ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN USE Okutman Mustafa Balta An interactive grammar With many examples and answers It’s a perfect book to prepare the exam of YDS The book contains about 9.000 examples
The grammar is often very direct and easy to understand. At other times we give more details, because they are necessary for clear understanding and accurate usage
ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN USE Okutman Mustafa Balta An interactive grammar With many examples and answers It’s a perfect book to prepare the exam of YDS The book contains about 9.000 examples
CİNİUS YAYINLARI ÇAĞDAŞ TÜRK YAZARLARI | ---------------Babıali Caddesi, No. 14 Cağaloğlu - İstanbul Tel: (0212) 5283314 — (0212) 5277982 http: / / www.ciniusyayinlari.com
[email protected] Yazarın Adı KİTABIN ADI
[email protected] Yayına hazırlayan: --------------Kapak tasarımı: --------------Dizgi: -------------BİRİNCİ BASKI: Kasım, 2010 ISBN 978-605-127-------------Baskı ve cilt: Kitap Matbaacılık Sanayi ve Ticaret Ltd. Şti. Davutpaşa Cad. No. 123 Kat 1 Topkapı, Zeytinburnu İstanbul Tel: (212) 482 99 10 Sertifika No: 16053 © YAZARIN ADI, 2010 © CİNİUS YAYINLARI, 2010 Tüm hakları saklıdır. Bu yayının hiçbir bölümü yazarın yazılı ön izni olmaksızın, herhangi bir şekilde yeniden üretilemez, basılı ya da dijital yollarla çoğaltılamaz. Kısa alıntılarda mutlaka kaynak belirtilmelidir. Printed in Türkiye
How to use the grammar This book is designed so that you can find the answers to particular problems of English grammar. You are not expected to start at Unit 1 and study the Units one by one, or to study a whole Unit at a time. Different people have different problems, so they need to look at different points in different Units. Using the grammar units Each unit has got two parts. The left- hand page contains the explanation of the grammar rules and patterns. Explanations given clearly and concisely for each area of grammar. There are many exercises about the each Topic. These examples have an important meaning place to understand the lesson better. Model answers For each exercise, the first or second has been supplied. You can use this as a model for the rest of the exercise. Key to exercises The Key to all the exercises is given at the back of the book .There are about 3000 exercises about all units.
Suggestion Easy reference for self-study or use in class. It’s a perfect book to prepare general English Grammar and The University Examination of Language. Okutman Mustafa BALTA Şirnak University Foreign Language Department
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CONTENTS Present and past UNIT 1
Present continuous (I am doing).
UNIT 2
Present simple (I do)
UNIT 3
Present continuous and present simple (I am doing and I do)
UNIT 4
Past simple and (to be) past
UNIT 5
Past continuous (I was doing) Present perfect and past
UNIT 6
Present perfect
UNIT 7
Present perfect with Ever - never
UNIT 8
Present perfect continuous
UNIT 9
Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)
UNIT 10
How long......?
UNIT 11
Since and for
UNIT 12
Present perfect and past tense (1) (I have done and I did)
UNIT 13
Past perfect (I had done)
UNIT 14
Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)
UNIT 15
Have and has got
UNIT 16
Used to The Future tense - Conjunctions of time
UNIT 17
Future Actions in the Present I am doing / do / going to do. etc.
UNIT 18
Going to future
UNIT 19
The Future tense
UNIT 20
The Future perfect tense and will be
UNIT 21
Future Continuous
UNIT 22
Conjunctions of time- When / While.... Modals- Conditional clause
UNIT 23
Can, could and (be) able to
UNIT 24
Modal verbs
UNIT 25
May and might
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UNIT 26
Must and have to
UNIT 52
UNIT 27
Need / Needn’t
UNIT 28
Should
UNIT 53
Countable and uncountable nouns (1)
UNIT 29
Had better
UNIT 54
The definite article-the
UNIT 30
Requests, offers, permission and invitations
UNIT 55
The indefinite article :a, an
UNIT 31
Conditional clause (type-one)
UNIT 56
Do and make
UNIT 32
Conditional clause (type-two)
UNIT 57
Singular and Plural
UNIT 33
Conditional clause (type-three)
UNIT 58
Apostrophe’s, genitive’s
UNIT 34
I wish, If only
Short Answers Countable and uncountable -Articles –Sıngular.
Pronouns and determiners- Relative clauses Passive Voice - Causative Verbs
UNIT 59
Reflexive pronouns (myself / yourself / themselves) etc.
UNIT 35
Passive Voice affirmative
UNIT 60
Some and any
UNIT 36
Passive Voice negative-question
UNIT 61
Indefinite Pronouns No / thing / one / body / where
UNIT 37
Passive Voice , begins with the person
UNIT 62
Quantifiers .. Much, many, a lot, plenty
UNIT 38
It is said that (be) supposed to...
UNIT 63
All of most / most of no / none of etc.
UNIT 39
Causative Verbs
UNIT 64
Too / either / so I am / neither do I......Both / both of neither / neither of / either / either of
Reported speech
UNIT 65
Relative clauses -1 ( Who / which / that)
UNIT 40
Reported speech - Statements.- imperative
UNIT 66
Relative clauses -2 ( When / Where / Why)
UNIT 41
Reported speech - tell-told
UNIT 67
Relative clauses -3 (whose / whom)
UNIT 42
Reported speech -Questions Tag questions ,Pronouns -object –subject-possessive
Adjectives – adverbs and Comparison UNIT 68
Adjectives and adverbs (quick / quickly)
UNIT 43
Tag questions -do you? isn’t it? etc.
UNIT 69
So and such
UNIT 44
Subject and Object pronouns- I / me / he / him etc.
UNIT 70
Comparison (comparative) cheaper, more expensive etc.
UNIT 45
Possessive Adjectives –my / his / their etc.
UNIT 71
Comparison ( EQUALITY ) --as ... as
UNIT 46
Possessive pronouns and whose-mine / yours / hers etc.
UNIT 72
Comparison (Superlative) --the longest the most enjoyable etc...
UNIT 73
Always, still--Any more / any longer / no longer
The conjunctions -Purpose Clauses
Conjunctions
UNIT 47
The conjunctions
UNIT 48
Questions- Have you? Do they...?
UNIT 74
Although / though / even though in spite of despite
UNIT 49
WH Questions
UNIT 75
In case
UNIT 50
Purpose Clauses
UNIT 76
As long as- provided / providing
UNIT 51
The imperative in English
UNIT 77
During and while
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UNIT 1 Present continuous (I am doing)
Prepositions- List of irregular verbs UNIT 78
Telling time- Giving the Date
UNIT 79
Until -from...to –by / the time.
UNIT 80
Before / after
UNIT 81
Prepositions of place -In, at, on
UNIT 82
Most important prepositions
UNIT 83
Cardinal, Ordinal Number
UNIT 84
A little, a few
UNIT 85
There-present-past-perfect-future..etc
UNIT 86
List of irregular verbs
UNIT 87
Key to exercise
They are having breakfast
She is planning to visit some historical places soon. Present Continuous Tense
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Long Form
Contracted Form
I am playing
I am not playing
I’m not playing
Am I playing?
You are playing
You are not playing
You’re not playing
Are you playing?
He / she / it plays
He / she / it is not playing
He / she / it’s not playing
Is he / she / it playing?
We are playing
We are not playing
We aren’t playing
Are we playing?
You are playing
You are not playing
You’re not playing
Are you playing?
They are playing
They are not playing
They aren’t playing
Are they playing?
We use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now. She is driving now, at the time of speaking. (This means, The action is not finished) Robert is not studying at the moment. (Robert isn’t studying at the moment.) The baby is not sleeping now (The baby isn’t sleeping now) They are not listening to music. (They aren’t listening to music) She is not writing a letter at the moment. (She isn’t writing a letter at the moment.) My mother is not making a cake today. (My mother isn’t making a cake today) We are not working today. It’s holiday. (We aren’t working today. It’s holiday.) ‘Are you working hard today?’ ‘Yes! I’ve got a lot to do.’ We make the present continuous tense by adding -ing to the base verb. Normally it’s simple - we just add –“ing”.
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Just add -ing to the base verb: work
>
working
play
>
playing
assist
>
assisting
If the base verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, double the last letter: (vowels = a, e, i, o, u) stop
>
stopping
run
>
running
begin
>
beginning
Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
Isn’t he coming with us tonight?
Next week I’m going to the theatre.
When are you getting married?
He is seeing his mother on Tuesday
She is travelling to York at the weekend.
“What are you doing after this lesson?
After school? tonight? tomorrow? Wednesday night?
You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year etc. (periods around now); You’re working hard today. (not ‘you work hard today’)
Yes, I have a lot to do.
The company I work for isn’t doing so well this year.
If the base verb ends in ie, change the ie toy: lie
>
lying
die
>
dying
If the base verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, omit the e: come
>
coming
mistake
>
mistaking
I am playing base-ball. She is looking for her book. You are going to the station.
They are speaking with the policeman.
He is saying he doesn’t need a coach.
I am thinking about her.
They are looking at the clown.
I am watching TV.
You are playing with your computer.
We are trying to stop this.
There are some verbs which are never or hardly ever used in progressive forms. believe, love, doubt, hate, suppose, prefer, imagine, realise, understand, know, want, remember, wish, like, need etc.
I’m reading a really good book at the moment. It’s about a man who... 1- John is not reading the book at the time of speaking. 2- He means that he has started it, but has not finished it yet. 3- He is in the middle of reading it. The population of the world is increasing very fast. The world is changing. Things never stay the same. The situation is already bad and it is getting worse. Exercise “Present continuous tense” What are you doing tonight?
I’m seeing a very important customer in my office at 4 o’clock.
We are going to the sea for our holiday.
Where are you staying in Vienna?
He is rushing off home right now.
I am having a bath right now.
She is playing the piano pretty wonderfully.
I am meeting him tonight
I like his attitude.
(NOT I am liking ...)
They are running quite fast.
You are reporting to a great manager!
I rang her up because I needed to talk.
(NOT ... because I was needing to talk.)
She is knitting a sweater for me.
She is reading an English book.
I have only known her for two days.
(NOT I have only been knowing her ...)
They are listening to rock music.
We are drinking lemonade.
I ‘m tired. I want to go home (not I’m wanting)
I don’t understand. What do you mean?
Are you studying Japanese?
I am eating a hamburger.
Do you know that girl? Yes, but I don’t remember her name
I always do and I’m always doing
I always go to work by car. (not ‘I’m always going’)
Who are you writing to?
To talk about planned future arrangements: Next month I am spending my holidays in Australia. I am meeting some friends after work.
I am not going to the party tonight.
1.1 Using the Present Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets. They _____________ the lemons. (to squeeze)
They are squeezing the lemons.
It ________ on the sidewalk. (to lie)
It is lying on the sidewalk.
1. She ________________ a letter. (to write)
2. They _________________ about it. (to worry)
3. He _________________ jam. (to make)
4. It _________________. (To die)
5. We _______________ to school. (To hurry)
6. She _________________ us to do it. (To dare)
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7. You ________________ on the blanket. (to lie)
8. He _________________ the problem. (to solve)
5. They are running a race.
___________________
9. I _________________ now. (to leave)
10. They _________________ to help us. (to try)
6. He is drinking coffee.
___________________
7. She is shopping for presents.
___________________
8. I am cleaning the window.
___________________
9. We are buying pencils.
___________________
10. They are playing football.
___________________
1.2 Using the Present Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets. We ___________ to come. (to plan) We are planning to come. It __________. (to rain) It is raining. 1. I _______________ the grass. (to cut)
2. It _______________ downstream. (to float)
3. They _________________ the game. (to win)
4. We _________________ the present. (to wrap)
5. She _________________ lettuce. (to grow)
6. He _________________ for us. (to look)
1.6. For each of the following sentences, determine whether the Simple Present tense or the Present Continuous tense is more appropriate
7. I _________________ a sweater. (to knit)
8. They _________________ wood. (to saw)
Right now, he ________ ridiculous. (to be)
Right now, he is being ridiculous.
9. She _________________ the windows. (to clean)
10. We _________________ the floor. (to scrub)
She ______ to Sydney every weekend. (to drive)
She drives to Sydney every weekend.
11. I ________________ the toaster. (to fix)
12. He _________________ his coffee. (to sip)
1. At the moment, I __________________ supper. (to cook)
13. They __________________ the hedge. (to trim)
14. You _________________ the ducks. (to feed)
2. He ________________ the paper every weekday. (to read) 3. We ________________ right now. (to study)
15. She _________________ her head. (to nod) 1.3 Make questions from these words. Put the words in the right order 1. (is / working / Paul / today)
Is Paul working today?
2. (what the children / are / doing)
What are the children doing?
3. (you / are / listening / to me)
__________________?
4. (where / your friends / are / going)
__________________?
5. (are / watching / your parents / television)
__________________?
6. (what / Jessica / is / cooking)
__________________?
7. (why / you / are / looking / at me)
__________________?
8. (is / coming / the bus)
__________________?
1.4. Using the Present Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets. He _________ hard. (to work)
He is working hard.
We ____________ anxious. (to feel)
We are feeling anxious.
1. I _______________ the questions. (to answer)
2. You ________________ boots. (to wear)
3. We ______________ for work. (to look)
4. She ______________ her friend. (to call)
5. He _______________ a house. (to build)
6. They _______________ supper. (to cook)
7. We ______________ a story. (to tell)
8. You ______________ for the bus. (to wait)
9. I _______________ a book. (to read)
10. They _______________ berries. (to pick
1.5 Change the following affirmative statements into questions. It is snowing.
Is it snowing?
They are being cautious.
Are they being cautious?
1. I am learning English
___________________
2. You are carrying a parcel
___________________
3. It is growing colder.
___________________
4. We are living in Halifax
___________________
4. She ________________ every day. (to study) 5. Now it _______________. (to rain) 6. They ______________ to Mexico every year. (to travel) 7. Just now we ________________ the shopping. (to do) 8. She always ________________ correctly. ( to answer) 9. You ________________ never late. (to be) 10. Now I ________________ to the radio. (to listen) 11. Each Sunday, we ________________ the flea market. (to visit) 12. At present, I ________________ for work. (to look)
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UNIT 2 Present simple
He does his homework. He travels a lot and this week he’s in New York.
She goes home after school. He practises for four hours every day.
Harold’s always very busy. He plays the piano regularly.
He does not go to bed late
The earth goes round the sun
The Moon goes round the Earth.
Short Answer
Harold Black is a famous pianist. He gives two or three concerts every week. Present Simple Tense Affirmative
Negative
I play
Interrogative
Long Form
Contracted Form
I do not play
I don’t play
Do I play?
You play
You do not play
You don’t play
Do you play?
He / she / it plays
He / she / it does not play
He / she / it doesn’t play
Does he / she / it play?
We play
We do not play
We don’t play
Do we play?
You play
You do not play
You don’t play
Do you play?
They play
They do not play
They don’t play
Do they play?
Do you play tennis?
No, I don’t
Do your parents speak English?
Yes, they do
Does Gray work hard?
Yes, he does
Does your sister live in London?
No, she doesn’t
My mother doesn’t watch football matches on TV.
Mary and Jack don’t like ice cream.
I don’t like washing the car. I don’t do it very often
Bill doesn’t usually do his job very well
Sarah speaks Spanish, but she doesn’t speak Italian
Paula doesn’t usually have breakfast
When the action is usual or when it happens every day: They hate music because the teacher is bad.
They love maths because it is very easy.
They dislike fish.
They like French because the teacher is great
I go to work every day.
She takes the bus at 8.00 in the morning.
Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep.
He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.)
But he drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.)
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning. (not ‘I’m getting’)
Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something happens always, usually, regularly, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never
Adverb of frequency
Verb
always
get up
at 6.45.
can
usually
play
football on Sundays.
got
lots of homework
We use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit,
I
a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens.
Peter Mandy
has
sometimes
Oil is a raw material.
He’s very big! He eats a lot!
Do you know Mr Smith?
Does she understand Italian?
It’s 10.30! They always get up late.
What time do your children go to school?
Jane studies psychology at university.
We don’t watch television very hard
It cost a lot of money to build a hospital
I drink coffee, but I don’t drink tea
Jane buys beautiful clothes.
My parents don’t speak -or- do not speak English, sorry!
Her sister phones every day.
I am very good at German; I understand it quite well.
If the verb ends in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o, add -es to the base form: kiss - kisses, finish - finishes, watch - watches, mix - mixes, go - goes He brushes his hair. She kisses her children
Sarah always takes the train at 7.00 am.
He never wears black clothes.
I usually cook when my parents come home.
You are often tired.
I sometimes go to the cinema.
I love him because he always makes me laugh!
They usually get good marks.
She is sometimes angry!
We always get up at 7.30 am.
You never learn your lessons!
How often do you drive your car? Every day.
How often does your teacher give you homework?
Our teacher always gives us homework.
How often do you go to the movies?
I promise / I apologise etc. I promise I won’t be late. (not ‘I’m promising’) ‘What do you suggest I do?’ ‘I suggest that you ...’ Exercise “Present Tense”
If the verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -es: study - studies, copy - copies, try - tries, carry – He studies lesson
Barbara goes to her friend’s party.
We have coffee and milk for breakfast..
There are many trees in the street.
Does he wash his car in the garage?
She prepares a good meal for tonight.
They help their grandfather to plant trees.
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2.4 Make questions from these words + do / does
My daughter has good marks at school.
Samantha goes to the running track
We have breakfast.
He studies in a university.
1. (where / live / your parents)
Where do your parents live?
Does she have a problem? no , she does not
Salaam and Sara eat their lunch.
2. (you / early / always / get up)
Do you always get up early?
The baker and the lawyer are workers.
She is 12 years old.
3. (how often / TV / you / watch)
........................................................................?
Her uncle puts the screwdriver and the hammer away.
You don’t work hard
4. (you / want / what / for diner)
........................................................................?
She drinks tea, but she doesn’t drink coffee
I don’t like Fred and Fred doesn’t like me
5. (like / you / football)
........................................................................?
The weather is usually nice.
It doesn’t rain very often
6. (your brother / like / football)
........................................................................?
He has a funny dog.
His name is Sugar; he plays with him all the time.
7. (what / you / do / in your free time)
........................................................................?
Harry watches television from 7.00 to 9.00 every evening.
She is hard-working; she always tries to do her best.
8. (your sister / work / where)
........................................................................?
There is a good film at the cinema.
Do you want to see it?
9. (to the cinema / often / you / go)
........................................................................?
10. (what / mean / this word)
........................................................................?
11. (often / snow / it / here)
........................................................................?
12. (go / usually / to bed / what time / you)
........................................................................?
13. (how much / to phone / New York / it / cost)
........................................................................?
14. (you / for breakfast / have / usually / what)
........................................................................?
2.1. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Present of the verbs shown in brackets. He always _______ promptly. (to reply)
He always replies promptly.
She _____ little. (to say)
She says little.
1. He __________ it. (to deny)
2. They __________ to be on time. (to try)
3. It _________ to be careful. (to pay)
4. She __________ hard. (to study)
5. You __________ good manners. (to display)
6. He always __________ himself. (to enjoy)
7. She __________ to Ireland once a year. (to fly)
8. We __________ five people. (to employ)
9. He __________ his friends. (to accompany)
10. She ___ chocolate chip cookies every week. (to buy)
2.2 Using the Simple Present tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets. I ______ to the radio. (to listen)
I listen to the radio.
He _______ to the radio. (to listen)
He listens to the radio.
1. She __________ the guitar. (to play)
2. We __________ soccer. (to play)
3. They _________ to talk. (to like)
4. He __________ ice cream. (to like)
5. You _________ your friends often. (to call)
6. He _________ the office every day. (to call)
7. She __________ regularly. (to practise)
8. They __________ once a week. (to practise)
9. We __________ here. (to shop)
10. It __________ delicious. (to taste)
2.3. Change the following affirmative statements into questions. She walks to work.
Does she walk to work?
They take the bus.
Do they take the bus?
1. I hurry home. ........................................................................ 2. He drives a truck.
........................................................................
3. You follow the news.
........................................................................
4. They want a pet. ........................................................................ 5. She likes flowers. ........................................................................ 6. We need tea. ........................................................................ 7. She answers the questions.
........................................................................
8. He drinks coffee. ........................................................................ 9. I learn quickly. ........................................................................ 10. It rains heavily. ........................................................................
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UNIT 3 Present continuous and present simple
Do you know when she is coming to pick us up? Present simple (they play) present progressive (continuous) (they are playing) : They play tennis very well ...it is a statement of fact They play tennis on Saturday afternoons...it is a habit What are they doing now? - They are playing tennis...that happens right now The present progressive is formed with ‘to be’
Study this example situation: Things that are always true.
Actions (always, often, sometimes, never).
“Water boils at 100 degrees.”
“I always boil the kettle before I make the tea.”
“English is a popular language in business.”
“I always speak English in my lessons.”
“I like English.”
“I am in my lesson, so I’m speaking English.”
“It never snows in Germany in the summer.”
“It often snows in the winter.”
“I enjoy snow.”
“It isn’t snowing, the sun is shining.
Listen! Sandra is playing music!
General facts about our lives.
Something that is happening now. “The kettle isn’t boiling.”
On Sundays, I always play football with my friends.
I don’t like carrots.
She hates westerns.
Can you help Peter? He is doing his homework.
What are you watching on TV? Is it interesting?
When I go back home, I will phone my girlfriend.
We usually take a taxi to go to work.
You can also say ‘I’m always doing something’, but this has a different meaning. I’ve lost my key again. I’m always losing things. You’re always watching television. You should do something more active.
Look! He’s sleeping.
Somebody is waiting for you.
What are you looking at?
What are you looking for?
What is she doing? -
She must be working in the garden.
He is writing a new novel.
I am reading a good book.
Don’t take this book, I’m reading it!
John is never satisfied. He’s always complaining.
The present simple: Spring begins on March 21st. The earth revolves round the sun. We have tea at 4.
She goes to London twice a month.
The film starts at 8 pm.
I am going to the cinema tonight.
He plays the piano.
Usually we have dinner at 7, but today we are having it at 9. Simple Present
“What does he teach?” “He teaches English.”
Present Progressive / Continuous
always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every at the moment, at this moment day, every week, every year, on Mondays Today now right now Listen! Look! The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?
Listen to those people. What language are they speaking?
Let’s go out. It isn’t raining now.
‘Don’t disturb me. I’m busy.’ ‘Why? What are you doing?’
I’m going to bed now. Goodnight!
Maria is in Britain at the moment. She’s learning English.
Please be quiet. I’m working
Why are you under the table? What are you doing?
What are you thinking of? - My boyfriend!
What do you think about them? - I think they’re friendly.
“What is he doing?” “He’s holding a flag.” Present Simple Tense and Present Continuous Tense He goes to school. Look,
He is going to school!
He drinks a coffee. Look,
He is drinking a coffee!
I swim every day. Look,
I am swimming!
She washes her hair. Look,
She is washing her hair!
The cat always drinks its milk.
Look, it is drinking its milk!
We dance in the living room.
Look, we are dancing in the living room!
They run to church. Look,
they are running to church!
You write a letter. Now,
you are writing a letter.
Mother cooks in the kitchen.
Right now, mother is cooking in the kitchen.
The monkey eats bananas.
Look, the monkey is eating a banana!
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In the afternoon we watch TV.
We are watching TV at the moment.
3.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.
They have breakfast. Look,
They are having their breakfast!
1. Are you hungry? Do you want something to eat? (You / want)
Father drives a big car.
At the moment father is driving a little red car
2. Jill is interested in politics but she ....................to a political party. (not / belong)
The penguin swims very good. Look,
The two little penguins are swimming!
