed application. Index Terms: Distributed generation, harmony search, optimization, planning, renewable generation.
12.007 Análise Estático-Dinâmica dos Processos de Ilhamento, Operação Isolada e Reconexão de Microredes com Diferentes Níveis de Controle Y. R. Rodrigues, A. C. Zambroni de Souza e P. F. Ribeiro Federal University of Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itajubá, MG, Brazil
Microgrids are changing the perception of the traditional distribution power systems. This concept allows the creation of systems islands able to operate regardless of the main grid, with some sort of controls required, when circumstances lead to the network failure. In this sight, this paper presents a static-dynamic analysis of the islanding, islanded operation and reconnection processes of microgrids with different levels of control. Therefore, an IEEE 34 bus modified system presenting local distributed generation sources was considered and the islanding, operation and reconnection processes analyzed. In addition, to ensure consistency of results, simulations were performed for a variety of microgrid scenarios considering different levels of control. The results shown that microgrids possessing only primary control are able to perform the islanding and reconnection processes within satisfactory conditions for slight variations of generation/demand. This scenario is enhanced when a secondary control methodology is presented, maintaining the system operation at desirable conditions for higher rates of generation/demand variations. Index Terms: Microgrids, islanding, distributed generation, primary control, secondary control.
Book of Abstracts 98
12.008 Otimização de um Sistema de Energia Híbrido Fotovoltaico/Diesel de uma microrede com Foco em Confiabilidade K. P. Rocha, L. W. Oliveira e J. G. Oliveira Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
Diesel generating systems are used in remote areas due to uncertain or non-existent supply and in locals where no power outage can occur due to priority costumers. However, the operation of diesel generators has a high cost and is responsible for the emission of polluting gases. One of the solutions capable of mitigating the impacts of this electric energy generation is the implementation of hybrid systems with the inclusion of photovoltaic (PV) panels. A PV/diesel hybrid system has great complexity and an optimal solution must be found for balancing the generation of these two sources. In face of the several options for the decision about the generation from different energy resources, the application of optimization methods is attractive to establish a suitable trade-off between objectives and constraints, leading to an operation with efficiency and economic sustainability. Therefore, the paper proposes an approach for the optimization of the design for a PV/diesel power generation system. The objective is reduce the cost of a microgrid implementation through the optimal sizing of the hybrid generation system with a focus on reliability. Moreover, in order to verify the real cost of the microgrid, the commercial HOMER® software is used for simulating the test system. Index Terms: Hybrid power systems, microgrids, power distribution, power system reliability, optimization.
12.009 Herramienta Informática para la Localización de Fallas en Sistemas de Distribución Rural G. di Mauro, C. Babic, C. Agüero y J. Vignerte Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
This work presents the development of a computer tool for locating short-circuit fault in rural electricity distribution systems. The calculation is based on the analysis of the fault impedance assuming that it is purely resistive. The implemented methodology proposes to determine mathematically the impedance of failure as a function of a variable distance knowing the measures of voltage and current of pre-failure and fault taken in the head of the distributor. The tool is validated by modeling a distributor belonging to an electric power cooperative in a power system simulation program. In the same program different types of short-circuits are simulated to extract the necessary data of entry to the developed algorithm, which estimates the possible points of failure. The presentation of the results in a graphical network environment offers operators a quick interpretation of the possible locations of the fault, which results in a reduction in repair times and an improvement in the quality of the electric service. The results show errors of the order of 5% in the actual location distance of the fault. Index Terms: Rural power distribution, power distribution faults, fault location, power quality, geografic information sistem, fault impedance.
Book of Abstracts 99
12.010 Avaliação Quantitativa do Efeito dos Desequilíbrios na Rede e na Carga na Operação de Sistemas Elétricos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica J. Beust da Silva e S. Haffner Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
Este trabalho propoe uma avaliação quantitativa do efeito do desequilíbrio nos índices de operação do sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica. Os cenários apresentados contemplam os desequilíbrios existentes nos circuitos de media tensão e também os desequilíbrios na carga. Os desequilíbrios da rede consideram os efeitos da assimetria dos circuitos que provocam acoplamentos diferenciados entre os condutores. Os desequilíbrios de carga são gerados aleatoriamente considerando variados índices de desequilíbrio. O desequilíbrio das correntes e as perdas do sistema são determinados com o objetivo de quantizar o impacto das variações empregadas em um trecho de linha com geometria e condutores típicos de redes de distribuição de energia de media tensão. Os resultados são obtidos para dois tipos de estruturas aéreas e permitem definir a abrangência da validade dos modelos aproximados. Index Terms: Distribuição de energia desequilibrados, método Monte Carlo.
elétrica,
acoplamentos
assimétricos,
circuitos
12.013 Development and Integration of a Centralized Service Restoration Model into an Interactive Simulation Tool for Power Distribution Networks B. L. Soto, H. O. Vargas, J. B. Mendoza and R. C. Martínez. Escuela de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Chile
The correct operation of power distribution networks and its failures resilience is fundamental for both the network operator and its users, especially considering the importance of electric energy in human activities. In this sense, and with the aim of systematizing the research studies regarding with this type of networks, a computational application to simulate problems of planning and operation in power distribution networks from a smart grids context has been developed. Specifically, this paper describes the development of a centralized model of electrical service restoration for this simulation environment and its implementation and integration details into the platform. Simulation results for different fault scenarios and different testing distribution networks are presented. Simulations also consider the presence of distributed generation during the restoration processes, thus showing the potential of the simulation tool developed for studies and research on smart grids. Index Terms: Distribution systems, service restoration, interactive simulation, smart grids.
Book of Abstracts 100
12.015 Reconfiguração de Sistemas de Distribuição Visando Balanceamento entre Alimentadores Através de Técnica de Decomposição S. C. A. de Ferreira, T. L. O. Araújo, L. W. Oliveira, J. S. Carvalho , E. J. Oliveira Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
This article presents an alternative method for the reconfiguration of Energy Distribution Systems (EDS) through a mathematical decomposition method divided in two stages. One of the objectives is to determine the best configuration of keys that improves the power balance demanded by each feeder of the distribution network, observing important restrictions for its operation, such as connectivity and radiality. Load balancing implies avoiding overloads and leads to greater reliability for system operation. A mixed binary nonlinear mathematical programming model is used in conjunction with the applied decomposition technique. A test system is used to verify the proposed technique, this system being well known in the literature. Index Terms: Benders decomposition, distribution network reconfiguration, load balancing, optimization in electrical systems.
12.016 Restabelecimento Multiobjetivo de Sistemas de Distribuição via Enxame de Partículas e Lógica Fuzzy L. Apa. P. D. Lacerda, L. W. Oliveira, Â. R. Oliveira, T. Trezza Borges , E. J. Oliveira Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
The present work proposes a fuzzy based particle swarm optimization algorithm for solving the problem of optimal restoration in distribution systems. The proposed approach is proper to handle the different objectives of this nonlinear mixed integer and combinatorial problem from the definition of fuzzy sets for each one. In particular, the objectives include minimizing: (i) the load cut; (ii) the interruptions to priority costumers; (iii) the number of switching actions; (iv) the technical losses. The main contribution is the application of a metaheuristic with fuzzy logic that considers the previous objectives in a joint manner. The methodology considers important constraints as the radial network topology and voltage limits. The approach is assessed by using well known test system of literature. Index Terms: Distribution, fuzzy, multiobjtective, particle swarm optimization, restoration.
Book of Abstracts 101
12.017 Adjustment and Operation of Banks Capacitors Using Three-phase Representation A. R. Baran Junior, R. A. Borba and T. S. Piazza Fernandes Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
Given the complexity of the distribution networks, there is a tendency to no longer use the simplified monophasic representation of the system (the erroneous consideration that the network is symmetrical and balanced), but to use the three-phase representation, which is more consistent with the realities of distribution networks of 13,8 kV and 34,5 kV. This work focuses on the influence that the three-phase representation has on the capacitor bank (CB) adjustments and its operation. For this, this paper uses a Three-Phase OPF that allows the dimension of the CB for the three phases or for each one of the three phases individually. This additional scaling can ensure the satisfaction of voltage limits when the load unbalance is accentuated. Besides, as the load varies throughout the day, this work also proposes to analyze the operation of automatic CB using three-phase networks. The parameterization of load and operation of automatic CBs was extended to three-phase networks. Thus, this work also parameterizes unbalanced threephase loads throughout a day, to establish switching of three-phase CBs. The results show that the operation of the CBs differ using single-phase and three-phase representation when severe load unbalance is simulated. The simulations and analysis will be presented using IEEE- 34 and IEEE-123 buses. Index Terms: Three-phase optimal power flow, operation of banks capacitors, three-phase representation, monophasic representation, load unbalance.
12.018 Eventos que Impactam nas Perdas não Técnicas de um Sistema de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica P. A. Brasil Vieira dos Santos, R. E. Lopes e C. B. Martinez Electricity Distri ution Networks have energy losses classified as “technical” and “nontechnical” losses. Technical losses are related to electric energy dissipation in several parts in the system such as in the distribution, transforming and points of supply, and are inherent to the process, i.e. cannot be prevented by the Distribution Network Operators. The so called nontechnical losses are caused by events such as metering errors, billing errors and energy theft. The sum of those losses may significantly impact the technical / commercial system and constantly concerns the Distribution Network Operators. Technical losses are regularly tracked and monitored to be maintained within acceptable standards, i.e. they are variables that can be controlled and can be fixed as soon as detected. Nevertheless, non-technical losses are difficult to resolve ecause they are caused y deli erate actions of consumers or mistakes of the Operators’ employees. Losses due to energy theft cannot be predicted by the Operators. However, they can be mapped and resolved per administrative or legal actions. The grave difficulty to identify frauds in those cases is related to preventive measures done by the consumers, as they are aware of their illegal action. This paper presents accounts e discovered facts about energy metering frauds that ended up in legal suits filed after frustrated attempts of resolution in the administrative level. The Study is embodied by data captured in judicial investigation executed in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State (Brazil), focused in the main fraud strategies, recorded across one decade. The reported events are classified according to the amount of diverted energy, per industry and residences. The most significant employees’ errors in fraud identification Book of Abstracts 102
and recording are also presented. At the end, a value assessment of the diverted energy at each point of fraud is calculated in order to present an order of magnitude of financial losses caused by those actions. Index Terms: Perdas não técnicas, furto de energia elétrica.
12.019 Estudo do Uso de Sistemas de Armazenamento Para Minimizar Problemas Relacionados à Tensão Devido à Integração Fotovoltaica em Sistemas de Distribuição D. L. Silva, P. J. Colorado e A. P. Grilo Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brasil
The high level of connection of photovoltaic panels in the distribution network causes voltage problems, such as bus overvoltage, voltage deviations and unbalances. These variations are observed in two situations, in the period in which the panels are in the maximum generation but with low load demand and when the battery unload the energy to the system. As the majority panels are installed on residential roofs, connected directly to the system, will be analyzed the maximum penetration levels of panels that can be connected to a residential distribution system without compromising the power quality, this indicator is known as hosting capacity of photovoltaic panels. The studies will be conducted using OpenDSS software. This paper presents the results of battery association simulations to minimize the problems due to the voltage deviations in a balanced system of 70 buses and how much is possible increase the hosting capacity with association of battery. Index Terms: Baterias, geração distribuída, geração fotovoltaica, perfil de tensão, redes de distribuição.
12.022 Location of Faults in the Power System of the Federal University of Grande Dourados by Artificial Intelligence C. R. Manica, E. Biasotto and T. F. da Silva Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, MS, Brasil
This paper proposes a methodology for fault localization through Artificial Neural Networks (RNAs) in the distribution system of the Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), with the purpose of contributing to the improvement studies in fault localization techniques, making possible A greater agility in restoring the normal operation of an electrical distribution system after the occurrence of permanent short circuits. A brief theoretical survey is made on existing fault localization techniques and on the main properties of RNAs. Then the data collection and processing is presented. Forty-eight three-phase faults were simulated in the UFGD electrical distribution system, with a resistance of 0.001 Ohm, using ATPDraw software. In relation to data processing and simulation of RNAs, MATLAB software was used. In all, five arrangements of input arrays were assembled in order to test the effectiveness of location with one or more terminals in the modeled network. Index Terms: Fault location, neural engineering, power system simulation, short-circuit currents three-phase electric power. Book of Abstracts 103
12.023 Analysis on the Use of Demand Side Management Techniques to Delay Investments in Electrical Distribution Systems Infrastructure N. N. R. Silva and E. M. C. Franco Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Paraná, Brasil
Demand Side Management (DSM) has been traditionally seen as a mean of reducing peak electricity demand. In this article, we will verify if these programs based on DSM are beneficial for the electric power distribution companies in accordance with the Brazilian legislation in force. In addition, we propose a methodology to evaluate DSM in electric distribution systems, analyzing the benefits and limitations of the implementation of DSM programs through differentiated tariffs, identifying which would be the impacts generated to the electric power systems, in particular to the electric power distribution systems. In particular, the analysis will e focused on a differentiated tariff modality recently implemented on Brazil, called the “white tariff”, which delimits hourly (off-peak, off-peak and intermediate) times for consumers served at low voltage. Index Terms: Demand side management, electricity distribution, energy efficiency, power efficiency, power system.
12.025 Smart Grids: Self-healing and Switch Allocation in a Real System J. C. López1, M. J. Rider1, P. L. Cavalcante3, A. V. Garcia2, L. L. Martins3, L. F. Miranda4 and L. F. Silveira4 1University
of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil Garcia Tecnologia de Informação, Campinas, SP, Brazil 3Fundação Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações (CPqD), Campinas, SP, Brazil 4CPFL Energia, Campinas, SP, Brazil 2AV
The increase in network monitoring have raised the complexity of the power distribution system restoration problem, demanding higher efforts to find good-quality solutions. This paper presents results of a new self-healing methodology developed in an R&D Brazilian project, in which the objective is to minimize an objective function constructed with several criteria (detailed in the paper). The developed methodology is being tested using real distribution networks and has presented appropriate performance on real-time applications. The switching operation sequence must be carried out avoiding energizing maintenance sections and fault areas and, also, it must comply with operational constraints in accordance with the utility operating policy. All the needed data is prepared in off-line mode, prior to possible faults, using a feeder neighborhood concept, and one have as many files as there are target feeders. These data are kept up-to-date so that if a fault occurs, the target feeder is identified and the self-healing process is started at once. The proposed self-healing methodology is also used as a function within a switch allocation program that is also part of the R&D project. Therefore, this paper also presents details of these developments, including tests carried out in real distribution networks. Index Terms: Automatic restoration, distribution automation, power distribution operation, selfhealing, Smart Grids, switch allocation.
Book of Abstracts 104
12.026 Fluxo de Carga em Redes Modernas de Distribuição de Eletricidade C. C. Martins, O. R. Saavedra e V. L. Paucar Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brasil
Electric Power Distribution Systems (EPDS) has been evolving rapidly due to the requirements of meeting quality standards and the advent of new technologies within the Smart Grid concepts. Distributed generation and resilient operation in the form of microgrids pose new challenges for technology and analytical tools, forcing to abandon some simplifying assumptions. A fundamental analysis tool of EPDS is the load flow, which has traditionally been solved using algorithms derived from Newton-Raphson method and in simpler cases using sweep based methods. In this article, the methodologies currently in use are analyzed and discussed, identifying aspects that can increase the efficiency and reliability of the load flow methods when applied to modern distribution networks. An adaptive strategy for the fast-decoupled algorithm is suggested and tested to better deal with the particularities of the new distribution networks, such as distributed generation, closed loop operation, among others. The proposed algorithm was validated using two test networks of 6 and 19-bus, showing good performance when compared to conventional approaches. Index Terms: Smart Grids, distributed power generation, wind energy generation, load flow, power system.
12.027 Voltage Unbalance Reduction in Large Distribution Consumers by Coordinated Charging of Electrical Vehicles G. I. M. Silva, P. A. Guaracy, G. S. Gomes, B. H. Dias, L. W. Oliveira and T. T. Borges Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
One of the main characteristics of Low Voltage (LV) distribution systems is the voltage unbalance in distribution feeders due to typical unbalanced loads. The massive presence of electrical vehicles (EV) connected in a single phase can increase this problem. The main drawbacks of the voltage unbalance are related to losses, voltage sags and energy quality. Moreover, unbalance might occur significantly in large consumers especially considering that a set of electric vehicles could be connected uncoordinated in the same region. Shopping malls, supermarkets industries and condominiums could be among those consumers, especially if a recharge station is offered, paid or free of charge. This paper proposes the evaluation of large consumers phase balancing through a coordinated charging of EVs. In order to achieve this purpose, a simulation is held with a system that measures the current unbalance in a fixed time interval. Then, it can define the phase which the next EV that arrives at the shopping center should be connected and assist the system balance. Index Terms: Electric vehicles, distribution systems, phase unbalance, charge coordination, energy quality.
Book of Abstracts 105
12.028 Planejamento Multiestágio da Expansão de Sistemas de Distribuição Considerando Critérios de Confiabilidade, Geração Distribuída e Alocação de Capacitores R. Silva Pinto, C. Unsihuay-Vila e T. S. Piazza Fernandes Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
This paper presents a method to realize a multi- stage distribution expansion planning considering reliability, distributed generation, capacitors and switches placement. This problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear problem solved by a combined use of metaheuristic, simulation technics, such as Monte Carlo Simulation (SMC) and optimal power flow with load shedding, The objective of this optimization problem is define the best alternative to install its components regarding to placement time, location and sizing of capacitors, minimizing the total cost with investment, reliability and system operation, as well as maximizing its reliability through a multiobjective opti- mization. The proposed methodology is implemented on a modified version of the test system IEEE-RBTS 2 bus and its results are shown, providing support for the importance of con- sidering reliability and distributed generation on the distribution network expansion planning. Index Terms: Distributed generation, multistage distribution system planning, mixed integer nonlinear problem, reliability.
