Idea Transcript
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java A Report of Work Package 2
CAREPI TECHNICAL TEAM FOR YOGYAKARTA AND CENTRAL JAVA 4/4/2009 Authored by: Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi, Lilis Setiartiti, Surya Budi Lesmana, Saibun
IDENTIFICATION OF ENERGY‐RELATED NEEDS AND PRIORITIES OF POOR COMMUNITIES IN SOKAWERA VILLAGE, CENTRAL JAVA A Report of Work Package 2 Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Version 1 (Draft Version)
CAREPI TECHNICAL TEAM OF YOGYAKARTA AND CENTRAL JAVA REGION
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WP‐2 REPORT
Identification of Energy‐related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java
Written by: Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi, Ph.D.; Lilis Setiartiti, MS.; Surya Budi Lesmana, M.Eng., Saibun, ST.
PUSPER Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta Supervised by: Nico H. van der Linden, MSc. Koen E.L. Smekens, MSc
Energy research Centre of the Netherlands Oetomo Tri Winarno, MT.
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Assisted by: Pamungkas Jutta P., Aprilia K. (PUSPER UMY)
© 2009 CAREPI
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
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http://www.carepi.info March 2009
CONTENTS
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 ENERGY NEED ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................... 7 1.2 METHODOLOGY FOR ENERGY NEED ASSESSMENT ..................................................................... 7 1.3 PROPOSED ENERGY PROGRAMME ................................................................................................. 8 PROFILE OF DESA SOKAWERA: SELECTED LOCATION FOR ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURE AND ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES ............................................ 10 2.2 DEMOGRAPHY, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTIC .................................................... 11 PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) FOR ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT.................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 INTRODUCTION OF PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) ............................ 15 1. THE OBJECTIVE OF PRA............................................................................................................. 15 2. KEY VIEW OF PRA...................................................................................................................... 16 3. PRA TOOLS AND PARTICIPATORY METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION .................................. 16 4. ORGANIZING PRA....................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) ON ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT.......................................................... 18 1. ACTORS OF PRA WORKS ON ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT .................................................. 18 2. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRA WORKS ON ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT .......... 19 ENERGY SITUATION AND POTENTIAL IN KECAMATAN SOKAWERA: ....................... 28 A SUMMARY FROM PRA APPROACH ........................................................................................ 28 4.1 CURRENT ENERGY SITUATION AND CONSUMPTION ................................................................ 29 4.2 ENERGY PROBLEMS ...................................................................................................................... 34 4.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIALS ............................................................................................ 34 4.4 STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS FROM FGD ON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN SOKAWERA .......................................................................................................................................... 35 PROPOSED ENERGY PROGRAMMES IN DESA SOKAWERA .............................................. 38 5.1 POTENTIAL PROPOSED ENERGY PROGRAMMES ......................................................... 38 5.2 TARGET GROUP........................................................................................................................ 39
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5.3 BGEP (BIOGASS ENERGY PROGRAMME) .................................................................................... 39
5.4 BIODIESEL ENERGY PROGRAMME (BDEP) ................................................................................ 44 5.4.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 44 5.4.2 COMPOSITION OF JATROPHA OIL ........................................................................................ 45 5.4.3 JATROPHA OIL PRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 46 5.4.4 JATROPHA OIL STOVE FOR HOUSEHOLD AND ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS ........................ 47 1) PROPOSED STOVE .................................................................................................................. 47 2) ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS FOR PROPOSED STOVE ................................................................ 48 5.5. MICRO-HYDRO POWER PLAN (MHPP) ............................................................................. 50 5.5.1 POTENTIAL LOCATION OF MHPP IN DUSUN KUBANGA, DESA SOKAWERA .................. 50 5.5.2 TECHNICAL ASPECT OF MHPP IN DUSUN KUBANGA, DESA SOKAWERA ....................... 51 5.5.3 ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF MHPP ..................................................................................... 52 5.6 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROPOSED PROGRAMME ..................... 54 5.6.1 INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP FOR MANAGING ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE ............................ 54 5.6.2 FINANCING SCHEME FOR THE PROPOSED PROGRAMMES.................................................. 55 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................. 59 REFERENCE ...................................................................................................................................... 60 APPENDIX 1: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND PHOTOS ......................................................... 61 APPENDIX 2: PRA MATERIALS.................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX 3: WORKSHOP MATERIALS................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX 3: MHPP FEASIBILITY STUDY ............................................................................... 85
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
5.3.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 39 5.3.2 BIOGAS COMPOSITION.......................................................................................................... 39 5.3.3 BIOGAS REACTOR .................................................................................................................. 40 5.3.4 CONSTRUCTION COST AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ............................................................ 41 1).BENEFIT AND COST ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 42 2) PAY BACK PERIOD .................................................................................................................. 43 5.3.5 ENERGY CONSERVATION ...................................................................................................... 43
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Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Desa Sokawera (Sokawera village) which is located in Banyumas Regency was chosen for implementation of WP 2 in CAREPI programme for Central Java Province. This location was selected based on the several considered aspect, as follows low-income rural communities, form of energy which is currently used for domestic activities, community services and small business is concentrated in firewood and kerosene, there is renewable energy potentials and sources are available locally, and the social background and characteristics on selected communities are considered in order to implement the energy policies successfully and sustainable. The participatory rural appraisal method was selected as a research method for the energy need assessment in Desa Sokawera. The PRA is well known technique which can be an effective method for analyzing the needs of energy in rural community. When the energy policy such as increasing energy access program for poor community will be implemented, the market or needs evaluation should be conducted in order to observe in which service are actually required from the various energy technologies. This approach often means that the technology is not economically viable as it is underutilized or it is so unreliable that the communities stop using the proposed programme and technology and return to their traditional energy sources. Four proposed energy programmes have been resulted based on the study of the PRA result and the survey on the renewable energy potentials in Kecamatan Sokawera as follows: 1. 2. 3.
Biogas Energy Package (BGEP) for cooking purposes. This program was proposed due to this energy service is high portion of energy used in Sokawera community. Biodiesel Energy Package (BDEP) for household. Micro-Hydro Power Plan (MHPP) for electricity access to Dusun Kubangan, Desa Sokawera.
A stakeholder analysis was also conducted in order to break down the participation and roles that played by stakeholders for delivering the proposed programme successfully. The proposed financing schemes such as subsidies, credit and combination scheme are also discussed for alternative financial action on proposed energy program.
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Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Energy Need Assessment
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
In Indonesia, people living in urban areas generally have access to efficient and modern energy supplies. However, in the rural community, are generally less fortunate and rely on traditional fuel of firewood, or energy and electricity production system are costly and inefficient. CAREPI work package 2 of Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities is to establish the energy-related priorities of poor communities in the selected location at Province of Yogyakarta and Central Java. Although previous research already provides a fairly clear picture of the energy-related needs of poor communities in Indonesia, it is still advisable to confirm these with regard to the local specifics in a participative way in the selected locations, since this is part of the process aimed at enhancing the involvement of the local communities in the CAREPI project. In this programme, Desa Sokwera, Kecamatan Cilongok which is located in Banyumas regency was chosen for implementation of WP 2 in CAREPI programme for Central Java province. The location was selected based on the several considered aspect, as follows:
Low-income rural communities,
Form of energy which is currently used for domestic activities, community services and small business is concentrated in firewood and kerosene,
There is renewable energy potentials and sources are available locally,
The social background and characteristics on selected communities are considered (in order to implement the energy policies successfully and sustainable).
Detail profile of Desa Sokawera is presented in chapter 2. Thus, the renewable energy potential and the energy problem which is faced on the community in Sokawera are completely discussed in Chapter 3.
1.2 Methodology for Energy Need Assessment The participatory rural appraisal method was selected as a research method for the energy need assessment in Desa Sokawera. The PRA is well known technique which can be an effective method for analyzing the needs of energy in rural community. When the energy policy such as increasing energy access program for poor community will be implemented, the market or needs evaluation should be conducted in order to observe in which service are actually required from the various energy technologies. This approach often means that the technology is not economically viable as it is underutilized or it is so unreliable that the communities stop using the proposed programme and technology and return to their traditional energy sources. In order to fulfill actual energy needs successfully, the PRA approach to provision of the energy
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options for rural communities in selected villages must emphasize to provide the reliable analysis and assessment. The completed discussion on this PRA method is described in Chapter 4.
Four proposed energy programmes have been resulted based on the study of the PRA result and the survey on the renewable energy potentials in Desa Sokawera which is discussed in Chapter 5. The detail programme consists of the design of infrastructures, economical analysis (cost, benefit and saving), and payback period for feasibility on the investment. A stakeholder analysis was also conducted in order to break down the participation and roles that played by stakeholders for delivering the proposed programme successfully. The proposed financing schemes are also discussed in the last of Chapter 5.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
1.3 Proposed Energy Programme
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Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
PROFILE OF DESA SOKAWERA: SELECTED LOCATION FOR ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
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Desa Sukawera is administratively located in Kecamatan Cilongok (Cilongok Sub-district), Bayumas Regency. Banyumas is one of 35 Regencies in Central Java region. Geographically, Banyumas is positioned between 108°39’17”- 109°27’15” East Longitude (EL) and 7°15’05” - 7°37’10” South Latitude. Administratively, Bayumas Regency has the boundary in the north with Tegal dan Pemalang Regency, in the south with Cilacap Regency, in the east with Purbalingga, Banjarnegara dan Kebumen Regency and in the west with Cilacap dan Brebes Regency. The location of Banyumas Regency in Central Java Region is shown in Figure 2.1. In the northern are of Banyumas Regency is Western Part of Serayu Utara Mountain Range. Highest level of Serayu Utara Mountain Range is Slamet Mountain (3,428 ASL) and other mountains such as Kucing Mountain (1,520 ASL) and Manis Mountain (2,163 ASL) are located nearby. Based on geological feature, this mountain range is extended from Bandung Depression in West Java. In the south east area is a part of the Western Part of Serayu Selatan Mountain with the highest level of Jampang Mountain (809 ASL) which is boundary are to Banjarnegara Regency.
Figure 2.1: Map of Banyumas Regency in Central Java Region
Based on geographical feature, Sokawera is situated at 600 to 800 m ASL with the large parts of the area is hilly topography condition (Figure 2.2). Most area in Desa Sokawera is used for plantation which includes natural forests and rice farming (lahan sawah). The access road to the villages is unpaved-roads which are only suitable for motorbike and bicycle. The average annual rainfall (1996 to 2006) which was taken from Logawa and Cikidang Cilongok rainfall stations is about 2,500 mm. The rain session usually occurs from November to April with the highest rainfall rate is about 3,071 mm. Based on the high rainfall rate; the risk of natural disasters in Sokawera is local flood and landslide. The dry session is from May to October with the peak month of dry is on August and September. In dry session, some rice farming in Sokawera with rainfall irrigation system will be faced on water crises. Sokawera village is also located in drainage basin (Daerah Aliran Sungai, DAS) of Mengaji (Mengaji River). This river is a main source for semi-technical irrigation and for household activities. Most of Mengaji River drainage basin is still natural forest and has
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
2.1 Geographical Feature and Administrative Boundaries
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high capacity storage to receive the water from rainfall. Covered area of Mengaji River is about 6,000 Ha. Figure 2.3 shows the Mengaji River in the basin area.
Figure 2.2: Map of Sokawera Village, Kecamatan Cilongok
LOKASI KEGIATAN Peta Kab. Banyumas
DUSUN KUB ANGAN DESA SOKAWERA KECAMATAN CILONGOK KABUPAT EN BANYUMAS
K. Legaw a
. gaji K Ne n
BAT URA DEN
K EDU NG BAN TEN G SUMBA NG
C ILON GO K
ur
LUMBI R X
KABUPATEN PURBALINGGA
KEMBA RAN
K ARAN GLE WAS
AJI BAR ANG
X
K. T a ng gu h
SOK ARA JA
KABUPATEN BANJARNEGARA
K ALIBA GO R
KABUPATEN CILACAP
K. Taj um
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P EKU NCE N G UMELA R
h laga K.G
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
KABUPATEN BREBES
PU RWO JATI
WAN GO N
JATILAWA NG . K La ngsi r
KABUPATEN CILACAP 1
Figure 2.3: Mengaji River, Sokawera Village, Kecamatan Cilongok
2.2 Demography, Social and Economic Characteristic
Figure 2.4: Home Industry of Coconut Sugar
Economic performance of Desa Sokawera can be summarized from their GDP (gross domestic products) of Kecamatan Cilongok as shown in Table 2.1. The agriculture sector was the backbone of the local economy, contributing 43.53 % to the total GDP in 2006. The trade sector contributed 15.84 %, which was followed by the service and industrial sector with the contribution of 13.08 % and 8.43 % respectively. The high agricultural sector contributed in the GDP originates from the five sub-sectors of food crops, plantation, animal husbandry and its products, and forestry. Although the GDP increases from 2002 to 2006 (Figure 2.5) which indicates that positive economic growth in Kecamatan Cilongok (with range of
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Generally, the real social and economical condition in Sokawera community can be decribed from the demography, social and economic activities of the community itself. The population of Sokawera Village in 2007 is 7,101 people which are distributed in 1,775 households. About 1,420 households (80 %) are working on home industry of coconut sugar with small sugar production capacity of about 5 kg/day and small farming (Figure 2.3). Another economic activity that is usually carried out by Sokawera community is farming worker (buruh tani) and collecting firewood for cooking which are taken from near forests. They also have additional income from the livestock trade such as cows, goat, chicken, etc., however, it cannot be calculated as monthly income. The average income per household based on these economic activities is in the range of Rp. (IDR) 8,000 to 17,000 per day. Sukawera community is also common with informal economic activity of interhousehold barter and sharing. It includes everything from household production and consumption of goods and services. This economic system is household survival strategies in community to save their money. According to the gender, the proportion of male and female is 51 % (3,622 person) and 49 % (3,480 person) respectively. The population growth of Kecamatan Sokawera in 2007 is 0.20 %.
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annual GDP growth is about 8.13 to 15.32 %), Sokawera village is still categorized as ”kawasan tertinggal dan tumbuh lambat” (backward district and slow growth) in Banyumas Regency. This village is the isolated area and has relative static growth of social and economic activities compared to other villages in Kecamatan Cilongok which have the better access in trade and economic. The village is also categorized as a traditional village due to the average educational level of community is still low; the production only meets to the daily household needs and the limited communication with other villages.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Table 2.1: Gross Domestic Products of Kecamatan Cilongok in 2006
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No
Sector
GDP (in thousand IDR/Rp.)
Percentage
1
Agriculture
74,773,067
43.53%
2
Mining
1,047,067
0.61%
3
Industry
14,474,702
8.43%
4
Electricity. Gas. and Water
1,910,157
1.11%
5
Construction
10,457,295
6.09%
6
Trade
27,209,944
15.84%
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Transportation and Telecommunication
6,330,288
3.69%
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Finance
13,080,920
7.62%
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Service
22,471,153
13.08%
171,755,194
100.00
Total of GDP
Source : PDRB Banyumas 2006 (www.banyumaskab.go.id)
Figure 2.5: Gross Domestic Products Growth of Kecamatan Cilongok from 2002 to 2006
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Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
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PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) FOR ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
3.1 INTRODUCTION OF PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) The PRA is effective method for analyzing the needs assessment of energy in rural community. When the energy policy such as increasing energy access program for poor community will be implemented, the market or needs evaluation should be conducted in order to observe in which service are actually required from the various energy technologies. Many energy policy and programmes have failed or not worked well because of the policy or programme was supplied to rural community without an assessment of actual energy requirements having been made. In such cases, the energy programme or technology do not supply the energy services/needs that the villages or rural communities actually required. This approach often means that the technology is not economically viable as it is underutilized or it is so unreliable that the communities stop using the proposed programme and technology and return to their traditional energy sources. In order to fulfill actual energy needs successfully, the PRA approach to provision of the energy options for rural communities in selected villages must emphasize to provide the reliable analysis and assessment.
