ENERGY EFFICIENT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS [PDF]

ENERGY EFFICIENT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

Nuno Borges Carvalho, [email protected]

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IEEE/MTT-S MEMBERSHIP IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

Benefits & Opportunities at a Glance

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

STAYING TECHNICALLY CURRENT WITH YOUR MTT-S MEMBERSHIP 9 IEEE Publications plus monthly e-Newsletter for cost of MTT membership including . . . IEEE Microwave Magazine  7 issues per year including in-depth tutorials on current technical topics, columns by industry leaders, and announcements of technical events . . . free with MTT-S membership Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese translations of dozens of classic microwave magazine articles available free IEEE MTT-S e-Newsletter  12 monthly issues announcing MTT-S events, calls for papers, spotlight on Microwave Magazine articles and other opportunities free with membership. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques  15 issues (electronic) with membership. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters  12 issues (electronic) with membership. IEEE Transactions on Terhertz Science and Technology  6 issues (electronic) with membership. - Publications are available digitally via IEEE Xplore and in hardcopy form for additional fee.

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

WHY JOIN!! Membership paying for itself As much as 50% off IEEE products Registration discounts on all IEEE conferences Additional Benefits (add-ons)… the power of volume purchasing*… Financial Services Insurance Services Home & Office Services Travel Services Society

IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society

Member Member Student Student Full Year $24.00

Half Year* $12.00

Full Year $10.00

Half Year* $5.00

IT – INSTITUTO DE TELECOMUNICAÇÕES E DE AVEIRO

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

located in Portugal’s central region IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

Institutional Presentation

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

the university in numbers

13200

910

students

4900 in post-graduation

90

professors

researchers

630

300

77

Non-teaching staff

postdocs

488000

(11500 online)

nationalities (campus)

1100

6

beds

canteens

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

INSTITUTO DE TELECOMUNICAÇÕES

Porto Aveiro Covilhã Coimbra Leiria

Networks & Multimedia

Wireless Comm

Optical Comm

Enabling Tech & Basic Sciences

Tomar Lisboa Setubal Évora Faro

Wireless Power Transmission and Backscatter Sensors

K band GaN MMIC Design

RADIO SYSTEMS BOOKS 2003 uuu

2013 uuu

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Defence UaV transceiver design

Modelling and Characterization of Mixed-Signal Mixed-mode systems

IoT sensor bateryless devices

Cloud RAN Access Points

ARTECH HOUSE

GaN SpaceRelated Test

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

uuu

Radio Frequency Overlay

Gbps Spectrum Aggregation Microwave Links

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

INSTITUTO DE TELECOMUNICAÇÕES 2014

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

RADIO SYSTEM PROJECTS

MTT-20

ENERGY EFFICIENT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

Nuno Borges Carvalho, [email protected]

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

MOTIVATION COMMUNICATIONS

Pre historical smoke signals burning wood

Carrier pigeons corn 15th century Discovery era wind and food

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

IOT-IOE WIRELESS THINGS

Low bit Rate • Low Power • Low complexity

High bit Rate • High Power • High complexity

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

MOTIVATION ENERGY FOOTPRINT The bright Smart Future ….

Smart City

Battery Waste

Smart Car Wireless Data

Huge Amount of Disposals

Smart eHealth Smart House Electrical Cars

Large Amount of Energy

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Mobile gadgets

Base Station Consumption 37%

40% 10%

13%

Air Conditioning Power Suply Signal Processing (Analogue-Digital) Power amplifier including Feeder

One base station Network

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

MOTIVATION ENERGY WASTE IN MOBILE NETWORKS

Source: 2010 data http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

MOTIVATION ENERGY WASTE IN IOT Standby Energy

Battery Manufacturing

Source: 2016 data

http://edna.iea-4e.org

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BATTERIES IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

Batteries take hundreds of years to decompose, posing a serious threat to the public health and to the environment. 