12.031 Probabilistic Model for Determining Non-Technical Losses in a Power Distribution System A. Chavarro Consultoría Colombiana S.A, Bogotá, Colombia
This article proposes a model to analyze the non- technical energy losses of a distribution system in order to evaluate the INFRACTOR’S POTENCIALITY INDEX -IPI- for different types of clients, by the implementation of a set of procedures and analysis to the users’ invoicing of homogenous groups, based on probabilistic methodologies, specifically, on the Bayesian decision theory; using the historic commercial data base of consumption of all types of users, separating those who have had fraud historically and who haven’t had. The index lets us define an indicator of the level of potentiality for each user has been infractor, therefore, it lets us set a procedure to identify infractors. The selected users with this methodology can have physical fraud by energy counter or electrical connection intervention; or bad invoiced users as well, due to issues in the invoicing process. The IPI model determinates four big groups of users with different features: Users with High IPI - Fraudulent, Users with very low consumption in relation to the average of the group – Caused possibly by invoicing issues, Users with no consumption – Invoicing issues, Users with very high consumption in relation to the average of the group - Invoicing issues. Index Terms: distribución de probabilidad, distribución log-normal, métodos de Bayes, perdidas sistemas distribución, relacionamiento con clientes, sistemas de distribución.
Book of Abstracts 106
12.035 Representation of Time-Current Characteristic of Expulsion Fuse Links for Computer-aided Simulations G. B. Costa1, A. C. Marchesan2, A. Z. Bertoletti1, A. P. Morais3, G. Cardoso1 Jr e L. Zapata1 1Universidade
2Instituto
Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria – RS, Brasil Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Campus Jaguari, Jaguari – RS, Brasil 3Colégio Técnico Industrial de Santa Maria, Santa Maria - RS, Brasil
The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the modeling of the Time-Current Characteristic (TCC) of the expulsion type fuse links over mathematical equations proposed in the literature. To accomplish this, the Least Square Method has been used and the Residual Sum of Squares (RSS) as a comparative parameter. From the RSS, it is possible to determine models that have the better adjustment in global scope considering the different type of fuse link, nominal current ratings, speed ratios and manufacturers. Index Terms: Curve fitting, expulsion fuse links, polynomial function, residual sum of squares time-current characteristic.
12.038 Avaliação do Impacto da Inserção de Geração Distribuída nos Índices de Confiabilidade de Sistemas de Distribuição I. O. Guimarães, L. C. Nascimento e L. A. F. Manso Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), MG, Brasil
The present work proposes to evaluate the reliability indices of an electrical energy Distribution System (DS) using new methodologies for possible improvements in the continuity of the load supply. The proposed tool also aims to provide the penalties and benefits applied to those concessionaries regarding the performance achieved by them through the minimum standards of continuity and quality defined by the regulatory part. The results are evaluated by using the Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation (SMCS), which allows a detailed analysis of the reliability system indices. By means of the data provided by the simulation, it is verified the necessity and possibility of insertion of an auxiliary source of generation to reduce or repair the load cut at points consumers. As a proposal for support and improvement, this study explores the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) advantages. In this way, reliabilities indices can be recalculated and their impacts evaluated. Index Terms: Reliability, distributed generation, penalties, distributed system, sequential Monte Carlo simulation.
Book of Abstracts 107
12.039 Otimização de Sistema Elétrico de Distribuição de Médio Porte por meio de Reconfiguração em Espaço de Busca Reduzido com Algoritmo Bioinspirado L. I. da Silva , E. A. Belati Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brasil
The future and inevitable depletion of non- renewable energy has boosted research in optimization for other energy sources, such as electrical energy from renewable sources. Electrical distribution systems have amounts of disconnecting device switches sufficient to entail problems of combinatorial explosion when wants to modify the system topology to optimize it or eliminate contingencies. Reconfiguration of switches is more attractive optimization technique when compared to other expensive optimization methods, such as capacitive bank, rewiring, distributed generation or installation of voltage transformers. A heuristic computational method based on equation of motion of the firefly is introduced in order to optimize the distribution of electric energy, minimizing waste by Joule effect. By discretization, the positions of the insects in space are related to switches positions in the electrical system, reducing the search space. A real electrical system with 110 buses and 114 lines was employed in computer simulation. Due to your size, it becomes practically infeasible your reconfiguration by means of exhaustive search methods. The proposed algorithm, by means of a reduced search space containing 8000 vectors of switch states, located in the solutions which the losses are 53,5% smaller than in the original configuration of the system employed. Index Terms: Electrical distribution systems, firefly, optimization, reconfiguration.
12.040 Impactos Econômicos de Veículos Elétricos na Rede de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica Brasileira F. T. Mariotto1, L. C. P. Silva2, Y. G. Pinto2 e F. C. L. Trindade2 1Centro
de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações (CPqD), Campinas, SP, Brazil 2University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a new type of load connected to the distribution networks, at medium and low voltage levels. As the number of PEVs increase, the utilities may be required to perform reinforcements to adapt the networks to the new demand. In this paper, a model is proposed to estimate the investments required for adapting the Brazilian networks and the associated economic impacts. This model considers the rate of adhesion of PEVs in the coming years, the increasing efficiency, and projection of the electric energy demanded by the recharges. The estimations are calculated in investment stages and oriented according to utilities’ tariffreview cycles, resulting in an investment schedule for the adequacy of the networks. It is done by utility or in an aggregated way for utilities responsible for the Brazilian main cities. In the basic scenario of PEV adhesion, the investment amount for the sector up to 2030 is estimated in US$ 9.3 to 23 million. In a relative way, the amount of investment means only US$ 0.29 to US$ 0.72 per consumer. If a Time-of-Use tariff is applied, the investment per customer can be reduced to US$ 0.11 to US$ 0.31. Index Terms: Economic indicators, electric vehicles, power distribution.
Book of Abstracts 108
12.041 Load Balance on Electrotechnology Projects via Harmony Search Algorithm Optimization L. E. Oliveira1, F. D. Freitas1, I. C. S. Junior2, L. W. Oliveira2, F. P. O. Rosa2 and J. B. de Oliveira 1Universidade 2Universidade
de Brasília (UnB), DF, Brasil Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
This paper proposes an approach to solve the load balance (LB) problem which is typical at the low voltage side of a three-phase electrical installation. The approach is based on the application of the metaheuristic optimization algorithm named as Harmony Search (HS) to deal with the combinatorial and integer programming related to LB. A practical constraint established by the Brazilian Standard - NBR5410 of the Brazilian Technical Standard Association - ABNT is considered. The load balance by harmony search (LBHS) is applied to a real case of a residential building. The experiments and results by applying the LBHS method demonstrate its promising use for correction of possible unbalance of loads at the low voltage side of the electric network. Index Terms: Load balance, energy distribution system, low voltage, optimization, harmony search, power quality.
Book of Abstracts 109
Book of Abstracts 110
TOPIC 13 SUBSTATIONS AND EQUIPMENTS
Book of Abstracts 111
13.001 Assessment of the Performance of Sugarcane Based Insulating Oil in Accelerated Aging Experiments A. F. Bassetto1, M. Marques Júnior2, L. Partamian Carriel1, C. A. Galdeano2, J. H. Aguiar1 and E. H. dos Santos Silva3 1ZHZ
2MGM
Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Ltda., Brasil Consultoria e Diagnósticos em Equipamentos Elétricos Ltda., Brasil 3AES Tietê Energia S.A., Brasil
New insulating oils were developed by fermenting sugarcane juice and obtaining a base oil made up of β-farnasene (C15H24). One of the two types of such oils (Evoshield XFo3), and a reference mineral insulating oil (Ergon Hyvolt II) were aged in the laboratory during 21 days at 120 ºC both with air bubbling through the oils at a flow speed of 0.15 l/h, and with no air bubbling. Evoshield XFo3 performed better as compared with Ergon Hyvolt II taking into consideration all the tests conducted. To confirm such preliminary results, transformer prototypes were built to assess the performance of Evoshield XFo3 under another laboratory accelerated aging condition. Regular Kraft, thermally upgraded Kraft, and Nomex were used as paper insulation. Transformer prototypes were aged during 21 days at 130 ºC. Evoshield XFo3 presented a compatible performance as compared with that observed for Ergon Hyvolt II. Index Terms: Accelerated aging, insulating paper, sugarcane based insulating oil, transformer.
13.002 Interface Gráfica para a Análise de Saturação de Transformadores de Corrente S. A. Souza1, M. Silva1, P. B. Prado1 e S. Trento2 1Universidade 2Companhia
Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), PR, Brasil de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista (CTEEP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
For protection applications, which are the subject of this paper, the specification of the characteristics of an adequate CT must consider the transient behavior and the possibility of saturation of it's magnetic core during a short-circuit event. This paper presents a graphical interface developed by the authors, which makes use of ATP (Alternative Transient Program) to model the current transformer considering it's transformation ratio, connected burden, voltage level, system X/R, precision class and, when available, the saturation characteristic curve. To account for the cases where the saturation curve has not been experimentally determined, an approximative saturation curve was developed, based on the CT precision class or on it's knee voltage. In a practical and agile way, the proposed interface allows visualizing the currents on the primary and on the secondary (reflected on the primary), aiding the technical team with the determination of the most adequate transforming ratio and precision class to be used in a given CT application, in order to assure correct measuring by protection equipment and, therefore, safer decision making by protection relays. Index Terms: Current transformer (CT), graphical interface, saturation curve, protection application, transient behavior.
Book of Abstracts 112
13.004 Grau de Confiabilidade Operacional de Transformadores de Instrumentos para Sistemas Elétricos de Potência M. E. Tostes1, E. D. Sousa2 e F. J. Zortea1 1Universidade
Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brasil - Eletronorte, Belém, PA, Brasil
2Eletrobrás
This work aims to make a study of equipment, instrument transformers, based on statistical methods that take into account: maintenance history, tests, installation sites, different families, operating time, systemic occurrences and life time to estimate the degree of operational reliability of these equipments for the power transmission system, Pará area. Index Terms: Instrument transformers, statistical, maintenance, degree of operational.
13.005 Isolamento Elétrico de Subestações: Evolução da Tecnologia e Tendências A. R. de Oliveira1, G. C. Fernandes1, R. L. dos Anjos1, T. K. B. Silva1 , E. J. Oliveira2 1Centro
Federal de Educação Tecnológica (CEFET- MG), MG, Brasil Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
2Universidade
To meet the market demand through population and industrial growth, the power system expansion need to guarantee the quality standards in generation, transmission, and distribution services, investing in new facilities, optimizing system operation and even physical space, besides considering environmental issues. In this context, the research of dielectric materials is necessary to find a solution that maintains the dielectric properties of a power substation, but allows decrease the substation dimensions and consider the environment preservation. Many companies have opted to build gas isolated substations that, makes possible to reduce the area used for its construction, even though its construction has a higher cost if compared with oil substations, for example. Furthermore, new materials raise in a scenario where sustainability and development have the same importance. In this context, this paper aims to discuss about insulation for substations and the use of new materials as well as the environmental aspects. Index Terms: Isolação elétrica, SF6, subestações.
Book of Abstracts 113
13.006 Projeto de Melhoria em Reguladores de Tensão com Tap Eletromecânico: Aplicação de Resistores para Proteção dos Contatos Principais M. A. Tavares Lira1, L. Mendes Rodrigues2, F. W. Rodrigues Neto3 e E. Mariano2 1Universidade
Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Brasil Estadual do Ceará (UECE), Brasil 3Enel Distribuição Ceará, Brasil
2Universidade
The Voltage Regulator (RT) is widely used in the distribution grid and, as its name suggests, it regulates the mains voltage by means of a tap change with the function of maintaining the supply voltage to the consumers within the levels established by the Agency National Electric Power of Brazil. There are other methods of voltage regulation, through static compensators, load balancing in the feeders, primary voltage elevation, but the electromechanical RT has a good regulation performance and has been used since the 1940s, being known worldwide. Although there is RT technology with electronic tap, and its operation is faster and more accurate, its representativeness in the distribution system is still small. During the tap change process, there are electrical arcs in the main contacts and because they are costly and wearing components proportional to the number of maneuvers, these equipments are often already designed with a reactor in parallel with the main contact. The present article proposes an improvement project in the RTs with electromechanical taps, already existing in the distribution system, applying resistors for an additional protection of the main contacts in order to extend its useful life. Index Terms: Equipments, distribution, methods, regulation, system.
Book of Abstracts 114
TOPIC 14 MAINTENANCE ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS
Book of Abstracts 115
14.002 Optimization of the Maintenance Programs of Distribution Systems with Focus on the Reliability through an Artificial Immune System H. F. Moraes1, C. Trentini1, L. W. Oliveira1, B. H. Dias1 and V. H. Ferreira2 1Universidade
Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brasil
2Universidade
The supply of electricity by an electrical energy distribution system (EDS) must be evaluated from some aspects that include the continuity and security, which is a challenge for the utilities. In this sense, maintenance programs are developed for EDS and are periodically performed aiming at improving the system reliability and avoiding outages. Moreover, corrective procedures are planned in case of unexpected failures. The present paper proposes an optimization approach to determine preventive and corrective maintenance plans for EDS by applying the metaheuristic optimization method known as Artificial Immune System (AIS) to the problem. The objective is to maximize the reliability with a minimal total cost of maintenance. The approach considers constraints for different reliability indexes, the number of plans by equipment, the time required by crews and the type of consumer to calculate the reliability cost. The contributions of the paper are to apply a still unexplored technique to the problem of maintenance planning and to assess the reliability through different indexes. Data from a test case are used to evaluate the proposed approach. Index Terms: Artificial immune system, distribution system, preventive maintenance, reliability.
14.003 Sistema Híbrido para Predição de Falhas no Sistema de Arrefecimento de Usina Termelétrica J. Guedes Borges da Silva1, C. Paes Salomon2, E. L. Bonaldi1, L. E. Lacerda de Oliveira1, G. Lambert-Torres1, L. E. Borges da Silva2, W. C. Santana2 e A. de Paula Mar3 1Instituto
Gnarus, Itajubá, MG, Brasil Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itajubá, MG, Brasil 3Geradora de Energia do Maranhão (Gera Maranhão), São Luís, MA, Brasil 2Universidade
The cooling systems play an important role in the operational reliability of the thermoelectric power plants. If these systems stop to run the operation is compromised. This paper describes a system for early detecting failures in cooling systems. This system which has been developed to Gera Maranhao Thermal Power Plant treats with signals of voltage and current using electrical signature analysis techniques, and also with vibration and acoustic signatures and temperature. This system is composed by combination of different types of techniques and intelligent data mining to establish the evolution of a failure. All data are taken outside of the generation units, and through a remote access by a proprietary network, all information is available in the control room of the power plant. This system is included in the efforts of the company to build predictive maintenance procedures. Index Terms: Manutenção preditiva, sistemas de arrefecimento, sistemas inteligentes, técnicas estatísticas.
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14.004 Gerenciamento da Monitoração de Descargas Parciais nos Hidrogeradores da Eletrobras Eletronorte F. S. Brasil1 e P. R. M. Vilhena2 1ELETROBRAS/ELETRONORTE, 2ELETROBRAS/ELETRONORTE,
Belém, Pará, Brasil Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
The main objective of this work is to present the different PD monitoring systems adopted at Eletrobras Eletronorte Company and how data management from this monitoring system is performed. Eletrobras Eletronorte has four hydroelectric plants (Tucurui HP, Samuel HP, Coaracy Nunes HP and Curuá-Una HP) and in these production units the monitoring of DP is carried out on-line and off-line, being that the on-line is performed periodically and continuously. The monitoring in Tucurui HP is performed on-line periodically and at machine stop with the use of an external high voltage source is performed off-line, already in the HPs Samuel and Coaracy Nunes is held in the on-line forms Periodic and continuous, and in the Curuá-Una HPP the monitoring is not yet installed, but is already in the acquisition phase. Index Terms: Partial discharge, stator, hydrogenerators, on-line monitoring system, predictive maintenance.
14.005 Técnicas de Análise Termográfica para Avaliação de Eficiência de Carregamento Térmico de Transformadores em Sistemas de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica J. M. F. Júnior, J. Q. de Freitas, F. M. A. Linard, N. X. Melo, B. F. S. Júnior, M. A. T. Lira e F. R. Barbosa Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brasil
Increasingly, there are studies related to the diagnosis of failures in power transformers, and the techniques used for this purpose increase and improve progressively. Many researchers are concerned with developing predictive methods that can evaluate a power transformer in real time and without disconnecting it from its distribution network in order to increase its efficiency and avoid unnecessary energy losses. This work seeks to develop a standard operating procedure for the identification of failures in power transformers through thermographic tests that allow the evaluation of system loading, finding hot spots, sub-sizing of the electrical system, equipment overloading, as well as imbalances between the phases. The heat generated by the losses in a transformer is directly related to the life of the insulation, which decreases due to these thermal, mechanical and electrical stresses that interfere in its dielectric properties. The aging of the transformer insulation system is accelerated from 75 ° C, a value established by regulatory standards. The present work is applied in the transformers that make up the entire energy distribution network of the Federal University of Piauí. The FLIR thermographic camera was used to capture thermographs of the study object. The methodology defined that for data collection the frontal image and the lower profile of the transformer would serve as main models for this work, having other perspectives as auxiliaries. With the defined standards, the data collection for the thermographic analysis of the transformers was followed, observing the factors that can influence the results obtained for a more accurate diagnosis. The materials obtained in the field were analyzed and classified, observing also other variables collected, such as ambient air temperature, wind speed and load power, when it was possible to measure it. The Book of Abstracts 117
thermography was analyzed for its area of interest, the transformer. For each sample, a brief report was drawn up with all the data collected and the diagnosis found, following what was established by the references, classifying them as to the severity level of the occurrences. Each event or adversity in the execution of the work contributed to the improvement of the standard operational plan during its elaboration. This presents the applicability, methodology, equipment required and the precautions to obtain the best equipment response in terms of maintenance, availability and reliability. Index Terms: Power distribution faults, power transformers, predictive maintenance, thermal analysis, thermoreflectance imaging.