3. Don’t put the dictionary away. I ............................ it. (use)
The children eat their breakfast.
The children are eating their breakfast now.
4. Don’t put the dictionary away. I .......................... it. (need)
Peter writes his homework.
Peter can’t come, he is writing his homework.
5. Who is that man? What..................................? (he / want)
We can’t play tennis.
It is raining now
6. Who is that man? Why....................................at us? (He / look)
Michael can’t play football.
He is playing the guitar at the moment.
7. George says he’s 80 years old but nobody........................... him. (believe)
No, I am not listening to my cassettes,
I am having a bath.
8. She told me her name but I...................... it now. (not / remember)
What are you doing?
I am learning English.
9. I ......................... of selling my car. (think) Would you be interested in buying it?
3.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong. 1. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. RIGHT 2. The water boils. Can you turn it off? WRONG: is boiling 3. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. ...... 4. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? ............ 5. The moon goes round the earth.............. 6. I must go now. It gets late. ............. 7. I usually go to work by car............ 8. ‘Hurry up! It’s time to leave.’ ‘OK, I come.’...... 9. I hear you’ve got a new job. How do you get on? ....... 3.2 Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb given in brackets. Right now, he ________ ridiculous. (to be) Right now, he is being ridiculous. She ______ to Sydney every weekend. (to drive) She drives to Sydney every weekend. 1. At the moment, I ..........supper. (to cook) 2. He.........the paper every weekday. (to read) 3. We.........right now. (to study) 4. She.........every day. (to study) 5. Now it............ (to rain) 6. They......... to Mexico every year. (to travel) 7. Just now we ............ the shopping. (to do) 8. She always.........correctly. ( to answer) 9. You ............ never late. (to be) 10. Now I ...............to the radio. (to listen) 11. Each Sunday, we ......the flea market. (to visit) 12. At present, I ............for work. (to look)
10. I................... you should sell your car. (think) You................ it very often. (not / use) 11. I used to drink a lot of coffee but these days I.......................... tea. (prefer) 12. Air....................... mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. (consist)
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UNIT 4 Past simple - and (to be) past
I saw it very well.
I went to the swimming pool every day.
How many children did they have?
My parents weren’t very rich.
We didn’t have a washing-machine.
I was at the post office.
We had a very big house.
She wasn’t in her room.
At noon, she washed her car.
Did you see Mary last night?
He watched the match all the night.
I lived in Paris.
Did she live in England?
Joan looked for Pretty at the fun fair
Yesterday, Maggie went to school
Saturday night Mike took the tube.
At ten, Sheila wrote a letter.
He didn’t wash his car.
Did it rain on Sunday?
Did you have dinner last night?
Yes, it did
Study this example: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past
Past simple Affirmative
Negative Long Form
Interrogative Contracted Form
I played
I did not play
I didn’t play
Did I play?
You played
You did not play
You didn’t play
Did you play?
He / she / it played
He / she / it did not play
He / she / it didn’t play
Did he / she / it play?
We played
We did not play
We didn’t play
Did we play?
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
You played
You did not play
You didn’t play
Did you play?
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
They played
They did not play
They didn’t play
Did they play?
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
You called Debbie.
Did you call Debbie?
You did not call Debbie
My favourite football team lost a match last season.
I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a shop. The police stopped me on my way home last night.
We use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and
She passed her examination because she studied very hard.
finished at a specific time in the past
But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed
I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn’t see a movie yesterday.
Last year, I travelled to Italy.
Last year, I didn’t travel to Italy.
see
saw
We saw Rose in town a few days ago.
She washed her hands.
She didn’t wash her hands.
go
went
I went to the cinema three times last week.
shut
shut
It was cold, so I shut the window.
The past form and base form for irregular verbs and regular verbs:
work
worked
Terry worked in a bank from 1996 to 2003
V1 base
V2 past
V1 base
V2 past
clean
cleaned
This morning I cleaned my teeth
regular verb
work explode like
worked exploded liked
irregular verb
go see sing
went saw sang
rain
rained
Yesterday it rained all morning
enjoy
enjoyed
We enjoyed the party last night
I went to the cinema.
He lived in London.
do
did
We did a lot of work yesterday
I was a bus driver.
Lisa took an English test.
go
went
Calorie went to the cinema three times a week
I wanted to be a fireman.
She had a black cat.
take
took
James came into the room ,took off his coat and sat down
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A: Did you go out last night?
B: Yes, I went to the cinema but I didn’t enjoy the film much.
Did you go to school yesterday?
My brothers played baseball last Saturday.
We didn’t have orange juice last morning.
Did Mike listen to music last night?
Why did you make a cake yesterday?
They didn’t help at home!
You missed the bus so You arrived late.
I stayed at home all day long.
Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was / were: I was angry because they were late.
They weren’t able to come because they were so busy.
When-Clauses Happen First When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question
To Be - Questions and- Short Answers Question
Short Answers**
Short Answers
Was I late?
Yes, you were.
No, you weren’t.
Were you sick?
Yes, I was.
No, I wasn’t.
Was he surprised?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasn’t.
Was she from Italy?
Yes, she was.
No, she wasn’t.
Was it a big house?
Yes, it was.
No, it wasn’t.
Were we ready?
Yes, we were.
No, we weren’t.
Were you early?
Yes, we were.
No, we weren’t.
Were they busy?
Yes, they were.
No, they weren’t.
She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.
English exercise “To be in past simple”
TO BE – PAST (WAS –WERE)
There were a lot of students in the classrooms during the last break. But there aren’t now To Be - Affirmative
I was very surprised to see you there.
What time was it?
Were you alone or with your wife?
We were angry not to meet them.
Where was she yesterday at four?
Was your father there too?
There were few people at the meeting.
She was in the living room.
You were very angry.
They were very late.
He was with his sister.
It was six in the morning.
The cake was horrible!
Tom Bake was at home yesterday.
English exercise “simple past tense”.
Subject
To Be
Examples
I
was
I was tired this morning.
Yesterday I went out with my girlfriend.
That man stole my purse!
You
were
You were very good.
I ate burgers on my birthday last year.
I threw the letter away and I went home.
He was the best in his class.
I won the prize of five dollars.
What a nice idea! She made some brownies. She took butter also.
He
was
She
was
She was late for work.
Well! She did not eat -or- didn’t eat all of them.
It
was
It was a sunny day.
She sliced a piece of butter and put it in the pan.
She cracked an egg open and let it fry.
We
were
We were at home.
When the egg was cooked she ate it.
In the video what did she cook?
You
were
You were on holiday.
Why did she fry an egg?
Where did she eat the egg?
They
were
They were happy with their test results
I wrote a message to my friend.
You told me that you are a student in the English section.
She always revised her lessons.
He sometimes did not revise well for his exams.
The dog barked all the time.
The grammar teacher explained the lesson very well.
He fed the dog yesterday.
My friend did not like talking to other people.
I was in the museum
They were in front of the supermarket
You were very busy on Friday.
Robert and Stan were Garry’s friends
He was happy
Tina was at home yesterday
I was in Canberra last spring
We were at school last Saturday
4.1 Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past tense of the irregular verbs shown in brackets.
Jessica and Kimberly were late for school
She was in South Africa last month.
They _____ a song. (to write)
Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now
When I was a child, I was afraid of dogs
We _____ the floor. (to sweep)
They wrote a song.
We swept the floor.
1. She ____________ the dishes. (to do)
2. They ___________ for a walk. (to go)
3. He __________ his time. (to take)
4. I ___________ the beds. (to make)
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5. They ___________ to catch the bus. (to run)
6. She ___________ up quickly. (to get)
7. You ___________ the coffee. (to drink)
8. We ___________ soundly. (to sleep)
9. He ___________ his books. (to forget)
10. I ___________ the house. (to leave)
10. I shook hands..................................................................................... 4.5 Change the following affirmative statements into negative questions. You walked quickly.
4.2 A friend has just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write your questions.
Did you not walk quickly?
1. (where / go?)
Where did you go?
He burst the balloon.
2. (go alone?)
Did you go alone?
Did he not burst the balloon?
3. (food / good?)
.................
1. You watched the game.................................................
.................................................
4. (how long / stay there?)
.................
2. I climbed the ladder. .................................................
.................................................
5. (stay / at a hotel?)
.................
3. We pleased the visitors. .................................................
.................................................
6. (how / travel?)
.................
4. They canned the peaches. .................................................
.................................................
7. (the weather / fine?)
.................
5. He received the letter. .................................................
.................................................
8. (what / do in the evenings?)
.................
6. You saw the fireworks. .................................................
.................................................
9. (meet anybody interesting?)
.................
7. It cost five dollars. .................................................
.................................................
8. She hit the ball. .................................................
.................................................
9. He did his homework. .................................................
.................................................
10. They cut the ribbon. .................................................
.................................................
4.3 Complete the sentences, Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1. It was warm, so I took off my coat. (take) 2. The film wasn’t very good. I didn’t enjoy it very much. (enjoy)
Didn’t you walk quickly? Didn’t he burst the balloon?
3. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I .......... her. (disturb)
4.6 Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements.
4. I was very tired, so I......... to bed early. (go)
I scanned the newspaper.
I did not scan the newspaper.
5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I ......... very well. (sleep)
They flew to Toronto.
They did not fly to Toronto.
6. Sue wasn’t hungry, so she ............ anything. (eat)
1. We enjoyed ourselves.
....................................................
7. We went to Kate’s house but she -.......... at home. (be)
2. She pinned on the brooch.
....................................................
8. It was a funny situation but nobody .............. (laugh)
3. I fanned myself.
....................................................
9. The window was open and a bird .......... into the room. (fly)
4. They emptied their pockets.
....................................................
10. The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It............ very much. (cost)
5. You replied at once.
....................................................
11. I was in a hurry, so I ............. time to phone you. (have)
6. He went to work.
....................................................
12. It was hard work carrying the bags. They ........... very heavy. (be)
7. We swam across the river.
....................................................
8. They took the bus.
....................................................
9. I shut the windows.
....................................................
10. You ran fast.
....................................................
4.4 Change the following affirmative statements into questions: He lifted the suitcase.
Did he lift the suitcase?
I paid the rent.
Did I pay the rent?
1. She hurried to school. .
................................................................
4.7. Using the Simple Past tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verb to be.
2. They carried the parcels
.................................................................
I ___ calm.
I was calm.
3. You closed the door
.................................................................
You ____ right.
You were right.
4. I plugged in the lamp
.................................................................
1. He .............................. happy.
2. We .......................... students.
5. They planned the party
.................................................................
3. They.............................. ambitious.
4. You ........................... clever.
6. We taught the class
.................................................................
5. It ................................. hot.
6. I.................................. busy.
7. She told a story
.................................................................
7. We.................................patient.
8. She ............................ eleven years old.
8. They struck a bargain
.................................................................
9. They ................................... intelligent.
10. He............................. in a hurry.
9. He met his friends
.................................................................
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I was watching TV when she called.
UNIT 5 Past continuous (I was doing)
When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. What were you doing when the earthquake started? I was listening to my iPod, so I didn’t hear the fire alarm You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
When / While I was walking home from work, I bumped into an old friend on the street
USE 2 PARALLEL ACTIONS
Past Continuous Tense Affirmative
Negative Long Form
A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? B: I was snowboarding.
Interrogative Contracted Form
I was playing
I was not playing
I wasn’t playing
Was I playing?
You were playing
You were not playing
You weren’t playing
Were you playing?
He / she / it was playing
He / she / it was not playing
He / she / it wasn’t playing
Was he / she / it playing?
We were playing
We were not playing
We weren’t playing
Were we playing?
You were playing
You were not playing
You weren’t playing
Were you playing?
They were playing They were not playing You were studying when she called.
They weren’t playing
Were they playing?
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Were you studying when she called?
She was swimming in the pool while he was watching television
You were not studying when she called
While he was watching television, she was swimming in the pool
The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past. We were waiting for the bus.
Where were you going?
We were visiting our friends.
Were you having a party with them?
No, we were watching an exciting video there.
What were their parents doing?
They were eating out in a restaurant.
What were you doing after the film?
We were having a chat about it.
Why were you standing at the bus stop at ten o’clock?
USE 1 INTERRUPTED ACTION IN THE PAST
Were you listening while he was talking? I wasn’t paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. What were you doing while you were waiting? Thomas wasn’t working, and I wasn’t working either. I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called. Past Continuous with When When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (= We had already started dinner before Karen arrived.) When Karen arrived, we had dinner. (= First Karen arrived and then we had dinner.)(see unit 22) When I arrived at the party . Jenny was talking to Mick, Annie and Peter were dancing I was explaining the exercise to him when Liverpool scored a splendid goal. What were you doing when they scored ? ‘ my father asked. When you phoned, I was having a shower. When my sister came in, I was studying
When my sister came in, I was telephoning
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I was studying when you phoned me.
Past Continuous with While
She broke her tooth while she was eating nuts.
At 8 o’clock yesterday evening, I was having dinner...
The postman came Just as I was leaving home.
Matt phoned while we were watching a match on television.
Just as I sat down at the table, the phone rang.
While we were all watching television, he was trying to do his maths exercise.
What were you doing when I phoned you?
The present continuous tense and the past continuous tense
We went to see Sara, but she wasn’t there. They were sitting in the garden when it started to rain.
Where are you?
Where were you?
When I woke up, it was raining.
She is tired.
She was tired.
At ten past one she was washing the dishes.
What is she doing?
What was she doing?
Harry wasn’t watching TV at eight o’ clock pm last night.
Why is he leaving?
Why was he leaving?
Jill wasn’t wearing her uniform at work yesterday.
John is going to Paris.
John was going to Paris.
Anna was eating when we arrived.
Why is Tom happy today?
Why was Tom happy yesterday?
What were you doing at 11.30 yesterday? Were you working?
Tomorrow, it will be Saturday.
Yesterday, it was Saturday.
What did he say?”I don’t know. I wasn’t listening”
They are looking for Ashley.
They were looking for Ashley.
‘Why were you not watching? ‘
He’s not nice.
He wasn’t nice.
5.1. Use the Past Continuous tense; fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.
They are very nice, aren’t they?
They were very nice, weren’t They?
.......you.......... last night? (to work)
English exercise “Past continuous”
Were you working last night?
It ....... not ............ (to rain)
It was not raining.
They .................... home. (to hurry)
They were hurrying home.
At ten past seven she was having a shower.
1. We....................... for the test. (to prepare)
At five past eight she was getting dressed.
2. ......... she............... notes? (to take)
At eleven o’ clock she was working.
3. I ............not.................. long. (to wait)
At a quarter to one she was having lunch.
4. They ............................... at Woolco. (to shop)
It was raining while we were playing tennis this morning.
5. ............it not ..................... outside? (to freeze)
Greg was studying when we went to his place yesterday.
6. She ............................. on Almond Street last year. (to live)
The boys broke the window as they were playing football.
7. .................. you ..................... supper when the phone rang? (to eat)
Tom was walking down the street when he met Jack.
8. He .................. asleep by the time the lesson ended. (to fall)
She fell off the ladder while she was painting the ceiling.
9. ........................... we not ........................ the next chapter? (to discuss)
A. What were you doing when these people arrived? Watching television?
10. They ............................... their books away, when their friends arrived. (to put)
B: - No, we were playing cards with Mr Wilson, the neighbour.
11. You ............ not............................. the news. (to follow)
A: - But the woman told me you were watching television!
12. ............. I............... too much noise? (to make)
B: That’s a lie! We were not watching television! Ask Mr Wilson!
5.2 Using the Past Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.
While a mechanic was repairing a car, he fell down.
I __________ a salad. (to make)
I was making a salad.
When Mira and Mary were walking in the street, they met their uncle.
They ___________ to find some boots. (to try)
They were trying to find some boots.
John’s mother saw him while he was fishing in a pond.
1. He _______________ a book. (to read)
2. We _________________ money. (to save)
When I came home, my father was having lunch.
3. She _______________ school. (to attend)
4. It ________________. (to thunder)
As she was walking across the road, a car hit her.
5. They ________________ for the exam. (to study)
6. We ________________ ourselves. (to sun)
When my father arrived, we were sleeping...
7. They ________________ they way. (to lead)
8. You _______________ by bus. (to leave)
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9. We ________________ through the snow. (to plod)
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 35
10. You _______________ your goals. (to attain)
UNIT 6 Present perfect
5.3 Rewrite the following As example: You were learning French. Were you learning French?
You were not learning French.
Were you not learning French?
Weren’t you learning French?
You were learning French, weren’t you? 1. We were starting a business. 2. She was waiting outside. Its Rachel’s birthday tomorrow and I haven’t bought her a present
3. He was singing.
I don’t have a present for her)
Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Simple Affirmative I have done
Negative
Interrogative
Long Form
Contracted Form
I have not done
I haven’t done
Have I done?
You have done
You have not done
You haven’t done
Have you done?
He / she / is has done
He / she / it has not done
He / she / it hasn’t done
Has he / she / it done?
We have done
We have not done
We haven’t done
Have we done?
You have done
You have not done
You haven’t done
Have you done?
They have done
They have not done
They haven’t done
Have they done?
You have seen that movie many times. Have you seen that movie many times? You have not seen that movie many times. The present perfect is used to show that the action began in the past and continues in the present. He has smoked since he left school. (he still smokes). He has been in prison for two years. (he is still in prison). Someone has stolen my laptop.
I have bought two printers, and a modem.
Karan has written a wonderful letter.
Have you ever been to New York?
We have visited Central Park.
I haven’t finished -or- have not finished my homework yet.
Peter and Alice have lived in Moscow for six years. Have you finished your examination? Prince has bought a new computer.
We have written three essays this evening.
People have not travelled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States
I have lost my passport (=I can’t find my passport)
Where’s Rebecca? She’s gone to bed (=she is in bed now) We’ve bought a new car (=we have a new car now) Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
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Bob is away on holiday. Oh where has he gone? (=where is he now?) Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it? (=do you need it now?)
We usually use the present perfect with already and yet.
Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost his key. He lost it and he still hasn’t got it.
Please wait a moment. She hasn’t finished it yet.
It’s quite late. Hasn’t the taxi arrived yet.
When we use the present perfect there is always a connection with now.
It’s quite early. Has tom already left?”
But I’ve already done it!
The action in the past has a result now:
Have you seen Eric yet?
We’ve already had our breakfast.
I am very hungry. I haven’t eaten lunch yet.
I’ve written the letter but I haven’t posted it yet.
‘Where’s your key?’ I don’t know. I’ve lost it.’ (I haven’t got it now) He told me his name but I’ve forgotten it. (I can’t remember it now) ‘Is Sally here?’ ‘No, she’s gone out.’ (She is out now) I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it? (Do you know where it is now?) I have lost my passport. (I can’t find my passport now) You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet: Just = a short time ago: ‘Would you like something to eat?’ ‘No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.’ Hello. Have you just arrived? Are Diane and Paul here? Yes, they have just arrived Are you hungry? No, I have just had diner İs Tom here? No, I am afraid he has just gone ALREADY, YET
We often use for and since with the present perfect tense. I have been here since 9 o’clock.
John hasn’t called for 6 months.
John hasn’t called since February.
He has worked in New York for a long time.
He has worked in New York since he left school.
I haven’t phoned home since Christmas.
We’ve been here since nine o’clock.
I have had a driving licence since I was eighteen
Exercise “Yet, already, since, for” Has the film started yet?
When he arrived, the film had already begun.
Have you already finished?
Stephen has worked here since last May
Are they already here?
Haven’t you done your Christmas shopping yet?
Have you had your shower yet?
Have you already done your military service?
I have already seen this movie twice
We have not seen each other since Saturday
Put your money away. I have already paid the bill
I have lived in the same house since I was born
He has already finished reading the novel. Exercise “Present perfect”
‘When is Sara going on holiday?’ ‘She has already gone. Have you met him? Not yet. already We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected.
I am sorry, she has already gone home. The film has already started. She’s only four years old and she is already reading.
She already knows how to cook
I have already received my exam results
Shall I tell Liz the news or does she already know?
I’ve only just had lunch and I’m already hungry.
“When will you clean the car?”
“I’ve already cleaned it.
Do you want a cup of coffee?
No, thanks. I’ve already had one.” yet
We use yet in questions or negative statements to talk about things that we expected to happen before now.
I have not eaten anything since breakfast.
I have not been ill for ages.
We have just received your invitation to your party.
The postman has not come yet.
I have never heard such nonsense.
I have forgotten my book at home.
He has lost his keys.
She has not seen her son for a long time.
I have not revised my lessons.
Thomas has worked very hard.
The child has broken a cup.
Faith has not called me since Wednesday.
The children have not eaten anything.
Emilio has not spoken to the boss.
6.1 Fill in the blanks using the Present Perfect tense of the regular verbs shown in brackets. She _________ hard. (to try)
She has tried hard.
He ___________ his friend. (to annoy)
He has annoyed his friend.
1. We _______________ them. (to envy) 2. She ________________ the clarinet for five years. (to play)
Have you finished the work yet? I haven’t seen the film yet. A: Have you seen him? B: Not yet.
3. You _________________ for the job. (to apply) 4. We _______________ the eggs. (to fry) 5. They _________________ six people. (to employ)
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6. He ________________ the wall with paint. (to spray)
8. She _________________ the choir. (to join)
7. I ________________ home. (to hurry)
9. They ________________ an eagle. (to spot)
8. They _________________ unusual intelligence. (to display)
10. It ___________ every day. (to rain)
9. It _________________ our chances. (to destroy)
11. You _______________ the cream. (to whip)
10. You ________________ on your bicycle. (to rely)
12. She _______________ everything. (to arrange)
6.2 Using the Present Perfect tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets
6.5 Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect tense of the irregular verbs shown in brackets.
We ____________ the contest. (to enter)
We have entered the contest.
They _________ tall. (to grow)
He ____________ the work. (to finish)
He has finished the work.
He __________ it. (to choose)
He has chosen it.
1. They _______________ a pizza. (to order)
2. It _______________ to rain. (to start)
1. We ....................... lunch. (to eat)
2. I................................ the floor. (to sweep)
3. You _______________ the question. (to answer)
4. I _______________ the eggs. (to cook)
3. She ...........................in a choir. (to sing)
4. They ........................ to work. (to go)
5. We _______________ the sauce. (to heat)
6. He _______________ the room. (to clean)
5. You .................... your way. (to lose)
6. He ........................ earlier than usual. (to rise)
7. She _______________ the car. (to start)
8. They _______________ on the door. (to knock)
7. We..................... to everyone. (to speak)
8. I ............................. The kingfisher. (to see)
9. You _______________ on the lights. (to turn)
10. She _______________ them to come. (to ask)
9. They .....................each other a long time. (to know)
10. She ........................ here from France. (to fly)
11. He............................. very helpful. (to be)
12. I ............................... the blue cloth. (to cut)
13. We .............................two letters. (to write)
14. They ...................... the competition. (to win)
15. She............................ no one. (to tell)
16. It .............................a long time. (to take)
17. You ............................ to do it. (to forget)
18. I .............................it. (to hear)
19. They ...........................town. (to leave)
20. He ........................the problem. (to understand)
6.3 Complete Bs sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just / already / yet 1. A: Would you like something to eat? B: No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch. (Just / have) 2. A: Do you know where Julia is? B: Yes, I ......................................... her. (Just / see) 3. A: What time is David leaving? B: He................................... (already / leave) 4. A: What’s in the newspaper today? B: I don’t know. I ............................... (not / read / yet) 5. A: Is Ann coming to the cinema with us? B: No, she............................................ the film. (already / see) 6. A: Are your friends here yet? B: Yes, they ................................... (Just / arrive) 7. A: What does Tim think about your plan? B: I...................................... (not / tell / yet) 6.4 Fill in the blanks using the Present Perfect tense of the regular verbs shown in brackets. He __________ the child. (to scare)
He has scared the child.