Considering 4 Million habitual residences in Portugal ( INE – Censos 2011) and assuming that: 75% of them have a TV equipment  40% have a cable TV Box  30% have a Sound System 

Case study

 

We end up with an average of 5.8 Millions of remotes in Portugal Assuming two batteries per remote and two battery changes per year we have a …

total of 23.2 Millions batteries being wasted every year !! 19

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS Low Power Sensors

Cloud RAN

Wireless Power Transmission

Fully Smart Radio

BackScatter

White Spaces

Internet of Everything Infrastructure

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED Cloud RAN Access Point Design Sensor Design based on Backscatter and WPT 21

CLOUD RAN IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

RF Hardware issues

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

CLOUD RAN

Save Energy Consumption

Match Tidal Traffic Migration

Reduce Cell Interference,

Concise Network Topology

Smooth Evolution

Source: White Paper - “Fronthaul & Cloud RAN Evolutions” (Orange, PT, NTT, Swisscom)

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Scenario : China Mobile typical site model, total power consumption of traditional macro BS is 100%

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

CLOUD RAN RAN Energy Consumption Breakdown

Base Station

Airconditioner

Others (MW, Lights etc)

Total

Traditional Macro Base Station

48%

46%

6%

100%

Distributed Base Station

24%

32%

5%

61%

39%

20.4%

9.6%

2%

32%

68%

C-RAN Architecture

Energy Saving (%)

Notes: Energy saving data may vary with regions and site models Traditional Macro Base Station

Distributed Base Station

C-RAN Architecture

0%

20%

40%

Base Station

60% Air-conditioner

80%

100% Others

120% 24

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

C-RAN ARCHITECTURES AS AN ENABLER OF 5G High bandwidth

Xilinx KC705 Evaluation Board

>100MHz

FPGA Kintex-7

AD9361

Decompression

Agile Frequency

Reconfigurable

SFP

400MHz up to 27GHz (?) PLL Jitter Cleaner (MGT)

DAC DAC

Compression CPRI Interface

Ethernet MAC

AD9361 Interface

Embedded Processor

Recovered Clock

PLL CDCE72010

PA

AFE ADC ADC

LNA

PLLs

External Clock Reference

Variable Output Power

Low Latency High PAPR Signal Handling

DIGITAL

ANALOG

>64 QAM OFDMA 25

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

ALL DIGITAL RADIOS Limited dynamic Range !! Limited frequency operation !! Will be resolved soon

R. F. Cordeiro, André Prata, Arnaldo S. R. Oliveira, Member, J. M. N. Vieira, and Nuno Borges Carvalho, “Agile All-Digital RF Transceiver Implemented in FPGA”, submitted to IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO (SDR) RECEIVERS RF

Baseband

IF

ADC

Mixer RF

LPF BPF RF

LNA

BPF IF

RF

DSP

IF Mixer RF

or ADC

DSP or FPGA

ADC

FPGA

BPF RF

LNA

BPF IF

LPF 90⁰

LO RF

LO IF

Direct conversion

LO

Baseband conversion

RF ADC BPF RF

LNA

DSP or FPGA

Direct sampling conversion

Bandpass sampling conversion

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SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO (SDR) TRANSMITTER IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

Transmitter

RF DAC

PA BPF

Direct Sampling Transmitter

Super-Heterodyne Transmitter VOutFS

0

TS/2

time

TS

NRZ Mode VOutFS TS 0

TS/2

time

-VOutFS

Direct-Conversion Transmitter Source: Maxim Integrated Application Note 5446 Direct-Sampling DACs in Theory and Application

Mix Mode 28

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

SUB SAMPLING & DIRECT SAMPLING MIXED SIGNALS

Ribeiro, D.C.; Prata, A.; Cruz, P.M.; Borges Carvalho, N., " D -Parameters: A Novel Framework for Characterization and Behavioral Modeling of Mixed-Signal Systems," in Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.63, no.10, pp.3277-3287, Oct. 2015

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

C-RAN MIXED SIGNAL APPROACH Matching between Analog and MixedSignal

Conversion response variation over frequency

Nonlinear Behaviour inherent to the SoC integration

 bit N (t )2 N 1  bit N 1 (t )2 N  2  Vref  . N       bit (t )2  bit (t )  2 2 1   Digital Domain

Analog Domain DAC

PA BPF

FPGA

ADC

LNA

BPF

P. Cruz, N. B. Carvalho and K. A. Remley, "Designing and Testing SoftwareDefined Radios," in IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 83-94, June 2010.