1. The objective of PRA In order to conduct assessment of the energy needs in the community at selected villages, the study approach of Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was used. The PRA approach aims to incorporate the
knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of energy needs and programmes in the community. Participation is one of the key principles of community development particularly in energy policy for poor-community in rural that is seen as an essential part of human growth and often leads to the development of self-confidence, pride, initiative, creativity, responsibility, and cooperation. Without such development within the people themselves, all efforts to alleviate their poverty will be immensely more difficult, if not impossible.
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Participation. Local people's input into PRA activities is essential to its value as a research and
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Teamwork. To the extent that the validity of PRA data relies on informal interaction and
planning method and as a means for diffusing the participatory approach to development.
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brainstorming among those involved, it is best done by a team that includes local people with perspective and knowledge of the area's conditions, traditions, and social structure and either nationals or expatriates with a complementary mix of disciplinary backgrounds and experience. A well balanced team will represent the diversity of socioeconomic, cultural, gender, and generational perspectives. Flexibility. PRA does not provide blueprints for its practitioners. The combination of techniques that is appropriate in a particular development context will be determined by such variables as the size and skill mix of the PRA team, the time and resources available, and the topic and location of the work. Optimal ignorance. To be efficient in terms of both time and money, PRA work intends to gather just enough information to make the necessary recommendations and decisions. Triangulation. PRA works with qualitative data. To ensure that information is valid and reliable, PRA teams follow that at least two sources techniques must be used to investigate the same topics.
3. PRA Tools and Participatory Method of Data Collection PRA is an exercise in communication and transfer of knowledge. Regardless of whether it is carried out as part of project identification or appraisal or as part of country economic and sector work, the learning-bydoing and teamwork spirit of PRA requires transparent procedures. For that reason, a series of open meetings (an initial open meeting, final meeting, and follow up meeting) generally frame the sequence of PRA activities. Participatory data collection, or research, is generally associated with qualitative methods of information gathering. Qualitative methods in comparison to quantitative ones tend to be more concerned with words than numbers. Qualitative methods are therefore based on data collection and analysis which focus on interpreting the meaning of social phenomena based on the views of the participants of a particular social reality. Participatory approaches as PRA tools have a variety of data collection methods: (a) participatory listening and observation; (b) visual tools such as maps, daily activity diagrams, institutional diagrams and Venn diagrams, flow diagrams and livelihood analysis; (c) semi-structured interviews; and (d) focus group
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
2. Key view of PRA
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Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
discussions. Among the participatory methods of evaluation, semi-structured interviews and focus groups are the most often used instruments for gathering the views of participants on certain topics and issues.
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Qualitative PRA tools of semi-structured interview and focus group discussion (FDG) technique were selected by CAREPI technical team for Yogyakarta and Central Java Region in order to analyze the energy need assessment of rural community in selected villages. While quantitative questionnaires are structured in the variety of answers that a respondent chooses from, qualitative surveys and focus groups allow for more nuanced, semi-structured and open-ended responses. The objective of both techniques is to capture values, attitudes and preferences of participants to permeate the ‘how’ and the ‘why’ underlying a phenomenon of energy needs and services. Brief explanation related to the semi-structured interview and focus group discussions as follow: 1) Semi-structured interview “Semi-structured interviews – conversations based on a set of guideline questions – are a key technique in participatory research, and a powerful way of learning about the views of older people” (HAI, 2002). Although all guideline questions will be asked during an interview – albeit with the possibility of varying order – new questions may arise during each interview. Therefore, the interview process is flexible compared to the rigidly structured interviews that we will turn to in the next section. This kind of flexibility will allow the interviewee to describe events, observations and issues in very personal terms and he/she will thus be less restricted to respond to questions in his/her own words. The set of questions however, will ensure comparability of data when the interviews are analyzed. The guideline questions of the interview should be organized according to topical areas of inquiry that should succeed each other in a logical fashion. The language used should be comprehensible and jargon free. It is obvious that the interviewer has to be able to speak the language of the community in which he/she will conduct semi-structured interviews. An ability to (a) ask short, simple and easy questions, to (b) listen attentively, to (c) steer the interview sensitively in the desired direction and to (d) remember what was said earlier and interpret correctly respondent’s statements during the interview are of paramount importance for the interviewer. At the outset of an interview, it is important to select appropriate participants, to explain why the researcher(s) conduct this interview, to record the interviewee’s name, age, gender and, importantly, whether the individual belongs to certain community institutions, how large the residential household is and how the interviewee locates him/herself within the community. Being outfitted with good quality recording equipment and making sure that the interview location is quiet and private are practical issues that are important for successful interviewing. 2) Focus group discussions (FGD) Focus group discussions are “a research strategy which involves intensive discussion and interviewing of small groups of people, on a given ‘focus’ or issue, usually on a number of occasions over a period of time” (Marshall 1998). The difference between individual semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions is that the latter gives an opportunity to follow the group dynamic that evolves during the discussion. How interviewees react to each other’s responses and make up their opinion, often as a reaction to what other participants have expressed is of core interest during a focus group discussion. Since participants may argue about certain aspects of an issue that is being discussed during a focus group, the reactions expressed and opinions voiced may be more realistic compared to an individual interview. In addition, views of
The moderator who facilitates the focus group should try to be not too intrusive and should rely on a rather unstructured setting for the discussions to extract the opinions, views and perspectives of the participants. He/she should have a rather small number of guiding questions to stir the discussion and should intervene minimally. Only when the discussion veers clearly off track or when there are unproductive silences, should the moderator get involved. The moderator should record the discussions on audio equipment and make notes on the non-verbal behavior of the participants. Naturally, the main interest would be on the range of opinions expressed, who are the opinion leaders and how.
4. Organizing PRA A typical PRA activity involves a team of people working for two to three weeks on workshop discussions, analyses, and fieldwork. Several organizational aspects should be considered: • • • •
Logistical arrangements should consider nearby accommodations, arrangements for fieldwork days, organization for community meetings during the PRA, and material supplies such as demonstration tools, presentation materials and survey forms. Training of team members may be required, particularly if the PRA has the second objective of training in addition to data collection. PRA results are influenced by the length of time allowed to conduct the exercise, scheduling and assignment of report writing, and critical analysis of all data, conclusions, and recommendations. A PRA covering relatively few topics in a small area (perhaps two to four communities) should take between ten days and four weeks, but a PRA with a wider scope over a larger area can take several months. Allow five days for an introductory workshop if training is involved.
3.2 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) ON ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT 1. Actors of PRA Works on Energy Needs Assessment Some actors contributed the success of PRA activities. In this activity, needs assessment of energy programme, participation of rural community, technical team, regional office of energy (Dinas), district and rural government (perangkat kecamatan dan desa) were key-actors of PRA activities. The description of actors can be categorized in several functions as follow:
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
participants can be challenged by others more profoundly than in a semi-structured interview. Thus, focus group discussions ideally complement semi-structured individual interviews.
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o
Participation. Local people's input into PRA activities is essential to its value as a research and
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
planning method and as a means for diffusing the participatory approach to development. The participants were attended in the PRA activities as follow: community groups (household): kelompok masyarakat (rumah tangga) local entrepreneur : kelompok pelaku ekonomi (UKM) village/rural and sub-district governments : Pemerintah Desa dan Kecamatan mining and energy regional office of Banyumas: Dinas Pertambangan dan Energi Kab.Banyumas community stakeholders : tokoh masyarakat, BPD, Badan Perwakilan Desa
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Teamwork and Facilitator. They consist of technical team of CAREPI. The teamwork has responsibility to prepare, design and organize the PRA activities. They also provided the validity of PRA data relies on informal interaction and brainstorming among those involved. In this works, the teamwork involved regional officer of Dinas and local people with perspective and knowledge of the area's conditions, traditions, and social structure. During the PRA activities, i.e. FGD, the teamwork also provided the moderator and facilitator for guide the group discussion within rural community.
2. Design and Implementation of PRA Works on Energy Needs Assessment In order to capture the specific social reality of energy needs assessment in selected villages/locations, a comprehensive research designs based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was constructed. Data collected by quantitative research methods is rarely sufficient to provide a full explanation in such issues i.e. the observable social and economical issues in selected villages. Integrating quantitative analysis with qualitative methods is important to provide policy makers with a comprehensive portrait of the socio-economic situation of various social groups. Such an integrative approach would also be of use in reviewing and appraising the energy needs assessment. Figure 3.1 shows the frameworks and methodology of quantitative and qualitative research method combination used in the energy needs assessment. Table 3.1 presents the time-frame in detail of whole activities, i.e. preparation stage, PRA stages and final phase of programme conducted in the work programme of energy need assessment.
Figure 3.1: Frameworks of Energy Needs Assessment using PRA Approach
2008 3 Stage 1: An overview of existing data/study/research/policy in relationship with pro-poor Local Economic Development (LED) 1. 2.
Visit Dinas and BPS Decide the selected location of village(s)
Stage 2: Survey on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) for Initial Data Collection 1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
Design of activities and discussions Discussion with stakeholders Conduct surveys to household and the meeting with involved communities Visit to household and small business which has used the renewable energy sources in selected village(s) Design of PRA
Table 3.1: Continued
4
5
6
7
8
2009 9
10
11
12
1
2
3
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Table 3.1: Time-Frame and Activities in Frameworks of Energy Needs Assessment
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2008 3
4
5
6
7
8
2009 9
10
11
Stage 3: 1st Workshops and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) 1st Workshops for formulating energy policies: Community, Stakeholder, Government , Small Industrial Business Conduct Semi-structured interview and Focus Group Discussion
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
1.
21
2.
• • •
Analysis of PRA results Conduct the dissemination of PRA results with stakeholders Prepare the materials for 2nd workshop and discussion
Stage 4: 2nd Workshop and Focus Group Discussion for energy policies with regional government and stakeholders • •
•
Prepare the materials for energy policy and programme for selected issues and technology Communication with community for gathering response and sharing the information regarding to proposed energy policy and programme Conduct the dissemination of proposed energy policy and programme with stakeholders
Final Phase of WP2: 1.
2. 3.
W
Dissemination and presentation of final proposed programme in technical meeting Compilation of results and discussion Writing the final report
Table 3.1: Continued
W
12
1
2
3
Time
Remarks
Preparation of WP2 and PRA material for implementing on selected sites.
14 th July – PRA Material
-
Site Visit (by call)
16 July – 1 August Survey and PRA for Yogya and Central Java
- Visit selected sites - Stakeholders Meeting - Preliminary Data on SosioEconomic
24 July – Jogja (21 August)
- Stakeholders Meeting - PRA Works & Evaluation - Assessment & Energy Formulation
Jogja: Kec.KarangmojoGunungkidul, Jateng: Kec.Cilongok-Banyumas 1st Workshop: a. Evaluation PRA b. Energy Need Assessment c. Formulation of Energy
31 July – Central Java
WP2 Review (11th July) Selected Sites (12th July)
(16 August) Report of Workshop
25 August
Report for CAREPI
Evaluation and Preparation on Workshop (Energy Policy)
August – October 2008
Material of Energy Policy
2nd Workshop
October-November 2008 (PIC: Board and Local Goverment, REF)
Workshop on “Energy Policy” on Poor Community
Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1 show the stages and their activities of PRA method used in this work programme which consist of:
1. Stage 1: An overview of existing data/study/research/policy in relationship with pro-poor Local Economic Development (LED). This stage is a pre-survey which was conducted in order to gather information for choosing some alternative locations for needs assessment work programme. The intensive discussions with regional energy office of Dinas Pertambangan Kabupaten Banyumas and BPS (Biro Pusat Statistik, Statistical Centre Bureau) of Kabupaten Banyumas were carried out. The outcome of this discussion is to give the global description regarding to view of region, economical aspect and current energy policies/programmes which have been
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Activities
22
implemented in the region/kabupaten. The information of social and economical quantitative data used in the energy needs assessment analysis was also taken from BPS.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
After the location of Kecamatan Cilongok was selected from other alternative locations, the depth-survey was conducted in order to get more complete socio-economic data, i.e. demography (population, gender, age, etc.), category of income (households) which was referred to BPS categories for poor community, topography of site (geographical view) – physical condition of lands, i.e. hilly, valley, flat, coastal, etc., income sources (BPS) and environments and Energy potentials.
23
2. Stage 2: Survey on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) for Initial Data Collection In this stage, a survey of short interview for initial data collection of rural community was conducted in selected villages, Sokawera village in Kecamatan Cilongok, Kabupaten Banyumas. This survey is part of PRA tools. The interview was conducted in flexible form based on a set of guideline issues. This flexibility allowed the interviewee to describe selected issues in detail and could also generate the new questions (outside of guideline) on unconsidered issues. The survey was employed by visiting the local stakeholder, regional office (Dinas) of energy and the local entrepreneur for gathering the information related to the real situation of cultural and social condition of community. This information from this survey is important matter be undertaken at the initial stages of the evaluation process and they often provide the basis for the design of in-depth questionnaires for semistructured interviews and the conduct of focus groups in Stage 3. The information were collected during the survey (semi-structured interview) based on the following issues for set of guideline questions. • • • •
Average daily or monthly income of rural communities in Desa Sokawera, Form of energy which is currently used for domestic activities, community services and local entrepreneur in Desa Sokawera, Renewable energy potentials and sources are available locally in Desa Sokawera, The lifestyle, community social characteristics and cultural background in Desa Sokawera (in order to implement the PRA activities successfully),
3. Stage 3: 1st Workshops and PRA Works for Energy Needs Assessment and Formulating the Local Energy Policy Three main activities were conducted in this stage. A half-day workshop was comprehensively performed together with semi-structured interview and focus group discussion in one-day. Semi-structured interview and focus group discussion are methods of qualitative participatory research method which was used in the PRA approach for energy needs assessment. The main issues delivered in these activities was (1) current energy consumption, (2) energy related needs and problems; and (3) energy priorities in rural community of Kecamatan Sokawera. Based on these issues, some short-presentations for the workshop were written and a set of guideline questions were designed for the semi-structured interview activities. Thus, FDG materials were also designed for group discussion in the programme. Table 3.2 and Table 3.3 show the materials which were presented in the joined half-day workshop, semi-structured interview and FGD.