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TOPIC 15 CONTROL AND SAFETY MEASURES SYSTEMS
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15.001 Predicción por Series Temporales Aplicada a la Estimación de Cargabilidad de Transformadores de Distribución para la Toma de Decisiones M. Piumetto1, J. Pucheta2, J. Vaschetti1, J. C. Gómez Targarona1, C. Coyos1 y J. Arcurio1 1Universidad
Tecnológica Nacional-FRC (UTN), Córdoba, Argentina Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
2Universidad
Transformers are electrical machines of major importance for distributors. Their operation is subject to conditions that degrade their insulation system, such as: excessive temperature, presence of humidity combined with electrical and mechanical stress, among others. The technical life expectancy of a transformer is determined by several factors: equipment design, historical and future events, present and future working conditions. The objective proposed was to design and develop an algorithm with the definition of tools associated with the problem of the life of the distribution transformer, applying the use of normal load guides in the framework of the IEC 60076-7 standard, to manage their life history in scenaries of uncertainty (based on weather forecasts). Using an annual database of a typical SET of the EPEC Distributor of the Province of Córdoba, Argentina, a possible tuple scenary of values defined as K1, K2 and TK2 was analyzed and developed, which describes the daily load state of the transformers. For this, a function of correspondence between the historical values of these variables and the present value was defined. Then, through the prediction algorithm, the future values of the tuples were generated with their respective variances. Based on the results obtained in the case study developed, a technique has been defined and used to obtain precise indicators that helps, in advance, to program and manage the loadability of the distribution transformers accurately. Index Terms: Distribution transformers, loadability estimation, time series, control system, supervision.
15.002 Sistema Alternativo de Medição de Posição de Máquinas de Pátio Aplicadas a Mineração M. Souza e A. F. Bianco Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Araxá, MG, Brasil
This paper aims to solve a measurement problem about the position of machines like reclaimers and stackers applied in mining. Considering the conventional method of position measurement using encoders inefficient, it proposes to develop an alternative system of monitoring of reclaimer instantaneous position. PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) method was used as a tool to support the development of an alternative system of measurement position of reclaimers, by using the integral of the speed signal generated by the inversor of frequency responsible to control the speed of advance of machines type reclaimer. Thus, through the integral of speed graphics presented in the output of inversor frequency, it’s possi le to get the area elow the graphics, this area matches with the exact instantaneous position of the reclaimer. Index Terms: Pitch control (position), programmable control, remote sensing, SCADA systems, velocity control.
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15.004 A Small Linearized Signal Model Developed to Evaluate the Stability of Power Control Circuit When the Photovoltaic Generator Provides Frequency Response V. R. Ramos and M. V. A. Nunes Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brasil
By integrating more and more intermittent renewable sources, such as solar and wind power, in the generation scenario, the result is a drop in the inertial constant of the system, causing implications for the frequency dynamics and stability and operation of the power system. Thus, the search to provide new control strategies for such inertial systems, as well as to include "virtual inertia" in the control of inverter-fed renewable energy sources connected to the power system becomes important. Therefore, this paper presents a small-linearized signal model developed to evaluate the stability of the proposed power control circuit when the photovoltaic generator provides frequency response and discusses the emulated inertial response with photovoltaic systems through the synthetic inertia and the control strategy of slope in the time domain. The simulations, using MATLAB / Simulink, were performed under different speeds and irradiation curves, with a frequency drop caused by the insertion of large loads. Comparative results were presented to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. Index Terms: Control droop, photovoltaic system, renewable energies, power system stability, syntactic inertia.
15.005 Comparação de Métodos Baseado em Algoritmos Genéticos para Ajuste Coordenado de Estabilizadores de Sistemas de Potência C. F. Vieira1, C. M. Affonso2 e J. P. A. Vieira2 1Instituto
Federal do Amazonas, Presidente Figueiredo, AM, Brasil Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brasil
2Universidade
This paper presents a comparison study between two methodologies based on genetic algorithms (AG) for coordinated tuning of power system stabilizers (PSS). The two methodologies are formulated as an optimization problem in order to: 1) maximize the minimum damping coefficient of the closed-loop system; 2) maximize the sum of all closed-loop system damping coefficients; and 3) to shift the undamped or poorly damped electromechanical modes to a prescribed zone in the s-plane. The two methodologies compared in this article consider a set of pre- specified operational conditions. The two methodologies compared in this paper consider a set of pre-specified operational conditions. Also for the two methodologies, the electrical system is represented by the state-space equations. The methodologies are applied to the well-known New England test system. In the comparison, the results obtained by each method are assessed, such as poles and zeros maps, damping factors and the time domain response. Index Terms: Coordinated control, genetic algorithms, power system stability.
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TOPIC 16 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ISSUES RELATED TO COGENERATION SYSTEMS
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16.001 Oportunidades para Expansão da Cogeração de Eletricidade para o Sistema Interligado Nacional em Plantas Sucroalcooleiras É. R. Savazzi e P. Magalhães Sobrinho Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Guaratinguetá, SP, Brasil
Until the past decade, sugar mills unit produced only sugar and ethanol for commercialization and only enough energy for their own consumption. With the federal government's incentives through programs such as PROINFA (Incentive Program for Alternative Energy Sources) and the energetic crisis in Brazil in 1999, the sugar mills were motivated to market their surplus energy to the National Integrated System, enabling an important increase in the renewable energy generated in the in the country and consequently the increase of its financial gain. Due to produced own energy through the burning of the bagasse, there was practically no concern with the low energy efficiency equipment that operated in these plants, from the possibility of the commercialization of surplus energy, a work was needed to improve the energy performance of the equipment consumption. In this way, the proposal of this work consists of the comparative analysis of the substitution of equipment of low energy efficiency by modern equipment, focusing both on the technical, productive and financial results of the investment. The proposed solution has a high efficiency motor driven by regenerative frequency inverter, which allows the generation of energy by the machine itself during the deceleration stage and as it is a cyclic process the return of energy to the network is done repeatedly every cycle. The optimization model to be proposed in this work was validated from data of applications in existing projects, with results compatible with what was effectively implemented. The three hundred and seventyone sugar mills unit in operation in Brazil, the half part of these units still operated with low efficiency equipment. This work shows that if the solution is adopted for units that still operate with low efficiency equipment, the energy increase is made available to the national integrated system equivalent to the construction of 12 small hydropower plants or three wind farms or the result shows yet that the energy saved per harvest in each sugar mills plant is equivalent to the annual generation of a medium sized wind generator. Index Terms: Aproveitamento energético, biomassa cogeração, energia elétrica, mercado de energia elétrica.
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16.002 Cogeneration within the New Regulations on Distributed Generation M. I. Sosa Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) refers to simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating generation, being a more thermodynamically efficient use of fuel. Distributed generation (DG) systems are decentralized, modular and more flexible technologies, which are located close to the load, end users of power. Argentine generates the majority of electrical power needs in large centralized facilities with capacity for large electrical power output. Distributed energies can mediate these issues. Some provinces of Argentine have changed regulatory aspects in order to incorporate GD. Benefits are diversification of energy matrix to promote inclusion of distributed generation , reduction of costly fuel imports, stimulus for new investments in the power sector, development of local suppliers of equipment and devices and greater energy efficiency. The development of smart grids in the country will help the creation of new capacities and technological developments at the local level. In this context, cogeneration plays an important role. This paper discusses the relevant issues and aims of DG with CHP, looking forward to install such systems according to the new regulations of some provinces of Argentine. Index Terms: Cogeneration, distributed generation, legislation, rational use of energy.
16.003 A Methodology for Loss Allocation in Electricity Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation E. M. S. Castro1, B. F. Santos2 and G. H. C. Oliveira1 1Federal
University of Paraná (UFPR), Brazil University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
2Federal
This paper presents the application of a methodology for loss allocation in distribution systems, considering the presence of distributed generation units. The method is based on the circuit laws, power flow and the principle of power sources’ superposition. In order to evaluate the method’s performance, two distri ution systems (esta lished in the literature) are simulated, one made of 4 buses and the other, with 15 buses. Index Terms: Distributed generation, loss allocation, power flow, superposition principle.
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TOPIC 17 TARIFF SYSTEMS
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17.001 How Can Energy Prices and Subsidies Leverage the Integration of Electric Vehicles in Brazil? An Economic Analysis R. E. da Silva, P. Magalhães Sobrinho e T. M. de Souza Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Guaratinguetá, SP, Brasil
The present work aims to study the impact of financial incentives and electricity and gasoline prices on the economic viability of purchasing battery electric vehicles (BEV) in Brazil, whose focus is on the capitals of all brazilian States. It has been proposed a comparison of two automotive technologies: the first one is based on battery electric vehicles and the second one on conventional vehicles. Payback period of battery electric vehicles acquisition have been pointed out for all brazilian capitals, and sensitivity analysis of payback period as a function of the variation of energy prices, economic incentives and cost of investment in electric vehicles were conducted in five major brazilian cities. The sensitivity analysis have revealed that the variables which most influence the payback period are the gasoline price and financial incentives granted in the form of exemption from annual tax payment, given that the arithmetic mean value of payback period from the purchase of such vehicles is 24.23 years in the 27 analyzed capitals. Index Terms: Battery electric vehicles, brazil, energy planning, energy prices, incentives.
17.003 Impact of the Application of the Horo-Seasonal Rate Applied to Group B in the State of Piaui Using the Charging Curve Analysis A. P. B. S. Junior1, A. M. R. Barroso2, G. D. Ferreira1 e F.R. Barbosa2 1Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brasil Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Brasil
2Universidade
This paper analyzes the models of tariff regulation, emphasizing those that are being used in the market. The main objective of this study is to analyze the feasibility of the implementation of the white tariff for different types of consumers. Piauí state load curves are analyzed in commercial, residential and rural classes, which can trace a general consumption profile of the clients, in addition to providing data for a feasibility study of white tariff implementation. The Results for Group B consumers are compared with the adoption of the standard tariff and the white tariff. The results show that the adoption of this new tariff model is not always optimized. Index Terms: Consumidor, consume, curvas de carga, tarifa branca, tarifa convencional.
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17.004 Viability Analysis of the Implementation of White Tariff for Concessionaire and Low Voltage Consumers in Brazilian Northeastern A. G. C. Menezes1, A. M. R. Barroso2, A. P. B. S. Junior3, J. M. Soares2, R. S. Carvalho1 and F. R. Barbosa2 1Eletrobrás
Distribuição Piauí, Brasil Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Brasil 3Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brasil 2Universidade
The main goal of this paper is to analyze the viability of implementing the white tariff, from consumers and companies viewpoint, in the context of a distribution company located in the northeast of Brazil, Eletrobras Piaui Distribution. To achieve this, electricity load curves were analyzed, including Group B consumers from the state of Piaui for commercial, residential and rural classes, from which it can be created a more general profile of energy consumption. To support this analysis, the required investments for implementing white tariff were characterized considering the load curve of a, typically low voltage and residential, energy distribution feeder. The results of this evaluation show that adopting this new pricing model might not always be advantageous for the consumers in question. With regard to the supplier company, it is possible to show that the investments under the actual regulatory structure will be very high and on the other hand, the advantages of the peak demand may not be satisfactory. It also warns about the impact that the sum of the costs of implantation by the concessionaire will be reverted to the consumer in form of tariff in the periodic tariff review of the distributor. Index Terms: Distribution feeder, energy consumer, electricity distribution companies, load curve, white tariff.
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TOPIC 18 LEGISLATION FOR THE ELECTRIC ENERGY TRADE
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18.001 Desafios da Regulação e Fiscalização dos Serviços de Distribuição no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro T. Pedroso e T. Sousa Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brasil
The National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL), created in 1996, is responsible for regulating and supervising the Brazilian electricity sector. In case of non-compliance with the current regulation, the regulatory body initiates the instruction of punitive process and may apply a punishment to the regulated agent. The Normative Resolution of ANEEL no. 63/2004 approves procedures to regulate the imposition of penalties distributors having as main penalties applied warnings and fines. In this context, from a data survey, the concepts of regulation and supervision of the Brazilian electric sector with focus on the electric energy distribution area and the calculation methodology used to apply penalties are presented. In order to improve the current regulation, a different form of penalty is proposed, which takes into account the amount of sanctions applied in the inspections of continuity indicators in the last four years, when defining the new limits of continuity indicators. In this way, Distributor "A" analyzed showed a decrease of 10% in the limits of the indicators, having for the year 2016 a reduction from 9 to 8.1 in the DEC indicator of the set "1" and from 11 to 9.9 on the FEC display of set "2". Index Terms: Continuity indicators, energy distribution, inspection, penalization, regulation.
18.002 Analysis and Review of the Evaluation Methodology for Research and Development Projects in the Brazilian Electricity Sector A. A. F. Leite1, L. B. F. Leite1, D. A. J. Lopes1, H. H. Silva1, V. P. Santos1 and L. P. A. Pinheiro2 1CENERGEL, 2CEMAR,
Brasil Brasil
In order to stimulate the technological innovations of the electricity sector in Brazil, on July 24 2000, the Law No. 9.991 was sanctioned. This law obliges the companies of this sector to annually apply a minimum percentage of its Net Operating Revenue in Research and Technological Development projects, according to regulations established by the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL). In this paper, initially it will present the entire legal framework of ANEEL’s R&D Program, as well as its directives and guidelines that regulate the elaboration and execution of projects. Will be shown the whole program, its elaboration format, the innovation chain phases and emphasis on project evaluation criteria. This has been the biggest problem faced y sector’s companies, which suffer from the high disapproval of invested resources, i.e., investments that are not considered as R&D resources, but as company expense and, consequently, as a loss to shareholders. Thus, the focus of this paper will be to present a proposition for a reformulation or implementation of the regulation that governs the R&D project evaluation process, based on a research carried out with the main roles involved in this process, making it possible to make the evaluation methodology more adequate to the objectives of the program, which is to provide more innovation in the operations of the companies in the electricity sector. Index Terms: Execution of projects, investments, methodology, regulate, research and development and technological innovation. Book of Abstracts 132
TOPIC 19 COMPUTER MODELS AND PROGRAMS FOR ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
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19.001 Thermal Study for Temperature Estimate of Dry-Type Power Transformers Using the Finite Element Method L. R. Torin, T. Sousa and V. M. Lira Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brasil
One of the main variables of interest in the manufacture and operation of transformers is the temperature, since it interferes in the useful life of the transformer. In this sense, the present work proposes a thermal study for the temperature estimate of a dry-type transformer. Thus, initially a thermal analysis was performed from experimental measurements of temperatures of a dry-type three-phase transformer of 500kVA for different conditions of load. Then, a thermal simulation was proposed using Finite Element Method. Therefore, the heat diffusion equation was used, with the boundary conditions: convection and radiation equations; jointly with the characteristics of the materials used, the transformer dimensions and the data collected experimentally. FEMM 2D software was used for this simulation. Finally, in order to validate the proposed analyzes, the experimental measurements were compared with the values obtained in the thermal simulation. The results obtained have demonstrated efficacy regarding the proposed analysis and simulation. Index Terms: Computer simulation, finite element analysis, power transformers, temperature measurement, thermal analysis.
19.002 A Fireworks Metaheuristic for the Design of PSS and TCSC-POD Controllers for Small-Signal Stability Studies E. de Vargas Fortes1, L. H. Macedo2, L. F. Barone Martins3 and E. L. Miotto4 1Goiás
Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology (IFPR), Jataí, GO, Brazil 2São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil 3Paraná Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology (IFG), Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil 4Paraná Federal University of Technology (UTFPR), Toledo, PR, Brazil
This paper presents a new methodology based on the fireworks algorithm to perform the coordinated tuning of the parameters of the supplementary damping controllers (power systems stabilizers and the thyristor controlled series capacitor-power oscillation damping controller). The objective is to introduce damping to the electromechanical oscillations present in the electric power systems. To validate the proposed methodology, simulations were carried out using the two-area symmetrical system. The results achieved demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methodology for designing supplementary damping controllers. Index Terms: Current sensitivity model, fireworks algorithm, power systems optimization, supplementary damping controllers.
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19.003 Voltage Stability Analysis of Power Systems using the Continuation Method A. D. Vasquez and T. Sousa Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André – SP, Brasil
Due to the increasing demand for electricity, the quest for cleaner sources of electrical power generation has grown too. Therefore, the study of electrical power systems with renewable energy sources included in transmission and distribution networks is a common interest. The increased penetration of these intermittent sources in the power system requires detailed studies, which access its impacts in the normal functioning of electrical grids. In addition, these integrated systems required improvements in operations and control techniques because the electrical demand satisfaction entails the systems to its load limits. This paper presents a research of voltage stability studies based in the determination of the maximum loading of the electrical power system. The continuation method is applied to the power flow problem to improve the simulations performance. The objective is modeling the system using the continuation power flow and computing the algorithm by parallel technology to decrease the simulation time. Index Terms: Continuation power flow, maximum loading point, parallel processing, power system analysis computing, voltage stability.
19.004 Design of the PSSs, PI – UPFC and PI – UPFC – POD controllers using the Firefly Algorithm L. F. B. Martins1,2, P. B. Araujo2, E. V. Fortes3, E. L. Miotto4,2 and B. R. Gamino2 1Paraná
Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology (IFPR), Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil 2São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil 3Goiás Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology (IFG), Jataí, GO, Brazil 4Paraná Federal University of Technology (UTFPR), Toledo, PR, Brazil
This work investigates the influence of Power System Stabilizers and an Integral Proportional Controller - Unified Power Flow Controller equipped or not with a Power Oscillation Damping controller on local and inter-area oscillatory modes in an Electric Power System. For this, the Unified Power Flow Controller is modeled by current injections and its linearized equations are incorporated into the Current Sensitivity Model. Coordination of the controllers is achieved using the Firefly Algorithm. All the results presented were obtained from simulations using the New England test system. Index Terms: Current sensitivity model, Firefly algorithm, optimization of electrical systems, supplementary damping controllers.