They ____________ the hillside. (to scar)
They have scarred the hillside.
1. She __________________. (to apologize) 2. I ________________ the soup. (to stir) 3. It _________________. (to stop) 4. We _________________ what happened. (to explain) 5. They __________________ a concert. (to plan) 6. You ________________ the table. (to wipe) 7. We _________________ our hopes on you. (to pin)
They have grown tall.
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UNIT 7 Present perfect with Ever - never
7.1 You are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done. Make questions from the words in brackets. 1. (ever / ride / horse?) Have you ever ridden a horse? 2. (ever / be / California?)................................... 3. (ever / run / marathon?) ................................ 4. (ever / speak / famous person?) ........................ 5. (always / live / in this town?) ........................ 6. (most beautiful place / ever / visit?) What.......................
Have you ever been to Greece?
Have you ever painted a wall?
Yes, I have been to Greece ,No, I haven’t. Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. No,Never
7.2 Complete these sentences using today / this year / this term etc. 1. I saw Tom yesterday but I haven’t seen him today.
EVER Ever means ‘at any time’, the specific time is unknown or unnecessary, and is used in questions.
2. I read a newspaper yesterday but I.................... today.
Ever is also used with ‘the first time’ for first experiences.
3. Last year the company made a profit but this year..................... 4. Tracy worked hard at school last term but -..........................
Have you ever met a famous person? (Did you meet a famous person at any time in the past?)
5. It snowed a lot last winter but ..........................
This is the first time I’ve ever eaten snake soup.
6. Our football team won a lot of games last season but we......................
NEVER Never means the subject hasn’t had a certain experience before. Have you ever been abroad? No, I’ve never been abroad. (I’ve never had that experience before.) I have never cut my hair before because my mum didn’t want it. Let me know if she ever comes back.
I love you forever.
Have you ever been to the U.S.A.,
Sara’s always on time; she’s never late!
I’ve never seen that.
Never do that again!
I have never been to Paris.
He is always kind ever since I’ve known him.
Have you ever seen anything like this?
I never drink tea.
Study this example conversation: DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane? DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China? DAVE: What about India?
JANE: Yes, I’ve been to lots of places. JANE: Yes, I’ve been to China twice. JANE: No, I haven’t been to India.
Exercise “ever / never” I have been to Canada, but I haven’t been to the United States Have you ever eaten caviar? (In your life)
We’ve never had a car.
Has Anne ever been to Australia?
Yes, one
Have you ever played golf?
Yes, I have played a lot
Have you ever drunk wine?
Have you ever driven a car?
Have you ever seen a film?
Have you ever worn a pink shirt?
Have you ever flown in a plane?
Have you ever eaten traditional English food?
7.3 Ask questions beginning “Have you ever..........?” 1 (London?)
Have you ever been to London?
No, never
2 (play / golf?)
Have you ever played golf
Yes, many times
3 (Australia?) ........................... Yes, once 4 (lose / your passport?)
...........................
No, never
5 (fly / in a helicopter?)
...........................
Yes, a few times
6 (win / race?)
...........................
No, never
7 (New York?) ........................... Yes, twice 8 (drive / a bus?)
...........................
No, never
9 (break / your leg)
............................
Yes, once
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He has been working in this company since 1985
UNIT 8 Present perfect continuous
She has been working at that company for three years How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.] We have not been smoking. [And we are not smoking now.] I have been reading for 2 hours. past
present
future
************************************ Action started in past. It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining.
Why is he so tired? He has been playing tennis for five hours. I have been living without electricity for two weeks.
Present Perfect Continuous Negative
Interrogative
Long Form
Contracted Form
I have been doing
I have not been doing
I haven’t been doing
Have you been doing?
You have been doing
You have not been doing
You haven’t been doing
Have you been doing?
He / she / it has been doing
He has not been doing
He hasn’t been doing
Has he been doing?
We have been doing
We have not been doing
We haven’t been doing
Have we been doing?
You have been doing
You have not been doing
You haven’t been doing
They have been doing
They have not been doing
They haven’t been doing
The film has not been running for ten minutes yet, but there’s a commercial break already. She has not been in the garden for more than an hour. Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days? Present perfect continuous or present continuous? I cannot sleep because the baby is crying
it has been raining all week
A car alarm is ringing in the street!
This alarm is driving me crazy.
Have you been doing?
Marie’s English is improving, isn’t it?
She has been singing for two hours
Have they been doing?
She is ill ; she is sleeping in her bed
I am studying Spanish at university.
You have been waiting here for two hours.
I’m getting a little worried because the baby has been crying for over half an hour
Have you been waiting here for two hours?
Where have you been? We have been waiting for you since 1.00 pm
You have not been waiting here for two hours.
I have been visiting him in Canada. (The focus is on the duration of the action.)
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. “For five minutes,” “for two weeks,” and “since Tuesday” (see unit 11)
Exercise “Present perfect continuous”
They have been talking for the last hour.
She has been sleeping since this morning
She looks very depressed; she has been reading a sad story.
What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
He has been teaching for seven years now.
They have been smoking for a long time.
James has been teaching at the university since June.
She has been swimming for hours now.
His eyes are red! He has been crying too long,
The farmer has been planting trees for two months now..
I have been waiting for twenty minutes.
She has been working as a model for two years.
They have been hoping for his returning since last week.
She has been waiting for an hour.
An action (not the result)
How long have you been learning English?
She has been writing for two hours.
Mary has been living in Germany since 1992.
It has been raining
Affirmative
Action is continuing now.
I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.]
We’ve been studying since 9 o’clock. [We’re still studying now.] We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening. We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
I am tired; I have been walking since the daybreak I have been working in this institution since 2005. We have been waiting for him for hours and it is really mean of him not to turn up. She has been cooking for us all this time and I must say she is a fantastic cook. The phone has been ringing for the past five minutes without anyone picking it up.
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8.1 Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets. I ________________ all night. (to work)
I have been working all night.
She ___________________ the trumpet. (to practise)
She has been practising the trumpet.
1. We ______________________ for you. (to wait) 2. They __________________________ a race. (to run) 3. He ___________________________ a book. (to read) 4. You ___________________________ a letter. (to write) 5. I __________________________ the table. (to set) 6. It __________________________ for hours. (to rain) 7. We __________________________ here for three years. (to live) 8. She ____________________________ to us. (to speak) 9. You ___________________________ presents. (to buy) 10. They ___________________________ a trip. (to plan) 8.2 Write a question for each situation. 1. John looks sunburnt. You ask: (you / sit in the sun?) Have you been sitting in the sun? 2. You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. You ask: (you / wait / long?) ....................................... 3. You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask: (what / you / do?) ....................................... 4. A friend of yours is now living in Baker Street. You want to know ‘How long ...?’ You ask: (how long / you / live / in Baker Street?) ....................................... 5. A friend tells you about his job--he sells computers. You want to know ‘How long ...?’ You ask: (how long / you / sell / computers?) ....................................... 8.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1. The rain started two hours ago. It’s still raining now. It has been raining for two hours. 2. We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We’re still waiting now. We............................................................ for 20 minutes 3. I started Spanish classes in December. I’m still learning Spanish now. I................................. since December. 4. Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She’s still looking now. ................................... for six months. 5. Mary started working in London on 18 January. She’s still working there now. ..................................... since 18 January. 6. Years ago you started writing to a pen-friend. You still write to each other regularly now. We.................................. for years.
8.4 Rewrite the following two affirmative statements as questions, negative statements, negative questions without contractions, negative questions with contractions, and affirmative statements followed by negative tag questions. They have been enjoying themselves. Have they been enjoying themselves? They have not been enjoying themselves. Have they not been enjoying themselves? Haven’t they been enjoying themselves? They have been enjoying themselves, haven’t they? 1. It has been snowing. 2. You have been visiting your friends.
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UNIT 9 Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)
They’ve been playing tennis since 2 o’clock.
How many pages of that book have you read?
Mary has written ten letters today.
They’ve played tennis three times this week.
Exercise “Present perfect continuous and Present Perfect Simple “
Have you written that letter? No, I haven’t
Ann’s clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the room. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
I have been writing for an hour. I have been doing my homework I have been washing the car I haven’t been playing that game for an hour, James has been living here for a year.
I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice. I have done my homework. (work is completed now.) I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now I haven’t played that game for years James has lived in this town for 10 years
This tense is used for an action which began in the past and is still in progress.
(just finished)
They have been married for three years.
He has been at home for ten minutes.
I have often been to Scotland.
He has just stopped smoking.
Have you ever taken a plane?
Look at the mouse! What has happened to it?
How long have they known each other?
I have always wanted to become a pianist.
Have you understood anything I’ve said to you?
Sorry, I’ve forgotten my homework.
How long has Jack been studying English?
How many new words have you learnt this week?
How many times have you eaten at this restaurant?
You look exhausted! What have you been doing?
Look at the weather! It’s been raining all day!
I need a holiday! I haven’t had one for two years.
I’ve always wanted a sport car!
Ooh, that woman. I’ve never liked her.
9.1 Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in brackets. 1. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. (Read / for two hours)
He has been reading for two hours.
(Read / 53 pages so far)
He has read 53 pages so far.
2. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago. (Travel / for three months) She ......................... (Visit / six countries so far) She ...........................
They’ve been working here for a long time but Andy has worked here for even longer.
3. Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again--for the fourth time.
I’ve lived here for 10 years and she has been living here for 12 years.
(win / the national championship four times) He .....................
How long have they been married?
The glass is dirty! Nobody has washed it.
(play / tennis since he was ten) He ...........................
I have bought this magazine.
My hand hurts. I have written a lot of letters.
4. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films.
Excuse me; you have dropped your purse!
Someone has been smoking in this room.
(make / ten films since they left college) They ............. .....................
Surfing has been a popular sport for 10 years.
I feel fit. I have been exercising for 3 hours.
(make / films since they left college) They .....................
I’m really tired! I have been playing soccer all afternoon. They’ve been talking about this for month and they still haven’t found a solution.
1. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long / learn / Arabic?) How long have you been learning Arabic?
Compare these examples:
2. You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (how long / wait?)
My hands are very dirty. I’ve been repairing the car. / The car is OK again now. I’ve repaired it.
.................................... 3. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (how many fish / catch?)
She’s been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less.
....................................
Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty. It’s nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met? Where’s the book I gave you? What have you done with it? Have you ever played tennis?
9.2 For each situation ask a question using the words in brackets.
How long have you been reading that book?
4. Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (how many people / invite? .................................... 5. A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: (how long / teach?)
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....................................
UNIT 10 How long......?
6. You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask: (How many books / write?) ................................. (How long / write / books?) .................................... 7. A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask: (How long / save?) ..................................... (How much money / save?) ....................................
How long have they been married? They have been married for 20 years. “How long have you been...” is used to ask how long someone has a) done an activity for or b) done a job How long have you been + noun How long have you been an architect?
I’ve been an architect for 15 years
How long have you been + verb~ing How long have you been skiing?*
I’ve been skiing for 3 hours.
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
how often ... times
how long ....since ....for
How long have you been married? (not how long are you married) They have been married for five years (not they are married for five years) How long have you known her? (not how long do you know her?) I have known her for a long time (not I know her for.......) How long has she lived in London? She has lived there all her life “How long have you been in” is used for a professional field, or a place How long have you been in business?* I’ve been in business for 25 years.or We’ve been in business since 1995. HOW OFTEN .....? I sometimes watch television. They hardly ever use the internet. She quite often reads the newspaper.
How often do you watch television? How often do they use the internet? How often does she read the newspaper?
HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FROM...TO.......?
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How long does it take by train from London to Manchester?
The war lasted nearly ...
How long did the war last?
It takes two hours by train from London to Manchester.
I was married for ...
How long were you married?
How long does it take you to get to school?
Present
10.1 Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets.
How long did he stay in France?
Past
1. John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him:
How long will he be staying?
Future
(How long / be / in hospital?)
How long have you been learning English?
Perfect
How long has your mother been in hospital?
How long had you had the car before you crashed it?
Past perfect
2. You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her: (How long / teach / English?)
“How long does it take by car from your house to the station?
.....................................?
It takes ten minutes by car from my house to the station
3. You know that Jane is a good friend of Carol’s. You ask Jane:
How long does it take to cross the Atlantic by ship?
(How long / know / Carol?)
I came by train Did you? How long did it take (to get here)?
.....................................?
How long will it take to get from here to the hotel? It takes a long time to learn a language
It doesn’t take long to cook an omelette
It won’t take long to fix the computer
How long is it to Istanbul from Izmir?
4. Your friend’s brother went to Australia some time ago and he’s still there. You ask your friend: (How long / be / in Australia?) .....................................? 5. Tim always wears the same jacket. It’s a very old jacket. You ask him:
Compare the present and the present perfect:
(How long / have / that jacket?)
Amy is in hospital. But she has been in hospital since Monday. (not ‘Amy is in hospital since Monday’)
......................................?
We know each other very well but we have known each other for a long time. (not ‘we know’)
6. You are talking to a friend about Alan. Alan now works at the airport. You ask your friend:
Are you waiting for somebody? But how long have you been waiting?
(How long / work / at the airport?)
Exercise “How long -How far How often “
........................................? 7. A friend of yours is having driving lessons. You ask him:
New-York is 2,570 miles far from Las Vegas.
How far is New-York from Las Vegas?
(How long / have / driving lessons?)
She usually spends 2 hours in traffic
How long does she usually spend in traffic?
........................................?
Sydney is 13,249 miles far from Paris.
How far is Sydney from Paris?
8. You meet somebody on a train. She tells you that she lives in Glasgow. You ask her:
He has played tennis for 30 minutes
How long has he played tennis?
(always / live / in Glasgow?)
The bus-stop is 300 yards away.
How far is the bus-stop?
........................................?
I have been looking for her for...
How long have you been looking for her?
They stayed in Ireland for...
How long did they stay in Ireland?
It takes me ... to go to your house.
How long does it take you to go to my house?
She’s known me for...
How long has she known you?
I have been practising for...
How long have you been practising?
She had to stay at home for..
How long did she have to stay at home?
He hadn’t been feeling well for..
How long hadn’t he been feeling well?
I’ll be absent for...
How long will you be absent?
He has been working in this hospital for..
How long has he been working in this hospital?
I haven’t seen my sister for...
How long haven’t you seen your sister?
The game generally lasts ...
How long does the game generally last?
We had been waiting for her for ..
How long had you been waiting for her?
10.2 Complete Bs answers to A’s questions. 1. A: Amy is in hospital, isn’t she? B: Yes, she has been in hospital since Monday. 2. A: Do you see Ann very often? B: No, I haven’t seen her for three months. 3. A: Is Margaret married? B. Yes, she ......... married for ten years. 4. A: Are you waiting for me? B: Yes, I ................ for the last half hour. 5. A: You know Linda, don’t you? B: Yes, we ............... each other for ages.
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6. A: Do you still play tennis?
2. We walked home last night. We left at 10 o’clock and we arrived home at 10.20
B: No, I ............... tennis for years.
It took ....................................
7. A: Is Jim watching TV?
3. I learnt to drive last year. I had my first driving lesson in January. I passed my driving test six months later
B: Yes, he .............. TV all evening.
It took .......................................
8. A: Do you watch TV a lot?
4. Mark drove to London yesterday. He left home at 7 o’clock and got to London at 10
B: No, I.............. TV for a long time.
It took .......................................
9. Have you got a headache?
5. Lisa began looking for a job a long time ago. She got a job last week
B: Yes, I ............ a headache all morning.
It took ....................................
10. A: George is never ill, is he? B: No, he....................... ill since I’ve known him. 11. A: Are you feeling ill? B: Yes, I ............... ill since I got up. 12. Sue lives in London, doesn’t she? B: Yes, she ...........in London for the last few years. 13. Do you still go to the cinema a lot? B: No, I ........... to the cinema for ages. 14. Would you like to go to New York one day? B: Yes, I ......... to go to New York. (Use always / want) 10.3 How long does it take to do these things? Write full sentences 1. How long does it take to fly from your city to London? It takes two hours to fly from my city to London 2. How long does it take to fly from your city to New York? It takes .................................. 3. How long does it take to study to be a doctor in your country? It takes .................................. 4. How long does it take to walk from your home to the nearest shop? It takes .............................. 5. How long does it take to get from your home to the nearest airport? It takes ................................. 10.4 Write questions with How long did it take...? 1. (Jane found a job)
How long did it take her to find a job?
2. (I walked to the station)
..............you...............
3. (Tom painted the bathroom) .............................. 4. (I learnt to ski)
.............................
5. (They repaired the computer) .............................. 10.5 Read the situations and write sentences with it took........ 1. I read a book last week. I started reading it on Monday. I finished it three days later It took me three days to read the book
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UNIT 11 Since and for
They have been learning English since May (they’re still learning English) We use for when we give the length of the time.
ALL TENSES
For three days, for 6 months, for a long time, for a week, for several years, for two centuries, for 4 years We use since when we give the beginning of the time.
PERFECT TENSES ONLY
Since Monday, - Since 1997, - Since the last war. - Since the day we met. since Monday since January
I have been waiting for you for ten minutes.
Mike has been hired for a six month period.
Tom has been sleeping since yesterday
We have been learning English for six months
He has been watching TV since 6.00 p.m.
Three days ago he started reading a book
I’ve been working hard, so now I’m going to have a rest.
The ground is wet. It’s been raining.
We’ve been waiting for an hour.
Those people have been in Europe since August.
It has been raining for 2 days.
I haven’t seen her since June.
She has been living in Paris for 5 years.
He hasn’t cooked for many years.
11.1 Read the situations and complete the sentences beginning in the way shown. 1. (It’s raining now. It’s been raining since lunchtime.) It started raining at lunchtime. 2. (Ann and I are friends. We first met years ago.) We’ve known each other for years. 3. (Mark is ill. He became ill on Sunday.) He has............................. 4. (Mark is ill. He became ill a few days ago.) He has ......................... 5. (Sarah is married. She’s been married for two years.) She got .................
I have worked here since 2004.
I have had this car since October.
6. (You’ve got a camera. You bought it ten years ago.) I’ve ...................
I have worked here for three years.
I have had this car for three months.
7. (Sue has been in France for the last three weeks.) She went ................
I have known your parents for a long time.
I’ve known Mike for ten years now
8. (You’re working in a hotel. You started in June.) I’ve ............................
He’s been fond of animals since he was born
I have belonged to Greenpeace since 1999
11.2 Put in for or since. 1. It’s been raining ...since ........lunchtime. 2. Tom’s father has been doing the same job....... for...... 20 years. 3. Have you been learning English -........-a long time? 4. Sarah has lived in London ........ 1985.
I have been reading since 4 o’clock. I have been reading for hours. I have stayed in Algeria for six months.
She has stayed at Mary’s since Friday.
I have been an English teacher since2000.
They have learnt English for ten years.
I have been her friend since yesterday.
It has rained since lunch time.
She has not seen her friends for a long time.
I have waited for you for five minutes.
They haven’t gone to the seaside since July.
Susan has started a new job since last week.
I have been studying for 3 hours.
I have been watching TV since 7pm.
Tara hasn’t been feeling well for 2 weeks.
Tara hasn’t been visiting us since March.
He has been playing football for a long time.
He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.
I have been studying English since 1993.
John has helped me since 10:00 this morning.
Exercise “Since and for” He has been here for a long period.
She has lived in New York for six years.
He has been learning French for eight months.
They have been married for a long time.
I haven’t seen her for ages.
She has got that job since March 18.
He has put on weight since the end of last year.
I have been well paid since I joined that firm.
Kevin has been playing for two hours.
She has been singing since ten o’clock.
5. .......Christmas, the weather has been quite good. 6. Please hurry up! We’ve been waiting........... an hour. 7. Kevin has been looking for a job ......... he left school. 8. The house is very dirty. We haven’t cleaned it...... ages. 9. I haven’t had a good meal ...... last Tuesday. 10 My grandmother has stopped running............ she became ill last year. 11 We have had a cottage in the Dordogne ......... 3 years. 12 Lloyds bank has been here ......... five years. 13 It was a shock as I hadn’t seen her........ quite a long time. 14 She has been rehearsing........ the course started. 15 She has been waiting for you to contact her........ last week. 16 I haven’t made any mistake about ‘since’ and ‘for’......... I read the lesson and made this test. 17 Robby hasn’t seen some of his friends........ 45 years. 18 I love English............. I joined the club. 19 My best friends have been very generous with me........ my eleventh birthday.
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UNIT 12 Present perfect and past tense
I have marked twenty essays today, but I’ve still got five more before I go to bed. Compare present perfect and past:
(I have done and I did)
I’ve done a lot of work today. We’ve been waiting for an hour. (we are still waiting now) I have never played golf. (In my life) I did a lot of work yesterday. (Yesterday, last week, from 1985 to 1991) Did you see Ann this morning? (It is now afternoon or evening) I don’t think so. I didn’t see her. We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (We are no longer waiting) Exercise “Present perfect or past tense”
The Chinese invented printing. (not ‘have invented’) Shakespeare wrote many plays. Study this example situation: PRESENT PERFECT
PAST
I have lost my key (I can’t find it now) Ben has gone home (he isn’t here now) Have you seen Kate? (where is she now)
I lost my key last week Ben went home ten minutes ago Did you see Kate on Sunday?
We normally use the Present Perfect when we want to talk about about something which happened in the past but is relevant now.
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
John bought a new car three weeks ago.
They have built a great house for their family.
I haven’t gone to the shop; what a shame!
When have you opened the window? It’s cold here!
I always wanted a new car, thus I bought one.
Why have you destroyed your old table?
I broke my leg in 2005.
I haven’t seen Mary this week.
Have you heard anything?
John has bought a book about cars.
Has she sung a song recently?
Mary started studying Spanish in January.
They’ve never come to our house.
John hasn’t finished his work yet.
He has just come back from London.
I played rugby last Saturday for my school.
My mother has made some tea.
Dick hasn’t read any books from our reading list yet.
Have you heard the news?
He has been too busy with his new girl-friend.
We have been friends for over ten years now. In fact I haven’t seen her since then.
Have you ever been to Spain?
My friend is a writer. He has written many books
When I was at primary school I used to have a friend.
Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it.
This means that he doesn’t have his key now.
12.1 What has happened in these situations?
Has he lost his key? No, he hasn’t.
Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.
1. Jack had a beard. Now he hasn’t got a beard. He has shaved off his beard.
My sister is a writer. She has written many books. (She still writes books) Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished
2. Linda was here five minutes ago. Now she’s in bed. She .................................... 3. The temperature was 25 degrees. Now it is only 17. The temperature .................................... 4. The light was off. Now it is on. Somebody ....................................
Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off. (so he doesn’t have a beard now)
5. The tree was only three metres high. Now it is four. The tree ....................................
They went out after lunch and they’ve just come back. (so they are back now)
6. The plane was on the runway a few minutes ago. Now it is in the air. The plane ....................................
How many plays did Shakespeare write? (not ‘has Shakespeare written’) Beethoven was a great composer. (not ‘has been’) Did you go to Spain last year? The letter didn’t arrive yesterday
12.2 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, present perfect or past simple. 1. ‘Where’s your key?’ ‘I don’t know. I’ve lost it.’ (lose) 2. I was very tired, so I lay down on the bed and went to sleep. (be)
The present perfect or past simple”
3. Mary.......... to Australia for a while but she’s back again now. (go)
I have read a lot this week, but I have to get the book completely finished by this week end.