Table 3.2: Activities in Joined Half-Day Workshop, Semi-Structured Interview and FGD Energy for Needs Assessment
Material
Time
Opening Speech
Introduction: the aim of CAREPI project and objectives of the PRA and workshop
15 minutes
Presentation of Material 1
energy issues; types of energy, different energy options, energy costs
20 minutes
Presentation of Material 2
assessment of current energy sources: what form of energy is currently used for domestic activities, community services and local entrepreneurs
30 minutes
Semi-Structured Interview
household and local entrepreneurs
100 minutes
Focus Group Discussion
discussion and developing the list of energy priorities in households, local entrepreneurs and village services (public facilities)
45 minutes
Focus Group Discussion
energy-related business opportunities in the village
15 minutes
Focus Group Discussion
possible interventions that address the identified energy priorities: the community and local government to meet the high priority energy needs identified during the workshop
20 minutes
To ensure the appropriate information that used for energy needs assessment was captured from households (community) and local entrepreneurs in Kecamatan Sokawera, a set of guidelines questions and topics for group discussion should be designed in the frame of general objectives as follow: •
HOUSEHOLD 1. To get a better insight in current energy related problems. 2. To calculate the energy need and its consumption (cost) for energy. 3. To evaluate the energy priorities for households. 4. To formulate the available energy potentials surrounding their village(s).
•
LOCAL ENTREPRENEURS 1. To get a better insight in current energy related problems. 2. To calculate the energy need and its consumption (cost) for energy.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Activity
24
3. To formulate the energy potentials surrounding their village(s). 4. To evaluate the priority of energy use in ranking according to the urgency of a problem for local entrepreneurs. 5. To identify possible economic activities (development) that can be operated if the new energy have been supplied to the sites.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Table 3.3 also presents the activities were carried out and the brief explanation of materials were presented during the workshop and the PRA activities.
25
Table 3.3: PRA Activities and Detail Materials in Joined Half-Day Workshop, Semi-Structured Interview and FGD Energy for Needs Assessment
Activity
Materials and Activities
Opening Speech
Material: It is important to emphasize in the introduction that CAREPI is committed to follow up on the outcome of the workshop. This means that the CAREPI team has assisted the community/regional government to the extent possible in implementing some of the options/recommendations identified during the workshop. This can be done through the Regional Energy Forum but the team also envisaged followed-visit to the community and/or the regional government in second workshop/FGD in order to present and discuss the results and to initiate the process that should eventually lead to improved supply of energy services to poor communities.
Presentation of Material 1
Material: A short presentation with the aim to raise the general awareness on energy issues among the participants was given. The presentation consisted of an overview of the energy options available for the various services such as cooking, water heating and communication. It also informed the participants about the national/regional government energy policies specifically aimed at communities which do not connected to the grid. A short view regarding to environmental and health aspects were also delivered.
Presentation of Material 2
Material: This section aimed to give the introduction regarding to the approach for assessment of the current energy use and the past development. In order to allow all participants to contribute to the discussion, the participants were separated into number of smaller groups after presentation session.
Semi-Structured Interview and Focus Group Discussion
Activity: Participants from households were divided into several small groups with a facilitator who was prepared by teamwork. Facilitator moderated the discussion forum within a group and guided for filling out the questions form which was distributed to the participants. Whereas local entrepreneurs have been groupped separately. All data collected from participants were directly formulated by team in order to support the materials on followed workshop/discussion.
Table 3.3: Continue
Focus Group Discussion
Materials and Activities Activity: Within same groups from previous session, this FGD aimed to identify the main current energy problems in rural community of both categories, i.e. households and local entrepreneurs. In discussion, participants guided to rank the urgency of energy problem and priorities which were needed by community. For example, the household’s participants write the energy priority that used in household and rank the daily energy services: Priority 1: affordable and reliable supply of energy Priority 2: cooking using LPG Priority 3: computer access Æ electricity Priority 4: transportation Æ petrol, diesel Priority 5: boiling water Æ wood, gas, kerosene Priority 6: lighting & cooling for clinic Æ electricity, kerosene
Focus Group Discussion
Activity: Within same groups from previous session, this FGD session was destined to identify possible economic activities that could be undertaken by the community if sufficient and adequate energy was supplied to the village. For example, production activities for generating income after improving the energy access in community: ▪ ▪
Focus Group Discussion
shops, tailoring, milling possible vegetable garden making use of water pumping system from renewable energy facility ▪ battery charging station for lead acid batteries ▪ fertilizer production Activity: Within same groups from previous session, this last FGD was meant to discuss with the participants possible measures that can be taken by the community or local/regional government to meet the high priority energy needs identified during the workshop.
The PRA materials and workshop presentation are attached in Appendix 2 and 3 of this report.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Activity
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Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
4. Stage 4: 2nd Workshop and FGD for Energy Policy and Programme with Regional Government/Stakeholders
27
In the second workshop, the short workshop and focus group discussion was conducted with stakeholders and regional office (Dinas) in order to formulate and discuss the alternative energy policy and programme for Desa Sokawera. Some alternative energy programmes were proposed based on the PRA results from previous stages. The main issues delivered in these activities were (1) Energy priorities and policy for community and business opportunities in the village: summary from the PRA and 1st workshop; (2) assessment on other potential energy sources; (3) formulation on regional energy policy on selected community and local entrepreneur in Sokawera. Results from this workshop were used as main input for conducting the detail analysis on proposed energy programme and policy. During analysis, progresses of analysis on proposed energy programme have been communicated to regional offices, stakeholders and community.
A SUMMARY FROM PRA APPROACH
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
ENERGY SITUATION AND POTENTIAL IN KECAMATAN SOKAWERA:
28
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
4.1 Current Energy Situation and Consumption
29
The energy situation and potential of Kecamatan Sokawera presented in this section is a result of focus group discussion (FGD) and semi-structured interview from PRA analysis (discussed in previous chapter). Table 4.1 presents the type of energy which is used in community. Cooking and lighting are the principal energy services needed in the households activities and constitutes approximately 80% of the total energy consumption in households. Firewood is still dominated as the principal energy source for cooking which is prevalent to a greater or lesser extent in almost all households (is about 80 % of total households in Desa Sokawera), irrespective of their income level. Other related issue and phenomena from this situation is that the government conversion program of kerosene to LPG for cooking has not been effectively implemented in Desa Sokawera. Table 4.1: Type of Energy Used in Desa Sokawera
No
Activities
Type of Energy
Supply
Electricity Fuels Firewoods Electricity Fuels Firewoods
1
Cooking
-
√
√
2
Lighting
√
√
-
-
√
√ -
√
3 4 5
Production (Local Entrepeneur) Ironing Transportation
PLN/ Traditional PicoHydro
Buy
Collect
Buy
-
√
-
Buy
Collect
-
PLN -
Buy
-
Source : FGD In Depth Interview, PUSPER UMY, Analyzed
Number of households connected to the utility grid (PLN) is approximately 50 % and mainly used for lighting. The rest of households use traditional pico-hydro (particularly in Dusun Kubangan as shown in Figure 4.1) and kerosene lamp (mostly compressed lamps, but some use wick lamp) for lighting. Major households connected to PLN are registered as a customer class of R1. Based on interview and observation during PRA study, it can be gathered information that the households which are connected to grid do not use the electrical source for cooking. Due to it needs the high electricity input. For rural households, their connection capacity is mostly 450 watt (R1 class) and it means the connection capacity does not meet with the electricity stoves which needs around 300 to 900 watt. Therefore, household only use electricity for lighting and entertainment such as TV or radio. Description of energy consumption gathered from in-depth semi-structured interview in Sokawera community is shown in Table 4.2. The consumption rate of energy listed in Table 4.2 is average mounthly energy. There are five types of energy services that used by community for their daily activities. Petrol fuel is used by few households in the community for transportation. Kerosene, as mentioned before, is used for cooking and lighting in few households.
No
Jenis Energi
Consumption/ month
Price Unit (IDR/Rp)
1
Petrol*
15 lt/ household
Rp. 6.000/lt
2
Kerosene**
40 lt/ household
Rp. 3.000/lt
3
Electricity***
Rp. 50.000/household
Rp. 600/kwh
* Petrol is used for motorbike which only exists in few households (around 10 % of total households in Desa Sokawera) ** Kerosene is used for lighting and cooking at some selected households. The consumption of 40 liter is only for households in Desa Sokawera which the location is close to center of villages and far from forests (limited access to the forest for gathering the firewoods). Price of Rp. 3,000 per liter of kerosene is price level on 2008. *** Electricity in only used for households which have access to PLN grid. For electricity source from traditional pico-hydro, they do not need to pay any charge but provide the budget for maintenace. Source : FGD In Depth Interview, PUSPER UMY, Analyzed
Figure 4.1: Traditional Pico Hydro Power Installation in Sokawera Community
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Table 4.2: Energy Consumption in Sokawera Community
30
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
When we conducted the first FGD on 2008 (Table 4.2), the price of kerosene at that time is about Rp. 3,000 (subsidized price) per liter. However, on 2009 after the government has introduced LPG 3 kg programme for cooking and implemented non-subsidized kerosene. In the same time, the government has also limited the subsidized kerosene in the market. The local market price has thus reached to level of Rp. 7,000 per liter.
31
As shown in Table 4.2, about 30 - 50 % of household income is spent to energy. It means that there is insufficient part of income for the other household demands, such as education, health, food and etc. In depth interview was carried out for getting the information for this household expenses characteristic. The background of community is home industry for coconut sugar dan small farming sector. For food, they usually take directly from the farming products and berter trade system for daily foods. Due to varied characteristic of household, it is difficult to ensure the general mounthly income in Sokawera community. The income is calculated base on the daily income range which as shown in page 13, their daily income from Rp 8,000 to Rp 17,000 per day. Thus, income range can be estimated as a range of Rp. 240,000 to 510.000 per month. Lowest income was found at Dusun Kubangan, when the team did in-depth household survey/interview. As shown above, their income is about Rp. 8,000 per day (Rp. 240,000.00 per month). In order to properly present how much the income spent for energy services, the observed households can be divided into three types of household which the category of each household is shown in Table 4.3. For grid connected household, the electricity is involved in energy service while for non grid connected household, the kerosene is used for lighting purpose using wick lamp or hurricane lamp. From Table 4.2 and Table 4.3, the energy expense per household category can be broken down. Household A has mountly income of Rp. 510,000.00. For household B and C, their mounthly income is about Rp. 240,000.00 and Rp. 360,000 respectively. Both household categories localize in Dusun Kubangan. They have a traditional picohydro power generator for their access to electricity. Household C is same social characteristic and location with household B; however, their economical level is higher than B.
Table 4.3: Household Categories for Monthly Energy Expenses Calculation in Sokawera
Household A
Household B
Household C
• Income per day Rp. 17,000 • Has a motorbike for transportation with consumption per month is about 15 liter • Uses kerosene for cooking and home industry of coconut sugar (this household category has limited access to firewoods) • Access to PLN grid (electricity)
• Income per day Rp. 8,000 • Does not have a motorbike for transportation • Uses firewood for cooking and home industry. Firewood can be gathered from forests. • Does not access to PLN grid, however they have traditional picohydro power generator. Kerosene has been used for lighting when the traditional power generator does not work.
• Income per day Rp. 12,000 • Has a motorbike for transportation with consumption per month is about 15 liter • Uses firewood for cooking and home industry. Firewood can be gathered from forests. • Does not access to PLN grid, however they have traditional picohydro power generator. Kerosene has been used for lighting when the traditional power generator does not
Household A is categorized as the household that has access to grid and uses kerosene for cooking due to limited access for gathering firewood. For household A, the need of kerosene should be calculated to be 40 liters per month which is only used for cooking. Figure 4.1 to 4.3 show the comparison of energy expenses between “household A, B and C”. The average petrol (gasoline) consumption of motorbike in household A and C for their economic and social purposes is about 15 liters per month. It contributes 18 – 25 % of their household expenses. For household A, the electricity use per month is around 10 %. Household A usually uses electricity for lighting and entertainment purposes. In energy for cooking service, around 24 % of the income has been spent for household A. While for household B and C, they use firewood that they collect from the forests. Particularly in household A is about 24 % of income has been spent for cooking while for household B and C, 18 % and 15 % of income has been spent for kerosene in cooking and lighting, respectively. It indicates that those percentages are the potential number of saving if the proposed program of energy can be implemented. They are around Rp. 120,000.00 (household A) and Rp. 43,000.00 and Rp 55,000.00 per household B and C, respectively. The rest of income (after substracted for transportation and energy) is used for their home industry modal and other household demands. For school/education, their children have involved the educational subsidy program from government which is called as BOS program (BOS = school operational grant). In BOS programme, students are provided the scholarship until SMP (junior high school) level. This condition gives a characteristic that almost education background of children/people in the community only reaches to elementary school (SD) and SMP level. For health service, Puskesmas as a centre of community/public health is provided in the village. The government has provided the subsidy for poor-community health service. Therefore, community has also spent few budgets for health service.
Figure 4.1: Expenses Portion per Month of Household A in Sokawera
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
work.
32
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Figure 4.2: Expenses Portion per Month in Household B in Sokawera
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Figure 4.3: Expenses Portion per Month in Household C in Sokawera
The summary of energy problems discussed in this section is a result of focus group discussion for gathering information in detail for real energy problems which has faced to the community in Sokawera. Starting from the government policy for reducing the subsidy on fuels, it has given the significant social and economical impacts to the community in Kecamatan Sokawera. Increasing energy price have directly burdened to the community. The energy price increment has also effected to increasing the goods for household. Thus, household must decrease the spending for energy sector i.e. household member decreases the activities which uses the transportation, decreases the use of kerosene for cooking and decreases the lighting in household. For home industry of coconut sugar which is almost all household in Sokawera community”, the energy price increment causes incremental cost of the production. Thus, they decrease the production side to reduce the incremental cost. Direct effect for this situation is the decreasing of the gross income. In addition, more than three Dusun (hamlets) do not access to the PLN grid yet. As mentioned before, they get the electricity from traditional pico-hydro power generator. However, the generator only supplies about maximum capacity of 100 W and the installation is not assembled properly. Therefore, renewable energy development in conjunction with the integrated economic development at Desa Sokawera is needed to assist the energy access in the community and then can directly impact to the economical improvement. Some renewable energy potentials have been identified in the survey and FGD activities which can be developed as a solution for energy source alternative in Sokawera. The description of those energy potential is presented in the next section.
4.3 Renewable Energy Potentials Several renewable energi potentials in Desa Sokawera were identified from the result of the site visit, interview and FGD as shown in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4: Renewable Energy Potential in Kecamatan Sokawera
No
Type of Energy
Source
1
Biofuel
Jatropha
2
Biogas
Livestock
3
Micro-Hydro
Mengaji River
Potential Energy More than 2000 Ha fo potential area NA – but each household usually has cows/goats/sheeps Has gross head about
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
4.2 Energy Problems
34
14 m (about 20 kW) Source : FGD In Depth Interview, PUSPER UMY, Analyzed
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Note: the number at Table 4.4 does not present as the energy priority, the amount of energy source or the energy rank.
35
Renewable energy source of biofuel from Jatropha plantation is one of potential plants in Desa Sokawera. Referring to area of the not-farming land is more than 2,000 Ha; those lands can be cultivated with Jathropa for biofuel production. Due to the limited knowledge regarding to Jathropa plantation, the building capacity on Jathropha cultivation and corp method to the community is needed. Livestock production concentrates on cattle cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep. Cows and buffaloes are used to work the fields, but rarely marketed. With the amount of cows in Sokawera is significant because almost each household has livestock, the biogas energy is promised energy with large potential source which can be used.