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19.005 Avaliação e Dimensionamento de Sistemas de Aterramento para Redução de Desligamentos de Linhas de Transmissão por Backflashover: Estudos de Caso para uma LT de 138 kV F. M. de Vasconcellos and F. A. Moreira Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brasil
Lightning strikes on transmission lines are a major cause of sudden outages in the power transmission system. When an atmospheric discharge reaches the earth wires or directly the top of tower, a backflashover may occur. This phenomenon consists of an electric arc between the insulators chain and the phase conductors of the line. This paper presents several simulations developed using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) software to evaluate the insulation chain tolerance in a 138kV line when struck by a direct lightning at the top of the tower. From the results of the overvoltages involved, was made the evaluation of the efficiency and the dimensioning of several arrangements of the grounding system, in several scenarios of lightning strikes currents and ground resistivity, in order to reduce the occurrences of interruption of the electric power supply by backflashover. Index Terms: Alternative transients program (ATP), backflashover, descargas atmosféricas, desempenho de linhas de transmissão, sobretensões.
19.006 Electromagnetic Transients Effect on Blocks of π Circuits with Damping Resistance L. H. Jús, M. O. Santos, T. G. Pereira, A. C. Moreira and A. J. Prado São Paulo State University (UNESP), São João da Boa Vista, SP, Brazil
The study of transmission lines is fundamental, but it is unviable to realize measurements onto the real line, that is why it is necessary to applied numerical models based on the state varia les and the numerical methods of integration. In the case of this project, π circuits are used to represent transmission lines. Then, this model can be used to numerically simulate electromagnetic transients. But the results are influenced by numerical oscillations, known as Gi s’ phenomenon. Consequently, it is necessary to add damping resistances to the π circuits minimizing these numerical oscillations. The tests were realized to verify the effectiveness of the cascade of π circuits without the damping resistance in half of the total of circuits, eing this half placed in the center block of the cascade. At last, we compare the results obtained with and without the damping resistance in the central block. Index Terms: Power system transients, eigenvalues and eigenfuctions, linear systems, numerical analysis, simulation, state space methods, time-domain analysis, transmission line modeling.
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19.007 Multiobjective optimal placement of switches and protective devices in electric power distribution systems with distributed energy resources I. Chiarella, J. Mendoza Escuela de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
This article presents a multiobjective model for the location of protection and maneuvering equipment in electricity distribution networks considering alternative sources of supply such as distributed generation (DG). The model implemented aims to optimize different reliability indicators, as well as the costs associated with protection equipment and energy not supplied. As an optimization tool, an algorithm called Micro Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization (Micro-MOPSO) is used in conjunction with a specialized algorithm that allows to evaluate the reliability of the system with DG sources, also considering permanent and temporary failures. He algorithm was tested in a network of 52 nodes in medium voltage. Finally, the results show the performance and efficiency of the proposed method for an adequate location of the equipment. Index Terms: Power Distribution Network, Distributed Generation, Protective Devices Allocation, Micro-MOPSO, Reliability Optimization.
19.008 Laboratory Tests with Model based on π Circuits considering the Introduction of Branches composing by RL Parallel Elements T. G. Pereira, A. C. Moreira, M. O. Santos, L. H. Jús, A. A. Ferreira and A. J. Prado São Paulo State University (UNESP), São João da Boa Vista, SP, Brazil
One way to model the transmission lines is applying π circuit cascades. In practice, it is impossible to carry out tests in actual lines that transmit large blocks of electrical power. Thus, a simple physical model can be important for undergraduate students to familiarize themselves with concepts of electromagnetic waves, electrical length, reflection and refraction of waves. This model may consist of resistors, inductors and capacitors. In the first part of the research work, the longitudinal part of a π circuit, composed of five locks of resistors and inductors in parallel, was assembled and studied, and the voltages, currents, lags between the two waves and the FFT signal varying from 10 Hz to 1 MHz were analyzed. Su sequently, the cross section of the π circuit, composed of commercial resistors and capacitors, was added, and its transfer function and delay angles were analyzed at the same frequency range. The inductance and capacitance values were adequately adapted to maintain the propagation velocity similar to general transmission lines. According to the data obtained, it was possible to construct graphs of the resistance, inductance, transfer function and delay angles of the complete π circuit y the frequency to e compared with the results that should e o tained theoretically. After the analysis of one π circuit, one more unit will be added in cascade so that its behavior is analyzed. The main idea is to o tain a cascade with several units of π circuits for a simple model of transmission lines. The physical model can be used by undergraduate students to assimilate various concepts related to power transmission and signals. The numerical model can be improved based on results obtained from the physical model. Index Terms: Power system transients, eigenvalues and eigenfuctions, linear systems, numerical analysis, simulation, state space methods, time-domain analysis, transmission line modeling. Book of Abstracts 137
19.009 Introduction of Damping Resistances in Simulations of Electromagnetic Transients Using Alternate Structures M. O. Santos, L. H. Jús, T. G. Pereira, A. C. Moreira and A. J. Prado São Paulo State University (UNESP), São João da Boa Vista, SP, Brazil
For modeling the transmission lines, it is necessary to use a large amount of π circuits in cascade. In case, there are three different types of π circuits: the initial unit, the intermediate and the last one. The numerical model is ased on these three types of π circuits. Using this model, numerical simulations include errors that cause numerical oscillations. Thus, a damping resistor is inserted to dampen oscillations and reduce errors. Currently, tests are performed with different π circuit structures. In this work, it is presented and discussed alternate structures where one type contains the damping resistance and the other does not contain the mentioned resistance. The both structures are applied alternately in the cascade that represents the analyzed transmission line. For the simulations with alternate structures, an odd number of circuits has been used to ensure that the model has the initial and the last units with the damping resistance. The application of alternate structures for the electromagnetic transient simulation was implemented in order to reduce the computational simulation time maintaining the accuracy obtained previously with the application of the damping resistance for whole π circuits of the model. Index Terms: Power system transients, eigenvalues and eigenfuctions, numerical analysis, state space methods, transmission line modeling.
19.010 Physical Model of Transmission Lines With Additional Branches to Introduce the Influence of the Frequency A. C. Moreira, T. G. Pereira, L. H. Jús, M. O. Santos, A. A. Ferreira and A. J. Prado São Paulo State University (UNESP), São João da Boa Vista, SP, Brazil
This project presents the construction and analysis of a physical model of transmission lines. These lines can e represented y a cascade of π circuits. Each π circuit consists of commercial availa le electrical components (resistors, capacitors and inductors). The classical π circuit structure does not consider the influence of frequency on the line parameters. In the classical circuit structure π, parallel RL locks were inserted to simulate the influence of the frequency on the transmission line parameters. The physical model was based on a mathematical model solved by state variables applying the trapezoidal integration. The impedance and inductance values of one π circuit were o tained for a wide frequency range, as well as, the resistance and inductance values of the longitudinal branch as a function of frequency. The transfer function, considering input and output voltages, was obtained as a function of the frequency. The physical model will be adapted to represent PLC (Power Line Communication) systems, a technology in which the transmission of signals and electrical power is done using the same conductor of electrical energy. Using different frequencies, the both signals can be transmitted through the same physical conductor. Index Terms: Power system transients, eigenvalues and eigenfuctions, numerical analysis, state space methods, transmission line modeling.
Book of Abstracts 138
19.011 Optimal Power Flow Analysis with Interval Mathematics – the Krawczyk Method A. C. Monego and T. S. P. Fernandes Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
This paper proposes the application of interval mathematics to a non-linear OPF, in order to consider load uncertainties. The idea is to apply in the first order optimality conditions of the OPF, the Krawczyk operator, which makes it possible to obtain intervals of solutions, considering the load as a starting interval parameter from the convergent deterministic value of OPF. It is possible to obtain the optimal intervals of active and reactive power generation and voltage magnitude through upper and lower ranges through this post-optimization process. The simulations and analysis will be presented using systems of 3, 30 and 70 buses. Index Terms: Interval mathematics, Krawczyk method, optimal power flow, post-optimization.
19.012 Coordinated Tuning of the Parameters of PSS and POD Controllers Using the BAT Algorithm E. L. Miotto1, P. B. de Araujo2, E. de V. Fortes3, Luiz F. B. Martins4 and B. R. Gamino2 1Paraná
Federal University of Technology (UTFPR), Toledo, PR, Brazil Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil 3Goiás Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology (IFG), Jataí, GO, Brazil 4Paraná Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology, Jacarezinho (IFPR), PR, Brazil 2São
This paper analyzes the performance of the Bat Algorithm in the coordinated tuning of the parameters of supplementary damping controllers (Power System Stabilizers and Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller with Power Oscillation Damping) in a multi-machine power system. The goal is to introduce minimal damping rates to low frequency electromechanical oscillation modes as specified by the design. The current sensitivity model is used to represent a medium-sized power system known in the literature as New England. This system, which features local and inter-area electromechanical oscillation modes, consists of 10 generators, 39 buses and 46 transmission lines divided into two areas. The performance of the Bat Algorithm in the coordinated tuning of controllers was compared with another two algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization, and Simulated Annealing. The results showed the Bat Algorithm as a promising tool for the analysis of small-signal stability, especially compared to the other tested algorithms. Index Terms: Bat algorithm, power oscillation damping, power system stabilizers, small-signal stability.
19.016 Feeders Clustering Through Load and Circuit Characterization Book of Abstracts 139
A. U. Antunes1, A. Meffe1, D. Takahata1, J. Castilho Neto1, L. S. Sousa1, T. M. Miranda1, A. A. Cordeiro2, G. P. Guedes2 and M. R. C. Paes Júnior2 1Daimon
Engineering & Systems, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Group, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
2Energisa
This work is the result of a Research and Development Project carried out by Daimon Engineering & Systems, in partnership with Energisa Group, who is one of the main private groups of Brazilian electricity industry and operates in the distribution, generation and commercialization of electricity, controlling 13 distribution utilities in Brazil. It is present in 788 cities and meets around 6.5 million consumers, which corresponds to about 16.3 million people. The current paper presents the usage of a cluster analysis algorithm by Ward Method applied to medium voltage feeders study. This paper describes how to classify electrical circuits using similar characteristics. The methodology of this paper facilitates the decision-making on investments proposed to improve quality on the offered service. In addition, the company will also have financial returns due to the incentives provided by ANEEL and the reduction of penalties for not meeting the individual reliability standards. A simulation with real feeders data is presented to show the results that can be obtained by this methodology. Index Terms: Clustering, Ward method, electric network diagnosis, reliability indices, works proposition.
19.017 Estudio del Comportamiento de Máquinas Asincrónicas ante Cuplas Oscilantes y de Impacto E. Vinson, A. Jurado y J. Sotelo Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
In many applications, like connecting rod crank such as displacements pumps, heavy rolling mill, wind generation connected directly on grid, the asynchronous machines (AM) are exposed to torques with periodic variations, which produces cyclical variations of speed and absorbed current, with consequent risk of inadmissible voltage oscillations, consider flicker limits. Generally, it dynamic phenomenon is evaluated using the machine stationary external characteristics, even applying a torque-speed characteristic linearization at the working point. However, as the torque variation is more severe, higher his frequency variation, or lower the system inertia, the speed and current transient variations affect the torque-speed characteristic, losing validity the approach to quasi-stationary behaviour, resulting necessary to study dynamic and electromagnetic phenomenon jointly. This paper presents an analysis of this problem based on a quasi-stationary model, and on the AM circuit (or unified) theory. Then, for a real case, is developed an simulation using ATP, studying the AM behaviour with sudden or oscillating torque. Finally is presented an AM experimental behaviour evaluation to oscillating and sudden torques generated by Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine, fed by an electronic converter with programmable torque control, corroborating with the predicted by the model and simulations, establishing the applicability of different studied models. Index Terms: Induction motor, dynamic behavior, sudden torque, torque oscillations.
19.018 A Work Proposition Method to Improve Reliability Indices
Book of Abstracts 140
A. U. Antunes1, A. Meffe1, D. Takahata1, J. Castilho Neto1, L. S. Sousa1, T. M. Miranda1, A.A. Cordeiro2, G. P. Guedes2, M. R. C. Paes Júnior2 1Daimon
Engineering & Systems, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Group, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
2Energisa
This work is the result of a Research and Development Project, carried out by Daimon Engineering and Systems, in partnership with Energisa Group, which is one of the main private groups in the Brazilian electricity sector, controlling 13 distribution utilities in Brazil. It is present in 788 cities, meeting around 6.5 million consumers, which corresponds to about 16.3 million inhabitants. In order to improve the efficiency in the electric energy distribution, as well as to promote a better satisfaction in the service provided to the consumers, the usage of automated switches has become more and more common in electric distribution utilities to reduce the impact of unplanned interruptions. For that reason, a computer tool called Quality Indices Planning (QualiPlan) has been proposed in this project, whose main objective is to produce an optimized set of works that will improve the reliability indices of the medium voltage systems of Energisa Group through feeder interconnection and/or extension works. The complete set of the QualiPlan computer tool (four modules) comprises the Diagnosis, Works Proposition, Prioritization of Works and Reliability Indices Prediction Modules. This article presents the ongoing computer tool of the second module (Proposition of Works). Index Terms: Reliability indices, sustained interruptions, works plan, proposition of works, automatic sectionalizing switches.
19.021 A Model for the Optimal Allocation of Voltage Regulators and Capacitors based on MILP Applied to Distribution Systems in Steady State M. S. Medrano1, S. M. C. Tome1, L. L. Martins1, P. L. Cavalcante1, H. Iwamoto1, M. R. R. Malveira1 and T. M. de Moraes2 1Fundação
Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações (CPqD), Campinas, SP, Brasil 2Energisa, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
This article presents a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model for optimal allocation of Capacitors Banks (CBs) and Voltage Regulators (VRs) applied to a distribution network in normal operating conditions. This model was developed in a project within a R&D Brazilian program, in partnership with the brazilian utility Energisa. The objective is to minimize technical losses, investment in equipment and O&M costs considering many engineering constraints from Energisa like the (equivalent monophasic) power flow for different load levels, the minimum and maximum voltage limits, and the minimal distance between two CBs. The CBs that will be allocated can be fixed or switched and may have different capacities (in kVAr), while the VRs have fixed regulator factor and number of taps. This article presents the numerical results of tests based on theoretical networks with 70, 202 and 400 nodes and three load levels solved using the free MILP solver CBC. For each test it is considered different linearizations of the product of the squared tension at nodes and the squared current in branches. The results will be analyzed comparing the objective function obtained with each linearization as well the tension on the nodes, the current and power at each node. Index Terms: Mixed integer linear programming, optimization, reactive power control, strategic planning, voltage control.
Book of Abstracts 141
19.023 A Non-iterative Method for Distribution Systems Power Flow Analysis B. A. S. Ambrósio and O. L. Tortelli Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
This paper aims to propose a non-iterative numerical tool that allows the determination of the nodal voltage magnitudes of distribution networks, focusing on planning grid environments. The proposal is grounded in the utilization of the complex per unit normalization (cpu) technique and results in a simple and efficient tool to support planning studies in the same direction as provided by the DC Power Flow Method for transmission systems. The proposed methodology allows assessing networks with any size and topology, from traditional radial arrangements as well as closed-looped operation and fully meshed topologies. Simulation results considering distribution networks of different dimensions and operational conditions, including the participation of distributed generation units are presented in order to show the effectiveness of the proposal. Index Terms: Distribution system, power flow analysis, distribution planning, dc power flow, complex normalization.
19.024 A Comparison Between the Efficiency of the Outer Approximation Method and the Branch-and-Bound Method to Solve the Optimal Power Flow Problem with Discrete Control Variables L. R. Matos, D. P. Silva and E. M. Soler Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil
The purpose of an Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem is to determine the state of an electric power transmission system that optimizes a given system performance and satisfies its physical and operational constraints. The OPF problem can be mathematically modeled as a nonlinear programming problem with discrete and continuous variables. In this paper, the algorithms B-OA, based on the method Outer Approximation, and B-BB, based on the Branchand-Bound method, available in Basic Open Nonlinear Mixed Integer (BONMIN) solver, are analyzed. Numerical tests with the IEEE 14, 30, 118 and 300 Bus electric systems were performed. The tests demonstrate the efficiency of these methods in solving ROPF problems with discrete and continuous control variables. Index Terms: Optimal power flow, nonlinear programming, approximation method, branch-and- bound method, optimization.
discrete
variables,
outer
19.025 Controle de Tensão de Mini Aerogerador e Interface com Plataformas Computacionais Utilizando Arduino Book of Abstracts 142
F. O. Matos, J. N. Jesus, M. L. Andrade, T. O. Nascimento e G. N. A. Maranhão Universidade Federal do Amapá (UFAP), Macapá, AP, Brasil
This project presents a micro-controlled teaching bench for the voltage control of a miniature wind power generating system. The controlling and sensing task were performed by Arduino, which was programmed in MATLAB, using in interactive user interface (UI). An open source Internet of Things (IoT) application called Thingspeak was used to send the data to the internet, showing it in real time.The system simulates a wind power generation system. As such, a fluctuating wind behavior was simulated by coolers and a variable DC voltage supply. This system was used by an Electrical engineering class for validation purposes, and the results were satisfactory: Students showed interest in control theory and widened their knowledge regarding data sharing and visualization possibilities. Index Terms: Data visualization, Matlab, microcontrollers, remote monitoring.
19.026 Análise de Contingências em Sistema Elétrico de Potência e Aplicação de RNA Supervisionada na Mitigação de Perdas Elétricas R. R. M. Carvalho, M. de M. Costa e B. F. dos Santos Júnior Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brasil
Este trabalho apresenta proposta de aprendizagem de máquina voltada à predição de ajuste de taps de transformadores de sistema elétrico de potência para minimizar as perdas energéticas, em vista da complexa análise direta do circuito em si. A identificação do comportamento do sistema é realizada por rede neural supervisionada, com as condições atuais de tensão nas barras como atributos de entrada, a fim de avaliar situações de contingência de perda de linhas e carregamentos diferentes do valor avaliado de carga, em simulação de variações comuns em possível sistema real. Como na transmissão e na distribuição de energia elétrica, a quantidade de barras do sistema, em geral, é demasiada, propõe-se, ainda, a redução de entradas da rede por meio da poda dos atributos, estudando-se a correlação entre estes, eliminando-se os que exibem proximidade na informação que carregam do comportamento estudado. A rede utilizada, o perceptron de múltiplas camadas, treinado por retropropagação do erro é repetidamente testado para obter resultado estatisticamente mais preciso. Index Terms: Correlation, multilayer perceptrons, optimization, power system dynamics, power transformers.