4. ‘Where’s Ken?’ ‘He.............out. He’ll be back in about an hour.’ (go)
It was so hot today that I wore shorts and a T-shirt at work.
5. I did German at school but I............ most of it. (forget)
We have spent £200 on food this month and there’s another week to go before I get paid.
6. I meant to phone Diane last night but I........ (forget)
I’ ve never heard Ken criticise anyone since I have known him.
7. I ....... a headache earlier but I feel fine now. (have)
A soon as I started the car I realised that something was wrong with the engine.
8. Look! There’s an ambulance over there. There...... an accident. (be)
My mother phoned me three times this morning and then this afternoon she came round to my house.
9. They’re still building the new road. They..........it. (not / finish)
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10. ‘Is Helen still here?’ ‘No, she.............. out.’ (Just / go)
UNIT 13 Past perfect (I had done)
11. The police .............. three people but later they let them go. (arrest) 12. Ann.............. me her address but I’m afraid I........it. (give, lose) 13. Where’s my bike? It ...... outside the house. It ....... (be, disappear) 14. What do you think of my English? Do you think I...........? (improve) 12.3 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong. 1. I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it anywhere. RIGHT 2. Have you seen the news on television last night? WRONG: Did you see?
When I arrived at the cinema the film had already started.
3. I’ve bought a new car. Do you want to see it? .......... 4. I’ve bought a new car last week. .............
.............
5. Where have you been yesterday evening? .......
.............
( I was late when arriving at the cinema)
Past Perfect Simple Affirmative
6. Jenny has left school in 1991. ............ ......... 7. I’m looking for Mike. Have you seen him? .......... 8. I’m very hungry I haven’t eaten anything today......... 9. Diane hasn’t been at work yesterday. ...........
..........
10. When has this book been published? ..............
.................
Negative
Interrogative
Long Form
Contracted Form
I had played
I had not played
I hadn’t played
Had I played?
You had played
You had not played
You hadn’t played
Had you played?
He / she / it had played
He had not played
He hadn’t played
Had he played?
We had played
We had not played
We hadn’t played
Had we played?
You had played
You had not played
You hadn’t played
Had you played?
They had played
They had not played
They hadn’t played
Had they played?
You had studied English before you moved to New York. Had you studied English before you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York. We use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. Before the dog came into the house, she had finished the housework. She had thrown the letter away when she noticed it was important. When he saw her he knew he had met her before. When he phoned her she had gone out. He rushed to the baker’s when he saw his wife had forgotten to buy some bread. The driver had not stopped at the traffic lights, so the police car chased him. The budgie flew away because Jim had not closed the window. When we came home, Frank had not painted the ceiling yet. Eric had not invited his friends, so he was alone on Saturday evening. I had not seen Olivia for three years before I met her in Spain. He told me that he had not spoken his brother the other day.
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PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
The bike is new. I’ve bought it.
The bike was new. I had bought it.
Past Perfect - Simple Past
Simple Past - Simple Past
The match had started before he arrived.
The match started when he arrived.
I arrived at the station
The train left
By the time the show began, all friends had arrived. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we had built He had not been to Cape Town before 1997. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum had made The doctor took off the plaster that he had put on six weeks before The waiter brought a drink that I had not ordered I could not remember the poem we had learned the week before.
When I arrived at the station the train had left
The children collected the chestnuts that had fallen from the tree.
After the train had left, I arrived at the station
I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
Before I arrived at the station, the train had left
She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
PAST PERFECT WITH AFTER , BEFORE After they had packed their rucksacks, they rode away on their bikes. After she had closed the door, she started to tell us the truth. Susan turned on the radio after she had washed the dishes. After the man had come home he fed the cat
We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years She had already told him before I got a chance to give him my version. When I got home yesterday, my mother had already cooked the dinner. Compare the past perfect (I had done) and past simple (I did):
She watched a video after the children had gone to bed.
‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?’ ‘No, he had already gone home.’
After Eric had made breakfast he phoned his friend.
Ann wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was in London.
Before he took a shower, he had run 2 kilometres.
but Ann had just got home when I phoned. She had been in London.
WHEN+ SIMPLE PAST, PAST PERFECT
Exercise “Past perfect tense” Before we arrived at school the classes had started. I felt exhausted because I had run ten miles. He had studied that book before he arrived in Pakistan. He had sold all the copies of the thesaurus before we got there. We went to his place for dinner but to our great surprise he had had his dinner. When I got up, rather late, the sun had risen
First the patient died. Then the doctor arrived.
Before we got there they had begun the show.
The patient had died when the doctor arrived
He had finished his work before I began mine.
When his mother arrived, Paul had finished the game
It had begun to rain when I stepped out of the house.
When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
Soon after they had completed their homework they ran out to play with the dog.
When I arrived home, Linda had left
Peter told me he had already paid the bill.
When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
Brian believed that John had moved to London.
I hadn’t known the bad news when I spoke to him.
When Ron arrived, the party had already begun.
Study this example situation:
The children had already gone to bed when their mother came from work. It was my first flight; I had never travelled -or- had never travelled by plane before.
I checked with the supplier and they still hadn’t received the contract.
My wife didn’t watch the film with me because she had already seen it.
Karen didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.
You didn’t tell me that you had decided to travel abroad.
The cat hid under the chair because the children had been so loud.
When he returned home, he saw that the postman had delivered a small parcel.
After Max had finished his breakfast, he left the flat. Laura repaired her glasses because her brother had broken them.
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13.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets. 1. You went to Jill’s house but she wasn’t there. (She / go / out) She had gone out.
UNIT 14 Past perfect continuous
2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as before.
(I had been doing)
(it / change / a lot)............................. 3. I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn’t come. (she / arrange / to do something else) ............................. 4. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late. (the film / already / begin) ............................. 5. I was very pleased to see Tim again after such a long time.
Paul had been playing tennis with a friend. Before his mother arrived
(I / not / see / him for five years) .............................
Past Perfect Continuous
6. I offered Sue something to eat but she wasn’t hungry. Affirmative
(she / just / have / breakfast) ............................. 13.2 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.
Negative
Interrogative
Long Form
Contracted Form
I had been playing
I had not been playing
I hadn’t been playing
Had I been playing?
You had been playing
You had not been playing
You hadn’t playing
Had you been playing?
1. She ________________ a sweater. (to buy)
He had been playing
He had not been playing
He hadn’t been playing
Had he been playing?
2. He _______________ to work. (to start)
We had been playing
We had not been playing
We hadn’t been playing
Had we been playing?
I _________ the parcel. (to open)
I had opened the parcel.
They ________ to the opera. (to be)
They had been to the opera.
3. You _________________ the message. (to understand)
You had been playing
You had not been playing
You hadn’t been playing
Had you been playing?
4. We ________________ the appointment. (to forget)
They had been playing
They had not been playing
They hadn’t been playing
Had they been playing?
5. They ________________ us. (to convince)
You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
6. She ________________ the book. (to find)
Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
7. He ________________ the envelope. (to tear)
You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
8. You ________________ your breakfast. (to finish)
We use the past perfect continuous to refer to an action in the past which continued until another action took place. For five minutes and for two weeks are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous.
9. We ______________ to school. (to go) 10. They ________________ the beds. (to make) 13.3 Using the Past Perfect tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets. He _____________ hard. (to practise)
He had practised hard.
___ they ____ a good job? (to do)
Had they done a good job?
I ___ not _____ the news. (to hear)
I had not heard the news.
1. You ........................... it carefully. (to consider) 2. She ..................... her way in the woods. (to lose)
The children had already gone to bed when their mother came from work. (Action happened before a point in the past .) Sarah was exhausted. She had been washing the dishes for more than three hours. (Something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past.) I left without him last night, but I told him to meet me early because the film started at 8:00. I had been trying to get tickets for that movie for months, and I didn’t want to miss it.
3. .................. he not.................. his hands? (to wash) 4. ...............they................. the letter? (to read) 5. I .......... not .................. the words. (to forget) 6. We ..................to come even before we received the letter. (to decide) 7. .................. he not ......................... everything well? (to organize) 8. They ......... not............... a holiday in a long time. (to have) 9. She ...................... to talk to us. (to stop) 10. He ........................not yet ................ (to arrive) 11. ....... you ..................... to meet him? (to plan) 12. I ........... not ....................... her for a long time. (to see)
She was very upset because he had been waiting for more than half an hour. They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
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She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
1. You _______________________ the stove. (to clean)
We had been sleeping for 12 hours when he woke up.
2. She _____ not ___________________ regularly. (to come)
They had been waiting at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived
3. _____ they not ___________________ on you? (to count)
We had been looking for her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom.
4. We ________________________ for shoes. (to look)
A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? B: I had not been studying Turkish very long. I had been waiting there for two hours before she finally arrived. She had only been studying English for two years before she got the job. I had been running for an hour when it started raining. Mary said she had never been swimming so much in one day. Kathy put on weight because she had been eating too much sugar. Everything had been going well in my life until my world fell apart several months ago. COMPARE PAST PERFECT / PRESENT PERFECT
5. _____ it not ________________ that day? (to snow) 6. I ________________________ for groceries. (to shop) 7. _____ he not ___________________ to the news? (to listen) 8. They _____ not ___________________ to drive far. (to intend) 9. _____ we ___________________ on time? (to leave) 10. _____ you ____________________ that? (to expect) 11. They ________________________ television. (to watch) 12. He _____ not _________________ long when the bus arrived. (to wait) 14.2 Using the Past Perfect Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets.
When I went to the car park, I found that my car had been stolen.
We __________________ for an apartment. (to search)
John had been living in Paris for 4 years before he could speak French fluently.
We had been searching for an apartment.
I have been learning English for 5 years now.
She _______________ extra courses. (to take)
The locals were amazed because they had never seen a horse before.
She had been taking extra courses.
They wouldn’t let him in because he had forgotten his membership card.
1. We ......................................... the grass. (to cut)
They said: ‘You can’t come in because you have forgotten your membership card.’
2. You ......................................... at the photographs. (to look)
Have you seen the new film by Spike Lee?
3. They ......................................... you the letters. (to give)
Exercise “Past perfect continuous” He had been driving his car for 10 minutes when he realized it had a flat tyre. He had been swimming for 15 minutes when he understood he had lost his swimsuit. It had been raining for one hour when the wind started to blow. We had been staying there since 1980, you know. I had not been walking for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain How long had she been learning English before she went to London?
4. He ......................................... for us. (to wait) 5. She ......................................... a business. (to run) 6. It ......................................... all night. (to rain) 7. We .................................... them. (to encourage) 8. You ........................................on the beach. (to lie) 9. They ........................................ the sauce. (to taste) 10. He ........................................behind. (to lag)
Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he had been singing in the rain too long.
14.3 Rewrite the following as shown in example
He had been driving less than an hour when he ran out of petrol.
She had been keeping a diary.
They were very tired in the evening because they had been helping on the farm all day.
Had she been keeping a diary?
She had not been keeping a diary.
I had not been working all day; so I wasn’t tired and went to the disco at night
Had she not been keeping a diary?
Hadn’t she been keeping a diary?
They had been cycling all day so their legs were sore in the evening.
She had been keeping a diary, hadn’t she?
14.1 Using the Past Perfect Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs shown in brackets. We _______________. (to argue)
We had been arguing.
___ he ___________ well? (to feel)
Had he been feeling well ?
I ___ not __________ much walking. (to do)
I had not been doing much walking.
1. We had been raking the leaves. 2. You had been visiting your cousins. 3. They had been swimming in the lake.
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UNIT 15 Have and has got
We don’t have books.
We haven’t got books.
You don’t have a nice room.
You haven’t got a nice room.
They don’t have pets.
They haven’t got pets.
It is very hot today, would you like to have a swim?
Bob doesn’t have breakfast on Saturdays because he gets up early to go fishing
‘Have’ and ‘Have got’ are used for possession. I have got six brothers and one sister .
He has a wart on the end of his nose !
When I was little, I had a red tricycle.
Michael has a fast car .
Johnny and Tony Have ten years of experience in this field.
Have you ever had plastic surgery done ?
Have you ever had a nightmare about spiders ?
She has had a terrible day !
QUESTIONS SENTENCES
Do / does
Have / has
Do I have time?
Have I got time?
She looked as if she had just seen a ghost walk by !
Do you have pets?
Have you got pets?
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
Does he have a computer?
Has he got a computer?
Does she have a mobile phone?
Has she got a mobile phone?
Does it have mudguards?
Has it got mudguards?
I have a brother.
I have got a brother.
I’ve got a brother.
You have a sister.
You have got a sister.
You’ve got a sister.
Do we have ketchup?
Have we got ketchup?
He has a cat.
He has got a cat.
He’s got a cat.
Do you have a yellow car?
Have you got a yellow car?
She has a dog.
She has got a dog.
She’s got a dog.
Do they have nice teachers?
Have they got nice teachers?
It has Bluetooth.
It has got Bluetooth.
It’s got Bluetooth.
We have books.
We have got books.
We’ve got books.
You have a nice room.
You have got a nice room.
You’ve got a nice room.
They have pets.
They have got pets. They’ve got pets.
I have got a motorbike, but I haven’t got a car
We’ve got a new car. or we have a new car.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES I don’t have a brother.
I haven’t got a brother.
You don’t have a sister.
You haven’t got a sister.
He does not have a cat.
He has not got a cat.
She doesn’t have a dog.
She hasn’t got a dog.
It doesn’t have Bluetooth.
It hasn’t got Bluetooth.
Have you got a favorite singer?
Has he got a pen in his pencil case?
Have your parents got a stamp collection?
Has Ben got a green felt tip?
Has your teacher got a computer in his room?
Have we got milk at home?
Where have you got your headphones?
Has Anne got a budgie?
In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms: Have you got any money? I haven’t got any money. Do you have any money? I don’t have any money. Have you any money? (less usual) I haven’t any money. (less usual) Has she got a car? She hasn’t got a car. Does she have a car? She doesn’t have a car. Has she a car? (less usual) She hasn’t a car. (less usual) IN PAST questions and negative sentences we normally use did / didn’t: My aunt Sarah had a fantastic holiday in Kenya last year. Did they have a car when they were living in London? I didn’t have a watch, so I didn’t know the time.
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IN FUTURE
UNIT 16 Used to
Have you got tickets for the match on Saturday? No, I haven’t. Not yet. Will you have them by tomorrow? I hope so. Exercise “Using have / has” Have they got three apples? Yes, they have. Have they got four apples? No they haven’t
Do they have three apples? Yes they do
She has got two cats. It is late, I have to go and see my friends.
Do they have four apples? No they don’t We have got to do this exercise.
I am tired I have got to go to bed.
Excuse me Mr. Smith; do you have time to check that? They haven’t got any free time. He doesn’t have to tell us everything.
She is going to have a bath.
He has got brown hair.
I had a strange dream last night.
Sarah starts work at 8 o’clock and has a break at 10.30. We had a party last week. It was great - we invited lots of people. John is away on holiday at the moment. I hope he is having a nice time. Excuse me; can I have a look at your newspaper, please? 15.1 Write negative sentences with have. Some are present (can’t) and some are past (couldn’t). 1. I can’t make a phone call. (any change)
I haven’t got any change.
2. I couldn’t read the notice. (my glasses)
I didn’t have my glasses.
3. I can’t climb up onto the roof. (a ladder)
I ......................
4. We couldn’t visit the museum. (enough time)
We ........................
5. He couldn’t find his way to our house. (a map)
..................
6. She can’t pay her bills. (any money)
........................
7. They can’t get into the house. (a key)
........................
8. I couldn’t take any photographs. (a camera)
........................
15.2 Complete these with “have. –has –had” 1. Why are you holding your face like that? .....................a toothache? 2................. a bicycle when you were a child? 3. I don’t eat much during the day. I never ..............lunch. 4. When you did the exam, .............. time to answer all the questions? 5. I met Ann in the supermarket yesterday. We stopped and ................a chat. 6 ............... you got a pet? 7 How many books .......... you got?
When I was a child, I used to go fishing HABIT IN THE PAST “Used to” expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past I used to work in the Twin Towers
Did you use to leave the classroom at 4 : 00 pm?
I used to forgive him He used to beat me The teacher used to speak English in the classroom
He used to write a lot
Sheused to spend time in the supermarket
He didn’t use to write five stories a day
Mary used to work in a factory =She worked in a factory before, but she doesn’t work there now AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
I used to smoke I used to drive to work
I didn’t use to smoke I didn’t use to play with my dolls.
Did you use to smoke? Did you use to go out with my sister?
We use used to ......only for past. You can’t use to.....for the present My brother used to smoke when he was young When I was a child, I didn’t use to like tomatoes I used to play football when I was at high school. I didn’t use to be a waiter at this restaurant last year I used to share my computer with my brother
but now I have my own.
I used to write a lot of letters but now I only send e-mails. I used to play on the play station
but now I play games on the computer.
I didn’t use to travel a lot
but now I do.
I used to phone my friends all the time I used to have a laptop
but now I talk to them on MSN.
but I broke it.
I used to work at the office but now I work from home. I used to be a postman
but now I am a doctor.
8 My father....... got a new red car.
THE PAST
THE PRESENT
9 They ....... got any CD by Madonna.
She used to work in a shop.
Now she works in a bank.
10 She ......... got any computer in her bedroom.
He used to watch a lot of TV.
Now he doesn’t watch much TV.
11 He......... got a dog.
They used to be married.
Now they are divorced.
12 I........... got new friends in my city.
There used to be a cinema here.
Now there is a supermarket here.
13 I.......... got any children.
I didn’t use to go swimming.
Now I go swimming.
Did you use to smoke?
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Study this example situation:
UNIT 17 Future Actions in the Present
Dennis stopped smoking two years ago. He doesn’t smoke any more.
I am doing / do / going to do..etc.
He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day. ‘Something used to happen’ = something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens: I used to play tennis a lot but I don’t play very often now. Diane used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away so often. ‘Do you go to the cinema very often?’ ‘Not now, but I used to.’ (= I used to go ...) This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema. I used to think he was unfriendly but now I realise he’s a very nice person. I’ve started drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before. Janet used to have very long hair when she was a child. Exercise “Used to” Did you use to leave the classroom at 4: 00 pm?
Did the hippies use to walk barefoot?
I used to forgive him
He used to beat me
He used to write a lot
She used to spend time in the supermarket
We didn’t use to play outside
He didn’t use to write five stories a day
Did she use to eat three times a day?
I used to have eggs for breakfast.
My brother used to work in a bank.
There used to be a bakery in this street.
You are used to studying English.
Hippies used to wear leather sandals
They haven’t got anywhere to live at the moment, they are staying with friends until they find somewhere. We use the present simple when we talk about time tables and programmes.
The train leaves at 12.00. What time does the film begin?
We use the present continuous when we talk about things we have already arranged to do.
I’m going to the cinema this evening. I’m not working tomorrow.
In many situations when we talk about future plans we can use either the ‘going to’ future.
I am going to cut down these trees. They are going to make a cake.
16.1 Rewrite the following sentences, changing the underlined verbs from the Simple Past to the form with used followed by the infinitive.
THE PRESENT SIMPLE What time does the film begin?
I start my new job on Monday.
They took the bus.
They used to take the bus.
What time do you finish work tomorrow?
The sun rises a minute earlier tomorrow.
She travelled every year.
She used to travel every year.
1. It snowed heavily.
....................................................................
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
2. I came often.
....................................................................
A: What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow?
B At 10.30. I’m meeting her at the station.
3. We were neighbours.
....................................................................
I am meeting some friends after work.
I am not going to the party tonight.
4. He wrote many letters.
....................................................................
Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
Isn’t he coming with us tonight?
5. They walked to work.
....................................................................
The shop is closing at 7.00.
My plane is leaving at 8.30.
6. He teased us.
....................................................................
‘Are you working hard today?’ ‘Yes! I’ve got a lot to do.’
I’m looking for Reagan,do you know where he is?
7. She told us stories.
....................................................................
I’m seeing Julie at 5 and then I’m having dinner with Simon.
The sun is rising at 6.32 tomorrow.
8. You rode a bicycle.
.................................................................... GOING TO’ FUTURE. A: What are you doing on Saturday evening?
B: I’m going to the theatre. (not ‘I go’)
What are you going to do on Saturday evening? What are you doing this evening? (not ‘what will you do’) Alex is getting married next month. (not ‘will get’) My plane leaves at 6 in the morning. The train leaves Plymouth at 11.30 and arrives in London at 14.45.
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We are going to have dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday.
6. They ............................... to Mexico every year. (to travel)
They are flying to London on Friday evening.
7. We.................................. the shopping afternoon. (to do) 8. She always.................... correctly. ( to answer)
Has George decided on what to do when he leaves school ?
9. You ................................ never late. (to be)
Oh yes. Everything is planned. He is going to have a holiday for a few weeks.
10. I .................................. to the radio at seven o’clock (to listen)
Why are you filling that bucket with water ?
I am going to wash the car.
11. Each Sunday, we................................... the flea market. (to visit)
I’ve decided to re-paint this room.
Oh, have you ? What colour are you going to paint it ?
12. I ................................... for work next week (to look)
Where are you going ? Are you going shopping ?
Yes, I am going to buy something for dinner.
I can’t work out how to use this camera.
It’s quite easy. I will show you.
17.3 Put the verb into the more suitable form, present continuous or present simple.
Did you post that letter for me ?
Oh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot. I will do it now !
1. I’m going (go) to the theatre this evening.
Those clouds are very black, aren’t they ?
I think it is going to rain
2. Does the film begin (the film / begin) at 3.30 or 4.30? 3. We ............ (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come?
Exercise “Express the future”
4. The art exhibition............. (open) on 3 May and ......... (finish) on 15 July.
We are going to open a factory in Hungary next week
I hope he will agree with you
5. I ......... (not / go) out this evening. I............ (stay) at home.
I think it is going to rain, I can see black clouds
I am visiting my parents at the week-end.
6........... (you / do) anything tomorrow morning?’ ‘No, I’m free. Why?’
They are coming for a meal tonight.
The English lesson starts at 8:45.
7. We......... (go) to a concert tonight. It ...... (begin) at 7.30.
Their new house is going to be very beautiful.
I’ve got an umbrella! It’s starting to rain.
8. You are on the train to London and you ask another passenger:
Look at the clouds - it is going to rain in a few minutes
Excuse me. What time ................ (this train / get) to London?
Have you heard the news? Vivendi is going to buy Seagram
9. You are talking to Ann:
I am meeting Andre at nine next Thursday morning outside the station
Ann, I .........(go) to town. ........... (you / come) with me
Next year, it will be the company’s centenary year
10. Sue........... (come) to see us tomorrow. She............ (travel) by train and her train .................. (arrive) at 10.15. I ............... (meet) her at the station.
17.1 A friend of yours is planning to go on holiday soon. You ask her about her plans. Use the words in
11. I ............ (not / use) the car this evening, so you can have it.
brackets to make your questions.
12. You and a friend are watching television. You say:
1. (where / go?) Where are you going?
Scotland.
2. (How long / stay?) ........................?
Ten days.
3. (when / go?) ...........................?
Next Friday.
4. (go / alone?) ...........................?
No, with a friend of mine.
5. (travel / by car?) .....................?
No, by train.
6. (where / stay?) ........................?
In a hotel.
17.2 Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb given in brackets. Right now, he ________ ridiculous. (to be)
Right now, he is being ridiculous.
She ______ to Sydney every weekend. (to drive)
She drives to Sydney every weekend.