4.4 Stakeholders Analysis from FGD on Energy Development in Sokawera As mentioned before, the energy programmes can be implemented well if the rural community can participate in the programme for deciding the needs of energy services. Some result discussions related to “hopes” or expectations on energy services which will be planned and implemented between stakeholders can be written down. Stakeholders inhere consists of community and local entrepreneur (Sokawera) representative, local administrator (local government), regional office of Dinas and technical team/university. Identification of these expectations is an important aspect to understand and set up the role and participation of each stakeholder which is involved in the energy development programme. The result of stakeholder analysis is listed in Table 4.5. The central point of expectations from the stakeholders is to improve the prosperity and social welfare in the community through the improvement of renewable energy access which is developed by synergy and sustainable. Thus, the developed energy programmes should have a long term vision and improve directly or non-directly the economic condition of the community. It is similar with the energy policy from the regional government of Banyumas which the energy programme should be Pro-Poor; Pro-Growth and ProJob. It means that the benefit of proposed energy programme can reach the community in terms of improving the quality of socioeconomic.
No 1
STAKEHOLDERS Community and Local Entrepreneur
EXPECTATION 1. Improving the knowledge and skill in the self-service renewable energy supply 2. Improving the household/industry income and reducing the expenses on energy due to have an alternative energy access which is cheaper and environmental friendly
2
Administration Officer or Local Government (Pemerintah Desa/Kecamatan)
1. Developing the alternative energy for poor community and local entrepreneur 2. Improving the prosperity and social welfare in the community through the energy access 3. Creating the job opportunities for community for improving the life quality 4. Improving the GDP growth 5. Optimizing the energy potentials within Kecamatan Sokawera 6. Providing and controlling the sustainable energy supply and program for community and local entrepreneur
3
4
Regional Energy Banyumas Regency
University/technical team
Office,
1.
Using the participatory method/approach for finding the community participation and involvement for needs assessment and gathering community response from the available energy potentials in the community
2.
Improving and sharing the knowledge of self-service energy villages into the community
3.
Improving the self-service energy household
1.
Developing communication with community and local stakeholders for needs energy assessment and planning the energy program
2. Contributing in the community service for improving
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Table 4.5: Expectation from Stakeholder Analysis for Energy Needs in Desa Sokawera
36
the energy access in the poor community 3. Developing the simultaneous energy and economic programme for community
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Source : FGD In Depth Interview, PUSPER UMY, Analyzed
37
5.1 POTENTIAL PROPOSED ENERGY PROGRAMMES Based on the available energy potentials and the needs assessment from the PRA results, several energy service programmes were proposed. These potential energy programmes were also planned and designed in relationship with important issues of (1) the sustainability of the programmes through cultural and social approach, (2) the optimization of the available renewable energy sources, and (3) the improvement of the better quality life through the energy programme. The potential proposed energy programmes in Desa Sokawera are described as follows:
1. Biogas Energy Package (BGEP) for cooking purposes. This program was proposed due to this energy service is high portion of energy used in Sokawera community. The packet consists of four subprograms which are: a. Development a pilot installation for complete biogas energy infrastructure which is efficient and low-cost construction based on the capacity of 2-4 cows for household level. b. Community assistance in terms of cultural approach for transferring the knowledge and implementing the biogas energy program. The program is also followed by the extension for the cow husbandry. c. Assistance on the potential cooperation (koperasi), local entrepreneur or local financial unit which is potential and interest in this program. d. Assistance on fertilizer process from the biogas residue. The fertilizer can be used by former group for farming or can be sold as the additional income for household. 2. Biodiesel Energy Package (BDEP) for household. The packet consists of three sub-programs which are: a. Development a pilot installation of complete simple-biodiesel process for oil production in order to be used in kerosene stove or modified kerosene stove. b. Community assistance in terms of cultural approach for transferring the knowledge and implementing the Jathropa cultivation. c. Assistance on the potential cooperation (koperasi), local entrepreneur or local financial unit which is potential and interest in this program. 3. Micro-Hydro Power Plan (MHPP). The packet is to develop a installation of MHPP for electricity in Dusun Kubangan (one of dusun which does not access to PLN grid).
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
PROPOSED ENERGY PROGRAMMES IN DESA SOKAWERA
38
These programme packages were then detailed in order to produce the efficient programme in terms of:
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
1. Design of installation for implementing the programme, 2. Economic analysis, 3. Community participations and financial scheme plan.
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5.2 TARGET GROUP The proposed programmes were targeted for developing the renewable energy access to the target group of the household (and home industry) in Desa Sokawera. This group was chosen based on the ownership of livestock which its residue can be used for renewable energy of biogas. The residue from biogas process is also potential to be processed as fertilizer for plantation. This group also has the willingness for receiving the renewable energy program in order to solve their needs of the energy services. Particularly for households in Dusun Kubangan, they do not access to the PLN grid due to their location is isolated with limited access. However, the Mengaji River is one of potential source in this community for producting the electricity from micro-hydro power generator.
5.3 BGEP (Biogass Energy Programme) 5.3.1 Background Biogas is obtained by anaerobically digesting (in an air free environment) organic material to produce the combustible gas methane. Animal and municipal wastes are common feedstocks for anaerobic digestion. The digestion of animal waste yields several benefits, i.e. methane is produced and can be used as a fuel; the waste is reduced to slurry which has a high nutrient content which makes an ideal fertilizer (in some cases this fertilizer is the main product from the digester and the biogas is merely a by-product); and during the digestion process, bacteria in the manure are killed which is a great benefit to environmental health. In case of the proposed technology used in Desa Sokawera, the proposed digester biogas was designed for producing the combustible gas methane from the animal waste of cattle livestock (cows), that his availability was abundant enough in this region.
5.3.2 Biogas Composition Biogas consists of methane gas (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and small amount of hydrogen sulfida (H2S), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2) and the very small content of nitrogen. Energy that produced from the biogas digester depends on the concentration of methane (CH4). The concentration of methane gas increases the energy increases and vice versa. The concentration can be increased through a treatment of several parameters, i.e. elimination of hydrogen sulphur, water content and carbon dioxide (CO2).
The biogas reactor was chosen for this programme is the digester reactor fixed-dome (Figure 5.1) with the volume of 9 m3. This reactor consists of two main parts, (1) the fermentation digester for the biogas production, (2) the balancing digester (displacement tank) which is used for controlling and producing the organic fertilizer. The digesters were constructed at certain depth using the bricks. The digester structure requires good sealing in order to avoid the gas leakage. The proposed fixed dome digester is modified from the Chinese digester with the main digester is constructed in a dome shape which cannot be moved (fixed). The animal waste is fed into the digester via the inlet pipe and undergoes digestion in the chamber. The temperature of the process is quite critical which the bacteria operate most efficiently between approximately 30 – 40° C for producing the methane and corbon dioxide gas (typically in ratio 6:4). Digestion time ranges from a couple of weeks to couple of months depending to the feedstock and the digestion temperature. The residual slurry is removed in the outlet and can be processed for fertilizer. The main advantage of this type of digester is a low cost construction.
Figure 5.1: Fixed-dome Biogas Digester/Reactor
2,5m 2,1m 0,4m
2,1m
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
5.3.3 Biogas Reactor
40
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
41
5.3.4 Construction Cost and Economic Analysis The estimated cost for constructing the digester reactor fixed-dome with the volume of 9 m3 is listed in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1: Estimated Construction Cost for Proposed Biogas Digester Volume 9 m3 for 1 Household
No Material/Component
Size
Required
40 kg per unit
48 per unit
1
Cement
2
Foundation Materials (Stone)
-
3
Sand
4
Clay-Brick
Unit Price
Amount (IDR)
41,000
1,968,000
6 m3/unit
300,000
1,800,000
-
13 m3/unit
400,000
800,000
5:20:10
3,500 units
450
1,575,000
(batu bata merah) 5
PVC-Pipe
8 inch
1 unit
400,000
400,000
6
PVC-Pipe
0.5 inch
30 m
12,000/4 m
96,000
7
PVC-Pipe
8
Addittive Material for Mix Concrete Design
0.75 inch
1 unit
18,000
18,000
-
3 kg
40,000
120,000
6 man
15 days
40,000/day
3,600,000
Total Construction Cost
10,377,000
9
Workmanship
Note : Economic life-time of biogas reactor is estimated 20-25 years
Economic analysis was conducted on the construction feasibility of the digester reactor fixed-dome. The results of the economic analysis are described as follows:
1).Benefit and Cost Analysis Benefit and cost analysis (Table 5.2) was used for benefit and safe that can be received by households if they use the digester reactor. The economic analysis of digester is calculated for volume 9 m3 from two cows. The benefit calculation from this programme is implemented for household category of A which they are still using the kerosene for cooking.
Table 5.2: Benefit and Cost Analysis for Proposed Biogas Digester
No
Remark
1
Saving from kerosene used
2
Benefit from the use of Organic Fertilizer
Volume
Unit Price
Safe per Month
Safe per Year
40 liter/month
Rp. 7,000
Rp. 70,000
Rp. 3,360,000
20 kg/day
Rp.500
Rp. 300,000
Rp. 3,600,000
Benefit for the use of biogas digester per year
Rp. 6,960,000
Construction cost of giogas digester (Table 5.1)
Rp. 10,377,000
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
(Ekosal)
42
Note : 1 cow can produce 15 kg animal waste per day. Every 12 kg of waste can be used for methane gas which converts with ½ liter of kerosene
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
2) Pay Back Period
43
This analysis is used for payback period from proposed biogas digester. The result is presented in Table 5.3. Table 5.3: Pay Back Period for Proposed Digester Biogas
No
Remarks
Investment
1
Investment cost of proposed digester
Rp. 10,377,000
2
Stove for cooking (1 unit)
Rp.
Total Investment
600,000
Rp. 10,977,000
3
Saving in Year 1
Rp. 6,690,000
4
Rest from Investment of Year 1
Rp. 4,287,000
5
Saving in Year 2
Rp. 6,690,000
6
Rest from Investment of Year 1
Rp. - (2,403,000)
Payback Periode is 1 years + (Rp. 4,287,000/Rp.6,690,000 × 12 months) = 1 year 8 months
5.3.5 Energy Conservation 1. Biogas is a type of energy which give small amount of carbon dioxide in the environment compared to the issue of fossile fuel and the issue of deforestation and land destruction/degradation, 2. Energy biogas can replace the fossil fuel for household energy service. The energy meets to environmental issue so it can contribute for reducing the effect of the global warming and other emissions, 3. Energy biogas has some equivalents for applications which is shown in Table 5.4. 4. The animal waste produced from the anaerobic digestion can minimise environmental effects and increase the benefit from the waste in the form of solid and liquid organic fertilizer.
Table 5.4: Some biogas equivalents (Kristoferson and Bokalders 1991)
1 m3 Biogas Equivalent
Lighting
Equal to 60 – 100 watt bulb for six hours
Cooking
Can cook three meals for a family of a five or six
Fuel replacement
0.7 kg of petrol
Shaft power
Can run a one horsepower motor for two hours
Electricity generator
Can generate 1.25 kilowatt hours of electricity
5.4 Biodiesel Energy Programme (BDEP) 5.4.1 Background Jatropha and well known as Jarak (in Indonesia) is a genus of approximately 175 succulent plants, shrubs and trees (some are deciduous, like Jatropha curcas L.) from the family Euphorbiaceae. The name is derived from (Greek iatros = physician and trophe = nutrition), hence the common name physic nut. Jatropha is native to Central America and has become naturalized in many tropical and subtropical areas including Indonesia. Jatropha oil is vegetable oil produced from the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, a plant that can grow in marginal lands and common lands. Jatropha curcas grows almost anywhere, even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils. It can also thrive on the poorest stony soil and grow in the crevices of rocks. Jatropha oil currently has been developed well in many countries such as India, Brazil, Africa and Myanmar for biodiesel fuel. When jatropha seeds are crushed, the resulting jatropha oil can be processed to produce a high-quality biodiesel that can be used in a standard diesel car, while the residue (press cake) can also be processed and used as biomass feedstock to power electricity plants or used as fertilizer (it contains nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium). The second proposed energy programme in Desa Sokawera is the use of Jatropha oil for energy services for cooking in household. Main considerations for implementing this programme are (1) lessons learned from the successful of biodiesel program in India and Desa Sokawera has huge potential for Jatropha plantation as raw material for producing biodiesel due to many lands exist in this area, (2) Jatropha is not for food materials (3) Jatropha can be planted on dry/marginal lands, so it has a potential to change a dry land into a productive land. Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradation, desertification and deforestation, which can be used for bio-energy to replace petro-diesel, for soap production and climatic protection, and hence deserves specific attention. Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes, self-sustainability and alleviate poverty for women, elderly, children and men, tribal communities, small farmers in Desa Sokawera. It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Application
44
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
5.4.2 Composition of Jatropha Oil
45
Jatropha curcas tree (proposed in Sokawera) which can easily be propagated by cutting is widely planted as a hedge to protect the field’s erosion, as it is not browsed by cattle. Jatropha curcas can grow well under such adverse climatic because of its low moisture demands, fertility requirements and tolerance to high temperatures (Kaushik et al. 2007). All parts of J.curcas plant have their own uses. Like many other Jatropha species, Jatropha curcas is a succulent tree that sheds its leaves during the dry season. It is well adaptor to arid and semi-arid conditions and often used for erosion control. The leaves are used in traditional medicine against coughs or as antiseptics after birth, and the branches are chewing sticks (Gübitz et al. 1999). The latex produced from the branches is useful for wound healing and others medical uses. Each fruit contains 2-3 oblong black seeds which can produce oil. The seed kernel oil contained 40- 60% (w/w) oil (Makkar et al. 1997). The seed oil extracted is found useful in medicinal and veterinary purposes, as insecticide, for soap production and as fuel substitute (Gübitz et al. 1999). Jatropha seeds contain 20 – 40 % vegetable oil. The composition of Jatropha curcas oil consists of main fatty acid such as palmitic acid (13%), stearic acid (2.53%), oleic acid (48.8%) and linoleic acid (34.6%) (Martínez-Herrera et al. 2006). Jatropha curcas oil contains high percentage of unsaturated fatty acid which is about 78-84% (Table 5.5). Jatropha oil can also be converted to epoxy fatty acids. The vegetable oil-based epoxy material is sustainable, renewable and biodegradable materials replacing petrochemical-based epoxy materials in some applications. This made the oils suitable for biodiesel production. However, the chemical compositions of the oil vary according to the climate and locality. Table 5.6 shows the physicochemical properties of the Jatropha curcas seed oil (south Asia countries) compared to the Nigerian Jatropha curcas seed oil.