19.027 Análise de Metodologia para Detecção de Perda Total de Excitação em Geradores Síncronos sob Condições de Perda Parcial de Campo
Book of Abstracts 143
A. Itczak, A. R. Fagundes, E. M. Dos Santos, J. J. A. Saldanha, M. C. Stalter e F. G. K. Guarda Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Alegrete, Brasil
The synchronous generator is a machine with constant frequency, which supplies power to a given load. A generator operating under partial excitation loss conditions is subject to a number of problems, such as overheating, loss of synchronism, and loss of system stability. Therefore, it is necessary to develop synchronous generator protection methodologies that eliminate undesired situations such as those caused by partial and total machine excitation losses. In this context, the present work presents the problems caused by partial and total loss of excitation in synchronous generators, through simulations of situations where excitation losses occur. Furthermore, a methodology for the detection of partial and total excitation losses, capable of differentiating these phenomena from a stable power swing, is presented. This technique is based on the extraction of the current and voltage signal envelopes at the generator terminals, which have specific characteristics in both excitation loss and power swing events. Thus, the proposed technique showed to be fast and with good performance in the detection and classification of stable power swings and excitation losses, when compared to the traditional methodologies applied for this task. Index Terms: Electrical power systems, partial loss of excitation, protection, synchronous generator.
19.028 Estimadores de Frequência: uma Abordagem Aplicada a Sistemas Elétricos de Potência M. C. Stalter, E. M. Dos Santos, J. J. A. Saldanha, A. R. Fagundes e A. Itczak Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Alegrete, Brasil
In electrical power systems (SEPs), an important characteristic is the electrical frequency of the voltage signal that must be constant, since it directly influences the operation of the system equipment and the quality of the industrial processes. Accomplished in an agile and precise way, the estimation of the frequency value assists in the protection, control and eletrical energy quality monitoring, in order to ensure the fullness of the system. Therefore, this work presents an evaluation of methodologies of frequency estimation. Index Terms: Control, frequency, power quality, protection, electrical power systems.
19.030 Methodology and Computational Tool for Evaluation of R&D Projects
Book of Abstracts 144
V. P. S. Santos1, A. A. F. Leite1, H. H. Silva1, D. A. J. Lopes1, L. B. F. Leite1 e L. P. A. Pinheiro2 1Cenergel
Sistemas Energéticos, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brasil de Energia Elétrica do Maranhão (CEMAR), Brasil
2Companhia
The R&D of the National Electric Energy Agency of Brazil currently undergo an evaluation only after its conclusion. Thus, poorly evaluated projects can have the financial charges relating to their debts disallowed, which represent financial losses to companies in the electricity sector. More than 14% of the R&Ds suffer total disallowance because they are evaluated as inadequate. The proposed system, called the R&D Evaluation and Management (RDEM or AGPeD in Portuguese), has the main objective of reducing disapproval through automated evaluations. These evaluations can be carried out in the initial proposal of the R&D project, that is, before the beginning, during the development and at the end of R&D, and can generate a final report in a coherent and standardized way. Moreover, with the proposed system, the evaluation process can be faster, once the originality search becomes automated. This search can occur in several different sources, having the flexibility to include new sources, and reduce the time spent by the evaluator when compared to a manual search. Once the search is carried out in several different sources it is possible to also increase the possibility to evaluate more precisely. The RDEM system, in addition to automating the search for originality and report generation, still provides questionnaires that can indicate the aspects of costs, reasonableness, applicability and relevance of the evaluated research. Both electric sector companies can use the system in relation to project proposals, as well as auditors and consultants in relation to the final evaluation of various R&Ds. In the latter case, the system still has the advantage of using the same criteria for several works, reducing a possible error of human interpretation. This system is still being developed and new functionalities are being included, but with the part already developed it is possible to realize that the evaluation process can be improved with the use of this tool. Using prior evaluations of consultants and comparing with the previous results generated by the system, it was possible to determine a standard that the system should operate and this is already partially implemented. Index Terms: R&D automated evaluation, R&D disallowance, R&D management, reduce disapproval, reduce financial losses.
19.031 Análise do Desempenho da Proteção Diferencial Sob Condição de Saturação dos Transformadores de Corrente A.R. Fagundes, A. Itczak, E. M. dos Santos, J. J. A. Saldanha, M. C. Stalter e F. G. K. Guarda Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Alegrete, Brasil
In the Electric Power System the protection is made by relays, the operation of the relays takes place from the voltage and current signals. These signals are transmitted to the relays through Potential Transformers (PTs) and Current Transformers (CTs). The CTs are subject to the saturation of their core, a phenomenon in which the current waveform is distorted at the secondary terminals, damaging the performance of the protection relays, which are based on root mean square values of the quantity in question to determine its performance or not in the protection scheme. The present work demonstrates the performance of differential relays under the effect of saturation of current transformers, in order to identify possible undue performances for defects outside the protected zone. Cases were analyzed for different fault types and according to the results obtained through the simulations, it can be concluded that the current signal distortions in the secondary of the saturated CT directly influence the operation of the differential protection relays. Also, it was possible to verify that such distortions become more severe according to the magnitude of the short-circuit current.
Book of Abstracts 145
Index Terms: Clectric power system, protection, differential relay, saturation, current transformer, short circuit.
19.032 Automatic Allocation of Reactors on Distribution Lines for the Mitigation of Technical Losses T. M. Miranda1, F. Romero1, A. Meffe1, J. Castilho Neto1, L. F. Tadashi Abe2 and F. Espindula Corradi2 1Daimon
Engineering & System, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Group, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
2Energisa
This paper presents a methodology for automatic allocation of reactors on medium voltage distribution systems in order to mitigate energy loss. In Brazil, some feeders are distinguished by their long lengths (over 100 km) and very light load, which results in a high influence of the capacitance of the line on the circuit’s performance, requiring compensation through the installation of reactors. The automatic allocation is accomplished using and optimization heuristic called Global Neighborhood Algorithm. Given a set of reactor models, it outputs an optimal solution for a certain feeder in terms of reduction of energy loss. The algorithm is also able to verify if the voltage limits determined by the user are not being violated besides checking for energy quality. The methodology was implemented in a software tool and can show the allocation graphically. It was tested for four real feeders and the results obtained were able to diminish the losses significantly, from 50.56%, in the worst case, to 93.10%, in the best case. Index Terms: Optimization methods, power distribution, reactive power control.
19.033 Resonance Analysis on a Distribution System Caused by Reactor Allocation T. M. Miranda1, F. Romero1, A. Meffe1, J. Castilho Neto1, L. F. Tadashi Abe2 and F. Espindula Corradi2 1Daimon
Engineering & System, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Group, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
2Energisa
In Brazil, some feeders are distinguished by their long lengths (over 100 km) and very light load, which results in a high influence of the capacitance of the line on the circuit’s performance, requiring compensation through the installation of reactors. The automatic allocation is accomplished using and optimization meta-heuristic. Given a set of reactor models, it outputs an optimal solution for a certain feeder in terms of reduction of energy loss. The algorithm is also able to verify if the voltage limits determined by the user are not being violated besides checking for energy quality through resonance analysis. The last condition is the main subject of this paper. The resonance frequency is obtained by the calculation of the impedance seen from the bar in which the reactor will be installed and comparing it to the reactor’s inductance. If the resonance frequency is near to any harmonic of the main frequency of the system, the solution that suggested this allocation must be dismissed. Some simulations are presented in order to show the possible results concerning the resonance analysis. Index Terms: Power distribution, power system harmonics, reactive power control.
Book of Abstracts 146
19.034 A Firefly Algorithm Applied to Coordinated Tuning of Power Systems Controllers A. L. M. Takahashi and P. B. Araujo São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
Firefly Algorithm (FA) is a swarm intelligence algorithm inspired by the flashing behavior of fireflies, which uses their flashing lights as a warning for potential prey and for reproduction attractiveness. In this paper, FA is applied to find the optimal parameters for both Power System Stabilizer and Power Oscillation Damping controller. Several parameters are evaluated. The o jective is to analyze how they impact over algorithms’ performance on the enhancement of damping power systems electromechanical oscillations. To achieve the paper’s o jective, a series of numerical simulations of the Symmetrical Two-Area Power System are carried out. Simulations data show that for lower loading conditions, FA convergence is increased. For small populations searching capacity is reduced, while large populations result in lower processing speed due to the increase in the computational effort. The step factor controls the neighborhood search; big values enlarges the search area but impair the intensification process of the FA. The attractiveness coefficient controls the diversity of the solutions by adjusting how the fireflies update their position towards the brightest firefly. Results allows to conclude that FA can be applied to coordinate PSS and POD controllers and hence increase the damping of power systems oscillations. Index Terms: Evolutionary computation, firefly algorithm, power system analysis, power system stability.
19.035 Sazonalização da Energia Assegurada via Flower Pollination Algorithm W. S. Lima1, V. A. Cabral1, A. C. O. W. Rocha1, I. C. S. Junior1, B. H. Dias1, C. M. B. Castro1, G. R. Amador2 1Universidade 2China
Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), MG, Brasil Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC), Brasil
The maximum amount of energy that a hydroelec- tric power plant can commercialize in a year is named as Assured Energy. Some conditions are unknown at the moment this energy is contracted, such as its power plant generation, which is dis- patched by the Brazilian Independent System Operator (ONS) in a centralized way, the energy demand of the system and the price of the energy on the market. Therefore, the strategy employed to seasonalize this assured energy, or physical guarantee, has fun- damental importance to the power generation agent, once a cor- rect strategy implies to maximize the average of its revenues or minimize its risks. This work aims to apply the Flower Pollination Algorithm metaheuristic (FPA) in order to obtain an optimal strategy of assured energy's seasonalization. Ultimately, a com- parison between two different methods is proposed, FPA and Adaptive Coordinate Descent search heuristic (ACiD). Both methodologies are compared and a series of analyzes were per- formed based on the processing time, optimality of the solutions and best revenues obtained. In order to deal with the uncertain- ties of the problem at the moment of contract, synthetic scenarios are generated by the Hydrothermal Dispatch Model (MDDH), which contemplates the uncertainties on generation, energy de- mand and price of the energy. Index Terms: Adaptive coordinate descent, hydroelectric power plant, flower pollination algorithm, commercialize. Book of Abstracts 147
Book of Abstracts 148
TOPIC 20 SIGNAL PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
Book of Abstracts 149
20.002 PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motors Bearing Failures Identification C. H. B. Souza, M. M. Pereira Cunha, H. Rachid, L. Gonçalves Jr. and R. C. Creppe Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
Bearing are an important part in three-phase induction motors (MITs) and are made from rollers or spheres, internal and external rings and cage. Defects can happen in any part of a bearing, and those defects will generate vibrations in different frequencies. Early failure identification is very important for MITs’ maintenance. Thus, the utilization of accelerometers (sensors) is an traditional alternative to non- invasive MIT monitoring. Another important aspect is the efficiency. In MITs, bearing failures power and supply harmonics are factors that contributes to efficiency reduction. The use of frequency converters is also an important characteristic in those disturbances, with the presence of various harmonic distortions. PWM inverters promotes additional vibration in MITs and difficult the data acquisition by introducing noise in signals acquisition and processed signals. Then, some careful is needed used to study how those factors influence a MIT’s overall performance. This work aims to esta lish differences and similarities between main vibration frequencies components in operations with defective bearings and powered by frequency converters. With the observations of those frequency components, it would be possible to do predictive maintenance in MITs and, consequently, increase their lifespan. The results show some specific frequencies components that indicates bearing failures in MITs powered y PWM inverters. Also, when it’s an external ring earing failure fifth harmonic component is highlighted. Laboratory results obtained from industrial motor tests are discussed and future workings should address different switching frequencies and other types of failures. Index Terms: AC motors, data analysis, frequency conversion, maintenance, vibration measurement.
20.003 Voltage Unbalance Identification of Three Phase Induction Motors Through Vibrations Signals and Wavelets Transforms H. Rachid, C. H. B. Souza, M. M. Pereira Cunha, L. Gonçalves Jr and R. C. Creppe Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
The electric motor is a type of electric machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and its development had started some centuries ago arising from the study about electromagnetic phenomena. Nowadays, the electric motors, mainly the three phase induction motor, are fundamentals in industrial activity, allowing faster and versatile production. Nowadays, the goal is to avoid emergency and unscheduled maintenance. It is in such context that the monitoring motors working under an unbalanced voltage condition is studied. To acquire the vibration signals emitted by the motor, it was used a low cost easy installation and handling transducer piezoelectric sensor, which can measure the acoustic emission, quantity related to the motor vibration spectrum. This current work studies the effects caused by the unbalanced voltage, as well as the possibility of using a low cost piezoelectric sensor to collect the emitted signals of the motor that, through a data acquisition board, that are mathematically treated by software for further analysis and processing. An industrial induction motor was tested with distinct levels of power supply unbalance and the vibration signals were mathematically treated and analyzed with the LabVIEW suite. According to the partial results of the research, it is possible to conclude that the unbalanced voltage produces many changes in the motor vibration behavior that could be identified through the low cost piezoelectric sensor. The low cost sensor Book of Abstracts 150
and the mathematical analysis performed acoustic emission signals can reduce the costs and make more accessible the electric motor integrity monitoring. Index Terms: Induction motor, voltage unbalance, vibration, wavelet, motor failure.
20.004 Early Bearing Fault Detection Using Hilbert Transform M. M. Pereira da Cunha, H. Rachid, C. H. B. Souza, L. Gonçalves Jr and R. C. Creppe Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
Due to the larger number of induction motors in the industrial plants, studies about early fault detection are an important issue. During the life cycle of the motors, they are subjected to several conditions that can generate electrical or mechanic failure and the most responsible for these failures are the bearings with about up to 40%. The bearings are fundamental mechanical elements to the motor operation composed by internal and external ring, besides that, they are developed according to the application requirement. The most frequency cause of these failures are excessive or inadequate lubrication, excess load, contamination, misalignment, machine component defects, improper application, among others. Regardless of their origin, failures produce abnormal vibrations which can be small at first and intensify over time. Currently, the observation of vibration in induction motors is an important technic to identify faults prevent them from taking on large proportions. In addition, it is a non-invasive method by using a low cost sensor and easy installation coupled to the motor. This work aims to analyze vibrations of electric induction motors with healthy bearings and bearings with deliberately inserted defects. The vibration signals were analyzed with the aid of the LabVIEW software through specific signal processing techniques such as FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and Hilbert Transform. A 2-hp induction motor with triaxial vibration sensor and CompactRio data acquisition system was used. The vibration bearings were acquired with healthy bearings and later with bearings with artificially inserted defects. After the mathematical treatment using the Hilbert transform the results were compared and discussed. Index Terms: Induction motors, bearing faults, hilbert transform, fault detection, motor failure.
20.005 Avaliação do Desempenho dos Sensores MFCs para o Diagnóstico de Descargas Parciais em Transformadores B. A. Castro, V. P. Luiz, J. A. C. Ulson, A. L. Andreoli, F. G. Baptista, R. R. Riehl e D. A. Luz Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
The monitoring of partial discharges in high voltage devices, such as in power transformers, have an importance for prevent functional problems associated of insulation material deterioration. In transformers, the insulation materials could be early degraded if the device is stressed by some critical factors like as: excessive overloads, heat, atmospheric discharges, nonlinear charges, maneuvers that causes a transient response in electric system, water inlet in oil insulation, etc. These factors could change the physical and chemical properties in insulation materials and generated partial discharges (PD) at the transformers. The acoustic emission method is based on mechanic waves detection of ultrasound emitted from partial discharges by acoustic emission (AE) sensors installed on the transformer wall. The objective for this paper is evaluating the potential of low cost and flexi le “Macro Fi er Composite Acoustic Book of Abstracts 151
Emission Sensor P2 type (MFC-P2)” to detect partial discharges in distribution transformers. This work makes a comparison of PD detection between a consolidated sensor (RS15I – Physical Acoustics) and the MFC-P2 using a signal processing metrics such as spectrogram analisys, kurtosis and skewness behavior for both signals. These results allowed evaluating the performance of MFC-P2 in relation a consolidated sensor and this work can concluded that the MFC-P2 have a good potential to detect partial discharges in power transformers. Index Terms: partial discharge, acoustic emission, macro fiber composite sensors, MFC-P2, failure diagnoses.
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TOPIC 21 SMART GRID SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
Book of Abstracts 153
21.001 Energy Resource Management in a Smart Grid Considering Integration of Electric Vehicles and Wind Power Generation using Simulated Annealing M. A. A. Viegas and C. M. Affonso Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brasil
This paper presents a power management tool of a power system operating in a Smart Grid that contains Electric Vehicles inserted as loads and Wind Power Generation. The optimization technique used was Simulated Annealing, in order to minimize the total energy cost of the network being studied. Three charging strategies were adopted: Peak Charging, Off-peak Charging and Smart Charging besides Demand Side Management techniques. In addition to the charging process will also be studied the discharging of the battery electric vehicles, preferably at the peak of the load curve, as well as the possibility of supplying grid power through the wind farm to supply both loads in the topology of the system as for the loads of electric vehicles inserted through the creation of a charging/ discharging station. The system used is the IEEE - 39 bus New England power system. The results proved the effectiveness of the proposed method and the importance of considering besides distribution as well as generation and transmission in studies of planning and expansion of electric energy systems that contain Electric Vehicles and Wind Power Generation. Index Terms: Electric vehicles, demand side management, wind power generation, smart grid, simulated annealing.