1. At the moment, I ................................... supper. (to cook) 2. He ................................... the paper every weekday. (to read) 3. We .................................. right tomorrow (to study) 4. She.................................. every day. (to study) 5. Now it ............................. (to rain)
I’m bored with this programme. When............. (it / finish)?
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Why do you want to sell your flat? I am going to move to the countryside.
UNIT 18 going to future
Do you want to borrow my car? Thanks, I will bring it back tonight. Stop worrying about the exam. You will pass it easily. If you don’t understand the exercise, I will explain it to you. Whether you like it or not, you are going to help with the house chores. Their new house is going to be very beautiful. I will be back home before dark. I think summer will be extremely hot this year. Exercise “ going to”
A: There’s a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?
Look out! We are going to crash.
This evening I am going to stay at home and watch TV.
B: No, I’m tired. I’m going to have an early night.
We are going to buy a new car.
He is going to study abroad next year.
I am going to do something = I have decided to do it, my intention is to do it
What time are you leaving tomorrow?
Look at those clouds, it is going to rain.
Going to future expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared.
If you need this medicine, I will get it for you.
We are going to spend the weekend in the mountains..
What do you want to do when you leave school? I am going to be a writer. Do you want to go to the pop concert this afternoon? I can’t; I am going to visit my grandparents
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
QUESTION
I
I am going to speak.
I am not going to speak.
Am I going to speak?
you / we / they
You are going to speak.
You are not going to speak.
Are you going to speak?
Use going to and the word(s) in brackets.
he / she / it
He is going to speak.
He is not going to speak.
Is he going to speak?
1. Have you cleaned the car? (tomorrow) Not yet. I’m going to clean it tomorrow.
18.1 Answer the questions. You are going to do all these things but you haven’t done them yet.
I heard your sister had won some money ;what is she going to do with it?
2. Have you phoned Sally? (later) Not yet...........................
she’s going to buy a new house in central London.
3. Have you done the shopping? (this afternoon) Not yet.. ................
I am not going to school today = I’ve decided not to go to school today
4. Have you read the paper? (after dinner) Not . ..................
Have you opened the window ? Not yet
Have you added some salt in the soup? Not yet
I am going to open it in two minutes. I am going to add some now
Have you told your teacher that John isn’t feeling well? Not yet I am going to tell her after this lesson
5. Have you had dinner? (just) . ........................... 18.2 Write a question with going to for each situation.
Have you ever met your new manager? Not yet
I am going to meet her next week
1. Your friend has won some money. You ask:
Have you ever bought winter clothes? Not yet
I am going to buy some in three weeks’ time
(what / do with it?) What are you going to do with it?
Have you cleaned the car? Not yet
I am going to clean it tomorrow
2. Your friend is going to a party tonight. You ask:
Have you done your homework? Not yet
I am going to do it after dinner
(what / wear?) . ..........................
Have you read the newspaper? No,
I am not going to read it I am busy.
3. Your friend has just bought a new table. You ask:
Have you phoned your dad? Not yet
I am going to phone him later
(Where / put it?) . ..........................
A: I hear Ruth has won some money.
What is she going to do with it?
4. Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask:
B: She’s going to buy a new car. A: Have you made the coffee yet? B: I’m just going to make it. (just = right at this moment) A: This food looks horrible. I’m not going to eat it. B. I am doing and I am going to do Compare “going to –will” This box is very heavy . Don’t worry I will carry it for you.
(Who / invite?) . .......................... 18.3. The following sentences refer to future events. Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the correct form of the Present Continuous tense of to go, followed by the infinitive of the verb shown in brackets. She......................... swimming. (to teach)
She is going to teach swimming.
.... We..................... home? (to walk)
Are we going to walk home?
He ..... not.................. us. (to find)
He is not going to find us.
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1. ........... he ........ horseback riding? (to learn)
2. I ......................... the windows. (to wash)
3. ............you .......................with us? (to come)
4. It .............. not .................. cold tonight. (to be)
5. ........... he not .....................he letter? (to answer)
6. We ................................... to the library. (to go)
7. ............... she ........................ a sweater? (to buy)
8................ you not ................... us? (to call)
9. I ..............not ................... late. (to stay)
10. They .............................. supper. (to cook)
UNIT 19 The Future Tense
He will not prepare breakfast tomorrow morning. Future Simple Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Long Form
Contracted Form
I will go
I will not go
I won’t go
Will I go?
You will go
You will not go
You won’t go
Will you go?
He / she / it will go
He / she / it will not go
He / she / it won’t go
Will he / she / it go?
We will go
We will not go
We won’t go
Will we go?
You will go
You will not go
You won’t go
Will you go?
They will go
They will not go
They won’t go
Will they go?
You will help him later. Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
We use will when there is no prior plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision at the time of speaking: Henry won’t call us! He is too busy!
I won’t clean the windows! I don’t like it!
They will buy a pony next week! It’s so great!
Next week-end, I will go to the swimming pool
I will play football with my friend next week.
I won’t listen to music on my mp3 after school.
Where will you go tomorrow?
My friend will be 12 next Monday.
Next month, I will go to the seaside.
She will contact her boss next week.
Tomorrow it will rain in the north-west.
I will not swim in this lake
A: I’m really hungry.
B: I’ll make some sandwiches.
A: I’m so tired. I’m about to fall asleep.
B: I’ll get you some coffee.
Simple Future has two different forms in English: “will” and “be going to. . Both “will” and “be going to”refer to a specific time in the future. The teacher will explain this exercise
He will drop the bottle of water.
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Lots of accidents will happen in that weather.
She will scream if you show her the spider
3. ‘We haven’t got any milk.’ ‘Oh, haven’t we? I.............. and get some.’
Tim will not tell the teacher.
I hope I will not miss the train to Manchester.
4. ‘Do you want me to do the washing-up?’ ‘No, it’s all right I............. it.’
She will not dye her hair green.
Melissa will not wear jeans at her party.
5. ‘I don’t know how to use this computer.’ ‘OK I,............ you.’
We will not worry about the bad weather.
You will not reach the vase on the shelf
6. ‘Would you like tea or coffee? ‘I............. coffee, please.’
We often use I think I’ll ... and I don’t think I’ll ...:
7. ‘Goodbye! Have a nice holiday.’ ‘Thanks I............... you a postcard.’
I feel a bit hungry. I think I’ll have something to cat. I don’t think I’ll go out tonight. I’m too tired.
8. Thank you for lending me your camera I............. it back to you on Monday, OK? 9. ‘Are you coming with us?’ ‘No, I think I.................. here.’
Offering to do something
That bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it. (not ‘I help’)
Asking somebody to do something (Will you ...?)
Will you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate. Will you shut the door, please?
19.2 Which is correct?
Shall I...? Shall we ...? SUGGESTION
Shall I open the window? (= do you want me to open the window?) Shall we see a film tonight?
2. I can’t meet you tomorrow afternoon. I’m playing / I’ll play tennis. I’m playing is correct
Future after when
3. ‘I meet / I’ll meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, OK?’ ‘Yes, that’s fine.’............. 4. ‘I need some money.’ ‘OK, I’m lending / I’ll lend you some. How much do you need?’....... 5. I’m having / I’ll have a party next Saturday. I hope you can come................
We will go when you are ready
6. ‘Remember to buy a newspaper when you go out.’ ‘OK. I don’t forget / I won’t forget.’........
It is very late. I don’t know when they will arrive
7. What time does your train leave / will your train leave tomorrow?.................................................
We will have dinner when you have set the table.
8. I asked Sue what happened but she doesn’t tell / won’t tell me..............
You will need to wash your hands before you eat your dinner
9. ‘Are you doing / will you do anything tomorrow evening?’ ‘No, I’m free. Why?’...........
I won’t be able to drive alone until I have a license.
10. I don’t want to go out alone. Do you come / will you come with me?..........................
When will your cousins come? I’d like to meet them.
11. it’s a secret between us. I promise I don’t tell / I won’t tell anybody.........
Let us know when the gardener will come and plant the trees Exercise “Future simple” I’ll drive to the airport as soon as I leave my office.
When the plane lands, it will be seven o’clock.
We will go for a walk as soon as it stops raining.
As soon as he finishes, we will go to the cinema.
When your father has a shower, I’ll write you a post-card.
Tonight I will go shopping.
I’ll buy a cake to eat when we arrive at grandmothers.
Tomorrow morning I will get up early.
What will you do after school?
He will do the dishwashing after the meal.
She will be a good girl.
The cat will eat the mouse if it can.
The motor will not start if it is too cold.
We will not sleep in our bed tonight.
Shall we come back after the rain?
I’ll ask her when I meet her.
It’s really a serious problem! What shall I do?
Shall I bring my book with me tomorrow?
I will phone you as soon as possible.
Stop disturbing me or I will call the police.
Shall I open the door for you?
What shall we do to succeed in life?
We will go when you are ready
Tomorrow’s meeting will be very interesting.
‘Did you phone Ruth?’ ‘Oh no, I forgot
I’ll phone her now. They will arrive at about 6 pm.
19.1 Complete the sentences with I’ll + a suitable verb. 1. I’m too tired to walk home.
1. ‘Did you phone Ruth?’ ‘Oh no, I forgot. I phone / I’ll phone her now.’
2. ‘It’s a bit cold in this room.’ ‘Isn’t It?
I think I’ll get a taxi. I will turn on the heating then.’
19.3 Using either the auxiliary shall or the auxiliary will for the first person, fill in the blanks with the Simple Future of the verbs shown in brackets I ________ out soon. (to go)
I shall go out soon. or I will go out soon.
_____ we _____ now? (to leave)
Shall we leave now?
____ they _____ France? (to visit)
Will they visit France?
It ____ not ____ long. (to take)
It will not take long.
1. We ......................you at the museum. (to meet)
2. ....... you ........... me a pen? (to lend)
3........ they not............ the competition? (to win)
4. She .......... not................ to come. (to forget)
5............ he not .......... the boat? (to sail)
6. You.................... the expedition. (to enjoy)
7. ........ I............. this? (to order)
8........... you not .......... for me? (to wait)
9. We .......... not.......... late. (to be)
10. He ...................... us the news. (to send)
11. I .............. not ............ my way. (to lose)
12. ............they ................... the program?
(to watch) 19.4 Fill in the blanks with the verbs shown in brackets. We _________ the exam. (to pass)
We will pass the exam.
You ____________ the work on time. (to finish)
You shall finish the work on time.
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1. They ............................ the tickets. (to buy)
2. I ........................home. (to go)
3. He ........................ our guide. (to be)
4. You ........................ with me. (to come)
5. I .............................. it. (to remember)
6. She .........................us. (to call)
7. We ...................... the money. (to earn)
8. They ........................... us. (to respect)
9. I ...........................you. (to help)
10. It ............... not ...................... us. (to hinder)
11. We ...................................... it. (to find)
12. You .............. not...................... it. (to regret)
UNIT 20 The Future perfect tense and will be
I will have finished reading your book by the time you arrive. I will have finished my work by next Monday The Future Perfect tense is used to refer to a non-continuous action which will be completed by a certain time in the future. The Future perfect SUBJECT
AUXILIARY VERB
AUXILIARY VERB
MAIN VERB V3
I
will
have
finished
by 10am.
You
will
have
forgotten
me by then.
She
will
not
have
gone
to school.
We
will
not
have
left.
by the end of next week
Will
you
have
arrived?
Will
they
have
received
it?
She will have finished the work by Wednesday. I will have cleaned the room before the guests They will have eaten breakfast by the time he gets up. ADVERBIALS USED WITH THE FUTURE PERFECT This time next week / Wednesday ...
by 2015 / five o’clock / this evening...
Before Monday / June / 2015...
In ten years’ time / in two months’ time...
I will have read this magazine by the end of the next month. I will have finished this book by five o’clock. We will have settled our debts by the end of the year. She will have watered all the flowers by tea-time I will have sold all my books by the end of the month. The meeting will have finished by the time she comes. Eric will have cooked dinner by three o’clock.
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My father will have finished building our house before summer.
If you call me after February 10, I will have gone to Europe.
They will have completed the new bridge by April.
She will have discussed this with her mother tonight.
The mouse will have escaped from the kitchen before the cat comes. I will have spent all my money by the end of the month.
20.1 Where will you be...? Write sentences about yourself. Use;
He will have solved his problem by the end of the week.
I’ll be........... / I’ll probably be............. / I don’t know where I’ll be....
Compare will have (done) with other perfect forms:
1 (at 10 o’clock tomorrow) ...I’ll probably be on the beach............................
Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years, (present perfect)
2 (one hour from now )......................................
Next year they will have been married for 25 years.
3 (at midnight tonight).................................
When their first child was born, they had been married for three years. (Past perfect)
4 (at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon)........................... 5 (two years from now).................................
WILL BE 20.2 Fill in the blanks with the Future Perfect of the verbs shown in brackets. She _________________ by then. (to arrive)
She will have arrived by then.
We ______________ everyone. (to meet) We shall have met everyone or We will have met everyone. 1. You .............................................. the advertisement. (to study) 2. He ................................................. the newspapers. (to scan) 3. I ..................................................... here for five years. (to be) Sue travels a lot. Today she is in Madrid. Tomorrow she will be in Rome. Next week she‘ll be in Tokyo
4. They .............................................. the proposal. (to consider) 5. It .................................................. raining by tomorrow. (to stop)
At 11 o’clock tomorrow, he will be at work
You can call me this evening .I’ll be at home.
6. You ............................................ your plans. (to make)
Do you think the exam will be difficult?
I shall be late tomorrow or I will be late tomorrow
7. I ...................................................the flowers. (to pick)
‘Where will you be this time next year)’ ‘I’ll be in Japan.’
Will you be at home this evening?
8. They .......................................... their minds. (to change)
I shall be tired this evening. (or I will be ...)
Would you please be quiet?
We will probably go out this evening.
I won’t be here tomorrow
Don’t phone Ann now. She’ll be busy. (= I know she’ll be busy now)
20.3 Using either the auxiliary shall or the auxiliary will for the first person, fill in the blanks with the Future Perfect of the verbs shown in brackets
Exercise “Future perfect”
He __________________ it soon. (to finish)
Wake me up by nine o’clock – I will have slept long enough by then.
He will have finished it soon.
It’s strange that when we get to Sydney, we will have flown half way round the world.
You _ not _ time to read the book. (to have)
Phone me after 8 o’clock. We will have finished dinner by then.
You will not have had time to read the book.
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
1. I ................................ for a walk. (to go)
Mark will have repaired his computer by next week.
2. They ......................... not yet .......... (to arrive)
Anne will have repaired her bike next week.
We shall have done the washing by 8 o’clock.
3. .................she not ..............the apples? (to eat)
She will have visited Paris by the end of next year.
I shall have finished this by 6 o’clock.
4. ....................... you........... the letter? (to send)
Sam will have left by next week.
The police will have arrested the driver.
5. They ......................... an apartment by then. (to find)
Paolo will have managed the teams.
I will have painted my room before you come.
6. He................not ........... soundly. (to sleep)
I will have written a letter to my father by Sunday.
We will have learnt English by June.
7. ............................. I not......... you before then? (to see)
Tina will have come here by five o’clock.
8. ......................... he ................the puzzle? (to solve)
You can call me at work at 8 am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
9. We ..................the parcel by Monday. (to receive)
They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
10. ..................................... she not .................................the chairs? (to sell)
“Mary won’t be at home when you arrive.” Really? Where will she have gone?”
11. .................we .................. the bus schedules? (to study)
Let’s wait for Liz to arrive and then we’ll have dinner.
12. You.............. not............................... the rabbits. (to feed)
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We will be waiting for you at Alfred’s house, tomorrow evening
UNIT 21 Future Continuous
(The action will start tomorrow evening and it will continue until you arrive.) We can use ‘will be doing’ to predict what is happening now. Try phoning his hotel. He’ll probably still be having breakfast. They’ll be deciding who gets the contract at this very moment. I’m very nervous. She’s not in her office. She’ll be having lunch in the canteen. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives The match begins at 7.30 and will have finished at 9.15
By this time tomorrow, I will be lying on the beach. I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. They won’t be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
We can use Future continuous to talk about something that will be in progress at a particular moment in the future.
The football match begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.15. So during this time, for example at 8.30, Kevin will be watching the match.
Future continuous Affirmative
FUTURE PERFECT.
Negative Form
Question Form
Kevin’s football match ends at 9.15. So after this time, for example at 9.30, the match will have finished. (something will already be complete)
I
will
be
reading
I
will
not
be
reading
Will
I
be
reading?
You
will
be
reading
You
will
not
be
reading
Will
you
be
reading?
He
will
be
reading
He
will
not
be
reading
Will
he
be
reading?
Wake me up by nine o’clock – I will have slept long enough by then.
She
will
be
reading
She
will
not
be
reading
Will
she
be
reading?
Look, I can give you a lift to the station - I will be driving that way anyway.
It
will
be
reading
It
will
not
be
reading
Will
it
be
reading?
We
will
be
reading
We
will
not
be
reading
Will
we
be
reading?
You
will
be
reading
You
will
not
be
reading
Will
you
be
reading?
Tomorrow afternoon we’re going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30.
They
will
be
reading
They
will
not
be
reading
Will
they
be
reading?
Do you think you will still be doing the same job in ten years’ time?
You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. In two weeks I will be sitting in the sun. This time next week I’ll be on holiday. I’ll be lying on the beach or swimming in the sea. You have no chance of getting the job. You’ll be wasting your time if you apply for it. If we call her now, she will be watching the news This time next week, I’ll be sitting on the beach in Barbados. I’ll be thinking about you all back in the office – and I’ll be laughing.
PAUL: Is it all right if I come at about 8.30?
KEVIN: No, I’ll be watching the football then.
PAUL: Well, what about 9.30?
KEVIN: Fine. The match will have finished by then.
It’s strange that when we get to Sydney, we will have flown half way round the world. Don’t phone me between 7 and 8. We will be having dinner then. Phone me after 8 o’clock. We will have finished dinner by then.
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. Exercise “Future continuous” Will you be eating with us this evening?
Will you be needing anything else?
In two weeks I will be sitting in the sun.
When you arrive, I will be waiting at the station.
I will be watching TV tomorrow at 7.
Tom will be travelling to Warsaw all day tomorrow.
She will be listening to the radio at five.
I will not be writing a letter on Monday.
I will be preparing dinner tomorrow at 2.
She will not be cooking in the afternoon.
We will be staying at home all day.
I wonder what we will be doing at this time tomorrow.
Where do you think we will be living in ten years from now? At ten o’clock tomorrow morning I will be flying to Japan. This time tomorrow, Maria will be sunbathing on a beach in Majorca.
86 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 87
21.1 Fill in the blanks with the Future Continuous of the verbs shown in brackets. For example:
6. They ...................................... the telephone. (to answer)
I ________________ soon. (to leave)
I shall be leaving soon. or I will be leaving soon.
7.................... you....................... downtown? (to go)
____ you _________ coffee? (to make)
Will you be making coffee?
8. I ............. not..................... at the school. (to stop)
He ____ not ________ the bus. (to use)
He will not be using the bus.
9. .....................she not................................ a trip? (to plan)
1. He _____________________ a new language. (to learn)
10. I ................................................. the arrangements. (to make)
2. ______ she ___________________ help? (to need)
11. They.................. not.............................. tired. (to feel)
3. ______ you not __________________ your jacket? (to mend)
12. ..........we ........................ at the library? (to meet)
4. He ______ not ___________________ here. (to stay) 5. ______ we not ___________________ them a card? (to mail) 6. They __________________________ the telephone. (to answer) 7. ______ you ___________________ downtown? (to go) 8. I _____ not __________________ at the school. (to stop) 9. ______ she not ___________________ a trip? (to plan) 10. I ___________________________ the arrangements. (to make) 11. They ______ not __________________ tired. (to feel) 12. ______ we ___________________ at the library? (to meet) 21.2 Fill in the blanks with the Future Continuous of the verbs shown in brackets.: We _______________ you tomorrow. (to see We shall be seeing you tomorrow. or We will be seeing you tomorrow. He _________________ school next year. (to attend) He will be attending school next year. 1. You ................................... with us. (to come) 2. It .................................. warmer. (to grow) 3. They.................................. new furniture. (to buy) 4. She .................................. the clock. (to watch) 5. I ........................................ downtown. (to go) 6. You .................................. the cake. (to cut) 7. They .................................. the newspaper. (to read) 8. We..................................... the museum. (to visit) 21.3 Fill in the blanks with the Future Continuous of the verbs shown in brackets. For example: ......... you........ coffee? (to make)
Will you be making coffee?
He........ not.......... the bus. (to use)
He will not be using the bus.
1. He........................... a new language. (to learn) 2. ........... she............................. help? (to need) 3. ................ you not ........................... your jacket? (to mend) 4. He .................. not...................... here. (to stay) 5................. we not.................... them a card? (to mail)
88 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 89
UNIT 22 Conjunctions of time When -while
I hate when people smoke in my house. I’ll wash my brother’s car when I’m back from school. So, you shouldn’t smoke when you visit me next week. When you go to Kielce, you should visit the museum. I don’t know when she’ll be coming. I was shocked when I saw my picture in the newspaper. Open your umbrella when you feel a drop of rain. That was the day when you were here. When SARS virus arises again, the health department will have found a cure.
When she goes to London, she will visit the British Museum.
When a lady bumped me I was walking across the street We’ll go out when it stops raining. (not ‘when it will stop’) What do you want to be when you grow up? (not ‘will grow’)
When and while can both be used when two things happen at the same time. When is used when two short events happen at the While is used when two continuous actions happen same time. at the same time. I heard you when you opened the door.
WHILE
‘While you were studying I went out shopping.’
When it rains, I wear my raincoat.
While you are here, could you help me with the car?
Come when you can, I need you.
While I was waiting for him, he was at the cinema
When the weather gets better, I’ll run out. It began to snow while I was walking home. WHEN
While he was talking on the phone, I was watching tv While I was playing with my dog, my sister was doing her homework. While we are playing cards, the radio was playing. (at the same time.) My mother doesn’t like the T. V. on while we are eating dinner. It began to snow while I was walking home. While they were talking about the exam results, the manager came in. While we were getting ready for the picnic, it started to rain.
When I was a child, I didn’t use to study hard because I was too lazy. When I’ve phoned Kate, we can have dinner. = First I’ll phone Kate and after that we can have dinner. We were complaining about the weather when the sun broke through the clouds. When they discovered that the books were lost, they immediately looked for them. (1st: they discovered, and then they looked for the books.) He was cancelling his flight when we called him.
When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
My sister was born when I was ten.
When I arrived, his bus had already left.
Don’t drive when you’re out
When you come to visit, we’ll go to lunch.
The street becomes noisy when the cars pass.
When the attacks strike, I will definitely be very far. ‘I’ll phone you when I get home from work’
I’m going to read a lot of books while I’m on holiday. (not ‘while I will be’) I’ll come as soon as I finish. or I’ll come as soon as I’ve finished. Exercise “When, while as” Good bye Sonia! Please phone me when you get home. Why don’t you go shopping while you are waiting for your car to be repaired? The doorbell rang just as I was getting into the bath. Why does he steal things when he could easily afford to buy them? Mary washed up and made coffee when the meal was finished. John fell asleep while driving along the motorway. He is lucky to be alive. Would you look after the children while I do the shopping? I met Ryan while I was waiting for the bus.
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While we were in Paris, we stayed at a very comfortable hotel.
Unit 23 Can / could / be able to
The phone rang three times while we were having dinner last time. What did she say about me while I was out of the room? Pierre read a lot of books and magazines while he was ill. Many interesting suggestions were made during the meeting. Please don’t interrupt me while I’m speaking. Can you lay the table while I get the dinner ready? I’m going to Paris next week. I hope to see Ryan while I’m there. Sabrina suddenly began to feel sick while she was doing the examination. I’m going to visit Tunisia next week; I hope to see Amy while I’ll be there.