Table 5.5: Fatty acid from Jatropha oil (Meyer et al. 2008)
Fatty Oil
Content
Palmitic (C16/0)
14.2
Palmitoleic (C16/1)
1.4
Stearic (C18/0)
6.9
Oleic (C18/1)
43.1
Linoleic (C18/2)
34.4
Saturates
21.1
Unsaturated
78.9
Fatty Oil Iodine value (mg/g)
South Asian
Nigeria
135.85±1.44
105.20±0.70
Peroxide value
0.66±0.04
---
Acid value (mg KOH/g)
1.50±0.07
3.50±0.10
Free fatty acid as oleic acid (%)
1.03±0.10
1.76±0.10
Saponification value (mg/g)
208±0.47
198.85±1.40
Moisture oil (%)
0.02±0.01
---
Viscosity
36.00
17 – 52
Refractive index at 28° C
1.469
1.468
Golden-yellow
Light-yellow
60.45±1.44
47.25±1.34
Color Total lipid content (%)
5.4.3 Jatropha Oil Production
Based on the research conducted by ITB and PT Rekayasa Industri, Jatropha oil produces the environmentally bio-fuel and has higher cetane number compared to the fossil fuel of diesel which is available in Indonesia. From their calculation, 3 kg of Jatropha seeds can generate about 1 liter Jatropha oil with the quality similar to the diesel fuel. Jatropha oil has larger the oxygen content and less calories compared to diesel fuel. Both contents make the better combustion process of Jatropha oil. In order to produce Jatropha oil, after collection the fruits are transported in open bags to the processing site. Here they are dried (about two days) until all the fruits have opened. It has been reported that direct sun has a negative effect on seed viability and that seeds should be dried in the shade. When the seeds are dry they are separated from the fruits and cleaned. Jatropha seeds are then crushed, rolled and pressed with the simple roller equipment which is shown in Figure 5.2.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Table 5.6: Physicochemical characteristics of Jatropha oil (Salimon & Abdullah 2008)
46
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Figure 5.2: The proposed roller and presser equipment for Jatropha oil production and oil results from the roller.
47
5.4.4 Jatropha Oil Stove for Household and Economical Analysis
1) Proposed Stove Energy service of cooking in Desa Sokawera is major consumption on energy needs. A proposed jatropha oil stove is considered for household use in the programme (Figure 5.3) in order to replace the use of kerosene in cooking purpose. The use of proposed stove can be synergy with proposed use of Jatropha for replacing the kerosene on cooking and lighting purposes. A proposed stove is modified from the kerosene wick stove which is commonly used in households. Operational procedure of proposed stove is similar with the kerosene wick stove. However, the preheating time is needed and it takes longer than the wick stove. In addition, the maintenance of proposed stove should be taken consideration due to the carbon residues in Jatropha stove wicks is more than the kerosene stove. Proposed stove can be bought from several small industries which are available in the Yogyakarta region. The specification of proposed Jatropha wick stove is shown in Table 5.7. Figure 5.3: The proposed stove for Jatropha oil
No
Remark
1
Dimension
2
Tank capacity
3
Fire flame
4
Fuel consumption
5
Water boiling
Specification 28 x 28 x 27 cm 2 liter Blue with red 225 ml/hour 14 minutes/2 liter
2) Economical Analysis for Proposed Stove Economical analysis is implemented to assess the feasibility of the Jatropha Oil programme for cooking in Sokawera. Table 5.8 and Table 5.9 show the cost analysis for Jatropha oil production and stove use for cooking; and the benefit and saving analysis of this programme for a household. The benefit analysis is calculated by the assumption of the kerosene use for cooking in a household is about 1 liter per day.
Table 5.8: Cost Analysis for Jatropha Oil Programme of cooking energy service for Household in Sokawera
No
Remark
Volume
Price Unit
Estimated Cost
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Table 5.7: Specification of Jatropha Stove
48
1
Roller/Presser Equipment for Jatropha Oil
2
Jatropha cultivation
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
3
49
1 unit
Rp. 2,000,000
Rp. 2,000,000
-
Land
0.2 ha
-
-
-
Seed
0.4 kg
Rp. 50,000
Rp. 20,000
1 unit
Rp. 200,000
Rp. 200,000
Investment Total/Cost
Rp. 2,220,000
Wick Stove
Note : 1 liter Jatropha oil needs 3 kg of Jatropha seeds. 1 ha land can produce 15 kg of seed per day with seeds for plantation of 2 kg. Land is used for the programme is a marginal land that does not cultivated by agricultural plants for food or commercial purposes.
Table 5.9: The economic benefit and safe analysis for a household
No
Remark
Volume
1
Kerosene Stove
1 unit
2
Kerosene
40 liter/month
Price Unit
Estimated Cost (per year)
Rp. 200,000
Rp. 200,000
Rp. 7,000
Rp. 3,360,000
Cost for cooking using kerosene
Rp. 3,560,000
Cost for cooking using Jatropha oil stove and investment for Jatropha
Rp. 2,220,000
pressing machine Saving per household at first year of Jatropha oil programme (fourth
Rp. 1,340,000
year of programme) Saving per household per year after using the Jatropha oil
Rp. 3,360,000
Jatropha needs 3 years for cultivation and thus, it can be process to be Jatropha oil (JO). Household should invest a Jatropha pressing machine (with the estimated lifetime of 8 years) and JO stove at fourth year. As a result, at first year after Jatropha cultivation or when is starting using JO oil (fourth year), households will only safe around Rp 1,340,000.00 due to spending for Jatropha stove and pressing machine. Household will be saving at second year after using the Jatropha oil or on fifth year since Jatropha programme is started. At the fifth year, household only spend for annually replacing/maintenance of stove which is estimated about Rp. 200,000.00. Thus, the cash-in flow is calculated from Rp. 3,560,000.00 – Rp. 200,000.00 = Rp. 3,360,000.00. Based on the net cash-flow in the cash-flow analysis, it indicates household can receive the saving from Jatropha oil for cooking programme started from the fifth year of implemented programme.
Table 5.10: Cash in flow analysis in Jatropha Oil Programme of cooking energy service for Household in Sokawera
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PV
14%/pa
Operational Cost
40,000
0.8772
35,088
0
0
-35,088
0
20,000
0.7695
15,389
0
0
-15,389
0
20,000
0.6750
13,499
0
0
-13,499
2,000,000
20,000
0.5921
1,196,002
3,560,000
2,095,964
899,962
0
20,000
0.5194
10,387
3,360,000
1,734,691
1,724,304
0
20,000
0.4556
9,112
3,360,000
1,521,659
1,512,547
0
20,000
0.3996
7,993
3,360,000
1,334,789
1,326,796
0
20,000
0.3506
7,011
3,360,000
1,170,867
1,163,856
Operational Cost
0
PV Cash in‐flow
Cash in Flow
Net Cash‐ flow
5.5. MICRO-HYDRO POWER PLAN (MHPP) 5.5.1 Potential Location of MHPP in Dusun Kubanga, Desa Sokawera Dusun Kubangan (Kubangan Hamlet) is one of hamlet in Sokawera Village that is in near forest of Slamet Mountain, the biggest mountain in Central Java. It is about 25 kilometers from city center of banyumas distric to the sokawera village. Generally, Kubangan has topography condition is between 15 until 30 degrees of radians and is located betwen 600 until 800 m ASL. Kubangan consists of 57 house family with 90 percent are work as home industry of coconut sugar and farmer. They can produce many vegetables, rice, palawija and coconut sugar or known as red sugar. There is only one main way to acces Dusun Kubangan which is constructed from Macadam-road construction as shown in Figure 5.4. All households in Kubangan do not have access to the PLN grid.
Figure 5.4: Access to Dusun Kubangan
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Year
Discount Factor
Investment Stove and Pressing Machine
50
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
51
Kubangan has MHP potential with capacity is about 20 to 30 Kva from Mengaji River. It is about 13 m of head loses in location. For lighting service, they have constructed the traditional picohydro power plan for generating the electricity. They have installed this traditional generator along irrigation channel from Mengaji River. This channel is used for farming irrigation purpose in Kubangan which can supply the sufficient water along year. Distance from intake channel to the MHPP potential location is about 600 m and it is about 500 m from Dusun Kubangan. In the dry season, channel has minimum flow of about 300 liter per second. Based on the field survey, in order to build the MHPP, it needs to repair the intake and channel in location. Data from FS survey give the information that it is more than 30% of water are lossing in channel (Figure 5.5). In addition, the channel intake always is broken if over flow occurs (usually it is during the raining sesason). From mechanical consideration in the MHPP data potential, a crossflow turbine is recommended in the proposed project in order to generate the maximum power of electricity. FS calculation shows that MHPP Kubangan can be daily operating starting from 5 PM to 7 AM.
5.5.2 Technical Aspect of MHPP in Dusun Kubanga, Desa Sokawera The features of the MHPP scheme are summarised as follows:
• • • •
Gross Head Net Head Design Flow Capacity
: Hgross : Hnet : Qd : Pel
= = = =
13.5 m 12 m 300 liters per second 21 kW
Figure 5.5: Irrigation Channel and Its Intake
• • • • •
Water intake and conveyance structures, including sand trap, headrace canal, forebay, penstock and tailrace canal Powerhouse, including protection wall Generating equipment, comprising of a crossflow turbine and synchronous generator Electrical turbine control system, ELC (Electronic Load Controller) Transmission facilities, for supplying 57 houses
Some technical calculation is written in Appendix 4. The implementation of the project will require approximately six to eight months including the finalisation of the preparatory work (detailed design, tendering, contract awarding), actual implementation of the project, testing, commissioning and training of operators. It needs two villagers assigned and trained as operators for the operation and maintenance of the plant. In order to optimise the viability of the MHPP, load management is deemed necessary to optimise the supply and demand situation, such as: using energy efficient lamps (CFL, LED, etc.), etc.
5.5.3 Economical Analysis of MHPP The total project cost is estimated to be IDR 424.751.000 (excl. VAT or other government’s tax). The detail calaculation of MHPP project cost is attached in Appendix 4. For operational and maintenance, it needs about IDR 8,680,790 per years (Table 5.11). The project can prospectively be financed by local government and/or other project funding source. Tariff setting will be determined after the meeting among community. We use two scenarios for economic feasibility calculation: Scenario 1 calculation based on group’s capability which community only be able to pay money per month (from questioner), Scenario 2 calculation based on half price of PLN base rate per kwh. Table 5.12 shows calculation on both scenarios and Table 5.13 summaries their feasibility view.
Table 5.11: Estimated O/M per year in Proposed MHPP Project
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
The project comprises of the following components:
52
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
No
53
Descriptions
Volume
Prices (IDR)
Total Costs (IDR)
1
400,000/month
4,800,000
1
Personnel
2
Maintenance for Civil works
0.75 % of total Civil work Investment
-
1,096,875
3
Maintenance for E/M equipments
0.75 % of total E/M work Investment
-
1,826,250
4
Maintenance for Distribution and Networks Infrastructure
1 % of total Network Investment
-
350,010
5
Overhead
7%
-
607,655 8,680,790
Total costs
Table 5.12: Estimated O/M per year in Proposed MHPP Project
No 1
Descriptions Construction costs of Investment
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
IDR 424,751,000
IDR 424,751,000
2
Construction Lifetime
1 year
1 year
3
Economic Lifetime
25 year
25 year
IDR 8,680,790
IDR 8,680,790
3%
3%
3%
3%
4
5
6
Operational and Maintenance Costs per year Operational and Maintenance Costs Increasing per year Adjustment for Electricity Rate per year
7
Rate per kWh
IDR 100
IDR 300
8
Discount Rate
8%
8%
9
Installed Capacity
21 Kwh
21Kwh
Table 5.13: Feasibility Analysis
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
1
IRR
0.44
Not Feasible (NF)
2
NPV
Rp (331,346,143)
NF
3
BCR
< 8%
NF
1.31
Feasible (F)
Rp179,526,181 12.88%
F F
5.6 Stakeholder Analysis for Implementing The Proposed Programme 5.6.1 Institutional Set-Up for Managing Energy Infrastructure A stakeholder analysis in this work package is needed in order to identify the potential scheme that can be used for implementing the proposed programme in Kecamatan Sokawera. The involved stakeholders are community, farmer groups, local administration office (pemerintah desa dan kecamatan), regional energy office of Gunungkidul Regency, academics (universities) and prospected financial units/boards. A result of stakeholder analysis is presented in Table 5.14. The analysis was gathered by in depth interview and focus group discussion which was conducted during the study. Participatory approach through PRA to development are based on the idea that the rural community in Kecamatan Sokawera who are the focus of the investigation, implementation or analysis know more about their energy needs and environments, and what they need to improve their quality of life than the professionals who are working with them. The professionals or universities are only acting as a facilitator in order to gain the information related to the energy needs and technical aspects that need to be planned and designed, i.e. choosing the appropriate technology and economical calculation as well. Based on stakeholder analysis, community, farmer groups and local entrepreneurs in this programme are positioned as owner of the proposed project. They will take responsibility for managing the proposed energy project. However, the assistantship scheme by local administration office (local government) and local universities should be running well in order to supervise and to mentor on the operation of the proposed energy programme. In this institutional set up, a small committee is set up which represents the community population. Representation on the committee is by virtue election, leadership status or role within the community. In practice, such committee often reflects the hierarchy of the community added with representative from all section (the community group who involves directly in the programme) of the population in order to be more sustainable. The committee should be involved in scheme planning and implementation, and in overseeing revenue collection, billing (if any), and operation and maintenance. Beside to provide the assistantship and mentoring scheme to the community in Kecamatan Sokawera, local university also has a responsibility to design the proposed technology that will be implemented in the programme. The university can conduct the pilot project of the proposed programme (together with Regional Mining and Energy Office/Dinas of Gunungkidul Regency or at the level of Yogyakarta province) at selected households, farmer groups or local entrepreneurs. It needs due to the community should be taken into the understanding of the benefit and saving for using the energy alternative programme. Based on
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
No Parameter
54
this situation, it is hoped that the community can be self-reliant in using the renewable energy sources for their energy services and needs.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Table 5.14: Stakeholder Analysis for Intitutional Set Up and Financing Scheme of the Proposed Energy Programmes in Kecamatan Sokawera
55
NO
STAKEHOLDERS
CONTRIBUTIONS
1
Community, farmer groups and local entrepreneurs
Owner and take responsibility for managing the installed energy infrastructure in Kecamatan Sokawera
2
Local administration office/government
1. 2.
3
Regional Mining and Energy Office of Gunungkidul Regency
4
Banking, Micro Finance Institution, Usaha Kecil and Menengah (UKM), Koperasi (Cooperation/Economic Enterprise)
Provide an energy facilities and infrastructure Budget allocation from Village Budget/Anggaran Dana Desa (ADD) for development of energy alternative at each region. 3. Supervising the implementation of the proposed energy project. Continue and focused on programs in next fiscal period (APBD/APBN) related with energy alternative development in region includes infrastructure provision and capacity building. 1.
2. 3.
5
University
1. 2. 3.
Commitment to provide Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) and other scheme of credits for farmers in building an energy infrastructure. Capacity building for famer groups especially in finance management aspect. Possible to be one of investors for energy infrastructure development. Provide training and education facilities for capacity building in development of energy alternative. Mentoring and assisting in operational of energy alternative. Improving an applied research and development of energy alternative.
5.6.2 Financing Scheme for the Proposed Programmes Many studies show that the key constraint to energy supply by the renewable energy for rural community is access to the initial capital needed to purchase the equipment or to build the infrastructures to harness the resource. This leads rural communities to choose energy options that are cheap on a day-to-day basis, but
The regional energy office also plays an important role in this financial scheme. The office can propose the regional budget for financing the subsidies or pilot programme in Kecamatan Sokawera. The regional office is also able to propose the budget for building capacity in the community for assistantship, mentoring and developing the proposed programme. Several alternative scheme are described below that can be chosen which scheme is appropriate for implementing in Desa Sokawera. These schemes involve all financial stakeholders, i.e. Banking, Micro Finance Institution, Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (UKM), Cooperation and Regional Energy Office as well.