21.005 Modeling and Simulation of Hybrid PV/Wind Distributed Generation System Under Different Power Input Scenarios T. A. Cardoso and R. Ribeiro Riehl Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
In recent years, the advancement of power electronics made possible efficient distributed power generation using multiple renewable sources, such as solar and wind. Typically, those systems sold commercially have one individual inverter for each power source, which is responsible for a major part of the whole system budget. One integrated inverter for both power sources has the advantage of a simpler circuit structure and lower system cost. The objective of this paper is to study the response and each module of a DC coupled solar/wind hybrid power system: the PV panels; permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine with full wave diode rectifier; DC-DC Boost converters; full-bridge DC-AC grid tied inverter; line filter. The whole system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink Powersys library. The response was analyzed under different power input scenarios, based on the amount and quality of active power delivered to the grid. Index Terms: Hybrid power systems, MATLAB, power system simulation, solar power generation, wind power generation.
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21.006 A Cooperative Games Approach for Demand Side Management in Smart Grids L. S. M. Arnoux and W. Uturbey Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Demand-Side Management (DSM) programs con- sider the energy consumers as intelligent agents and as key players for system management, gaining importance on the Smart Grid era. In this context, we propose a cooperative approach for the decision-making process of an aggregator that represents a group of residential consumers in a DSM program. The aggregator participates in a day-ahead market and has to decide the best load curves for their consumers in terms of energy costs. Our framework is divided in 3 steps: data submission, scheduling model and cost sharing. In the first one, consumers send to the aggregator their consumption preferences. With that information, the aggregator schedules consumers’ appliances, respecting their preferences and minimizing the total DSM cost, using a mixed- integer scheduling model. In the last step, the aggregator attempts to allocate total program cost to the participants in a fair manner, using the Shapley Value. We test our framework in two random instances, with different appliances, preferences and number of consumers and verify that more flexible participants contribute more to the coalition value, and so forth pay less. Moreover, the peak pricing and inclining block rates models have the capacity to reduce peak-to-average ratio of the system. Index Terms: Cooperative games, demand-side management, load scheduling, residential power management, shapley value.
21.008 Impact Analysis of a Distribution Network with Cold Storage Warehouse to Improve Energy Demanded Management Z. A. F. Souza, J. H. Angelim, D. B. Vilar and C. M. Affonso Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém-PA, Brasil
This paper proposes a Demand Side Management strategy applied to a thermal system connected to the grid. A multiobjective approach is applied using Genetic Algorithm, in order to minimize the load demand and minimize the energy costs. A variable energy tariff is adopted, and the management system defines the best time to turn on the refrigeration system and the cold water warehouse (CWW), and the best time to turn off the refrigeration system and connect it to the cold water warehouse, improving the use of the energy consumed and reducing peak demand. The proposed methodology was applied in a real distribution system based on a University campus in the city of Belem, Brazil. The optimization method and the modeling of the electrical distribution system, the cooling and cold water warehouse implemented in MATLAB. The results show that with the CWW system in operation, the consumption of the distribution network and the expenditures with the energy account of the institution are reduced considerably, bringing significant gains monthly to the university despite the fact to be some impacts on the distribution network. Index Terms: Demand side management, demand response, smart grids, thermal storage, genetic algorithm and impact analysis in distribution systems.
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21.009 Optimal Investment and Operation of Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids with Renewable Generation C. A. Alvez, J. E. Sarmiento, A.C. Zambroni de Souza and R. C. Leme Nowadays, the expansion of electric systems in traditional way faces difficult barriers to meet the growing demand, driven mainly by environmental concerns and fossil fuel depletion. In this context, the microgrids present a safe and reliable option to integrate Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in distribution networks. In order to obtain the maximum benefit of DERs it is necessary the use of optimization tools that allow to supply demand efficiently. Thus, this paper presents a cost optimization model for DERs investment and operation, including CHP and renewable generation. The uncertainty of renewable sources is represented by a scenario tree. Potential benefits and drawbacks of DERs installation were explored through simulations for several case studies. The results show that the developed tool can provide support in the decisionmaking process. As a feature to highlight, the model allows to perform analyzes respect to the impact of DERs integration in a medium- term uncertain horizon. Index Terms: Distributed energy resources, renewable energy, microgrids, optimization model.
21.013 Solid State Transformer in the Control of Voltage Levels in Distribution Networks L. A. A. Godoi1, D. Paschoareli Júnior2 and J. B. Souza2 1União
das Faculdades dos Grandes Lagos, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
2Universidade
With the advent of the smart grid and growing renewable energies, a number of connections from decentralized sources in the network have increased considerably, and the greater the penetration of distributed generation the greater the impact on the network, affecting the quality of energy and especially the voltage levels . In this paper it is proposed the use of the SST functionalities to minimize the impact on the voltage levels caused by high microgeneration connections. To evaluate the performance of the SST, a simulation with the PSIM software of a low voltage distribution network with 30% and 60% distributed generation penetration index is performed. Index Terms: Component, power electronics converters, power quality, power transformer, smart grid.
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21.014 Impacto de la Generación Distribuida con Energía Solar Fotovoltaica en la Tensión Eléctrica – Simulación de un Caso. S. S. Tedoldi, S. B. Jacob, J. Vignerte, J. L. Strack, G. J. Murcia, J. C. Branda y E. Garín Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Mar del Plata, Argentina The impact of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation (GDFV) was studied in a distributor of the electric network of Balcarce city, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. With the use of the DIgSILENT 15 software a 13.2kV distributor was modeled and the impact on the voltage profile of the GDFV was analyzed, establishing penetration scenarios of 10, 30, 50 and 70% with respect to the installed power of the distributors urban. The results show a growing disturbance as the penetration scenario grows. Index Terms: Distributed generation, photovoltaic solar energy, simulation.
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Book of Abstracts 158
TOPIC 22 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, FUZZY LOGIC AND NEURAL NETWORKS
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22.001 Behavior Analysis of Exact and Approximate Techniques on Distribution Systems Reconfiguration C. Gerez and E. A. Belati Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brasil
For increasing distribution systems reliability and optimize its operation, a diverse amount of studies and researches are developed with the goal to find solutions for its problems. One of the greatest challenges faced, specifically on distribution systems, is to find ways to minimize its active losses values and improve its voltage levels. To achieve this objective, there are some techniques that can be used to solve this problem, being these systems reconfiguration, one of the most viable option from both economic and technical point of view. In face of the nature proposed by the reconfiguration solution, where opening and closing of disconnect switches is needed to determine new topologies that present better results, computational techniques are usually the best option to find these new configurations, since the search space is of a 2n order, where n is the number of maneuverable switches. These techniques can be basically divided in exact and approximate, the last being normally based on evolutionary algorithms and artificial intelligence. This paper presents a comparative study that initially considers the application of an exact technique, based on Branch and Bound (B&B) algorithm to solve the problem for the studied systems, and after that, applies a bioinspired metaheuristic, the firefly algorithm, based on these insect behaviors and its social and environmental interaction, for the same systems. Being this an optimization problem searching the minimum value, it is subject to the following constraints: 1) radiality; 2) load islanding; 3) admissible bus voltage levels; 4) bus power balance. The methods were initially applied to a 5 buses and 7 branches system and after on a 16 buses and 21 branches and 33 buses and 37 branches systems. Through the obtained results, it is possible to analyze the distribution network performance improvement after its reconfiguration and compare each methodology behavior, pointing out the pros and cons of each one of them. Index Terms: Distribution system minimization, branch and bound.
reconfiguration,
optimization,
firefly
algorithm,
loss
22.002 FACTS Allocation via CROW Search Algorithm S. C. Reis, O. L. Tortelli and L. S. Coelho Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
This article proposes an allocation methodology of the so-called second generation of Flexible Alternate Current Transmission System (FACTS) Controllers, more specifically, the STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator), SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator), and UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller). The proposed allocation strategy associates the steady-state analysis of the electrical network, with the location and adjustment of controllers parameters determined by a novel and very promising optimization technique called CROW Search Algorithm (CSA). CSA is a rather simple population-based metaheuristic method with only two adjustable parameters, which makes it very attractive for applications in large scale problems as device allocation. The parameters settings of each controller are properly linked with the different operational condition of the system. The effectiveness of the proposed allocation methodology is verified through the analysis of simulations involving the three indicated FACTS devices, considering different network topologies. The results indicate the adequacy and computational efficiency of the CSA technique to deal with allocation problems. Also, the Book of Abstracts 160
significant operational benefits achieved with the adequate inclusion of FACTS Controllers in the power grid, confirming the relevance of the proposed allocation methodology. Index Terms: FACTS allocation, meta-heuristics, CROW algorithm, transmission systems planning.
22.003 Multinodal Load Forecasting Based on Fuzzy- ARTMAP Neural Network A. J. Amorim, T. Abreu and C. R. Minussi Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
This work proposes to develop a predictor system (multinodal forecasting) considering several points of the electrical network, such as: substations, transformers, feeders, etc. based on an ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory) neural network family. It is a problem similar to the global forecasting. The difference corresponds to use a strategy to construct the input and output of the data with several parallel neural modules to the global prediction system. Considering that the multinodal prediction is more complex, if compared to the global prediction, the multinodal prediction will use the Fuzzy-ARTMAP Neural Network and the Global Load Participation Factor, which are two important resources. The advantages of this approach are: (1) processing time is equivalent to the processing of the global forecasting, i.e., the additional time processing is quite low; and (2) Fuzzy-ARTMAP Neural Network converges faster (hundreds times) than backpropagation neural network (benchmark in precision). The preference for neural networks of the ART family is due to the fact that such architectures have the characteristic of stability and plasticity that provide the results in a fast and precise way. In order to test proposed forecast system, results are presented for three substations from a database of New Zealand Electrical Company. Index Terms: Global load participation factor, load forecasting, electrical system distribution, artificial neural network, fuzzy-ARTMAP.
22.004 Melhoria da Confiabilidade do Fornecimento de Energia Elétrica em Sistemas de Distribuição Utilizando Alocação de Chaves e Algoritmo Evolutivo Multi-Objetivo L. D. Boff1, M. F. Castoldi1, M. Silva1, S. A. Souza1 e C. B. S. Silva2 1Universidade
Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Cornélio Procópio, PR, Brasil 2Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz, Bauru, SP, Brasil
This paper presents a strategy for solving the allocation problem of sectionalizing switches in a Brazilian electrical distribution system. The method used considers the fault history of the system during one year and the optimization of two contrasting objective functions: the reliability index Equivalent Duration of Interruption per Consumer Unit (DEC) and the total cost related to the sectionalizing equipments, such as: manual and automatic switches and automatic reclosers. The problem's optimal solutions acquisition is accomplished through the application of a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, the NSGA-II (Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II), which works very well with the optimization of two objectives. The efficiency of the proposed strategy is tested in a Radial Distribution System of Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz utility which has 2257 bars and 25521 consumers and seeks to minimize the number of switches Book of Abstracts 161
devices used in the system as well as to improve the reliability index Equivalent Duration of Interruption per Consumer. Index Terms: Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, NSGA-II, optimal allocation of switches, power distribution system, power system reliability.
22.005 Uso de PSO Modificado para Controle Dinâmico de Motor CC G. N. de A. Maranhão e C. Soares Modesto Universidade Federal do Amapá (UFAP), Macapá, AP, Brasil
The PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) is an optimization technique that stands out from the others for its simplicity of programming and processing speed, due to its short algorithm and parameterization, this article aims to use a modification of the PSO (MPSO) algorithm so that this technique can be used for dynamic control of a DC Motor. It was parameterized and conditioned so that it can operate a plant with second order system characteristics to be verified the behavior of this algorithm on the response characteristics. The PSO is used as a proportional controller in which the particles represent the gain of that controller and the program acts in order to modify that gain so that it maintains the motor speed constant in relation to modifications in its feeding and external disturbances. It is observed in simulations performed in the MATLAB software, using a parameterization that allows its use for the dynamic control, so it converge to the ideal response in a steady state and several transient properties are obtained through parametrization, thus, introducing the PSO as a possible technique to be used for dynamic process control. Index Terms: Modified PSO, motor DC, dynamic control.
22.006 Previsão Multi-Passos da Velocidade do Vento Através de Redes Neurais Artificiais Rafael S. F. Ferraz1, F. da C. Cruz1, Renato S. F. Ferraz1, A. F. S. Correia2 e E. F. de Simas Filho3 1Universidade
Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI), Salvador, Bahia, Brasil 3Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
2Serviço
Smart-grid is in expansion in transmission and distribution systems due to many advantages compared to the traditional systems. Moreover, this model facilitates the renewable sources insertion, such as wind energy, in the consumer units. However, one of the barriers to a greater participation of the wind power source in the electric matrix is related to the uncertainty of the power generation due to wind speed variations. This paper evaluated the artificial neural network performance for wind speed prediction in a city located in Bahia state, Brazil, using historic data with steps ahead from thirty minutes to six hours. The delays quantity was determined by autocorrelation function (ACF) and the number of neurons in the hidden layer was chosen by tests for different predictions. The results comparison allowed to conclude that the artificial neural network presented better predictions for steps ahead until two hours with MAPE error lower than 20%. Consequently, the proposed system permits a prior knowledge of the wind power to the system operator, as well as the network efficiency improvement.
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Index Terms: Wind power, wind speed forecast, time series, artificial neural network, autocorrelation function.
22.007 Minimização das Perdas e Custos de Operação em um Sistema de Distribuição Utilizando Alocação de Banco de Capacitores e Evolução Diferencial Binária com Restrições de Qualidade de Fornecimento T. A. Moreira1, M. Silva1, M. F. Castoldi1, S. A. Souza1, P. C. Lazarini2 e C. B. S. Silva2 1Universidade
Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Cornélio Procópio, PR, Brasil Paulista de Força e Luz, CPFL-Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brasil
2Companhia
This paper presents a methodology for the allocation of capacitor banks in radial distribution systems with binary differential evolution algorithm. The allocation of capacitor bank aims to reduce the electric losses from reactive power present in the network, aiming at the optimization of system operation and cost reduction. In this paper eight types of capacitor banks were used, among them four fixed types and four automatic types, where the algorithm is able to select possible combinations of capacitor bank installation, in order to minimize electrical losses, and consequently improve voltage and power factor in the bus feeder, without transgressing the standards imposed by regulatory agencies, and minimize the cost of installing capacitor banks. The methodology is tested in a real system of a Brazilian electricity distribution utility, considering two levels of demand. The results obtained demonstrate that the proposed algorithm was able to minimize conflicting objectives such as reduction of losses and cost, respecting the operational restrictions as well as, guaranteeing solutions that do not cause harmonic resonance, pointing to the applicability of the proposal of this work. Index Terms: Differential evolution algorithm, distribution systems, genetic algorithms, harmonic resonance, power capacitors.
22.010 Sintonia de Parâmetros de Métodos de Detecção de Eventos Baseada em Algoritmos Genéticos H. A. D. Azzini1, J. G. I. Cipriano1, A. C. V. da Silva2 e L. C. P. da Silva1 1Universidade
Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brasil Paulista de Força e Luz, CPFL-Paulista, SP, Brasil
2Companhia
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) aims to determine the individual consumption of each load inside a building from the detailed analysis of voltage and/or current measurements made at central location in the electrical system. Thus, the individual consumption of each appliance is disaggregated from the overall measurement, without entry into the installation and consequently, without physical access to the appliances. A disaggregation of loads can be summarized in three steps: event detection, recognition and consumption estimation. Event detection consists of determining when a load changes its state, that is, detecting an event is determining when a load is turn on/off or made a transition to another operating stage. An adequate performance of detection methods is fundamental to the good performance of the other steps, recognition and estimation of consumption. Tuning the detection methods parameters is very important, however, some methods of event detection have a complex interdependence between the parameters. Therefore, the main contribution of this work is the use of genetic algorithms to determine an optimal fit of parameters, since genetic algorithms are good solutions Book of Abstracts 163
for optimization problems in complex scenarios. Index Terms: Appliance switch-ON/OFF detection, genetic algorithms, non-intrusive load monitoring, smart home.
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TOPIC 23 EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY / POWER QUALITY
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23.001 La Presencia de Armónicas es ya un Problema para Nuestros Sistemas de Distribución J. C. Gómez, G. Zamanillo, E. Florena, F. Romero y S. Nesci Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
Power Quality is the property of the electric power that the customer receives, in what refers to the voltage waveform, amplitude and frequency. In Argentina, several regulations exist regarding the Quality of the Electric Supply where the acceptable maximum values are specified in the harmonic content of as well the voltage supplied by the utility as of the content of the current that the customer absorbs from the grid. Today, it is frequent the detection of problems of overloaded equipment and elements due to harmonic pollution as well of the utility distribution system as of the customer installation, such as transformers, neutral conductors, capacitors, motors, etc. Indeterminations and errors exist by the presence of harmonics in the measurement of power and energy, due to the lack of a definition of universal acceptance of the reactive magnitudes. The incorporation of customer equipment with new technologies should be carefully studied by their possible increment of the harmonic contamination, It is concluded in the urgent necessity to establish new limits of strict implementation in the levels of harmonic distortion of the voltages and currents, before levels are reached that make unmanageable the distribution system. Index Terms: Distribution systems, equipment damage, harmonics, power quality, regulations.
23.002 Sensibilidad de las Lámparas LED a los Huecos de Tensión J. C. Gómez, G. Campetelli, J. C. Amatti, C. Reineri y H. Rovere Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
Power Quality is the property of the electricity that the customer receives, in reference to voltage waveform, amplitude and frequency. In Argentina, regulations exist, in none of them voltage sags are considered, although its incidence is of world concern. Few papers on the impact of the voltage sag on the illumination led has been published. The effect of the voltage sag goes from the simple twinkling to the lamp turn-off. This lamp type introduces the necessity of power electronic, for what the interface represents a device to be included in the immunity study. In spite of being a recent technology, their diffusion advances quickly so much in domestic applications as everywhere. Today a quick and aggressive substitution is taken place. Eleven lamp types were selected of those of more diffusion in the market, testing also two power supply types. The voltage sag varied parameters were magnitude and duration. It is concluded that the led lamp is more immune to voltage sags than the incandescent and arc lamps. Presenting a particular behavior in what refers to the delay as much in the turn-off as in the self-turn-on. More study is required in order to obtain general conclusions. Index Terms: Immunity, LED lamps, power quality, power supply, voltage sags.