I can play the piano. I am able to play the piano
I fell asleep during the examination. When I got to work, I noticed my computer was unplugged. 22.1 For each sentence, choose the best word “ When, While, As, During” 1 Please phone me .......... you get home tonight 2 It rained...... a lot the night 3 I me a lot of people ...... I was at university. 4 The phone rang just ..... I was getting into the bath. 5 ........... I’ve been busy working on the project, he’s just been sitting around eating pizza. 6 I don’t like it ..... people waste my time. It makes me really angry. 7 Why don’t you go and see a film ....... you’re waiting for the car to be repaired.
CAN-COULD • We can see the lake from our bedroom window.
• Can you speak any foreign languages?
(Ability) (possibility)
• I can come and see you tomorrow if you like
(Sometimes use can to ask in a question)
1-ABILITY subject + can + main verb The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without “to”). PRESENT PAST
8 I’ve never heard such a stupid story....... all my years in the job.
subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
9 We’ll let you know...... we find something suitable for you.
I
can
play
tennis.
play
tennis.
play
tennis?
10 I watched....... the doctors tried desperately to save the injured man. 11 The phones were very busy..... the morning. I haven’t had a moment to do anything else.
He
12 He fell asleep .... driving along the motorway. That’s why he’s lucky to be alive. Can 22.2 Make one sentence from two. 1. You will be in London again. You must come and see us then. You must come and see us when you are in London again. 2. I’ll find somewhere to live. Then I’ll give you my address. I .............. when......................... 3. I’ll do the shopping. Then I’ll come straight back home. ................. after..................... 4. it’s going to start raining. Let’s go home before that. ............... before ..................... 5. She must apologise to me first. I won’t speak to her until then. .......... .......Until............................
cannot can’t you
subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
My grandmother
could
swim.
She Could
could not couldn’t your grandmother
walk. swim?
Sarah can speak Italian, but she can’t speak Sanish
They can play hockey very well.
Can you swim? Yes, but I am not a very good swimmer.
Speak up! I can’t hear what you are saying.
Can you help me with my homework? (present)
I couldn’t understand what was happening.
Do you think we can park over here?
He could help me if I had a ladder.
Can you taste the garlic in this stew?
Look at that sign! You can’t walk on the grass.
92 | Mu stafa B alta
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My grandmother could speak seven languages, when she was young, My grandmother was able to speak seven languages, when she was young, 2-TALK ABOUT POSSIBILITY At this hour, the library could be closed. If you try hard, you can pass your examinations.
NEGATIVE Tense
Modal
Form
Simple Present
I can’t play football.
Simple Past
I couldn’t play football.
will-future
Do not use cannot in the will-future.
I’m not able to play football. I’m not allowed to play football.
Luke has passed his driving test, now he can drive a car. Sorry. I’m busy today. But I can help you tomorrow. (future) 3-WE OFTEN USE CAN İN A QUESTİON TO ASK SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHİNG. This is not a real question Can
I wasn’t able to play football. I wasn’t allowed to play football. I won’t be able to play football. I won’t be allowed to play football.
Notice that be able to is possible in all tenses.
Could you tell me your name please?
Can you put the children to bed?’ ‘Yes, all right.’
I was able to drive...
Could you lend me five pounds until tomorrow?’
‘Yes, of course.’
When he was young he could dance all night long
I will be able to drive...
Do you think you could help me for a few minutes?’ ‘Sorry, I’m afraid I’m busy.
I don’t think he will be able to win the next competition.
Could you please pass me that book over there?
We went to the concert, but we weren’t able to meet the musicians.
We use could to talk about what was possible in the past
The bicycle chain broke but luckily I was able to repair it.
When we arrived home, we could not open the door. (...couldn’t open the door.)
The fire was spreading but he was able to get out of the burning building.
I was tired last night, but I couldn’t sleep
Peter had flu all week but on Saturday he was able to play in the match,
I have been able to drive.
I had a party last week, but Paul and Rachel couldn’t -come When we went into the house, we could smell burning.
QUESTIONS
She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said. We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade them to come with us. BE ABLE
Tense
Modal
Simple Present
Can he play football?
Simple Past
Could he play football?
will-future
Do not use can in the will-future.
We use be able to: to talk about ability We often use to be able to instead of “can”. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES Tense
Modal
Simple Present
I can play football.
Simple Past
will-future
I could play football.
Do not use can in the will-future.
Form I’m able to play football. I’m allowed to play football. I was able to play football.
İs she able to drive the bus to go to work?
Form Is he able to play football? Is he allowed to play football? Was he able to play football? Was he allowed to play football? Will he be able to play football? Will he be allowed to play football? Was she able to drive the bus to go to work?
Will she be able to drive the bus to go to work? Exercise “Can, could and be able to.”etc..
I was allowed to play football.
Ask him, he should be able to help you.
I can hardly believe it.
I’ll be able to play football.
I’m sorry I won’t be able to come.
She has everything money can buy.
I’ve not been able to sleep very well recently.
Don’t shout, I can hear you very well.
How can you possibly imagine that?
Will he be able to continue his journey?
I’m locked in! I can’t get out!
Once I’ve passed my test I’ll be able to hire a car.
I’ll be allowed to play football.
My mother could play the piano very well.
94 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 95
George has travelled a lot. He can speak four languages.
5. Sue wasn’t at home when I phoned but I............ contact her at her office.
I haven’t been able to sleep very well recently.
6. I looked very carefully and I.......... see a figure in the distance.
My grandfather was a very clever man. He could speak five languages.
7. I wanted to buy some tomatoes. The first shop I went to didn’t have any but I...... get some in the next shop.
I looked carefully and I could see a figure in the distance.
8. My grandmother loved music. She ............. play the piano very well.
When we went into the house we could smell the cake burning.
9. A girl fell into the river but fortunately we................. rescue her.
I am very hungry. I could eat a horse.
10. I had forgotten to bring my camera so I............ take any photographs.
Allan can speak five languages, but he can write only two. Last year, the boat sank in the ocean, but he was able to swim and reach the shore. The United Nation Organization hasn’t been able to make peace all over the world yet. Last summer, Nina couldn’t play the guitar at all. The son has promised his parents that he will be able to pass his exam. After several tries, the prisoner was able to escape from prison. Ten years ago, he escaped from his house, but his parents were able to find him. Please, can you give me a lift? 23.1 Complete the sentences using can or (be) able to. 1. George has travelled a lot. He .....can... speak four languages. 2. I haven’t been able to sleep very well recently. 3. Sandra ................. drive but she hasn’t got a car. 4. I can’t understand Martin. I’ve never .......... understand him. 5. I used to............. stand on my head but I can’t do it now. 6. I can’t see you on Friday but I .......... meet you on Saturday morning. 7. Ask Catherine about your problem. She might.......... help you. 23.2 Complete the answers to the questions with was / were able to. 1 A: Did everybody escape from the fire? B: Yes. Although the fire spread quickly, everybody ..was able to escape. 2 A: Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house? B: Not really. Ann had given us good directions and we............ 3. A: Did you finish your work this afternoon? B: Yes. There was nobody to disturb me, so....................... 4. A: Did the thief get away? B: Yes. No one realised what was happening and the thief ............. 23.3 Complete the sentences using could, couldn’t or was / were able to. 1. My grandfather was a very clever man. He ...could.. speak five languages. 2. I looked everywhere for the book but I couldn’t’ find it 3. They didn’t want to come with us at first but we were able to persuade them. 4. Laura had hurt her leg and ............ walk very well.
96 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 97
UNIT 24 Modal Verbs
MUST
NEED-NEEDN’t OUGHT TO
Julie can swim May I help you? Shall I come with you?
SHOULD
Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb which expresses the mood of another verb. They are used to express ideas such as possibility, prediction, speculation, deduction and necessity. WILL / WOULD
CAN Use
Examples
ability
I can speak English.
permission
Can I go to the cinema?
request
Can you wait a moment, please?
offer
I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
suggestion
Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility
It can get very hot in Arizona.
Examples
force, necessity
I must go to the supermarket today.
possibility
You must be tired.
advice, recommendation
You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
necessary
My mother needs to go to the supermarket tomorrow.
not necessary
I needn’t go to the supermarket
advice
You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
obligation
You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.
Use
Examples
advice
You should drive carefully in bad weather
obligation
You should switch off the light when you leave the room.
Use
Examples
wish, request
Would you shut the door, please? Will you open that door for me please?
habits in the past
Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.
Excuse me sir, would you please tell me where the railway station is ?
COULD (ability to do sth. in the past) Use
Examples
permission to do sth. in the past
I could go to the cinema.
polite question
Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request
Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer
I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
polite suggestion
Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility
It could get very hot in Montana.
MAY / MIGHT
Use
MIXED EXAMPLES ON MODEL VERBS QUESTION Might I bring a friend to the wedding?
Will you give me a hand?
Will you, close the window please?
Would you please clean the table?
Would you mind helping me ?
Could I borrow your pen ?
Could I invite you to drink tea ?
Shall we dance ?
Shall we stop for a drink ?
Might I offer some advice?
Could you please tell me how to get to Almond Street?
Use
Examples
Exercise on Modal Verbs and their Substitutes
possibility
It may rain today.
We ought to win the race.
permission to do sth. in the present
May I go to the cinema?
polite suggestion
May I help you?
possibility (less possible than may)
It might rain today.
offer
Might I help you?
We are supposed to win the race.
I can swim. I am able to swim. You must meet my best friend.
You have to meet my best friend.
He should be in bed by now.
He is supposed to be in bed by now.
I must get up early.
I have to get up early.
98 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 99
They may stay up late.
They are allowed to stay up late.
To get your passport, you needn’t to go to the government office.
She needs to see the doctor.
She has to see the doctor.
You should take an umbrella with you, in case it starts to rain..
We need not walk.
We do not have to walk.
You could try a different shampoo if your hair is too dry. She could play the piano at the age of four
You must not sleep
you are not allowed to sleep.
When she was young, she could swim across the lake.
Should I go to the cinema with them?
Am I supposed to go to the cinema with them?
A tall steel tower in the center of Paris? Ah, that would be the Eiffel Tower.
Exercise “Modal verbs”
24.1 Answer the questions with a suggestion. Use could
We mustn’t drink and drive.
Must she visit her uncle? Is it compulsory?
1. Where shall we go for our holidays? (to Scotland) We could go to Scotland.
You mustn’t smoke in public places.
Pupils mustn’t shout in the corridors.
2. What shall we have for dinner tonight? (fish) We.................
She must work harder to improve her results.
You must listen to your teachers!
3. What shall I give Ann for her birthday? (a book) You ...............
May I ask you a question?
She may be right, she may be wrong. God knows! I don’t!
4. When shall I phone Angela? (now) ..........................
May I drive your car?
It may snow; look at the sky.
5. When shall we go and see Tom? (on Friday) .....................
The wind may not blow.
He may have left already.
6. Where shall we hang this picture? (in the kitchen) ...................
It is impossible, you can’t run that distance!
Can I help you?
She can describe it to you.
Can they buy the tickets in advance?
24.2 Put in can or could. Sometimes either word is possible.
She can finish the work on time.
He can follow the instructions
1. ‘The phone is ringing. Who do you think it is?’ ‘ It could be Tim.’
I might buy a new dress next week.
The teacher knew we might visit her.
2. I’m really hungry. I................ eat a horse!
May they stay overnight?
He may come again.
3. If you’re very hungry, we................ have dinner now.
Sally may be learning.
Guests may not smoke in their rooms
4. it’s so nice here. I................ stay here all day but unfortunately I have to go.
Shall I come back later?
Shall we drink something?
5. ‘I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it?’ ‘No, but it ................ be in the car.’
He should drive more carefully.
I should answer his letter as soon as possible
6. Peter is a keen musician. He plays the flute and he ................ also play the piano.
There isn’t water in the pool, so we can’t swim today.
7. ‘What shall we do?’ ‘There’s a film on television. We ................ watch that.’
You can’t cross the street here, there are too many cars.
8. The weather is nice now but it................ change later.
I never go to the swimming pool, so I can’t swim. What’s the matter with Helen? She didn’t say a word tonight; are you sure she can speak English?
24.3 Complete each of the following sentences with the auxiliary may, might or must.
When she is older she will be able to drive her father’s car.
You ___ be right; we shall have to wait and see.
The teacher says we mustn’t leave the class before we finish this work.
You may be right; we shall have to wait and see. or You might be right; we shall have to wait and see.
She has worked for many years in a restaurant. She must cook wonderful meals.
That ____ be our landlord; I would recognize him anywhere.
Look at the camera he has got ! He may be a professional reporter.
That must be our landlord; I would recognize him anywhere.
He may arrive late tonight, we’ll wait for him.
1. Although it ..................................... be true, it seems unlikely.
I need to work harder if I want to pass the exam.
2. That ............................... have been the number 10 bus, because no other bus runs on this street.
You don’t need to come to the meeting, I’ll be there.
3. We ................................ have to wait a long time for a bus, because they do not run very frequently.
The grass needs cutting because it’s very high.
4. That ........................be the right answer; there is no other possibility.
This bedroom hasn’t been cleaned for months, it needs cleaning today.
5. Tell me your problem; I................... be able to help you.
Your hair is too dirty, it needs washing immediately.
6. It ..................... have been he who answered the phone, because no one else was at home.
Your dress is too long, it needs taking up
7. Since we have never been to this store before, we .................... have difficulty finding what we want.
My son needs change his suitcase because his was broken.
8. You ..............be pleased that you are doing so well in your new job.
All the soldiers must report back to their commanding officer at least once day.
9. I ....................go downtown tomorrow; it depends on the weather.
If two ride on a horse, one must ride behind.
10. Although he is a very careful worker, it is possible that he ....................have made a mistake.
100 | Mu stafa B alta
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24.4 Change the following affirmative statements into negative questions. Do not use contractions in this exercise. He must be at work now.
Must he not be at work now?
They might call us later.
Might they not call us later?
UNIT 25 May and might
1. You should be wearing a warm hat........................................................................................ 2. He could have decided to stay at home. .................................................................................. 3. They might have forgotten the message. .................................................................................. 4. She will see you again next week. ............................................................................................ 5. They would enjoy riding on the ferry. ........................................................................................ 6. He may decide to go camping. ................................................................................................. 7. They could have been playing football yesterday. .................................................................... 8. We shall visit our friends.......................................................................................................... 9. She must have wanted to join us. ........................................................................................... 10. He should be getting more sleep. ......................................................................................... 24.5 Change the following affirmative statements into questions. I may go.
May I go?
We could have found it.
Could we have found it?
1. I must leave at four o’clock. ...................................................................................... 2. He might be leaving for work now. ...................................................................................... 3. We can solve the puzzle. ...................................................................................... 4. You should have called him. ...................................................................................... 5. They could have been waiting for the bus. ......................................................................................
Mum ! My friends are having a party tonight; may I go please? ‘MAY’ is used to express: Permission, Probability, Suggestion May I go out Mum? You may eat some cake Jim. He may come late. He may be on holidays. He doesn’t know what to do; he might ask Wendy.
He is still at work! He may come late I am afraid.
Philip may come to stay with us
I may not have time to do it straightaway.
It may snow later today.
Buy a lottery ticket.you might be lucky
Are you going out tonight? Yes, I might
I am playing tennis tomorrow (sure)
Tense
statement
questions
Simple Present
I may play football. I’m allowed to play football.
May he play football?
Simple Past
I was allowed to play football.
Was he allowed to play football?
will-future
I will be allowed to play football.
Will he be allowed to play football?
6. I shall go out now. ...................................................................................... 7. You will have finished the book. ......................................................................................
NEGATIVE
8. We should be making the arrangements. ......................................................................................
I may not play football. I am not allowed to play football.
9. She would like to know the answer......................................................................................
Teacher: You may leave the classroom after you complete the test.
10. They can explain what happened. ......................................................................................
Admit: May I leave the classroom now? I want to complete the test later. Teacher: No, you may not. You may only leave after the test.
24.6 Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements. For example:
I might not go to work tomorrow (it is possible that I will not go)
I can answer the question.
I cannot answer the question.
Sue might not come to the party
He shall be sorry.
He shall not be sorry.
Sue may not come to the party
1. You must come with us. ......................................................................................
MIGHT
2. It may be sunny tomorrow. ......................................................................................
There is in fact little difference and ‘might is more usual than ‘may’ in spoken English.
3. She could have won the race. ......................................................................................
It might rain this afternoon.
4. We might be right. ......................................................................................
I might not have time to go to the shops for you.
5. You would have liked that movie. ......................................................................................
Where’s Bob?
6. They can swim very well. ......................................................................................
A- He may be in his office. (= perhaps he is in his office)
7. She might be finishing school now. ......................................................................................
B- He might be having lunch. (= perhaps he is having lunch)
8. He should have been walking to work. ......................................................................................
C- Ask Ann. She might know. (= perhaps she knows)
9. I shall be happy to see him.......................................................................................
FOR THE PAST WE USE MAY HAVE (DONE) OR MIGHT HAVE (DONE):
10. You will have been working all night. ......................................................................................
She might be at home by now but it’s not sure at all.
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Sweetheart! As you were at home you might have done the ironing, don’t you think?
7. Perhaps she had to go home early.
...............
Yes darling, but I was afraid I might have burnt your marvellous shirt!
8. Perhaps she was working yesterday.
...............
John couldn’t repair his washing-machine; he might have asked his neighbour. As you were at home you might have done the ironing, don’t you think?
In sentences 9-11 use may not or might not.
Yes darling, but I was afraid I might have burnt your marvellous shirt!
9. Perhaps she doesn’t want to see me.
...............
They talked too loudly; They might have woken the baby!
10. Perhaps she isn’t working today.
...............
A: I wonder why Kay didn’t answer the phone.
11. Perhaps she wasn’t feeling well yesterday
...............
B: She may have been asleep. (= perhaps she was asleep) A: I can’t find my bag anywhere.
25.2 Complete the sentences with a verb in the correct form.
B: You might have left it in the shop. (= perhaps you left it in the shop)
1. ‘Where’s Bob?’ ‘I’m not sure. He might be having lunch.’
A: I was surprised that Sarah wasn’t at the meeting.
2. ‘Who is that man with Ann?’ ‘I’m not sure. It might ...... her brother.’
B: She might not have known about it. (= perhaps she didn’t know)
3. ‘Who was the man we saw with Ann yesterday?’ ‘I’m not sure. It might ... her brother.’
A: I wonder why Colin was in such a bad mood yesterday.
4. ‘Why are those people waiting in the street?’ ‘I don’t know. They might ...... for a bus.’
B: He may not have been feeling well. (= perhaps he wasn’t feeling well)
5. ‘Shall I buy this book for Tim?’ ‘You’d better not. He might already ........ It.’
He might have tried to call you while you were out. I might have left it in the taxi. 25.3 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets. Use may or might.
You might have done the washing-up!
1. I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is. Example “may / might”
a (he / go / shopping)
He may have gone shopping.
May I ask you a question?..
b (he / play / tennis)
He might be playing tennis.
She may be right, she may be wrong. God knows! I don’t!
2. I’m looking for Helen. Do you know where she is?
May I drive your car?
It may snow; look at the sky.
He may have left already.
Please may I turn on my radio?
The wind may not blow.
a (she / watch / TV / in her room).............................. b (she / go / out)
................................
Chloe may leave tomorrow, but I’m not sure she will. It may be cloudy tomorrow if the wind stops blowing.
3. I can’t find my umbrella. Have you seen it?
Look at the camera he has got! He may be a professional reporter.
a (it / be / in the car) .........................
He may arrive late tonight, we’ll wait for him.
b (you / leave / in the restaurant last night) .................
You might at least come with us and meet our new neighbour, don’t you think?
4. Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time.
Nowadays, people may travel very easily all over Europe
a (he / be / in the bath)
...........................
I don’t know yet, but I might come with you after all!
b (he / not / hear / the bell)
............................
Children may bring their teddy bears to school It may be true. or it might be true. (= perhaps it is true)
25.4 Complete the sentences using might not or couldn’t.
She might know. or she may know.
1. A: Do you think she saw you? B: No, she was too far away. She couldn’t have seen me.
25.1 Write these sentences in a different way using may or might.
2. A: I wonder why she didn’t say hello. Perhaps she didn’t see me.
1. Perhaps Margaret is in her office.
She might be in her office.
B: That’s possible. She might not have seen you.
2. Perhaps Margaret is busy.
................
3. A: I wonder why Ann didn’t come to the party. Perhaps she wasn’t invited.
3. Perhaps she is working.
...............
B: Yes, it’s possible. She........................
4. Perhaps she wants to be alone.
...............
4. A: Tom loves parties. I’m sure he would have come to the party if he’d been invited.
5. Perhaps she was ill yesterday.
...............
B: I agree. He ...........................
6. Perhaps she went home early.
...............
5. A: I wonder how the fire started. Do you think it was an accident?
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B: No, the police say it....................
UNIT 26 Must and have to
6. A: How did the fire start? I suppose it was an accident. B: Well, the police aren’t sure. They say it ............................25.5 Write sentences with may or might.
1. Where are you going for your holidays? (to Ireland?) I haven’t decided yet. I may go to Ireland. 2. What sort of car are you going to buy? (a Mercedes?) I’m not sure yet. I ........................ 3. What are you doing this weekend? (go to London?) I haven’t decided yet. . ........................ 4. Where are you going to hang that picture? (In the dining room?) I haven’t made up my mind yet. ........................ 5. When is Tom coming to see us? (on Saturday?) I don’t know yet. ........................ 6. What is Julia going to do when she leaves school? (go to university?) She hasn’t decided yet. ........................-
You mustn’t drive without wearing a seatbelt Wear a seatbelt is compulsory for the passengers too Must and have to are used to express obligation or the need to do something MUST: (subjective obligation) in general expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary I must stop smoking / We must go it’s already midnight / They must work harder Oh, it’s later than I thought. I must go. or I have to go. You mustn’t smoke in the plane. You must be quiet at the cinema.
Must children obey their parents?
Laura must take a taxi at the airport.
They must be careful with the prices.
They must buy a guide of the USA.
You mustn’t play with knives. It’s dangerous.
They mustn’t break expensive objects.
Everybody in a family must work
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES Tense
Modal
SIMPLE PRESENT
I must play football.
SIMPLE PAST
I had to play football.
WILL-FUTURE
I will have to play football.
Must is personal. We use must when we give our personal feelings. ‘Jim is a hard worker.’ ‘Jim? A hard worker? You must be joking. He’s very lazy.’ NEGATIVE SENTENCES Tense
Modal I must not play football. I mustn’t play football.
SIMPLE PRESENT
I need not play football. I needn’t play football. I do not need to play football. I don’t need to play football.
SIMPLE PAST
I did not need to play football. I didn’t need to play football.
WILL-FUTURE
I will not need to play football. I won’t need to play football.
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I must not play football. I am not allowed to play football. I mustn’t play football. I’m not allowed to play football
SUBJECT
MODAL
You must keep it a secret. You mustn’t tell anybody else. (= don’t tell anybody else) Tim and Alex must not open the window. or Tim and Alex mustn’t open the window You mustn’t cross the street; the traffic light is still green. This letter is not for you. You mustn’t read it.
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
QUESTION SENTENCES Tense
Modal
SIMPLE PRESENT
Must he play football?
SIMPLE PAST WILL-FUTURE
Did he need to play football?
Will he need to play football?
Will he need to play football?
= Will he have to play football?