1) Subsidies Scheme Subsidies are granted either to service, commodities or activities that are viewed by governments as crucial to the livelihood of low income people or to maintain economic sectors viewed as strategic, i.e. agricultures, energy, etc. Subsidies occur when the budget do not cover the cost of production on energy. Subsidies can be either direct such as payments that reduce the cost of energy infrastructures to an investment, or indirect such as changes the prices, taxes and the provision of recurrent inputs such as training or the prevision of infrastructure. Much of logic of the subsidy rests on the assumption that there will be a supply response. Many forms of subsidy are known to have side-effect that are harmful to more self-sustaining development in the longer time or do not reach the intended beneficiaries. In addition, the capability of regional government budget to subsidy the programme is limited. Therefore, the programme can not be running well if this financial scheme will be implemented totally.
2) Credit Scheme Credit is a financial intermediation between economic agents with credit and those with deficit. For various reasons (confidence, pooling the resource of several small leaders, skills, etc) an intermediate, generally a financial institution, is necessary to implement the financial link between the incomes, i.e. when the crops are sold and the expenses, various forms of the credit were develop to support both poor and wealthy farmer. However, the types of credit widely used in the agricultural sector (in example) are not suitable for funding the rural energy scheme for poor communities, particularly when the pay-back period is spread over a medium term period. The costs of recovering small loans in isolated areas are usually fairly high.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
which offer a poor quality of energy supply and are expensive over the longer term. In addition, the current economical condition in community of Kecamatan Sokawera, particularly for poor household show that they cannot finance the proposed energy programme (i.e. Biogas for Cooking) based on their income. Thus, financial way by other institutions/sources is need in order to implement the proposed programme to the community. Several alternative formal sources for financing the proposed programme are Banking, Micro Finance Institution, Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (UKM). There are three reasons to involve the UKM in this scheme (Berry et al., 2001). First, the performance of UKM shows the good achievement in order to produce the economic activities in the rural community. Second, UKM involves the investment and technology development for increasing its productivity. Third, UKM has flexibility in the economic activities compared to the larger units. In addition, Kuncoro (2000) reports that UKM in Indonesia plays the important role for reserving the local worker, increasing the economic units and supporting the household income. Other informal organization which has a potential unit for financing the programme is Koperasi (Cooperation). The cooperation can perform sustainable programme due to the cooperation is familiar unit in the community and local farmers for financing their needs in household and farming sector. However, the assistantship of both units (UKM and Cooperation) by university is still needed in order to plan the appropriate financing scheme for proposed energy programme in Sokawera.
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Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Most of the banks do not have experience to deal with the rural credit in energy sector, i.e. for small or micro scheme. Because of the risk, banks are inclined to impose guarantees that poor rural communities have difficulty meeting. Loans are a relatively new concept in financing the energy supply for rural communities in Indonesia. Therefore, in this scheme, they (credits/loans) can be implemented by cooperation or UKM which provide the quarantines requested by the Bank or Financial Institutions.
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The credit scheme is more appropriate for local entrepreneurs, i.e. food industry of “tahu and tempe” and rice milling industry which are available in Kecamatan Sokawera. These local industries can provide the guarantee for financial institutions which is needed for credits and loans scheme. The credits and loans can finance the proposed biogas and biomass package programme for local entrepreneurs. However, the low interest of credits and loans must be considered for this proposed programme.
3) Combination of Various Funding Resources The last proposed scheme is a combination of various funding resources which involves a range of types of funding such as grants, subsidies, loans and contributions in kind. This kind of scheme is a lesson learned from the implementation of energy financial programme which was successfully employed in Nepal by USAID and Intermediate Technology. The combination financial scheme is an appropriate scheme for financing the development of (1) the biogas installation for households, (2) the Jatropha oil for household, in Desa Sokawera. For this proposed scheme programme, the financial breakdown of the proposed combination scheme is shown in Figure 5.6. Figure 5.6: Financing Breakingdown for Financing Scheme of the Proposed Energy Programmes in Desa Sokawera
The loan of 30 % total finance is provided by local or micro financial institution and banks for households which join in the proposed programme. The loan will be paid in 12 installments for 24 months (considering the pay-back period of the programme). The communities (households and farmer groups) contribute in half of financing scheme or 50 % which can be supported by Cooperation or UKM. The rests of financial portion can be completed by 10 % from subsidy and 10 % from grants scheme which can be provided by regional governments and other foundations.
Particularly for MHPP programme, combination of financial portion can be arranged different as shown in Figure 5.7. The loan of 20 % total finance can still be provided by micro financial institution. The communities (households and farmer groups) and local/village organization contribute in 10 % which can be supported by Cooperation or UKM. The rests of financial portion can be completed by 40 % from subsidy and 30 % from grants scheme which can be provided by regional governments and other foundations.
Figure 5.7: Financing Breakingdown for Financing Scheme of the Proposed MHPP Programmes in Desa Sokawera
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The university has a role for assistance the Cooperation and UKM for initiating, planning and managing the financial scheme to the community or local former groups.
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CONCLUSION
In this programme, Desa Sokawera was chosen for implementation of WP 2 in CAREPI programme for Central Java Province. The location was selected based on the several considered aspect, as follows lowincome rural communities, form of energy which is currently used for domestic activities, community services and small business is concentrated in firewood and kerosene, there is renewable energy potentials and sources are available locally, and the social background and characteristics on selected communities are considered in order to implement the energy policies successfully and sustainable. The participatory rural appraisal method was selected as a research method for the energy need assessment in Kecamatan Sokawera. The PRA is well known technique which can be an effective method for analyzing the needs of energy in rural community. When the energy policy such as increasing energy access program for poor community will be implemented, the market or needs evaluation should be conducted in order to observe in which service are actually required from the various energy technologies. This approach often means that the technology is not economically viable as it is underutilized or it is so unreliable that the communities stop using the proposed programme and technology and return to their traditional energy sources. Four proposed energy programmes have been resulted based on the study of the PRA result and the survey on the renewable energy potentials in Kecamatan Sokawera as follows: 1. Biogas Energy Package (BGEP) for cooking purposes. This program was proposed due to this energy service is high portion of energy used in Sokawera community. 2. Biodiesel Energy Package (BDEP) for household. 3. Micro-Hydro Power Plan (MHPP) for electricity supply in Dusun Kubangan. The detail programme consists of the design of infrastructures, economical analysis (cost, benefit and saving), and pay-back period for feasibility on the investment. A stakeholder analysis was also conducted in order to break down the participation and roles that played by stakeholders for delivering the proposed programme successfully. The proposed financing schemes such as subsidies, credit and combination scheme are also discussed for alternative financial action on proposed energy program. The FS on MHPP project proves that development of the proposed micro hydropower plant for Kubangan hamlet, Sokawera village, Cilongok sub-district, Banyumas Regency, Central Java province is technically and economically feasible. The economic viability of the project is likely to improve even further in view to
REFERENCE
Banyumas Profile, 2006, www.banyumaskab.go.id Berry, A., E. Rodriquez, dan H. Sandeem, 2001, “Small and Medium Enterprises Dynamics in Indonesia.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 37 (3): 363-384. Gübitz, G.M., Mittlebach, M. and Trabi, M. 1999. Exploitation of the tropical oil seed plant Jatropha curcas. L. Internationalof Biosource Technology 58: 77-82. HAI. 2002. Participatory research with older people: A sourcebook. Available free of charge from HelpAge International and can be downloaded from website www.helpage.org/Resources/Manuals Kaushik, N., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Kaushik, N. and Roy, S. 2007. Genetic variability and divergence studies in seed traits and oil content of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) accessions. Biomass & Bioenergy 31: 497-502. Kristoferson, L.A. and Bokalders, V. 1991. Renewable Energy Technologies: Their Application in Developing Countries, London: IT Publication. Kuncoro, M., 2002a, Analisis Spasial dan Regional: Studi Aglomerasi dan Kluster Industri Indonesia. Yogyakarta: UPP AMP YKPN. Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K., Sporer, F. and Wink, M. 1997. Studies on nutritive potential and toxic constituents of different provenances of Jatropha curcas. J. Agr. Food Chem. 45: 3152-3157. Marshall, R.C. 1998. A Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford: Oxford University.
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increasing cost for fossil fuels and increasing generation cost of PLN. As further steps it is recommended to local government or project developer to proceed with the project to the detailed design and implementation stage.
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Martínez-Herrera, J., Siddhuraju, P., Francis, G., Dávila-Ortíz, G. and Becker K. 2006. Chemical composition, toxic/antimetabolic constituents, and effects of different treatments on their levels, in four provenances of Jatropha curcas L. from Mexico. Food Chemistry 96: 80-89.
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Meyer, P., Techaphattana, N., Manundawee, S., Sangkeaw, S., Junlakan W. and Tongurai, C. 2008. Epoxidation of Soybean Oil and Jatropha OilThammasat Int .J. Sc. Tech., Special edition 13: 1-5.
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Salimon, J. and Abdullah, R. 2008. Physicochemical Properties of Malaysian Jatropha curcas Seed Oil. Sains Malaysiana 37(4): 379-382
APPENDIX 1: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND PHOTOS
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APPENDIX 2: PRA MATERIALS PANDUAN KAJIAN PRA untuk RUMAH TANGGA PENINGKATAN AKSES ENERGI PADA MASYARAKAT DI DAERAH TERTINGGAL
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PUSAT STUDI PENGELOLAAN ENERGI REGIONAL (PUSPER)
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UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA (UMY)
1. Tujuan FGD: Mendapatkan masukan obyektif dari stakeholders terkait masalah energi dari multiaspek. 2. Pola FGD: Dilakukan dalam 2 tahap. Pada awal dilakukan eksplorasi umum, kemudian dilanjutkan diskusi kelompok (kecil), yang diteruskan pada diskusi pleno (kelompok besar). 3. Teknis fasilitasi FGD: Pada awal dipandu 1 fasilitator, kemudian pada diskusi kelompok kecil juga dipandu oleh seorang fasilitator pada masing‐masing kelompok kecil. Fasilitatar dibantu seoarang perekam proses.
PERTANYAAN UMUM UNTUK RESPONDEN: 1. Tuliskan nama responden yang mewakili rumah tangga dan berikan gambaran jumlah dan usia anggota keluarganya, pekerjaan pokok, pekerjaan sampingan (sambilan), pendapatan per bulan atau per hari, jumlah anggota keluarga yang bekerja dan sekolah. 2. Pertanyaan Umum pada saat Eksplorasi Awal: a. Bagaimana gambaran kondisi umum kegiatan warga di sekitar ini ? Apakah setiap Rumah Tangga (RT) memiliki hewan ternak, apa saja ? atau kebun/pekarangan yang ditanami ? tanaman apa saja ? b. Bagaimana gambaran umum kondisi kesejahteraan warga di sekitar ini? c. Apakah sudah pernah mendengar masalah krisis energi? d. Apa masalah utama yang sekarang dihadapi warga sekitar (komunitas masyarakatnya) terhadap permasalahan energi? e. Apakah masalah utama yang dirasakan warga sekitar terkait program konversi minyak tanah ke Gas LPJ?
PERTANYAAN KHUSUS pada diskusi kelompok masyarakat : KATEGORI RUMAH TANGGA 1. Berapa “jenis energi” sesuai aktivitas yang dibutuhkan per hari atau per bulan, dalam rumah tangga ? dan apakah ada perubahan penggunaannya dalam beberapa tahun ini. (Jawaban disusun dalam Bagan Jawaban dan bisa menjawab lebih dari satu jenis energi yang digunakan dan disusun menurut prioritasnya)
Aktivitas
Jenis Energi 1
Jenis Energi 2
Jenis Energi 3
Jenis Energi 4
Jenis Energi 5
Memasak mak anan
Kayu
Minyak tanah
Gas/LPG
Kayu arang
Energi alternatif lain
Memasak air
Kayu
Minyak tanah
Gas/LPG
Kayu arang
Energi alternatif lain
Meny eterik a Baju
Kayu Arang
Listrik
Transportasi
Bensin
Minyak Solar
Penerangan
Listrik
Minyak Tanah
Minyak Jarak
Hiburan (radio/ tape)
Listrik
Energi alternatif lain
Batu Baterey
2. Apakah jenis energi yang digunakan dan dari manakah energi tersebut diperoleh Jenis Energi RT (total per hari/ bulan)
Listrik Kayu
Sumber Energi Pelanggan PLN Beli atau ambil dari Hutan?
Gas (LPG)
Beli di warung ?Atau Supplier ?
Minyak Tanah
Beli di warung ?Atau Supplier ?
Bensin Kayu Arang
Beli eceran di warung atau SPBU ? Beli di warung atau membuat sendiri?
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3. Berapa “jumlah energi” yang diperlukan per hari atau per bulan, untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga ?
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Jenis Energi RT (total per hari/ bulan)
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Pengeluaran
Listrik
Berapa Rupiah per bulan ?
Kayu
Berapa Ikat Kayu per hari ?
Gas (LPG)
Berapa hari pemakaian per tabung ?
Minyak Tanah
Berapa hari pemakaian per liter ?
Bensin
Berapa hari pemakaian per liter ?
Kayu Arang
Berapa hari pemakaian per kilogram ?
4. Kegiatan ekonomi produktif (sambilan) apa saja yang yang dihasilkan oleh RT, diluar kerja pokok ? 5. Berapa “Rupiah” per hari atau per bulan, uang yang dibelanjakan untuk kebutuhan energi ? (Jawaban disusun mulai dari pendapatan per hari atau per bulan (bisa ditambah pendapatan sambilan musiman, jika ada), kemudian perbelanjaan rutin total yang dikeluarkan per kebutuhan rumah tangga (misalnya makanan, sekolah anak, transportasi, energi dan lainnya) dan berapa besar perbelanjaan untuk kebutuhan energi per jenisnya)
Sumber Pendapatan (total per bulan)
Pengeluaran
Pengeluaran untuk Energi
Bertani
Kebutuhan Pokok
Listrik
Tukang Batu
Sekolah Anak
Kayu
Beternak
Energi
Gas
dll …
dll …
Minyak Tanah
6. Uraikan berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat berkaitan dengan energi dari multi aspek?
7. Uraikan langkah-langkah yang sudah dilakukan guna mengatasi permasalahan tsb?
9. Menurut masyarakat, apa saja yang bisa dilakukan oleh masing masing unsur, yaitu: pemda/dinas, pemerintah desa/kecamatan, universitas, dan masyarakat sendiri terkait dengan wacana hemat energi dan kemungkinan penggunaan energi alternatif. 10. Apakah sudah mempunyai sumber energi alternatif yang digunakan dalam rumah tangga untuk pasokan energi? Jika ada, jelaskan jenis sumber energi alternatif yang ada? Jenis Energi Alternatif
Sumber Energi
Biogas
Kotoran hewan
Biomasa
Sampah/ daun/ ranting
Briket
Abu sekam padi Kayu bekas
Kayu Arang
Minyak jarak
Biodiesel
dll …
dll …
11. Amatilah, sumber-sumber potensi di lingkungan sekitar yang bisa dikembangkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif! Sumber Potensi
Jenis Energi yang bisa dikembangkan
Ternak
Biogas dari Kotoran hewan
Limbah Pertanian
Biomasa dari Sekam padi
Limbah Kayu Irigasi Tanaman Jarak dll …
Briket dari Serbuk atau pecahan kayu Listrik dari Generator Micro-hydro Minyak jarak dll …
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
8. Menurut masyarakat, apa saja yang pernah (masa lalu) dan perlu (masa yang akan datang) dilakukan oleh masing masing unsur, yaitu: pemda/dinas, pemerintah desa/kecamatan, universitas, dan masyarakat sendiri agar masalah energi bisa diatasi dengan baik dan tidak muncul persoalan di masa mendatang?