DIGITAL

ANALOG 30

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

C-RAN MIXED SIGNAL APPROACH Matching between Analog and MixedSignal

Conversion response variation over frequency

Nonlinear Behaviour inherent to the SoC integration

There is a need for a mixed-signal characterization DAC

ADC

Texas Instruments ADC and DAC

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

MIXED SIGNAL INSTRUMENTATION Mixed-Signal Network Analyzer

The mixed-signal network analyzer as a viable solution for the complete analysis of integrated SDR and CR emerging solutions

Rx

Rx

Rx

Rx

D

D Rx

RF

CLK

Digital

Mixed-Signal DUT

P.M. Cruz; N.B. Carvalho; K.A. Remley; K.G. Gard; “Mixed Analog-Digital Instrumentation for Software Defined Radio Characterization”, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, June 2008

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MIXED SIGNAL CHARACTERIZATION IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

Two possibilities exist in this characterization approach

SIGNAL INTEGRITY APPROACH **

SYSTEM BEHAVIORAL MODEL APPROACH Ribeiro, D.C.; Prata, A.; Cruz, P.M.; Borges Carvalho, N., " D -Parameters: A Novel Framework for Characterization and Behavioral Modeling of Mixed-Signal Systems," in Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.63, no.10, pp.3277-3287, Oct. 2015

A. Ferrero; V. Teppati; E. Fledell; B. Grossman; T. Ruttan; “Microwave multiport measurements for the digital world”, IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 12, no. 1, Feb. 2011

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

FORMULATING A MIXED-SIGNAL MODEL db2 ( ) 

1 Z0T

T /2



[bit N (t )2 N 1      bit1 ].

T / 2

Vref 2

N

.e  jt dt

D-parameters

D21 ≡ S21 a1

D11 ≡ S11

b1

Mixed-signal Device

Binary value to volt. ideal conv.

db2 da2

0

Port 2

Port 1 Port 3

a3

Linear formulation

b3 (Clock)

D12 ≡ S12

Ribeiro, D.C.; Prata, A.; Cruz, P.M.; Borges Carvalho, N., " D -Parameters: A Novel Framework for Characterization and Behavioral Modeling of Mixed-Signal Systems," in Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.63, no.10, pp.3277-3287, Oct. 2015

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

ADC MODELLING

Ribeiro, D.C.; Prata, A.; Cruz, P.M.; Borges Carvalho, N., " D -Parameters: A Novel Framework for Characterization and Behavioral Modeling of Mixed-Signal Systems," in Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on , vol.63, no.10, pp.3277-3287, Oct. 2015

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CATV RFin

012

11

ADC 47 – 870 MHz

1.8 Gsps 10 bit

Clock Reference

0 2 4 6 8 10

1 3 5 7 9 11

FPGA Dual 10G optical link

Frammer data split and port synchronization

Dual Dual 10G XFP/ PCS/PMA SFP+ Core

Dual Dual 10G XFP/ PCS/PMA SFP+ Core

Deframmer data mux and port synchronization

0 2 4 6 8 10

1 3 5 7 9 11

Clock Recovery

Serializers

FPGA

Deserializers

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

MULTI-CHANNEL IMPLEMENTATION

012

http://www.alticelabs.com/rfo/

Registered patent: PT20140107651 20140522

CATV RFout

DAC 1.8 Gsps 10 bit

870 MHz

11

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

MULTI-CHANNEL IMPLEMENTATION

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IOT IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

RF Hardware issues

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FOR LOW BIT RATE

IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

APPROACHES SOLUTIONS

Low Cost

Massive Deployment

Low Power Sensors

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IT- DETI – Universidade de Aveiro ([email protected])

MARKET SOLUTIONS

POWER CONSUMPTION

Typical example from one of the top sellers of IoT Sensors

SoC 1 - Sub