Did he need to play football?
= Did he have to play football?
Must he play football?
= Does he have to play football?
Must she get up early?
The Windows are very dirty. Must we clean them?
The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep. I’ve lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere.
have to
he she it
has to
Andy has to help his brother. He has to write with a pencil.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SUBJECT
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
MODAL
VERB
I you we they
don’t have to
he she it
doesn’t have to
work do clean eat work go be
EXAMPLES I don’t have to work on Saturday. You don’t have to do that. We don’t have to clean the car. They don’t have to eat pizza. He doesn’t have to work tomorrow. She doesn’t have to go today. It doesn’t have to be that way.
I don’t have to (do something) = it is not necessary to do it. I am not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early Peter doesn’t have to work very hard. He’s got an easy job DO
Do
HAVE TO: (strong obligation) in general suggests that somebody else has imposed the decision
SUBJECT
MODAL
I you we they
QUESTIONS
have to
Tom had to wear a uniform last year / Tom will have to wear a uniform next year I must be home by ten. I have a very difficult day tomorrow. (It is my own decision.)
He has to eat dinner now. She has to go to work now. It has to work.
We have to do our homework
you have to stop you mustn’t go on
I have to be home by ten. (My parents told me so.)
I have to clean my room. You have to get a new book. We have to pick up the laundry. They have to have a notebook.
Ken and Liz have to learn English words.
When the lights are red ...........
In France you have to drive on the right / Tom has to wear a uniform at school
clean get pick up have eat go work
She has to clean her desk.
QUESTIONS
HAVE TO / HAS TO
I you we they
EXAMPLES
They have to write a test.
MUST HAVE (PAST) They must have gone out. (otherwise they would have answered)
VERB
Does
he she it
VERB
clean get pick up have eat go work
EXAMPLES Do I have to clean my room? Do you have to get a new book? Do we have to pick up the laundry? Do they have to have a notebook?
Does he have to eat dinner now? Does she have to go to work now? Does it have to work?
All men have to do military service in that country. Do I have to brush my teeth?
Do they have to march this Saturday?
Does she have to bring her books?
Does he have to salute him?
Do we have to speak English in class?
What time do you have to go to the dentist tomorrow?
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In questions and negative sentences with have to, we normally use do / does / did:
5. Last night Don became ill suddenly. We............ call a doctor.
What do I have to do to get a driving licence? (not ‘what have I to do?’)
6. You really .............work harder if you want to pass the examination.
Why did you have to go to hospital?
7. I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I........... work late.
Karen doesn’t have to work on Saturdays.
8. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I................. work late. THE PAST (YESTERDAY / THE LAST WEEK ETC) IS HAD TO
9. Paul doesn’t like his new job. Sometimes he............... work at weekends. 10. Caroline may ............... go away next week.
We had to wait half an hour for a taxi yesterday.
11. We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We ........... take it to a garage.
I was late for work yesterday. I had to go to the dentist
12. Julia wears glasses. She.............. wear glasses since she was very young.
We had to walk home last night. There were no buses Why did they have to leave the party early?
26.2 Make questions with have to.
We didn’t have to wait very long for the bus- It came in a few minutes
1. I had to go to hospital last week.
Why did you have to go to hospital?
Compare:
2. I have to get up early tomorrow.
Why .................. early?
I must get up early tomorrow. There are a lot of things I want to do.
3. Ann has to go somewhere now.
Where......... she ................?
‘You have to do something’ because of a rule or the situation:
4. George had to pay a parking fine yesterday.
How much .............?
You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. (because of the traffic system)
5. I had to wait a long time for the bus.
How long...................?
My eyesight isn’t very good. I have to wear glasses for reading.
6. I have to phone my sister now.
Why ......................?
George can’t come out with us this evening. He has to work.
7. Paul has to leave soon.
What time ..................?
I have to get up early tomorrow. I’m going away and my train leaves at 7.30. Exercise “’ Have to’ or ‘must ‘”
26.3 Complete these sentences with mustn’t or don’t / doesn’t have to.
You have to do such a thing even if you don’t want to.
1. I don’t want anyone to know. You mustn’t tell anyone.
I don’t have to get up early on Sundays because I don’t go to work.
2 He doesn’t have to wear a suit to work but he usually does.
You have to have a visa if you want to come into my country. Customs employees will ask for it.
3. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I............ go to work.
Customs employees have to wear a uniform: they must wear a blue uniform.
4. Whatever you do, you ................ touch that switch. It’s very dangerous.
You don’t have to come with me. Stay at home
5. There’s a lift in the building, so we................. climb the stairs.
You don’t have to pay in advance. You can pay me next month.
6. You .................... forget what I told you. It’s very important.
If you want to earn a lot of money you have to work hard.
7. Sue................ get up early. She gets up early because she wants to,
She has a big problem. We must help her.
8. Don’t make so much noise. We....................... wake the baby.
You mustn’t sign a document before reading it carefully.
9. I .................... eat too much. I’m supposed to be on a diet.
The meeting is at 9:00. You mustn’t be late
10. You ....................... be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.
He didn’t know how to use the camera. I had to show him. You must get some exercise if you want to keep fit.
26.4 Write I must or I had to
He says he must finish his homework by tomorrow.
1. ......I had to...walk home last night. There were no buses 2. Its late.............go now
26.1 Complete these sentences with must or have to (in the correct form). Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible.
3. I don’t usually work on Saturdays, but last Sunday................work
1. it’s later than I thought. I must or have to go now.
5. I went to London by train last week. The train was full and .........stand all the way
2. Jack left before the end of the meeting. He had to go home early.
6. I was nearly late for my appointment this morning .............run to get there on time
3. In Britain many children. ................. wear uniform when they go to school.
7. I forget to phone David yesterday............phone him later today
4. When you come to London again, you................. come and see us.
4. ................get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do
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26.5 Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have and can’t have.
UNIT 27 Need / Needn’t
1. The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I / asleep) I must have been asleep. 2. Jane walked past me without speaking. (she / see / me) She can’t have seen me 3. The jacket you bought is very good quality. (it / very expensive) ................................. 4. I haven’t seen the people next door for ages. (They / go away) ................................. 5. I can’t find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night) ................................. 6. Don passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam / very difficult) ................................. 7. She knew everything about our plans. (She / listen / to our conversation) ................................. 8. Fiona did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (She / understand / what I said) ................................. 9. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I / forget / to turn it off) ................................. 10. The lights were red but the car didn’t stop. (the driver I see / the red light) ................................. 11. I was woken up in the middle of the night by the noise next door. (the neighbours / have / a party) .................................
Don’t worry Paul, you’ve got plenty of time, you needn’t hurry. The grass needs cutting because it’s very high
(IT IS NECESSARY)
‘You needn’t do something’
IT IS NOT NECESSARY THAT YOU DO IT
You can come with me if you like but you needn’t come if you don’t want to. = it is not necessary We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t hurry.
= it is not necessary to hurry
He needs some money to buy clothes.
Oh, no! My bicycle needs repairing,
I can’t go with you.
I love this car but do I need to pay it cash?
What he needs is a good meal and a little rest. They need to be told the truth. NEEDN’T Didn’t need to (do) and needn’t have (done) Study this example situation:
Why did you wash that shirt? It wasn’t dirty. You needn’t have washed it. That shirt isn’t dirty. You needn’t wash it. Do you want me to wait for you? No it’s OK, YOU NEEDN’T WAIT. Let’s stop. We don’t need to finish today. You needn’t phone me when you arrive at home but I hope you will. I have enough meat in my fridge so I NEEDN’T go to the butcher’s today. Needn’t or don’t need In Britain we use both forms in the same way in the present. ‘I don’t need to go’, or ‘I needn’t go’.
We needn’t hurry. or We don’t need to hurry.
You can come with me if you like but you needn’t come if you don’t want to
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I had enough meat in my fridge so I needn’t have gone to the butcher’s today.
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‘I needn’t have sent her the information because she knew it already’.
2. Ann bought some eggs when she went shopping. When she got home, she found that she already had plenty of eggs. She ................................
(You sent her the information but it wasn’t necessary.)
3. A friend got angry with you and shouted at you. You think this was unnecessary. Later you say to
‘I didn’t need to send her the information.’ (You didn’t send anything.) By the way, I hate tea!!
him / her: You .............................................
I didn’t need to ... = it was not necessary for me to... (and I knew this at the time):
4. Brian had no money, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some money in a lottery.
I didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t.
He ..........................................
I needn’t have prepared all that food. They phoned to say they wouldn’t be coming.
5. When we went on holiday, we took the camera with us but we didn’t use it in the end.
You needn’t have washed the dishes. I would’ve put them in the dishwasher.
We ........................................
Example “Need” Stop it now! You don’t need to buy all these candies. He needn’t have looked at me like that! It was no fair! This member needs to find an English pen pal. My blouse needs ironing before I go to the appointment with my boss. Do you need to take your boots when you want to walk near swamps? Yes, I do. You do not need to lend me your car anymore. In fact, mine got repaired yesterday. But thanks for asking. What does he need to visit when he is in Paris? I need to work harder if I want to pass the exam. You don’t need to come to the meeting, I’ll be there. This bedroom hasn’t been cleaned for months, it needs today Your hair is too dirty, it needs washing immediately. Your dress is too long, it needs taking up My son needs to change his suitcase because his was broken. 27.1 Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t. 1. We haven’t got much time. We must hurry. 2. We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t hurry. 3. We have enough food at home so we ............. go shopping today. 4. Jim gave me a letter to post. I......... remember to post it. 5. Jim gave me a letter to post. I ........... Forget to post it. 6. There’s plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You........... decide now. 7. You....... wash those tomatoes. They’ve already been washed. 8. This is a valuable book. You...........look after it carefully and you ---lose it. 9. ‘What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?’ ‘Well, it .......... be big--that’s not important. But it..........have a nice garden--that’s essential.’ 27.2 Read the situations and make sentences with needn’t have. 1. George went out. He took an umbrella because he thought it was going to rain. But it didn’t rain. He needn’t have taken an umbrella.
6. I thought I was going to miss my train so I rushed to the station. But the train was late and in the end I had to wait 20 minutes I ....................................... .
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UNIT 28 Should
I didn’t set my alarm clock and I overslept yesterday morning, so I was late for work You shouldn’t smoke. It is dangerous for your health.
I should have set my alarm clock.
Should is used to give advice, to make recommendations or to talk about what we think is right or wrong.
He didn’t study hard enough, so he failed the test
He should have studied harder to pass it
Structure: should + infinitive
I don’t have anything to wear today.
I should have done the laundry.
You should visit your parents.
Jack lost his wallet on the way to work.
He must have lost it on the bus.
You should take care of your children.
You should be at work now.
You did very well on the exam.
You must have studied a lot.
You should eat lots of vegetables.
You should sleep eight hours a night.
It’s hot in here today.
I shouldn’t have worn a heavy sweater today.
You shouldn’t drink a lot of soda.
We often use should with i think / i don’t think / do you think...?:
You should apply for that job.
You should often eat fish. We use ‘should’ to give an opinion or a recommendation
I think the government should do more to help homeless people.
They should do something about this terrible train service
I don’t think you should work so hard.
You should apologise. (= it would be a good thing to do) You must apologise. (= you have no alternative)
You should wash your hands before eating.
You shouldn’t eat a lot of candy.
You shouldn’t skip meals.
You shouldn’t take a shower only once a week.
You should eat breakfast.
We also use should when something is not right or what we expect. I wonder where Liz is. She should be here by now. (= she isn’t here yet, and this is not normal)
I think......should
I don’t think......should
Do you think......should
I think Lisa should buy some new clothes It’s late I think I should go home now Shall I buy this coat? Yes, I think you should
I don’t think you should work so hard I don’t think we should go yet. It’s too early
Do you think I should buy this hat? What time do you think we should go home?
Those boys shouldn’t be playing football at this time. They should be at school.
Should: in Conditionals
She’s been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass. (= I expect her to pass)
If I lost my job I should have no money.
There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldn’t be difficult to find somewhere to stay.
We should be grateful if you could send us your latest catalogue.
‘Shall I leave now?’ ‘No, I should wait a bit longer.’
If it rains, the children should not go for a walk.
Here, ‘I should wait’= ‘I would wait if I were you, I advise you to wait’.
“If I were you I should...” to give advice.
WE USE SHOULD HAVE TO SAY THAT SOMEONE DIDN’T DO SOMETHING
If I were you I would phone him.
You should have told them the truth.
You shouldn’t have gone there - it was a mistake.
I don’t think you should have done it.
I should have bought more milk. I am almost out.
(If he lost his job he would have no money.)
If I was you I would phone him. -
Exercise “Should or should have They should have cut these trees before.
He shouldn’t have married so young.
You should go and see a doctor.
His friend shouldn’t have smoked so much.
Children shouldn’t eat too many sweets.
Paige should have worked. She has a bad mark.
People should eat five fruit every day.
Should I wait for her or not?
They should do more exercise.
I don’t think they should get married.
In the forest you shouldn’t light a fire for barbecue.
Today you should take warm clothes, it’s cold.
I should take some exercise if I want to feel fine.
I think they should replace him
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I don’t think they should keep the contract
You should have called her.
8. ‘Is John here yet?’ ‘Not yet, but he ................ here soon.’ (be)
Do you think we should tell her?
He should come fast.
9. I posted the letter three days ago, so it............... by now. (arrive)
Tom doesn’t study enough. He should study harder I should go to Ankara for the application It’s a good film. You should go and see it
Mr. Green should work.
I should tell him everything.
I should phone Mr. Smith.
28.4 Read the situations and write sentences with should / shouldn’t. Some of the sentences are past and some are present.
You shouldn’t call him tonight. He is very angry
1. I’m feeling sick. I ate too much.
They shouldn’t work very hard. They can have some health problems
I shouldn’t have eaten so much
You shouldn’t do something’ = it isn’t a good thing to do:
2. That man on the motorbike isn’t wearing a helmet. That’s dangerous.
You went to bed very late last night. You should have gone to bed earlier.
He should be wearing a helmet
I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate. (= I ate too much chocolate)
3. When we got to the restaurant, there were no free tables. We hadn’t reserved one. We..................................................
28.1 For each situation write a sentence with should or shouldn’t + one of the following. go away, for a few days, go to bed, so late, look for another job, put some pictures on the walls, take a photograph, use her car so much 1. (Liz needs a change.) She should go away for a few days. 2. (My salary is very low.)
You should ................................-.
3. (Jack always has difficulty getting up.) He........................... 4. (What a beautiful view!) You-.................................... 5. (Sue drives everywhere. She never walks.) She -....................... 6. (Bill’s room isn’t very interesting.) He............................. 28.2 Read the situations and write sentences with I think / I don’t think ... should... 1. Peter and Judy are planning to get married. You think it’s a bad idea. (get married) I don’t think they should get married. 2. You don’t like smoking, especially in restaurants. (be banned) I think ................................................ 3. I have a very bad cold but I plan to go out this evening. You don’t think this is a good idea. You say to me: (go out) I ...................................... 4. You are fed up with the government. You think they have made too many mistakes. (resign) I.................................................... 28.3 Complete the sentences with should (have) + the verb in brackets. 1. Margaret should pass the exam. She’s been studying very hard. (pass) 2. You missed a great party last night. You should have come. (come) 3. We don’t see you enough. You............... and see us more often. (come) 4. I’m in a difficult position. What do you think I ..................? (do) 5. I’m sorry that I didn’t take your advice. I ............... what you said. (do) 6. I’m playing tennis with Jill tomorrow. She............. she’s much better than me. (win) 7. We lost the match but we .............. We were the better team. (win)
4. The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is 9 o’clock now but the shop isn’t open yet. The... ..................................... 5. The speed limit is 30 miles an hour, but Catherine is doing 50. She ......................... 6. I went to Paris. A friend of mine lives in Paris but I didn’t go to see him while I was there. When I saw him later, he said: You .................................. 7. I was driving behind another car. Suddenly, the driver in front stopped without warning and I drove into the back of his car. It wasn’t my fault ......................................................................... 28.5 Write a sentence (beginning in the way shown) that means the same as the first sentence. 1. ‘I think it would be a good idea to see a specialist,’ the doctor said to me. The doctor recommended that I should see a specialist. 2. ‘You really must stay a little longer,’ she said to me. She insisted that .................................... 3. ‘Why don’t you visit the museum after lunch?’ I said to them. I suggested that............................... 4. ‘You must pay the rent by Friday,’ the landlord said to us The landlord demanded that -........................................... 5. ‘Why don’t you go away for a few days?’Jack said to me. Jack suggested that .............................
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UNIT 29 Had better
It’s time Here we use the past (went), but the meaning is present, not past: It’s 10 o’clock and he’s still in bed. It’s time he got up. (not It’s time he gets up) It’s time the children were in bed. It’s long after their bedtime. (complain) It’s time to go home. / it’s time for us to go home. You can also say: It’s late. It’s time we went home. Exercise “Had better” You had better warn them. She had better send for the doctor. We had better leave early or we won’t catch our train. He had better listen to her. You had better work more if you want to pass your exam. You had better drive more carefully.
Mark had better stop smoking. Look at him! I have to meet Ann in ten minutes. I’d better go now or I’ll be late
‘You’d better go to the bathroom’ Oh, dear, it’s raining, you’d better walk’. Sara : ‘Good morning, dear ! You’d better get up. You will be late!’
Shall I take an umbrella? Yes, you’d better. It might rain.
Peter: ‘Good morning! I’d rather stay in my bed.’
We use “had better” plus the infinitive without “to” to give advice. Although “had” is the past form of “have”, we use “had better” to give advice about the present or future.
Sara: ‘You’d better go to the bathroom’. Peter: ‘ Today, at breakfast, I d rather eat bread, butter and honey’.
You had better take your umbrella with you today. İt’s going to rain ADVICE
Sara: ‘No, dear, you are too fat; you’d better eat two rusks and an apple’.
That bus had better get here soon! desperate hope
Peter: ‘I’d rather drink coffee with some cream’.
Good morning, dear! You’d better get up. You will be late!’ warning
Sara: ‘No, dear, you’d better drink only green tea’.
He had better tell the truth. We’d better go now or We’ll be late.
Sara: ‘Oh, dear, it’s raining, you’d better walk’.
We’d better get some cash, they don’t take cheques. I’d better wait for him, he won’t be long.
Sara: ‘ You’d better give me a kiss and leave’.
We’d better book the tickets now, there won’t be any left tomorrow.
Peter: ‘I’d rather go on holiday far away without my wife! It would be great!’
You’d better tidy up before your mother comes back. She’d better get started, otherwise She won’t get it finished.
29.1 Read the situations and write sentences with had better. Use the words in brackets.
You’d better hand in your homework or you’ll get a punishment.
1. You’re going out for a walk with Tom. It might rain. You say to Tom:
We’d better find a babysitter or We can’t go out.
(an umbrella) We’d better take an umbrella.
I have to meet Ann in ten minutes. I’d better go now or I’ll be late.
2. Jack has just cut himself. It’s quite a bad cut. You say to him:
Had better (I’d better / you’d better etc.)
(put a plaster) .............................
You’d better tell her everything. I’d better get back to work.
3. You and Ann plan to go to a restaurant this evening. It’s a very popular restaurant. You say to Ann:
We’d better stop for petrol soon. The tank is almost empty.
(reserve) We............................
The negative form is “had better not”
4. Jill doesn’t look very well - not well enough to go to work. You say to her:
Nobody likes you so you had better not come to our party.
(work) ...........................
I’d better not spend any more money, or I won’t have any left.
5. You received your phone bill four weeks ago but you haven’t paid it yet. If you don’t pay very soon, you could be in trouble.
You’d better not throw that, it might be useful. You’d better not say anything. I’d better not come. You’d better be on time. / you’d better not be late. (or I’ll be very angry) Are you going out tonight?’ ‘I’d better not. I’ve got a lot to do.’ It is a very important secret. You had better not tell anybody. You had better not drink more beer. You’ll be sick. Emma doesn’t like when someone smokes in her room. You had better not smoke over there.
You say to yourself: (pay)............................................... 6. You want to go out but you’re expecting an important phone call. You say to your friend: (go out) I ......................................................................................... 7. You and Fiona are going to the theatre. You’ve missed the bus and you don’t want to be late. You say to Fiona: (a taxi) .......................................................-
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29.2 Put in had better or should. Sometimes either is possible.
UNIT 30 Requests, offers, permission and invitations. Etc..
1. I have an appointment in ten minutes. I’d better go now or I’ll be late. 2. it’s a great film. You should go and see it. You’ll really like it. 3. I.......... get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do. 4. When people are driving, they.......... keep their eyes on the road. 5. Thank you for coming to see us. You........... come more often. 6. She’ll be upset if we don’t invite her to the wedding, so we ..............invite her. 7. These biscuits are delicious. You .............. try one. 8. I think everybody .............. learn a foreign language. 29.3 Read the situations and write sentences with It’s time (somebody did something). 1. You think the children should be in bed. It’s already 11 o’clock. It’s time the children were in bed.
Do you think you could help me for a few minutes?’ ‘Sorry, I’m afraid I’m busy.’
2. You haven’t had a holiday for a very long time. You need one now. It’s time I ..................................3. You’re waiting for Mary. She is late. Why isn’t she here yet?
Modal
Example
Uses
They can control their own budgets.
ability / possibility
We can’t fix it.
inability / impossibility
Can / Could I smoke here?
asking for permission
Can you help me?
request
6. The company you work for is badly run. You think there should be some changes.
Could I borrow your dictionary?
asking for permission.
It’s time...................................
Could you say it again more slowly?
request
We could try to fix it ourselves.
suggestion
I think we could have another Gulf War.
future possibility
He gave up his old job so he could work for us.
ability in the past
May I have another cup of coffee? China may become a major economic power.
asking for permission future possibility
MIGHT
We’d better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now. They might give us a 10% discount.
present possibility future possibility
SHALL
Shall I help you with your luggage?
offer
WOULD
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? Would / will you pass the salt please? Would you mind waiting a moment? Would you like to play golf this Friday? “Would you prefer tea or coffee?” - “I’d like tea please.”
asking for permission request request invitation preferences
It’s time she ..............................-4. You’re sitting on a train waiting for it to leave the station. It’s already five minutes late. It’s time.................................
CAN
5. You enjoy having parties. You haven’t had one for a long time. It’s time................................
COULD
MAY
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TO ASK FOR SOMETHING WE USE
You would like your husband to do the washing up.
Can I have...? or Could I have...?:
Could you please do the washing up for me? You ask your boss, a friend of you now, to give you a day off. Would you be so kind to give me a day off please? You need some pocket money and ask your mother. Mum, could I have some money please? You need your exercise to be corrected. Could you help me and correct my exercise please? You have to invite Mary, your mother-in-law, for your husband’s birthday. I would be really delighted if you could come to John’s birthday party.
‘Can I have some petrol?’ Yes, of course.’ Can I have these postcards, please? (in a shop)
Hello, can I speak to Tom, please? (on the phone)
INVITATIONS
Could I have the salt, please? (during a meal)
You look tired. I’ll get you a cup of coffee.
Would you like a cup of coffee?’ Yes, please. No, thank you.
Can I ask you something?’ ‘Yes, of course you can.
Can I read a book?
‘Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening?’ ‘Yes, I’d love to.’
Can I phone a friend?
Can I ask you something?’
A: Would you like some tea?
B: No, thank you.
Can I carry your bag?’
‘Oh, thanks. ‘Yes, of course you can
A: Would you like coffee?
B: Oh, no.
A: Then, what would you like to drink?