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12. Berikan prioritas penggunaan jenis energi untuk setiap kegiatan yang ada adalam rumah tangga yang memerlukan energi (misalnya memasak, menyeterika, dll.) ! Prioritas pertama (No.1) berarti kebutuhan yang paling penting dalam rumah tangga !
Aktivitas
Jenis Energi 1 (utama) utama)
Jenis Energi 2 (alternatif) alternatif)
Jenis Energi 3 (alternatif) alternatif)
Prioritas 1
Memasak
LPG
Kay u Bak ar
…
Biogas
Prioritas 2
Meny etrik a
Kay u Arang
Listrik
…
Brik et
Prioritas 3
…dst
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Ranking
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Potensi
Prioritas 4 Prioritas 5 Prioritas 6 … dst
LEMBAR JAWABAN UNTUK PERTANYAAN KHUSUS
No.1 : Berapa “jenis energi” sesuai aktivitas yang dibutuhkan per hari atau per bulan, dalam rumah tangga ? dan apakah ada perubahan penggunaannya dalam beberapa tahun ini.
Aktivitas
Jenis Energi 1 Jenis Energi 2 Jenis Energi 3 Jenis Energi 4 Jenis Energi 5
No.11 : Berikan prioritas penggunaan jenis energi untuk setiap kegiatan yang ada adalam rumah tangga yang memerlukan energi (misalnya memasak, menyeterika, dll.) !
Aktivitas
Jenis Energi 1 Jenis Energi 2 Jenis Energi 3
Potensi Energi Alternatif
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Prioritas
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PANDUAN KAJIAN PRA untuk USAHA KECIL PENINGKATAN AKSES ENERGI PADA MASYARAKAT DI DAERAH TERTINGGAL PUSAT STUDI PENGELOLAAN ENERGI REGIONAL (PUSPER)
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1. Tujuan FGD: Mendapatkan masukan obyektif dari stakeholders terkait masalah energi dari multiaspek. 2. Pola FGD: Dilakukan dalam 2 tahap. Pada awal dilakukan eksplorasi umum, kemudian dilanjutkan diskusi kelompok (kecil), yang diteruskan pada diskusi pleno (kelompok besar). 3. Teknis fasilitasi FGD: Pada awal dipandu 1 fasilitator, kemudian pada diskusi kelompok kecil juga dipandu oleh seorang fasilitator pada masing‐masing kelompok kecil. Fasilitatar dibantu seoarang perekam proses.
PERTANYAAN UMUM UNTUK RESPONDEN: 1. Tuliskan nama responden yang mewakili pemilik usaha kecil dan berikan gambaran jumlah pekerja atau hanya merupakan usaha keluarganya, pendapatan per bulan atau per hari, modal usaha per hari atau per bulan untuk bahan baku dan pengeluaran rata-rata untuk produksi. 2. Pertanyaan Umum pada saat Eksplorasi Awal: a. Apakah sudah pernah mendengar masalah krisis energi? b. Apa masalah utama yang sekarang dihadapi di tempat usaha terhadap permasalahan energi? c. Apakah masalah utama untuk mendapatkan pasokan energi untuk usaha?
PERTANYAAN KHUSUS pada diskusi kelompok masyarakat : KATEGORI USAHA 1. Jenis Usaha apa yang dikembangkan dan aktivitas usaha apa yang dilakukan didalamnya?.
2. Berapa “jenis energi” sesuai aktivitas yang dibutuhkan per bulan, untuk usaha ?
Aktivitas Usaha produksi
Kebutuhan Energi
Kayu Produksi
Gas
Penerangan
Minyak Tanah
Distribusi/Transportasi
Bensin dll …
dll …
(Jawaban disusun dalam Bagan Jawaban dan bisa menjawab lebih dari satu jenis energi yang digunakan dan disusun menurut prioritasnya)
Aktivitas Industri
Jenis Energi 1
Jenis Energi 2
Jenis Energi 3
Jenis Energi 4
Jenis Energi 5
Peny iapan bahan bak u
Gas/LPG
Kayu
Energi alternatif lain
Pemasakan/ Perebusan
Gas/LPG
Biogas
Energi alternatif lain
Pengepak an/ Pe Listrik mbungk usan
Penerangan
Listrik
Transportasi
Solar
Bensin
dll ….
3. Berapa “jumlah energi” dan “rupiah” per bulan (rata-rata), untuk kebutuhan usaha ?
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Listrik
Penyiapan Bahan Baku
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Jenis Energi Usaha (total per bulan)
Listrik
Berapa Rupiah per bulan ?
Kayu
Berapa Ikat Kayu per hari ?
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Gas (LPG)
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Pengeluaran
Berapa hari pemakaian per tabung ?
Minyak Tanah
Berapa hari pemakaian per liter ?
Bensin
Berapa hari pemakaian per liter ?
Kayu Arang
Berapa hari pemakaian per kilogram ?
4. Darimana sajakah sumber energi diperoleh untuk usaha ?
Jenis Energi (total per bulan)
Listrik Kayu
Sumber Energi Pelanggan PLN Beli atau ambil dari Hutan?
Gas (LPG)
Beli di warung ?Atau Supplier ?
Minyak Tanah
Beli di warung ?Atau Supplier ?
Bensin Kayu Arang
Beli eceran di warung atau SPBU ? Beli di warung atau membuat sendiri?
5. Uraikan berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh usaha berkaitan dengan energi dari multi aspek? 6. Uraikan langkah-langkah yang sudah dilakukan guna mengatasi permasalahan tsb? 7. Menurut pemilik usaha, apa saja yang pernah (masa lalu) dan perlu (masa yang akan datang) dilakukan oleh masing masing unsur, yaitu: pemda/dinas, pemerintah desa/kecamatan, universitas, dan masyarakat sendiri agar masalah energi bisa diatasi dengan baik dan tidak muncul persoalan di masa mendatang?
8. Menurut pemilik usaha, apa saja yang bisa dilakukan oleh masing masing unsur, yaitu: pemda/dinas, pemerintah desa/kecamatan, universitas, dan masyarakat sendiri terkait dengan wacana hemat energi dan kemungkinan penggunaan energi alternatif. 9. Apakah sudah mempunyai sumber energi alternatif yang digunakan dalam usaha untuk pasokan energi? Jika ada, jelaskan jenis sumber energi alternatif yang ada?
Jenis Energi Alternatif
Biomasa Briket Kayu Arang Biodiesel dll …
Kotoran hewan Sampah/ daun/ ranting Abu sekam padi Kayu bekas Minyak jarak dll …
10. Amatilah, sumber-sumber potensi di lingkungan sekitar yang bisa dikembangkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif!
Sumber Potensi
Jenis Energi yang bisa dikembangkan
Ternak
Biogas dari Kotoran hewan
Limbah Pertanian
Biomasa dari Sekam padi
Limbah Kayu Irigasi Tanaman Jarak dll …
Briket dari Serbuk atau pecahan kayu Listrik dari Generator Micro-hydro Minyak jarak dll …
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Biogas
Sumber Energi
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11. Berikan prioritas penggunaan jenis energi untuk setiap kegiatan yang ada dalam jalannya usaha/produksi yang memerlukan energi (misalnya penyiapan bahan baku, pengemasan, penerangan, pemanasan dll.) ! Prioritas pertama (No.1) berarti kebutuhan yang paling penting dalam usaha (produksi) !
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Aktivitas
Jenis Energi 1 (utama) utama)
Jenis Energi 2 (alternatif) alternatif)
Jenis Energi 3 (alternatif) alternatif)
Kay u Bak ar
…
Biogas
…
Brik et
Prioritas 1
Pemasakan Bahan Bak u
LPG
Prioritas 2
Penerangan
Listrik
Prioritas 3
Pengemasan
Listrik
Prioritas 4
Transportasi Barang
Solar
Prioritas 5 Prioritas 6 … dst
Bensin
Potensi
PANDUAN KAJIAN PRA untuk KELOMPOK MASYARAKAT (BPD, KARANG TARUNA, REMAJA MASJID, PAGUYUPAN MASYARAKAT, KOPERASI, DLL.) PENINGKATAN AKSES ENERGI PADA MASYARAKAT DI DAERAH TERTINGGAL PUSAT STUDI PENGELOLAAN ENERGI REGIONAL (PUSPER)
1. Tujuan FGD: Mendapatkan masukan obyektif dari stakeholders terkait masalah energi dari multiaspek. 2. Pola FGD: Dilakukan dalam 2 tahap. Pada awal dilakukan eksplorasi umum, kemudian dilanjutkan diskusi kelompok (kecil), yang diteruskan pada diskusi pleno (kelompok besar). 3. Teknis fasilitasi FGD: Pada awal dipandu 1 fasilitator, kemudian pada diskusi kelompok kecil juga dipandu oleh seorang fasilitator pada masing‐masing kelompok kecil. Fasilitatar dibantu seoarang perekam proses.
PERTANYAAN UMUM UNTUK RESPONDEN: 1. Tuliskan nama kelompok masyarakat yang menjadi responden, bidang kegiatannya dan jumlah anggota. 2. Pertanyaan Umum pada saat Eksplorasi Awal: a. Apakah sudah pernah mendengar masalah krisis energi? b. Apa masalah utama yang sekarang dihadapi di kelompok masyarakat terhadap permasalahan energi? c. Apakah masalah utama untuk mendapatkan pasokan energi untuk kegiatan kemasyarakatan?
PERTANYAAN KHUSUS pada diskusi: KATEGORI KELOMPOK MASYARAKAT 12. Jenis kegiatan apa yang dikembangkan oleh kelompok masyarakat dan keterkaitan untuk pasokan kebutuhan energi dalam kegiatannya ? Misalnya kegiatan posyandu yang memerlukan penerangan atau pasokan listrik untuk peralatan penyuluhan dll.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA (UMY)
76
Kebutuhan Energi
Kelompok Masyarakat
Listrik
Karang Taruna
Kayu
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Koperasi
77
Gas
Paguyupan TPA/Remaja Masjid
Minyak Tanah Bensin dll …
dll …
13. Berapa “jenis energi” sesuai aktivitas yang dibutuhkan per bulan, dalam kelompok masyarakat ? Aktivitas
Kebutuhan Energi
Listrik
Penerangan
Kayu Penyuluhan
Gas
Pertemuan Transportasi
Minyak Tanah Bensin dll …
dll …
14. Darimana saja sumber pendapatan kelompok masyarakat ini untuk pemebuhan kebutuhan energi dalam aktivitasnya ? Berapa besar pengeluaran (Rupiah) untuk kegiatan kelompok masyarakat setiap bulannya ? 15. Uraikan berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh usaha berkaitan dengan energi dari multi aspek? 16. Uraikan langkah-langkah yang sudah dilakukan guna mengatasi permasalahan tsb?
17. Menurut kelompok masyarakat ini, apa saja yang pernah (masa lalu) dan perlu (masa yang akan datang) dilakukan oleh masing masing unsur, yaitu: pemda/dinas, pemerintah desa/kecamatan, universitas, dan masyarakat sendiri agar masalah energi bisa diatasi dengan baik dan tidak muncul persoalan di masa mendatang?
19. Apakah sudah mempunyai sumber energi alternatif yang digunakan dalam aktivitas kelompok masyarakat? Jika ada, jelaskan jenis sumber energi alternatif yang ada?
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
18. Menurut kelompok masyarakat ini, apa saja yang bisa dilakukan oleh masing masing unsur, yaitu: pemda/dinas, pemerintah desa/kecamatan, universitas, dan masyarakat sendiri terkait dengan wacana hemat energi dan kemungkinan penggunaan energi alternatif.
78
PANDUAN KAJIAN PRA untuk APARATUR PEMERINTAH PENINGKATAN AKSES ENERGI PADA MASYARAKAT DI DAERAH TERTINGGAL PUSAT STUDI PENGELOLAAN ENERGI REGIONAL (PUSPER)
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA (UMY)
79
1. Tujuan FGD: Mendapatkan masukan obyektif dari stakeholders terkait masalah energi dari multiaspek. 2. Pola FGD: Dilakukan dalam 2 tahap. Pada awal dilakukan eksplorasi umum, kemudian dilanjutkan diskusi kelompok (kecil), yang diteruskan pada diskusi pleno (kelompok besar). 3. Teknis fasilitasi FGD: Pada awal dipandu 1 fasilitator, kemudian pada diskusi kelompok kecil juga dipandu oleh seorang fasilitator pada masing‐masing kelompok kecil. Fasilitatar dibantu seoarang perekam proses.
PERTANYAAN UMUM UNTUK RESPONDEN: 1. Tuliskan nama responden dan fungsinya dalam aparatur pemerintah. 2. Pertanyaan Umum pada saat Eksplorasi Awal: a. Apakah sudah pernah mendengar masalah krisis energi? b. Apa masalah utama yang sekarang dihadapi di masyarakat terhadap permasalahan energi? c. Apakah masalah utama untuk mendapatkan pasokan energi untuk masyarakat?
PERTANYAAN KHUSUS pada diskusi: KATEGORI APARAT PEMERINTAH
1. Uraikan berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi masyarakat terkait dengan energi dari multi aspek? 2. Uraikan langkah-langkah yang sudah dilakukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan tsb?
3. Bentuk intervensi dan peran dapat dilakukan oleh masing masing unsur, yaitu: pemda/dinas, pemerintah desa/kecamatan, dan universitas agar persoalan energi tidak terjadi di masa mendatang.
5. Hal-hal apa saja yang menjadi faktor pendorong dan penghambat bila dimungkinkan adanya penggunaan energi alternatif.
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
4. BeNtuk kegiatan/partisipasi masing masing unsur, yaitu: pemda/dinas, pemerintah desa/kecamatan, universitas, dan masyarakat terkait dengan persoalan energi dan manajemen energi di masa mendatang.
80
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
APPENDIX 3: WORKSHOP MATERIALS
81
82
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Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
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Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
APPENDIX 3: MHPP FEASIBILITY STUDY
Perhitungan Sipil a. Intake Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Pada saluran irigasi ini diperlukan beberapa perbaikan saluran untuk memberikan daya
85
dukung yang baik, selain itu juga dilakukan pembendungan untuk menaikkan permukaan air.
dari data yang telah diperoleh maka perhitungan intake seperti berikut ini.