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23.004 Análise de Alocação de Filtros para Mitigação de Distorção Harmônica em Sistemas Elétricos de Distribuição M. P. C. da Silva1, R. C. Leborgne1 e V. Barrozo2 1Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS Brasil Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brasil
2Universidade
A methodology for optimal allocation of passive filters in an electrical distribution system is proposed in this study. Harmonic distortions are reduced using filters, however their location in the system requires attention. Depending on the choice of the installation’s place(s) of filter(s) there is the possibility of worsening the Power Quality by increasing harmonic distortion at other points. Thus, this research aims to find the optimal installation place using a minimum number of filters. Cases were simulated to observe the behavior of harmonic distortions according to the filters allocation. Initially filters were designed for certain buses and allocated in the proposed buses, so also at different points. It was observed that the best results to mitigate system average harmonic distortion did not occur with the installation of the filter for which proposed buses but in another which is more distant. The harmonic distortion mitigation was observed not only in the nearby buses, but also in the distant ones, while the initially proposed allocation was only good in mitigating harmonic distortion of nearby buses. This occurred as a consequence of the change of the harmonic current flow, and this highlighted the need for attention in choosing the buses for filters installation. Index Terms: Distorção harmônica, filtros, modelagem de sistemas elétricos, qualidade de energia, sistemas elétricos de potência.
23.006 Estudio de un Banco de Pruebas para la Determinación de la Eficiencia Energética de Motores Asincrónicos Trifásicos J. M. Trepat y P. A. Massa Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Bs As, Argentina
In our country and in many countries of the world, three-phase asynchronous motors require the order of sixty percent or more of the annual electricity consumption in the industry. Three-phase asynchronous motors play a significant role in industrial processes and energy efficiency is closely associated with the costs of production processes. For these reasons, many efforts are made, scientific and technical, to know in detail the efficiency of three-phase asynchronous motors. The changes that introduce technological improvements in this electric motors, from new designs and the use of new materials in their construction, are validated commercially through the so-called "energy efficiency labeling" that the legislation of each country considers mandatory. This process of labeling is ultimately a process of Product Certification by one of the systems that characterize it (brand, type, etc.) and that always require the carrying out of tests following standard procedures at national and international level. Given the importance of having means for the testing of these motors, a test bench with the following characteristics are performed: versatile, easy to operate and low power consumption during testing (regenerative). The latter compensates for a possible higher initial cost of the bank and over time is highly beneficial economically. The proposed bank uses a three-phase asynchronous motors, twin to the motor to be evaluated, operating as a generator, the load of the engine to be tested and completed with a primary electronic power supply, a back-to-back inverter or inverter with regenerative brake and the necessary protection and control devices. The use of a motor, identical to the machine to be evaluated, such as load and versatility provided by the power Book of Abstracts 167
electronics, allows the possibility of returning the energy to the grid so that in the process only the losses of the component elements of the test bank are consumed. A brief description of the standard methods of testing asynchronous electric motors are carried out, the operation of the asynchronous machine is analyzed as a generator, the components of the proposed test bench are presented and a typical case of bank operation is described for the determination of the energy efficiency of a three-phase asynchronous motors. Index Terms: Convertidores back to back, eficiencia energética, IEC 60034-2-1, motores asincrónicos trifásicos.
23.008 Sistema Transformador Atenuador de Harmônicos R. T. Ferraz1, E. L. Bonaldi2, L. E. de Lacerda de Oliveira2, G. Lambert-Torres2, L. E. Borges da Silva3, R. R. Pereira3, R. Bauwelz Gonzatti3 e A. C. V. Delgado4 1SUAPE
II, Brasil Gnarus, Brasil 3Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itajubá, MG, Brasil 4CGTI, Brasil 2Instituto
Nowadays, harmonics in all type of power system circuits are inevitable. However, its mitigation is a necessity and this mitigation must be made as close as possible to its generator source. This paper presents a harmonic attenuator set, which consists of phase-shifting distribution transformers and a hybrid active filter, which together mitigate harmonics in the auxiliary system of a thermoelectric plant. The transformer has the function to mitigate the standard harmonics, it means, certain harmonic currents, and the hybrid active filter eliminates non-conventional harmonic components. The proposed set has been developed for SUAPE Thermoelectric Power Plant, in Brazil. Index Terms: Eficiência energética, filtro ativo híbrido, gerador, harmônicos, transformador atenuador de harmônicos.
23.009 Avaliação da Perda de Carga em Grades de Tomada D’água com Infestação do Limnoperna Fortunei T. R. D. C. Souza1, D. M. D. A. Diniz3,4, A. L. P. Castro2, E. A. M. Rico1, J. L. Z. Tarqui1 e C. B. Martinez1 1Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brasil Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Brasil 3IBMEC, Brasil 4Centro Universitário UNA, Brasil
2Universidade
Brazil has in its energy matrix a large portion of hydroelectric generation, a portion that has been suffering for some time from the impacts caused by the infestation of Limnoperna fortunei, popularly known as golden mussel. This mollusk is an invasive species from South Asia, detected in South America in 1991 in the Rio de La Plata and since then its remains are found along all coast as well as ports and rivers throughout the Brazilian territory. This type of mussel, in addition to affecting the local fauna and flora has been causing problems through its incrustation in the pipes and conduits of all the hydroelectric network and also domestic. Its Book of Abstracts 168
fixation often causes the clogging of pipes with smaller diameters and in other cases the reduction of the internal diameter of the pipes, which causes an increase of load loss. There are several studies on how to control the infestation of the species, however, so far no reports have been made of any process that has eradicated or contained such infestation. This work presents an evaluation of the effect of scale in pipes of several diameters, being possible to determine the evolution of the factor of loss of load as a function of the infestation, varying it according to the number of layers of incrustation. The results show that the smaller the pipes, the greater the impacts related to the losses and the efficiency, both, when compared to systems without any type of incrustation. In many cases there may be a problem of occlusion of the pipes, causing system clogging. For larger diameters, the impact is proportionately smaller. However, as the number of scale layers increases there is an increase in the loss of charge in the system. It is important to emphasize that the mollusc in study, presents high proportions of infestation and is able to survive, develop and grow under different conditions, requiring new and constant observations regarding its progress on the hydrographic basins in Brazil. Index Terms: Golden Mussel, embedding, hydropower.
23.010 Estudo de Inversor Aplicado a um Sistema Fotovoltaico para Compensação de Reativos W. G. de Souza, M. A. Rocha, P. J. Amaral Serni, A. Ferreira Alves, A. L. Andreoli e P. S. da Silva Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
A importância e a utilização das fontes de energia renováveis, como a solar fotovoltaica, têm ganhado um grande destaque na matriz energética mundial devido à crescente demanda de eletricidade e aos problemas ambientais causados pelos combustíveis fósseis, levando os sistemas tradicionais a considerarem operações de créditos e custo de energia, fluxo de potência, estabilidade da rede de distribuição e qualidade da tensão e corrente utilizadas. Este trabalho apresenta uma topologia de inversores fotovoltaicos para o controle da potência reativa no sistema de distribuição para compensação ativa do fator de potência por meio da utilização do sistema estacionário αβ0 e de controladores proporcionais-ressonantes. Utilizando-se o software MATLAB/Simulink®, foi implementado um sistema fotovoltaico completo com algoritmo de MPPT capaz de compensar os reativos de diferentes tipos de cargas em um ponto de acoplamento comum (PAC) com a rede, composto de um conversor CC-CC e de um inversor trifásico de dois níveis com filtro LC. Os resultados observados atenderam o objetivo proposto, uma vez que o inversor conservou o fator de potência próximo da unidade em situações com variação acentuada da irradiação solar, além de manter o equilíbrio do fluxo de potência no sistema para variações bruscas na carga, além de conservar o perfil da tensão no PAC aproximadamente senoidal. Index Terms: Inversor fotovoltaico, fator de potência, controle de reativos, qualidade de energia.
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23.014 Dimensionamento de um Sistema de Alta Temperatura Utilizando Energia Solar e um Sistema Auxiliar para Processos de Pirólise G. R. A. Chumpitaz1, C. J. R. Coronado1, M. A. R. Nascimento1, J. J. Roberts2 e E. M. D. Santos1 1GETEC, 2IPBEN-UNESP
Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itajubá, MG, Brasil Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), SP, Brasil
As energy is the basis of society's development and way of life, it is necessary to research new sources of energy that are not based on fossil fuels, which are the main cause of emissions of pollutants into the environment. Pyrolysis stands out for its flexibility in terms of product yield and composition. The most common and usual ways of providing energy to the pyrolysis process are fuel oil, natural gas or electricity, which can be replaced by a renewable source, in this work, solar energy will be used as a thermal source. The objective of this work was designed an energy use system for the pyrolysis process based on solar thermal energy and an auxiliary system. The system has working flexibility, since pyrolysis depends on certain parameters, such as pyrolyzer type, temperature, heating rate, residence time and type of sample. Thus, in order to achieve different temperature ranges, a parameter that influences the yields of the products obtained (gas, liquid and coal), the proposal aims at dimensioning the parabolic solar concentrator, this system should reach a minimum temperature and should include an auxiliary system if the solar radiation is not sufficient at certain times throughout the day. Index Terms: Auxiliary system, design, parabolic dish, pyrolysis, solar energy.
23.017 Static Synchronous Compensator based on Modular Multilevel Converter B. S. Medeiros1, F. T. Ghetti2 and P. G. Barbosa1 2Federal
1Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), MG, Brazil Institute of Southeast of Minas Gerais (IFSUDESTEMG), MG, Brazil
This paper presents the principle of a Modular Multilevel Converter operating as Static Synchronous Compensator. The Modular Multilevel Converter has been proposed as an alternative topology to overcome limitations of conventional Voltage-Sourced Converters in high voltage networks, since it is possible to increase the converter capacity by adding more submodules per converter arm. Additionally, the modular structure permits the synthesis of multilevel voltage waveforms which simplify the design of harmonic filters and magnetic structures required to connect the converter to the mains. The submodules of each converter leg should have its dc voltages regulated and equalized. Digital simulation results are used to validate the control strategy of the Static Synchronous Compensator and to demonstrate the performance of the balancing algorithms used to regulate the submodules dc capacitors voltages. Finally, experimental results obtained with a small-scale prototype with three submodules per arm are presented to validate the digital time simulation results. Index Terms: Capacitor voltage balancing algorithm, digital simulation, MMC, multicarrier SPWM, STATCOM.
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23.021 Harmonics in Three-Phase Transformers to Columns with Fe-Si and Amorphous cores C. O. Dimenna and G. A. Bacino Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
The objective of this work is to obtain an evaluation of the harmonic generation at different states of load of three-phase 250 kVA power transformers, with Amorphous and Fe-Si cores by means of simulations. The nonlinear behavior is based on the magnetic saturation curves obtained from the characteristics of the materials. This is a case of analysis that constitutes a methodological example, since it is part of the calculation or design of the transformer and based on it, the electrical parameters for the simulation were calculated. The harmonic components of phase and line currents were obtained by using the Fast Fourier Transforman (FFT). The simulations clearly show the influence of the magnetic circuit asymmetry, and the saturation of the laminations, as well as the differences in their harmonic content for the different loading conditions. Index Terms: Power quality, harmonics, modelling and simulation, three-phase transformers.
23.022 Optimal Configuration of Capacitor Banks by ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) J. Vignerte, C. Agüero, G. di Mauro and D. O. Anaut Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
The reactive energy must be compensated or neutralized, because it does not produce useful work, and in its movement from the generation to the load generates technical losses that not be eliminated but can diminished. There are also overloads in all elements of the system for this effect. This paper study arbitrary number of capacitor banks, randomly installed in the standardized 33-node distribution network for validate results, and seeks capacitive reactive power configuration injected by each bank to counteract the undesired effects of the phenomenon, minimizing losses and respecting imposed voltage limits. To do this, an algorithm used that explores the possible solutions and is inspired by the behavior of the ant colony (ACS) when it moves to find food. The simulations were done in object oriented C ++ programming language, of great versatility and as result, reactive power configuration is obtained that minimizes losses and improves the voltage profile. The execution time of the program is acceptable (close to minute using standard computing resources) and provides reports of voltage profile and losses. Index Terms: Optimization, ant algorithms, reactive power.
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23.024 The Impact of Differential Rate Charging and the Power Factor for Low Voltage Consumers J. A. Cagnon, M. E. Bordon, M. N. Franchin and G. C. S de Santi Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
The current situation in Brazil, the search for solutions in the electric power sector and the frequent threat of supply and supply disruption (due to energy shortages) has motivated several segments of society to seek solutions that guarantee the maintenance of economic and social development. This study requires an identification of the installed load (installed power) of the consumer. And know its main electrical quantities, such as: power, voltage, current, demand and its power factor. In this context, the present work analyzes the impact of charging the differentiated tariff on low voltage consumers, as well as presenting data that can evaluate the residential electrical of the residential installations. Index Terms: Tariff modality, residential electrical, power factor.
23.025 Supervision System for Water Control and Measurement in Buildings J. A. Cagnon, M. E. Bordon, M. N. Franchin and A. C. Mendes Trentini Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brasil
This work aims at the configuration of a system of supervision, management and control of the distribution of treated water in apartment buildings of collective use. For the development of this work the control software that uses C language libraries and control system under controllable programmable logic. The contribution of this work is the implementation of a prototype of a dedicated management system, aiming to establish an individual measurement for each apartment of collective use, condominium, loss control and everything at the request of potable energy. The proposed system brings with it countless advantages, such as ease of implementation, operation and all low cost. Index Terms: Energy efficiency, supervision system, water control and measurement.
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TOPIC 24 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF POWER PLANTS
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24.001 Os Desafios da Regularização Ambiental de Uma Pequena Central Hidrelétrica no Ano de 2013, Cujos Aspectos e Impactos Estão Relacionados aos Equipamentos e Sistemas Produtivos de 1962 G. A. Santana de Sá, P. Magalhães Sobrinho e A. Nascimento Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Guaratinguetá, SP, Brasil
The purpose of this article is to introduce the challenges faced by a Brazilian electricity company during the process of environmental regulation of a small hydropower plant from which it holds the concession and whose operations start in 1962. Until 2011, given its historic value as well as the still incipient application of a greater rigidity of environmental legislation, this small hydropower plant whose installed capacity is 30 MW had the term of its environmental license expired. The concessionaire of the hydroelectric exploitation in question, which has contractual obligations established in the concession contract no 65/1999 with the National Electricity Agency - ANEEL, with emphasis on compliance with the current environmental legislation, saw the almost 50 years of operation with provisional environmental permits and based on the lack of environmental legislation. The central challenge: the modernization and updating of production methods that were still linked to the beginning of the operation of the small hydroelectric plant in 1962 so that the negative environmental impacts could be solved and consequently the environmental regularization of said plant could be achieved according to the current environmental legislation. The study aims to contribute to other entrepreneurs who find themselves in similar situations. Index Terms: Commercial law, environmental engineering, environmental management, hydroelectric power generation.
24.002 Importância dos Dados Experimentais em Simulações Computacionais F. L. F. O. Tomé, R. S. Alonso, L. P. Santos, M. T. C. Faria, M. C. Sampaio e E. M. F. Viana Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
Ecological continuity, in particular, a longitudinal connectivity of watercourses, which has become the main restoration factor in watercourses regulated by dams, requiring the construction of a Fish Transposition Mechanism (MTP). The success of any such project depends on both the study of the national capacity of sites for the site and the analysis of the most appropriate hydraulic and structural parameters. This work presents a comparison of results obtained experimentally in prototype with those of computer numerical simulation of the study of the hydraulic behavior of a Fish Transposition Mechanism (MTP) of the ladder type with vertical groove, with the objective of analyzing the velocity fields, the levels of energy dissipation and Reynolds shear stress. The mathematical simulation model was developed using the finite volume elements method, with Flow3D software, being corrected for access to a coherent mathematical model according to the physical experiments, so that it can be used in future projects in which there are variations in the design of the fish ladder among other possibilities. Index Terms: Fishway ladder, energy dissipation, reynolds shear stress, mathematical simulation.
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24.003 Slope Influence on Variation of Reynolds Stream Inside a Tank of Fishway F. L. F. O. Tomé, M. C. Sampaio, E. M de F. Viana, R. S. Alonso e J. L. Z. Tarqui Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
The growing demand for electric power promotes the increase of hydroelectric plant construction in Brazil. However, the impacts of this type of system should be mitigated. Among them there are systems to allow the free movement of fish. The success of a fishway design depends both on the study of the swimming ability of fish as the analysis of the most appropriate hydraulic and structural parameters of the mechanism for passing migrant fish during the spawning season. The study of the fish increase efficiency by fishway depends on the monitoring of speed, energy dissipation and Reynolds shear stress along the path. Turbulence can increase the energy cost of locomotion of fish to extremely high levels, causing bodily harm or even the death of these organisms. The Reynolds shear stress is related to the continuous transfer of moments between masses of water with adjacent viscosities, these masses of water having different speeds. This tension exerts a force parallel to the body of the fish, which can cause a strong interference in its swimming performance and stability. The impact of shear stress depends on its direction in relation to the body of the organism. reports that the longitudinal component of the Reynolds shear stress (τxy) is the one that mainly affects the fish, where the x direction corresponds to longitudinal, and y the transversal to the channel. The Reynolds shear stress found in nature is low, more often less than 100 Pa. This stress value can be easily supported by fish, but values greater than 500 Pa can cause damage. With respect to Reynolds shear stress in all flow and slope conditions, the fish find possible areas of passage so that the values do not reach the defined limit that was 500 N / m2. However, there is a need to verify the influence of the exposure time on the different voltage magnitudes and, therefore, to verify a real limitation of this system. Index Terms: Fishway design, fish passages, swimming capacity, Reynolds.