•
Debit (Q)
•
Kecepatan aliran (v)
•
Lebar pintu (b)
=
•
Tampang basah saluran (A) =
Q/v
• • •
= =
Tinggi saluran (h)
Keliling basah (P)
Jari-jari hidraulis (R)
=
0,25 m3/detik
0,8 m/detik 0,8 m
=
0,3125 m
=
A/b
=
0,39025 m
=
b+2h
=
1,990625 m
A/P =
0,156986 m
b. Saluran Penghantar Untuk mengalirkan air dari intake yang berada di saluran irigasi ke bak penenang diperlukan sebuah saluran. Saluran ini disebut saluran penghantar. Detail mengenai perhitungan penghantar ada pada bagian berikut ini; •
Debit (Q)
•
Kecepatan aliran (v)
•
Luas tampang basah (A)
=
b*h
•
Keliling basah (P)
=
b+2h
•
Koefisien manning (n)
=
0,025
= =
0,25 m3/detik
0,8 m/detik
Luas Tampang basah (A)
=
Q/v m2 =
0,3125 m2
•
Lebar tampang (b)
=
2h
•
Kedalaman tampang (h)
=
A/b
=
(A/2)^0,5
=
0,395285 m
=
2h
=
0,790569 m
=
b+2h
=
1,581139 m
• • •
Lebar tampang (b)
Keliling basah (P)
Jari-jari hidraulis (R)
=
A/P =
0,197642354 m
c. Bak penenang bak penenang berfungsi sabagai tampungan sementara yang juga digunakan untuk menstabilkan aliran dan menenagkan aliran. Detail perhitungan bak penenang untuk mencari dimensinya adalah sebagai berikut; •
Diameter butiran diambil (d)
=
•
Ketinggian aliran (h)
1,5m
•
Kec.kritis butir (v)
=
0,3 cm
=
a(d)^0,5 cm/detik
=
24,09979 cm/detik
=
0,24m/detik
•
Kec. bak penenang (Vbp)
•
Dari grafik endap butir dgn (p)
=
1064kg/m3 dan d = 0,3 cm
•
Maka didapat harga w
=
4cm/dtk
=
0,04m/dtk
• •
=
Panjang bak penenang (L) =
lebar bak penenang (B)
0,2m/detik
v*(h/w) =
7,5 m
=
Q/(h*v)
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
•
86
= •
Volume bak penenang (V) =
0,833333 m
L*B*h =
9,375 m3
d. Saringan Sampah Untuk menjaga agar saluran dan sistem tidak mengalami kerusakan yang diakibatkan oleh Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
sampah dan kotoran lain maka dibuatlah saringan sampah (trashrap). Ada dua saringan yang
87
akan dipasang yaiitu saringan pada intake dan pada bak penenang. •
Jarak saringan kasar (b)
•
pada saringan halus(b)
•
Bahan kisi digunakan bahan tahan karat, dengan tampang bulat (Kt=1,7)
•
Luasan bersih Lewat air (Fn)
=
15 - 20 cm, =
2 – 4 cm
=
Q/v
=
0,3125 m
•
Kecepatan air masuk direkomendasikan 0,6 - 1,0 m/detik (diambil 0,8 m/detik)
•
Luas bersih untuk lewat air yang diharapkan sebesar 0,32 m2
e. Pipa Pesat Untuk menyalurkan air dari bak Penenang ke turbin penggerak dilewatkan melalui sebuah rangkaian pipa yang disebut Pipa Pesat. Dimensi dari Pipa Pesat dapat dilihat pada perhitungan berikut ini; •
Diameter Pipa Pesat (Dp)
•
Debit (Q)
=
0,25 m3/detik
•
Dp
=
0,36
=
14,7 inch
=
0,72*Q^0,5
m
•
Diambil diameter penstock =
36cm
•
Tebal penstock
=
Dp+20/(400)
•
Tebal
=
0,08675 inch
=
2,203 mm
f. Saluran Pembuang ( TailRace)
Saluran Pembuang dibuat dengan tujuan sebagai saluran air yang telah dipakai untuk memutar turbin yang berada dirumah pembangkit yang nantinya dikembalikan ke saluran irigasi untuk kembali dimanfaatkan untuk mengaliri sawah disekitar daerah Kelurahan Sokawera. Dimensi saluran pembuang dihitung dengan cara berikut ini Debit (Q)
•
Kecepatan aliran (v)
•
Lebar saluran (b)
•
Tampang basah saluran
•
• • •
= =
Keliling basah ( P )
Jari-jari Hidraulis
Kemiringan Saluran
0,8 m/detik
(A)
Tinggi saluran (h)
0,25 m3/detik
=
1 meter
=
Q/V
=
0,25 / 0,8
=
0,3125 m2
=
A/b
=
0,3125/1
=
0,3125 meter
=
b + (2h)
=
1,625 m2
=
A/P
=
0,192308 m
=
0,00012 Perhitungan Mekanikal
a. Data Untuk merancang bangunan mekanik/mesin, mengacu kepada hasil pengukuran dilapangan dibawah ini : Debit Aliran (Q) direncanakan
= 0.,200 m3/detik
Heat terjunan (H)
= 12.5 m
Estimasi Efisiensi total ( t)
= dalam perencanaan diambil 0,40
Berat jenis air
= 1000 Kg/m2
Grafitasi
= 1000 N/m3
b. Panjang Penstock (L) Dari bak penampung ke turbin pemasangan penstock direncanakan sebagai berikut :
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
•
88
Tinggi elevasi
= 12,5 m
Sin Alfa
= H/L
Panjang Penstock (L)
= 33.36893 m
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
c. Diameter Penstock (D) Pipa penstock direncanakan dari bahan Besi Tuang (Cast Iron) dengan nilai koefisien kekerasan bahan n = 0,014
89
Untuk menghitung diameter penstock menggunakan rumus2 :
⎡ (n 2 . Q 2 . L) ⎤ D = 2,69 . ⎢ ⎥ H ⎣ ⎦ Diameter Penstock (D)
0 ,1875
= 35.677 cm = 13.8822 inci
d. Tebal Penstock (tmin) Tebal Penstock = tmin Diameter Penstock = D
tmin
⎡ (D + 20) ⎤ = ⎢ ⎣ 400 ⎥⎦ ⎡ (13.8822 + 20) ⎤ = ⎢ ⎥⎦ 400 ⎣
= 0.08 inci
= 0.2177 cm
= 2,17 mm = 2.2 mm
e. Rugi Tinggi Jatuh ( Heat Losses ) h f Berdasarkan persamaan Manning, dihitung kerugian tinggi jatuh (hf) sebagai berikut : ⎡ 0,014 2.0.20 2 ⎤ hf = 10,3 . ⎢ . 33.36893 5, 333 ⎥ ⎣ 0.3879126 ⎦ hf = 1.15810 m
f. Tinggi Jatuh Efektif (H e f ) Hef = Hs - hf ≈ 11.3419 m
≈ 11.5 m
g. Daya Listrik yang dihasilkan Turbin (P) Efisiensi Total dalam perencanaan ditetapkan 40% P
= 9,81 . Hef . Q . (1/0.746) . t . (HP) = 30.24 HP = 22.245 kW
≈ 22 kW Penggunaan Generator disesuaikan yang ada di pasaran, yaitu Generator dengan out put daya = 25 kW
6.2. Perhitungan Elektrikal a. Sistem Kelistrikkan dan Proteksi
14 15 2
8 9
4
AC
7 3
5
CE
6
10
OV R 11 I G 12 C
KONSUMEN
ELCB BL
1
13
16
CD
Gambar 1. Diagram koordinasi sistem pengaman elektrik
Keterangan gambar :
17
18
POWER HOUSE
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
Besarnya daya listrik yang dibangkitkan turbin :
90
1. Generator menggunakan motor induksi sebagai generator dengan daya =
daya _ terbangkit 20kW = = 25kW , ∆ 220 Volt, Cos ϕ 0,8, 90 A ,1400rpm, 50 Hertz 0.8 0.8 2. MCB pengaman C eksitasi 3 fasa , 1.5 X 90 = 135 A
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
3. Kapasitor eksitasi =
91
21µF x 25kW = 525µF / 600v kW
6. LE (Load Emergency) 1.1x 20kW = 22kW 7. MC Load Emergency SN - 135 8. MC Over Voltage Relay SN - 135 9. NFB (No Fuse Circuit Breaker) 135 A 10. OVR (Over Volatage Relay) 240-250 Volt 11. IGC (Induction Generator Control) Chip IGC 20 KW 220 / 380 Volt 12. Ballast Load 20 kW 13. TPST Handle main switch 200A / 500Volt 14. MCB Konsumen 1 fasa 170 A 15. Fuse konsumen: Sekering pisau 135 A 16. MCB Power House: Mini Circuit breaker pH 1 fasa 2 Ampere
b. Sistem Instrumentasi
CT
AC
I G C
TPST Cos Phi
VS
AR A AS
meter
MCB
F
KONSUMEN
KWh kWh
meter 3 fasa
meter Lp
AT
VM
Hz MCB
ELCB
Gambar. Sistem instrumentasi
Gambar 2. Sistem Instrumentasi Keterangan gambar •
AC Generator (MISG) 25 KW
•
IGC (Induction Generator Control) 20 KW
•
Am (Ampere meter) 200 A
POWER HOUSE
Vm (Volt meter) 400 V
•
Hz (Frekuensi meter 50 –60 Hz
•
Cos ϕ meter 220/380 V
•
KWh meter 1 phasa 220/380 Volt
•
TPST 135A, 500 Volt
•
ELCB (Eart leackage Circuit Breaker) 1 fasa
•
F (Fuse / sekering) 135 A
•
Lp (lampu pilot) 220 Volt
c. Jaringan Distribusi •
26 batang Tiang Telpon
•
Kabel Dx untuk tiang ke tiang 25 x 50 meter = 1250 meter
•
Kabel Dx dari Tiang ke rumah 47 x 25 meter = 1175 meter
•
Konektor dari tiang ke tiang dan juga penghubung dari tiang ke rumah (ALKOA / Kolong Anjing) sebanyak 25 + 47 = 72 buah
•
Mcb 1A x 47 buah
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
•
92
ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST FOR MHPP PROPOSED PROJECT
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
NO
93
MACAM PEKERJAAN
1
2
I
PEKERJAAN PERSIAPAN
1 2 3 4 5 6
Pembersihan lokasi Bouwplank Barak bahan dan alat Administrasi proyek Direksi keet Papan nama proyek
VOL
SAT
HARGA SATUAN Rp.
3
4
5
1 1 1 1 1 1
Ls Ls Ls Ls Ls Ls
5,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 500,000.00
JUMLAH
II
PEKERJAAN TANAH DAN PASIR
1 2 3
Galian tanah Urug pasir bawah pondasi Urug tanah kembali
III 1
2
6
5,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 500,000.00 14,500,000.00
160.00 40 40
m3 m3 m3
14,767.50 45,507.00 5,907.00
JUMLAH 1
JUMLAH HARGA Rp.
2,362,800.00 1,820,280.00 236,280.00 4,419,360.00
3
4
5
6
PEKERJAAN PASANGAN DAN PLESTERAN 86
m3
254,000.00
21,844,000.00
30 374 300 200 200 130 8 40
m3 m3 m2 m2 m2 m' m' bh
328,817.50 5,000.00 14,838.78 14,838.78 15,677.20 4,000.00 25,000.00 50,000.00
9,864,525.00 1,870,000.00 4,451,634.00 2,967,756.00 3,135,440.00 520,000.00 200,000.00 2,000,000.00 46,853,355.00
IV
Pasangan batu kali (1pc:3kp:10ps) Pasangan batu merah (1pc:3kp:10ps) Acian Plesteran(1pc:3 ps) Plesteran camp. 1pc:3kp:10ps Plesteran(1pc:3 ps) Sponengan Pasang pipa PVC untuk penguras Pasang glass box JUMLAH PEKERJAAN BETON
1 2
Beton kolom 30/30 (1pc:2ps:3kr) Beton balok dan sloof
5 4
m3 m3
1,284,500.00 1,409,300.00
6,422,500.00 5,637,200.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
V 1 2 3 4
NO 1
Kusen pintu dan jendela Daun pintu Daun jendela Kaca JUMLAH MACAM PEKERJAAN 2
6 10 3 4 2
m3 m3 m3 m3 m2
371,820.00 1,375,049.50 1,436,000.00 2,562,444.50 277,077.50
2,230,920.00 13,750,495.00 4,308,000.00 10,249,778.00 554,155.00 43,153,048.00
0.1 1 2 1.1
m3 bh bh m2
4,130,720.00 450,000.00 200,000.00 40,000.00
413,072.00 450,000.00 400,000.00 44,000.00 1,307,072.00 JUMLAH HARGA Rp.
VOL
SAT
HARGA SATUAN Rp.
3
4
5
6
VI
PEKERJAAN ATAP
1 2 3 4 5
Asbes Asbes nok kecil Rangka besi Gording Lisplang JUMLAH PEKERJAAN PENSTOCK
50 12 1 0.23 0.12
lb lb ls m3 m3
60,000.00 25,000.00 3,500,000.00 3,000,000.00 2,700,000.00
3,000,000.00 300,000.00 3,500,000.00 690,000.00 324,000.00 7,814,000.00
Penstock dan aksesoris JUMLAH PEKERJAAN CAT CATAN
1
bt
14,500,000.00
14,500,000.00 14,500,000
300 40 1
m2 m2 ls
6,201.25 26,496.25 750,000.00
1,860,375.00 1,059,850.00 750,000.00
VII 1 VIII 1 2 3
Cat tembok Cat kayu Cat draf tube
IX
JUMLAH PEKERJAAN BESI
2 3 4 5
Konsol besi Pintu air Saringan sampah Draft tube
3,670,225.00
49 2 1 1
m' bh bh bh
3
4
100,000.00 2,750,000.00 550,000.00 30,000,000.00
JUMLAH 1
X
2
PEKERJAAN LANTAI
4,900,000.00 5,500,000.00 550,000.00 30,000,000.00 40,950,000.00
5
6
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
3 4 5 6 7
(1pc:2ps:3kr) Beton rangka 1pc:2ps:3kr Beton plat lantai tebal 12 cm Rabat beton Beton pondasi telapak Rabat beton 5 cm 1pc:3ps:5kr JUMLAH PEKERJAAN KAYU
94
Identification of Energy-related Needs and Priorities of Poor Communities in Sokawera Village, Central Java | 4/4/2009
1
95
20
m2
67,696.20
1,353,924.00 1,353,924.00
XI
Pasang lantai keramik JUMLAH PEKERJAAN LAIN LAIN
1 2 3 4 5 6
Selot tanam Engsel pintu Ensel jendela Hak angina Grendel Langsir material
1 3 12 12 10 1
bh bh bh bh bh ls
160,000.00 6,000.00 6,000.00 3,500.00 4,000.00 2,400,000.00
160,000.00 18,000.00 72,000.00 42,000.00 40,000.00 2,400,000.00
XII
1 2
3
XIII 1 2
JUMLAH PEKERJAAN MEKANIKAL Turbin Pembangkit cross flow T 14 d300 BO 300 Kopling ,Nozle,base frame Turbine,pulley,presure gauge,cover,bolt & nute serta balancing Setting dan komisioning
2,732,000.00
1 1
bh ls
115,000,000.00 37,500,000.00
115,000,000.00 37,500,000.00
1
ls
20,000,000.00
20,000,000.00
JUMLAH PEKERJAAN ELEKTRIKAL Generator Panel kontrol, ELC, Tiang Telpon,ballas air dan assesoris
172,500,000.00
1
bh
32,500,000.00
32,500,000.00
1
ls
38,500,000.00
38,500,000.00
JUMLAH JUMLAH KESELURUHAN
71,000,000.00
:
424,751,000.00