24.004 Slope Influence on Variation of Velocity Inside a Tank of Fishway F. L. F. O. Tomé1 , M. C. Sampaio1, , E. M. de F. Viana1, R. S. Alonso1, D. M. de A. Diniz2 1Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil 2Centro Universitário UNA
In Brazil most of the electricity generation is from hydroelectric plants. In 2014 hydroelectric generation contributed by 65.2% of the total generated in the country. In that same year the installed capacity reached 133,914 MW (EPE, 2015). These plants have as characteristic the installation of dam along the cascade of the rivers with the consequent interruption of the fish passage and other organisms. One of the solutions that can be adopted to mitigate this interruption is the restoration of the ecological continuity, promoting the longitudinal connectivity of the rivers. This type of action is considered as the main factor in the restoration of watercourses regulated by dams. For the restoration of the ecological continuity one can choose the construction of Fish Passage that will allow the upward flow of migratory fish to the dam area. The ability of the fish to pass through the Fish Passage depends on the velocity of the flow, the energy dissipation inside the tanks, the Reynolds shear stress along the course and the swimming capacity of the individuals. The evaluation of the velocity field of the flow in the tanks is of fundamental importance to allow the passage of fish since they have limited capacity of swimming. The time and speed with which fish undergo fatigue are used to calculate their Book of Abstracts 175
swimming speed. The value of the flow velocity in the structure should not exceed the limit supported by the animal. The speed of swimming of the mandi (Pimelodus maculatus), a common fish in Brazil, and which can be considered as representative for the southeast region, is adopted in this work. The swim velocity for this species of fish is 1.3 m/s which is the mean critical velocity at first spawning. This work presents a study of the hydraulic behavior of a vertically slit MTP that can be considered as an appropriate structure for most Hydroelectric plant in the Southeastern Region of Brazil. This Fish Passage has the following characteristics: a) discharge of 55 m³ / h (reduced model) or 2.35 m³ / s (prototype); B) slopes of 6; 8; 10 and 12%. The results observed by the velocity field analysis show that the variation of the slope does not result in great interference in the possible area for the passage of the fish. As the declivity increases there is an increase in velocity in the main stream, but areas with velocities of less than 1.3 m / s that allow passage of individuals of this species (Pimelodus maculatus) by fish passage remain. Index Terms: Hydroeletric plants; Fish Passages; Swimming Capacity; Velocity Field; Declivity Increases.
24.005 Metodologia para Fixação de Carcaças de Mexilhão Dourado na Confecção de Modelos Físicos D. M. A. Diniz1, R. O. S. Perea2, T.R. Costa3, A. P. M. Saliba3, C. B. Martinez3 e S. A. Coelho3 1Ibmec
e Centro Universitário UMA, Brasil Federal do Acre (UFAC), Brasil 3Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil 2Universidade
The golden mussel (MD) is invasive in the American continent, observed for the first time in 1991, Rio La Plata, Argentina, presenting high reproductivity, fast growth and ability to adhere to solid substrates, forming agglomerates with up to 150,000 individuals / m2. Their larvae are microscopic, free, living under water effects for their dispersal. Its incrustations have caused damages in all places where contaminated water circulates. Studies are being developed to know the invader and control its spread. Despite the latest scientific advances, there is still no universal theory that models complex systems considering aspects such as constituents heterogeneity and interactions with other systems. Physical models are considered appropriate for some studies. For example, the influence of MD on hydraulic systems is worked with colonies of dead and stabilized individuals, eliminating risks of contamination and mortality. However, the carcasses are fragile to handle and suffer dimensional variations due to breakage and compromise the results. This work presents procedures to generate colonies of similar appearance to the real aggregates and resistant to water flow high velocities. The proposed technique was used by researchers for UFMG Hydraulic and Water Resources Research Center presenting satisfactory results with possibility of reuse of the colonies. Index Terms: Animal behavior, environmental monitoring, modeling, pest control.
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24.006 Impactos Ambientais Associados à Utilização do Gás SF6 nos Disjuntores de Potência M. A. Tavares Lira1, L. Mendes Rodrigues2 e E. Mariano2 1Universidade 2Universidade
Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Brasil Estadual do Ceará (UECE), Brasil
Since the 1940s, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has been widely used in the electrical sector, mainly as an insulating medium and for the extinction of the electric arc in power circuit breakers, and its emissions are practically all of anthropogenic origin. Its deliberate release to the environment should be avoided as it is a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide at 20,000 times. In the electrical sector the release of SF6 into the environment is associated to the manufacturing and operation phases of the equipment. In the operation of the circuit breaker there is the leakage of larger proportions caused by a fault followed by pole explosion, in other cases it is associated to the small leaks caused by wear of a seal due to the time. Considering that the explosion of a circuit breaker are atypical cases, resulting from a manufacturing failure or lack of preventive maintenance, the article will estimate the contribution of the small leaks to the environment. Then, from the history of the occurrences registered for maintenance related to the complementation of SF6 gas in the circuit breakers, it was possible to quantify the volume of gas that was released in the period from 2009 to 2016. Index Terms: Electrical, equipments, maintenance, substation, volume.
24.007 Estudo de Barreiras Elétricas e uma Nova Configuração para Distribuição de Campo Elétrico L. Brando1, L. M. Custódio2, M. F. S. Barroso1 e R. E. Lopes2 1Universidade
Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Santo Antônio, MG, Brasil Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Itabira, MG, Brasil
2Universidade
Among the greatest challenges related to the implantation of hydroelectric plant is important to consider environmental impacts. One of the biggest trouble is related to the upstream path and downstream of fish. Those migrations are essential to the animals population, justifying the existence of efficient system fish path which avoid the mortality of them own during their way through the hydroelectric barrage. In many places all around the world, electric barriers are used to drive off and/or contain fishes into a limited area. To electric barrier building it is necessary to have knowledge about shock absorption limits by part of the fishes involved, your answer levels to tension levels, amplitude, frequency, electric barrier geometry (distribution way of electric camp in the water), water parameters like conductivity and temperature. After a detail analysis of these parameters, a barrier could be determined inside the acceptable limits or not. The acceptable limits are the fish expulsion from a determinate dangerous area without putting your life in danger purposeful. Thus, this project aims to present the problems of the current electric barriers and to present a new configuration for Brazilian species that suffer directly from the problem of power plant dams. Index Terms: Electric barrier, electro sensitivity, fish mortality, hydroelectric.
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TOPIC 25 INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA ACQUISITION
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25.002 Identificação e Classificação de Cargas Através do Conteúdo Harmônico Via Redes Neurais Artificiais Fazendo Uso de um Sistema de Aquisição de Dados Baseado em Arduino C. A. Gomes de Souza, E. Biasotto Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, MS, Brasil
This paper presents the study of the current harmonics content as a feature for load disaggregation and classification. The setup developed for data acquisition was based on Arduino, in order to be simple and inexpensive, that way it can be easily reproduced and improved. The system consists of a current transformer (CT), a voltage transformer (VT), a signal conditioning circuit, and the Arduino UNO R3 as the analog-to-digital converter and communication hub with the computer. Data were obtained from a set of three different pairs of lamps: incandescent, compact fluorescent and LEDs. A script created in Matlab was in charge of storing the data obtained and input it in a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm in order to extract the harmonics content. It was observed that the first five odd harmonics (1a, 3a, 5a, 7a e 9a) were quite distinct among the loads. From this data set, the use of harmonics as a way for load classification was investigated by employing the Neural Network Pattern Recognition tool on Matlab, a classification neural network. The results obtained were excellent, with a precision around 90%, showing that indeed the current harmonics are a source of reliable data that can be used to identify different types of loads. Index Terms: Desagregação de cargas, harmônicos, redes neurais artificiais.
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TOPIC 26 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TELEMETRY
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26.001 Uso del Catastro Georreferenciado de la D.P.E. para la Localización de Fallas en Sistemas de Distribución C. A. Agüero, C. I. Babic, G. F. di Mauro y J. Vignerte Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
This paper presents a methodology for the Geographic Information System (GIS) implementation and the development of computer tools on the same platform. That would allow the cooperatives and distribution companies in Buenos Aires province to take advantage of the information that annually delivers to The Provincial Direction of Energy (DPE) according to the 1922/09 disposition known as “Georeferenced Cadaster”. This article descri es ase software’s characteristics and the criteria used in the selection of it in order to simplify the start-up and maintenance, allowing the exchange of information with other calculation, analysis and simulation tools to enable the Fault Localization in Distribution Systems. In conclusion, it shows the interaction between the GIS and the calculation tool developed in a Matlab environment. The GIS in a first stage provides the necessary data to perform the calculation of the fault distance. The same data in a second stage identifies the network or fault points by visualizing the result in the graphical environment. Index Terms: Geografic information system, rural power distribution, power distribution faults, fault location, power quality.
26.002 Herramientas de Análisis de Topologías para el Modelado de Redes Eléctricas de Distribución C. Agüero, G. di Mauro, D Anaut, J. Strack, J. Vignerte y L. Nicolini Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
This paper presents the experience of the Research Group on the implementation of a Geographic Information System (GIS) specifically designed for the management and analysis of power distribution networks. Within the main tools in a GIS we found topographic analysis of spatial networks, which has in close years become an indispensable tool when making the study of the interconnection of electricity grids, and from this, allow to information selection for a geographic area of study. Nowadays, these techniques are possible to have the benefits of linking between the plots and digital mapping in GIS that are designed to satisfy specific roles in the level of Systems Decision Support Space. In this work will be explored this potentiality technical and methodological studying a specific application: modeling of medium and low voltage distribution networks of electricity companies and cooperatives and its application in the planning and maintenance of electrical service. Below are listed the purpose of the application, previous definitions that have had to make to afront the study, a detail of geographic supplies and their sources of supply, presentation and interpretation of the results and considerations arising from the work done and the results obtained. Index Terms: Geografic Information Sistem, rural power distribution, topographic analysis.
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TOPIC 27 ENGINEERING EDUCATION
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27.001 GAtoolbox: a Matlab-based Genetic Algorithm Toolbox for Function Optimization J. J. Roberts1, A. M. Cassula2, J. L. Silveira1, P. O. Prado3 and J. C. Freire Junior2 1IPBEN-UNESP
Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), SP, Brasil Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Guaratinguetá, SP, Brasil 3Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina 2Universidade
In this article the main features of a Genetic Algorithm based optimization toolbox (GAtoolbox) are presented. The toolbox was developed to be used as a teaching tool for undergraduate/postgraduate optimization courses. To this end, it was developed in Matlab scientific programming environment due to the extended use of this software in most academic and scientific environments. After a brief theoretical background about Genetic Algorithms, the general structure of the GAtoolbox is presented. Finally, it is presented an example of implementation where the procedure to solve an optimization problem using the GAtoolbox is shown step by step. Index Terms: Evolutionary algorithms, mono objective optimization, multiobjective optimization, programming, teaching tool.
27.002 Power Factor Concepts with Nonsinusoidal Current Through LabVIEW: a Learning Tool Y. Q. Marinho and P. J. A. Serni Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brasil
Although various definitions of power quality can be stated, it can be generically understood as voltage, current or frequency deviations that result in an equipment malfunction. The power quality concepts can be of complicated understanding because they involve nonsinusoidal currents and voltages, diverging from the traditional power theory, allowing diverse interpretations and confusing many professionals of the area. In this work, a virtual instrument (VI) for the study of the power factor with nonsinusoidal current in an interactive and real time platform was developed using LabVIEW software from National Instruments. For the simulation, a phase-controlled single-phase AC voltage controller was chosen, resulting in widely nonsinusoidal load current with non-zero shooting angle. The VI front panel presents the option of controlling the load current peak amplitude, as well as the shooting angle. There is also the option of selecting the compensation of the reactive power or current harmonic components. In addition to the nonsinusoidal powers – apparent, active, reactive and distortion – and the power factor and current harmonic distortion, according to IEEE Std 1459 (2010), the VI shows the voltage and current waveforms in the circuit, as well as their root mean square values and harmonic components. Index Terms: Computerized instrumentation, distortion measurement, electrical engineering education, power quality, reactive power.
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27.003 Desenvolvimento de um Kit Didático para Conversores CC-CC com Aplicação em Sistemas Fotovoltaicos F. da C. Ferreira, J. dos S. Ramos, N. Carvalho, Â. R. de Oliveira, L. C. Gambôa Lopes, L. O. A. Júnior e R. H. Rosemback Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Leopoldina, MG, Brasil
An unregulated voltage from photovoltaic panel (PV) feeds the DC-DC converter and its output suffers variations due external factors. These output variations can be converted to an adjustable voltage value with maximum of stability, efficiency and can extract maximum power PV panels can generate using MPPT to control the static converter. In this paper, a didactic kit, focused on DC-DC converters for PV generators is developed. First, a general overview about some existing static converters is done and the more suitable topologies for the PV applications according to literature are detailed. The selected DC-DC converters presented in literature are modeled in PSCAD and simulated with PV panels. Then, prototypes of the DC-DC converters are assembled and field tests are developed with them. So, it is proposed a learning methodology based on comparisons with the simulated results and test fields, as much as the behavior between the different types of converters. Results show a kit with DC-DC converters available for computational simulations and to be applied in field tests, with practical experiments where it is possible to observe the differences between the converters, in terms of modeling and operation, reinforcing the learning related to this type of converter and its application. Index Terms: DC-DC boost converter, didactic kit, interleaved, multilevel, PV application.
27.004 Electricity Auction Simulator as a Learning Tool Considering the Brazilian Electricity Market D. A.V. Gonçalves1, B. S. M. C. Borba1, B. H. Dias2, L. Willer de Oliveira2 and E. B. Xavier2 1Universidade 2Universidade
Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brasil Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
In order to obtain fair tariffs, energy came to be traded through systematic auctions composed by two or more stages and with different market clearing price methodologies. Since then, teaching how electricity is traded has become a big challenge for professors due to the complexity involved in the auctions’ design. This paper presents a teaching approach that combines a mixture of traditional and active learning experiment done through a simulator that reproduces the auction of electricity from existing capacity in Brazil’s market. During the simulation, undergraduate students at Fluminense Federal University were separate into groups to play the role of generation companies. Afterwards, they had to take economic decisions and to compete among themselves for selling energy in the regulated wholesale market or signing bilateral contracts in a deregulated environment. At the end of the experiment, an evaluation of the learning activity was done by the students through a research survey. Index Terms: Active based learning, auction, contracts, education, game-based learning, group work, power market, power system economics, simulator, training.
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27.005 Development of a Computational tool for Three-phase Power Flow analysis of Unbalanced Distribution Systems with DG R. P. Barcelos1, A. C. Marchesan2, L. Zapata1, S. Hunsche1 and G. Cardoso Jr1 1Universidade 2Instituto
Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil Federal Farroupilha (IFFARROUPILHA), Jaguari, RS, Brasil
This paper provides an approach of a developed computational tool for three-phase unbalanced power flow calculation, including DG analysis, in way to assist the power flow studies in distribution systems. Newton-Raphson method routine has developed to provide the power flow calculation. Thru simulation on MATLAB®, IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder system and the influence of DGs in the system are performed by this propose tool in this paper. The ring network analysis is also accomplish in this simulation test, with investigate about this challenger topology for the power flow methods. Through of this approach the main objective is provide to the engineering students more information about power flow calculation at distribution systems and the impacts of the DG penetration, understanding how can build a routine to solve this problem contemplating all the characteristics. Index Terms: DG analysis, Newton Raphson method, power distribution, three phase power flow, unbalanced system.
27.006 Development of an Educational Platform for Short-Circuit Studies in Unbalanced Systems S. Hunsche1, A. C. Marchesan2, C. Lázaro1 and G. Cardoso Jr1 1Universidade 2Instituto
Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil Federal Farroupilha (IFFARROUPILHA), Jaguari, RS, Brasil
This paper demonstrates the development of a computational algorithm for calculating short-circuit current levels using the Symmetrical Components Method (SCM), which takes into consideration the three-phase representation of the electrical network and safeguards the information a out the system’s un alance in the mathematical model. The algorithm is implemented using Matlab, given its easy of use. The user can provide the input parameters using a text file. From the input data, the software assembles the nodal admittance and nodal impedance matrices, both used to perform the calculations. The selection of short-circuit type and occurrence location can e directly informed in Matla ’s command window. After the calculations are performed, the results containing magnitude and phase for the fault currents, voltages and the report containing the current contributions to the fault, for all the system’s phases, are exported in a text file. For performance evaluation, the IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder were used, comparing the results obtained by [7]. By looking at the results, one could verify the algorithm provides good precision results, confirming its suitability for analysing short-circuits in generic unbalanced systems. Index Terms: Computational algorithm, Matlab, phase components, short-circuit, unbalanced systems.
Book of Abstracts 186
27.007 Comparação Interlaboratorial Utilizando Fonte de Luz Elétrica para a Qualidade de Dados E. C. Burini Junior, E. R. Santos e A. G. Kanashiro Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brasil
Results from laboratory surveys with different sources for lighting are presented and considered. Electrical characteristics as luminous flux, chromaticity coordinates, correlated color temperatures, color reproduction index among other parameters considered relevant, were obtained using routine procedures of photometry and radiometry. The luminous flux was determined from the Ulbricht sphere (integrator) and also with computer aided goniometer. The results allowed access to important references in the context of interlaboratory comparison and proficiency testing for incandescent light sources, HPS and SSL (LED). Among the deviations from parameters and estimated quantities, we highlight that the luminous flux variability found was very low. Data accumulated during an extensive period of time was considered, in addition to interactions with important local institutions the work considers interfaces with institutions from Argentina and Colombia. In the case of HPS lamp type, the determination performed by the IEE / USP revealed result, in absolute value, higher than the value assigned by the laboratory that coordinated the national effort. Sampling and tabulations performed during national interlaboratorial activity with public lighting luminaires were started, and the larger dispersion of relative values observed (13%) occurred for correlated color temperature parameter. Index Terms: Comparação interlaboratorial, ensaio de proficiência, fluxo luminoso, eficiência luminosa (lm/W), LED.
Book of Abstracts 187