B: Coke, please
WE OFTEN USE CAN OR COULD TO ASK PEOPLE TO DO THINGS:
Example “Requests, offers, permission and invitations”
Can you . . . ?
or Could you . . . ? (more polite); or Do you think you could . . . ?
Can I listen to music?
Can I play computer games?
Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the Eiffel tower?
Can I go out?
Can I play cards?
Can you wait a moment, please? or Could you wait a moment, please?
Can I look that up in my dictionary?
Can you write that down for me please?
Could you lend me five pounds until tomorrow?’ ‘Yes, of course.’
Are you free for dinner on Friday?
What about going to the Japanese restaurant?
Do you think you could lend me some money until next week?
What’s wrong with you? Do you need any help?
Can you put the children to bed?’ ‘Yes, all right.’
Can you put the children to bed?’ ‘Yes, all right.’
Can / May I have some more tea?
You can / may go now if you want to.
Do you think you could help me for a few minutes?’ ‘Sorry, I’m afraid I’m busy.’
“Ask Permission” Can I use the restroom?
Could I listen to the radio?
WE ALSO USE WILL AND WOULD TO ASK PEOPLE TO DO THİNGS
Would it be OK to work on the computer?
May I use the restroom?
Liz, will you do me a favour?
Do you mind if I work on my math?
Is it OK if I leave class early?
Can we watch a movie?
Could I print something out?
Do you mind if I turn on the fan?
Would it be OK if I go and see Mr. Solver?
Would you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate.
POLITE REQUESTS You would like to go to the post-office. Could you please tell me the way to the post-office? You want to buy that nice blue dress you saw in the shop-window.
30.1 Read the situations and write questions beginning Can ... or Could ...
Could I try that dress on please?
1. You’re carrying a lot of things. You can’t open the door yourself. There’s a man standing near the door.
You would like some more sugar in your tea.
You say to him: Could you open the door, please?
Can I have some more sugar please?
2. You phone Ann but somebody else answers. Ann isn’t there. You want to leave a message for her.
You want the children to be quiet.
You say: Can / Could.....................................?
Please be quiet children! You would like to go to the cinema with Jane.
3. You are a tourist. You want to go to the station but you don’t know where it is. You ask at your hotel. You say: Can / Could .....................................?
Would you mind coming with me to the cinema?
4. You are in a clothes shop. You see some trousers you like and you want to try them on. You say to the shop assistant:
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Can / Could .............................?
UNIT 31 Conditional clause (type-one)
5. You have a car. You have to go to the same place as John, who hasn’t got a car. You want to give him a lift. You say to John: Can .............................? 30.2 Read the situations and write questions beginning Do you think... 1. You want to borrow your friend’s camera. What do you say to him? Do you think I could borrow your camera? 2. You are at a friend’s house and you want to use her phone. What do you say? Do you think ..........................................? 3. You’ve written a letter in English. Before you send it, you want an English friend to check it. What do you ask him? Do you think ...............................? 4. You want to leave work early because you have some things to do. What do you ask your boss? Do you think .....................................?
Liz has lost her watch so she is looking for it If I find it, I’ll tell you.
5. The woman in the next room is playing music. It’s very loud. You want her to turn it down. What do you say to her? Do you think .............................?
In this example, Liz feels there is a real possibility that she will find the watch.
6. You are phoning the owner of a flat which was advertised in a newspaper.
Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma will verb (base form) in the result clause.
Do you think ................................?
FIRST CONDITIONAL: REAL POSSIBILITY If+ Present Simple,
will + bare infinitive
If it rains, we will stay at home.
If+ Present Simple
modal verb
If you behave yourself, you can come.
If+ Present Simple
be going to (future)
if you don’t work, you’re going to fail.
If+ Present Simple”
imperative
If you need anything, ask.
If+ Present Continuous
will + bare infinitive
If we’re leaving soon, I’ll get my coat
If+ Present Perfect
will + bare infinitive.
If I’ve finished, I’ll be able to come.
If+ Present Perfect
modal verb
If you’ve finished, you can go out. If I’m not busy, I’ll come and pick you up.
I am not busy / come and pick you up.
You fall / break your leg.
If you fall, you’ll break your leg If you get the job, you’ll have more freedom.
You get the job / you have more freedom. The questions are easy enough / everyone pass the test. If the questions are easy enough, everyone will pass the test If he finishes on time, we will go to the movies. OR
We will go to the movies if he finishes on time.
If I buy a lottery ticket, I might win a lot.
If I can get a train ticket, I will come next week,
If she has time, she will call them.
Whenever there is a problem, he phones me.
If it costs too much, I will buy a smaller one.
If I have to, I will complain to the manager.
If we tell a lie, mother will punish us.
If she has enough flour, my mom will bake a cake.
If I study,
I will pass the exams.
If you see John tonight,
tell him to e-mail me.
If Ben gets up late,
he can’t catch the bus.
If it rains tomorrow
Will you stay at home?
If it rains tomorrow
What will you do?
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The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
If I find Simon’s mobile, I will take it to the office.
If Caroline and Sue prepare the salad, Phil will decorate the house.
If I do not make breakfast tomorrow morning, my girlfriend will not love me anymore
If Sue cuts the onions for the salad, Caroline will peel the mushrooms.
If they do not hurry, they will not catch the train
Jane will hover the sitting room if Aaron and Tim move the furniture.
If you don’t get enough sleep, you will not be able to stay awake in class.
If Bob tidies up the kitchen, Anita will clean the toilet.
If you own a pet, you may feel more relaxed.
Shall we go by bus or by taxi?
If you don’t get married, you will have more money to spend on yourself.
If we go by bus, it will be cheaper We’ll get there more quickly if we go by taxi
If my clothes don’t fit, I will have to buy new clothes.
The policeman will tell you the way if you ask him.
If you get a part-time job, you may be able to save some money.
If I ask my father for some money, he usually lends it to me.
John might buy a new monitor if his mother gives him 100 Euros
I will lend you my laptop if you promise to be careful with it.
31.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
If you add some tomatoes, the sauce will taste much better.
1. They would be rather offended if I didn’t go to see them. (not / go)
UNLESS
2. If you took more exercise, you would feel better. (feel)
We will get lost if we forget the town map.
3. If I was offered the job, I think I .............. it. (take) 4. I’m sure Amy will lend you the money. I’d be very surprised if she ............. (refuse) 5. If I sold my car, I............ much money for it. (not / get) 6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory -........... (close down) 7. What would happen if I ............. that red button? (press) 8. Liz gave me this ring. She .............. very upset if I lost it. (be) 9. Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be disappointed if we............ (not / come) 10. Would Tim mind if I.............. his bicycle without asking him? (borrow) The club is for members only. The club is for doctors only
11. If somebody.............. in here with a gun, I’d be very frightened. (walk)
You can’t go in unless you are a member (If you aren’t a member)
12. I’m sure Sue .......... if you explained the situation to her. (understand)
UNLESS
31.2 You ask a friend questions. Use what would you do if...?
It is used instead of if + not in conditional You won’t get the job unless you prepare for the interview. sentences of all types: They can’t pass the exam if they don’t study They can’t pass the exam unless they study.
1. (Maybe one day your friend will win a lot of money.) What would you do if you won a lot of money? 2. (Your car has never been stolen but perhaps one day it will be.) What.................................?-
Unless you study hard, you won’t get a scholarship
3. (Perhaps one day your friend will lose his / her passport.)
Unless you use high quality material, you can’t build a good house.
What ....................................?
Unless I’m mistaken, that’s certainly Mr Jones.
4. (There has never been a fire in the building.)
Unless it’s very cold, we will probably not have snow.
What ....................................?
Unless you use high quality material, you can’t build a good house.
31.3 Change each of the following sentences as shown in Example
Exercise “Conditional with “(type-one)”
If she is angry, she will scold us.
If she were angry, she would scold us.
If it snows in the Alps, it will rain in Munich.
If Tom pulls this string, he will open the box.
If he wins, we will congratulate him.
If I don’t go to the gym, I will get fat.
If it rains you’ll stay at home.
1. If they want to see you, they will come to the party.....................................................................
If we take the bus, we will not arrive in time
If you eat less sugar, you will lose weight.
2. If he is curious, he will ask what we are doing. ..........................................................................
If he won, we would congratulate him.
If I don’t have so much free time, I won’t be able to go to the gym.
3. She will help us, if she has time. ...............................................................................................
If I do not argue with my father, he will lend me his motorbike.
4. If they work hard, they will succeed. ...........................................................................................
If you eat too much junk food, you will not lose weight.
5. If I find the culprits, I will teach them a lesson. .............................................................................
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6. If she recognizes us, she will wave..............................................................................................
UNIT 32 Conditional clause (type-two)
7. They will treat you well, if you are honest with them. .................................................................... 8. If she likes you, she will tell you. ................................................................................................... 9. If he is ready, we will invite him to come. .................................................................................... 10. If they see me, they will want to speak to me. ............................................................................. 31.4 Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence. 1. You must work much harder or you won’t pass the exam. You won’t pass, the exam unless you work much harder 2. Listen carefully or you won’t know what to do. You won’t know what to do .......................... 3. She must apologize to me or I’ll never speak to her again. I’ll...................................... 4. You have to speak very slowly or he won’t be able to understand you. He won’t.................................. 5. The company must offer me more money or I’m going to look for another job. I mgoing ....................................
Sue wants to phone Paul but she can’t do this because she doesn’t know his number. She says: If I knew his number, I would phone him. Sue says: If I knew his number... . This tells us that she doesn’t know his number. She is imagining the situation. The real situation is that she doesn’t know his number. SECOND CONDITIONAL: UNREAL” conditional because it is used for unreal – impossible if clause
main clause
Simple Past
would + infinitive could + infinitive might + infinitive
Tom would read more if he had more time. (but he doesn’t have much time) I am sporty so I’ll run the marathon If I were sporty I would run the marathon. I am in Australia, I’ll visit the Sydney opera house. If I were in Australia, I would visit the Sydney Opera House. I am in New York; I’ll eat a hot dog. If I were in New York, I would eat a hot dog.. She is going to see Muse in concert, she’ll buy a T-shirt. If she were going to see Muse in concert, she would buy a T-shirt. I am going to Dublin next summer; I’ll have to speak in English. If I were going to Dublin next summer, I would have to speak in English.. He is intelligent; he always gets good marks in English. If he were intelligent, he would always get good marks in English.. They are in Paris today; maybe they will visit the Eiffel Tower. If they were in Paris today, maybe If I studied,
I would pass the exams.
If I studied,
I could pass the exams.
If I studied,
I might pass the exams.
If it snowed next July
what would you do?
If snowed next July
would you be surprised?
What would you do if you won a million pounds? (We don’t really expect this to happen)
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If he did not print the document, I would not correct it. If you helped your grandma, I would do the shopping
2. I wouldn’t buy that coat if I were you. (not / buy)
Andrew would water the flowers if he stayed at home.
3. I............. you if I could, but I’m afraid I can’t. (help)
If I came home earlier, I would prepare dinner.
4. We would need a car if we .................. in the country. (live)
If we lived in Rome, Francesco would visit us.
5. If we had the choice, we.................. in the country. (live)
If Tim and Tom were older, they would play in our hockey team.
6. This soup isn’t very good. It................. better if it wasn’t so salty. (taste)
If I studied I would pass the exams or I would pass the exams if I studied.
7. I wouldn’t mind living in England if the weather............... better. (be)
İF (I) WAS / WERE.....
8. If I were you,................ (not / wait). I............. now. (go)
It isn’t a very nice place. I wouldn’t go there if I were you.
It would be nice if the weather was better
9. You’re always tired. If you...to bed so late every night, you wouldn’t be tired all the time. (not / go)
What would Tom do if he were here?
If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that coat. or if I was you...
10. I think there are too many cars. If there........ so many cars (not / be), there.......... so much pollution. (not / be)
I’d go out if it weren’t raining. or if it wasn’t raining.
If you were in my position, what would you do?
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, TYPE 2, NEGATIVE
32.2 Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple conjugation with would.
If Oliver found money, he would not keep it.
We __________ if we were ready. (to come)
If they did not wear pullovers in the mountains, it would be too cold during the night.
_____ you _____ more if you had time? (to travel)
If Tony knew her phone number, he would not give it to Frank.
1. If we were hitchhiking............ you ...................to pick us up? (to stop)
If we did not visit this museum, you would not write a good report.
2. If we waited for him, we .............. not ...............on time. (to be)
If it was not so late, we would play a game of chess.
3. ................he .................us know if we made a mistake? (to let)
If Jeff did not like Jessica, he would not buy her an ice-cream.
4. I .......... not .............. to have a party if you were not there. (to want)
If you dropped this bottle, it would not break.
5. If you knew more about her, you ..................... your opinion. (to change)
If she did not bully her classmates, she would have more friends.
6. ................ you ............... pizza if you did not like it? (to order)
Exercise “Conditional clause (type-two)
7. .................. they not............... to come if we asked them? (to agree)
We would come if we were ready.
Would you travel more if you had time?
If I were rich, I would buy a big house.
I would give you a big ring if I could.
If you knew his phone number, you could phone him.
If you took the train, you would arrive faster
8. We ............... not .................... a car unless we were insured. (to drive)
if you had a key, you would open the door.
If you were less tired, you would clean the house
32.3 Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the appropriate conjugations with would.
if we had the choice, we would go to America.
If you used a pencil, the drawing would be perfect.
If you came with us now, you _________ everything. (to see)
If he met a woman, he would be happy.
They would buy a new car if they had more money.
If you came with us now, you would see everything.
Would you be surprised if it snowed next summer?
If I were him, I would start having driving lessons.
_____ he __________ us yesterday if we had slept in? (to wake)
If I were you, I would certainly do the same.
You would be surprised if you met her.
Would he have woken us yesterday if we had slept in?
If I had the money, I would buy a new car.
If they offered me the job, I would take it.
1. If he were here now he _______ not ___________ to help us. (to hesitate)
If people were more generous, they would help the poor ones
2. I ___________________ the book last week if I had known you wanted it. (to finish)
You would have summer holidays from June till August if you lived in the USA.
3. ______ you ______________ to him last night if you had seen him? (to speak)
We would sell the bike for 20 Euros if Ron repaired it.
4. If they were old enough, they __________________ the contest next week. (to enter)
The children would be happy if he taught them English
5. ______ she not ____________ a vacation now if she had more time? (to take)
If there were more children, they would build a school
6. If he had sent a message, we ______________________ it two days ago. (to receive)
We would pass the exam if we studied harder.
7. I ____________________ it if you came with me now. (to appreciate)
If Pat repaired his bike, he could go on a bicycle tour with us
8. ______ she not ________ grateful if we offered to help her tomorrow? (to be)
She would get 100 pounds if she sold this old shelf.
9. ______ he _____________ yesterday if he had entered the race? (to win)
If I was / were you, I would invite Jack to the party.
10. _______ they not __________________ more books last month if they had noticed the stock was low? (to order)
32.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
11. _______ she not ___________ us now if she knew where we lived? (to visit)
1. If I knew his number, I would phone him. (know)
12. _______ you _________________ cucumbers yesterday if they had been on sale? (to buy)
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32.4 for each of the following sentences, complete the subordinate clause with the Simple Past Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets.
UNIT 33 Conditional clause (type-three)
If he ____ in town, he would call us. (to be) If he were in town, he would call us. Would you go to the party if you ________ an invitation? (to receive) Would you go to the party if you received an invitation? If he ___ not ____ his work, he would find another job. (to like) If he did not like his work, he would find another job. 1. If he ________ rich, he would travel. (to be) 2. _________ I not anxious to meet him, I would stay at home. (to be) 3. He would have more free time if he ______ not _________ so hard. (to work) 4. If I _________ a car, I would visit Cape Breton. (to have)
If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you.
5. We would take the bus if it _________ to snow. (to begin)
The real situation was that she didn’t know he was in hospital
6. If you _________ him, you would surely recognize him. (to see)
If I’d seen you, of course I would have said hello. (but I didn’t see you)
7. I would not confide in him if I _______ not _________ him. (to trust)
If Alex had asked me, I would have emailed the documents.
8. If we _______ not _________ time, we would let you know. (to have)
If he had spoken more slowly, Peggy would have understood him
9. If he _____________ an expedition, I would certainly join it. (to organize)
THIRD CONDITIONAL: NO POSSIBILITY
10. I would not worry about it if I _________ you. (to be)
if clause
main clause
Past Perfect
would + have + past participle could + have + past participle might + have + past participle
If I had studied,
I would have passed the exams.
If I had studied,
I could have passed the exams.
If I had studied,
I might have passed the exams.
it had rained yesterday
would you have stayed at home?
it had rained yesterday
what would you have done?
The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. If I had studied, I would have passed the exams. Or I would have passed the exams if I had studied If Mary had left early, she would have arrived at the station in time. If I had earned a lot of money, I would have become very rich. If Helen had run fast, she would have won the race. If he had gone to school, he would have learnt a lot of things. If they had played well, they would have won. If you had tried hard, you would have passed your exams. Conditional sentences, type III, Negative If you had checked the car, it would not have broken down in the middle of the desert. If it had not rained, the children would have played outside.
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If my parents had not been so tired, they would have watched the film on TV.
if I ................................................
Exercise “Conditional with “type-three”
4. I was able to buy the car only because Jim lent me the money.
If they had waited for another 10 minutes, they would have seen the pop star
If Jim................................................
If the police had come earlier, they would have arrested the burglar.
5. Margaret wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.
If you had bought fresh green vegetable, your salad would have tasted better
If Margaret......
If the police had not stopped me, I would have reached you in time.
6. You didn’t have any breakfast - that’s why you’re hungry now.
If his older brother had not driven so fast, he would not have crashed into the other car
If you..............................................
If Fred had not cheated at the test, his teacher would not have phoned his father.
7. I didn’t get a taxi because I didn’t have any money on me.
If I had not switched off the radio, I would have known about the second goal
If I had..............................................
If the car had turned left, the old lady would have crossed the street If she had realized the red traffic light, she would have stopped
33.3 Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Perfect conjugation with would.
The boys would have won the match if they had trained regularly
f it had rained, I ________________ at home. (to stay)
If you had brought your guitar, we would have sung at the party.
If it had rained, I would have stayed at home.
If we had gone to a good restaurant, we would have had a better dinner.
_____ you _________ with us if we had asked you? (to come)
If John had learned more words, he would have written a good report.
Would you have come with us if we had asked you?
If the boys had taken the bus to school, they would have arrived on time.
If he had hurried, he _____ not ___________ the bus. (to miss)
If the teacher had explained the homework, I would have done it.
If he had hurried, he would not have missed the bus.
If she had bought a new hard disk, she would not have lost all data.
_____ she not __________ if she had seen us? (to wave)
If I had seen you, I would have talked to you.
Would she not have waved if she had seen us? 1. If he had arrived late, ... we.... without him? (to begin)
33.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
2. If they had felt thirsty, ......... they not.......the lemonade? (to drink)
1. I didn’t know you were in hospital. If I’d known (I / know), I would have gone (I / go) to visit you.
3. If we had been here, we ..... not.... the fireworks. (to miss)
2. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If,.................... (he / miss) it.............. ........ (he / be) late for his interview.
4. If his office had called,.... he not..... to work? (to return)
3. It’s good that you reminded me about Ann’s birthday...................... (I / forget)if........................ (you / not / remind) me.
6. If they had searched more carefully, they.........the watch sooner. (to find)
4. Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book with me when I was in New York. If..................... (I / have) your address,...................................... (I / send) you a postcard.
7. If you had visited Rome, .........you .... to the opera? (to go)
5. A: How was your holiday? Did you have a nice time? B: It was OK, but............................... (we / enjoy) it more if................... (the weather / be) better.
5. She.....not........ early if she had not had a good reason. (to leave)
8. She...............down if she had been tired. (to lie)
6. I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad. ............ (it / be) quicker if....................................... (I / walk).
33.4 For each of the following sentences, complete the subordinate clause with the Past Perfect Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets.
7. I’m not tired. If................................ (I / be) tired, I’d go home now.
If I __________ him to do it, he would have obeyed me. (to order)
8. I wasn’t tired last night. If ................................. (I / be) tired, I would have gone home earlier.
If I had ordered him to do it, he would have obeyed me. Had it not ______ yesterday, we would have raked the leaves. (to snow)
33.2 Write a sentence with if for each situation.
Had it not snowed yesterday, we would have raked the leaves.
1. I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat anything.
1. I would not have got lost if I ........ the map. (to study)
If I’d been hungry, I would have eaten something
2. ...... he ..........at home, we would have visited him. (to be)
2. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.
3. We would have invited him if we .......... he would come. (to think)
If the driver in front ..................................
4. He would have applied for the job if he ....... the advertisement. (to see)
3. I didn’t know that George had to get up early, so I didn’t wake him up.
5. We would not have ordered tea, ........... we ....... how late it was. (to know)
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6......... it not ......., they would have held the party in the park. (to rain)
UNIT 34 I wish, if only.
7. We would have agreed with you if we ............. what you meant. (to understand) 8. If you ..........salt on the steps, they would not have been so slippery. (to put)
9....... he ...... to us, e would have known when to expect him. (to write) 10. If he ............ to take the course, he would have had to work hard. (to choose)
My parents are sorry that I’m not good at maths My parents wish I were good at maths We use wish with past Tense forms (simple and continuous) to express regret about present situations: I wish I was taller = (I’m not very tall)
I wish I was going with you = (but I’m not)
I wish you were more help. = (you are not)
I wish I were can replace I wish I was.
Present
I wish I could use a computer well.
Past Simple
I wish I knew the answer. (= I don’t know)
Past Simple
I wish I was / were better at sports. (= I’m not)
Past Continuous
I wish I was / were going with you. (= I’m not)
Past Perfect
I wish I had known you
Future I wish you would stop talking. Ability
I wish I could speak English
I wish I spoke Italian. (I don’t speak Italian.)
I wish I could tell her about it.
I wish I had a big car. (I don’t have a big car.)
I wish (that) I didn’t have to ask my parents for everything
I WISH ...........TO BE To be in England. (You) :
I wish I were in England.
To be a movie star. (John):
John wishes he were a movie star
To be older. (you) :
I wish I were older.
To be rich. (your mother) :
My mother wishes she were rich.
Not to be so busy. (your dad) :
My dad wishes he weren’t so busy
Study this example situation: Jim is sorry that he doesn’t know Jenny’s phone number :
Jim wishes he knew Jenny’s phone number.
My dad is sorry that my mother doesn’t speak English
My dad wishes My mother spoke English
I’m sorry that it’s raining :
I wish it weren’t raining -or- I wish it were not raining.
I’m sorry that you are ill
If only you weren’t ill -or- If only you were not ill.
I’m sorry that I can’t play the violin
If only I could play the violin.
I’m sorry that I’m so late
If only I weren’t so late -or- If only I were not so late.
I’m sorry that I can’t help you
If only I could help you.
I’m sorry that I don’t know my English verbs
If only I knew my English verbs.
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
I wish I had studied harder.
My friends invited me to a party, but I didn’t go.
I wish I had gone to the party with them.
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My car is old but I can’t afford a new one.
If only I could afford a new car.
I wish he wouldn’t sell the house.
My sister phoned me but I wasn’t at home.
I wish I had been in.
If only I could talk to her! = I wish I could talk to her!
My dog needs to go for a walk, but I haven’t got time right now. If only I had more free time.
If only he didn’t sell the house!
If only you were here. (= but you are not)
If only the sun would come out!
If I’d had more children, I wouldn’t be so lonely.
If only I had had more children.
If only you could be here! (= but you’re not)
If I want to go to the cinema, I would need some money.
If only I had some money.
Exercise “I wish, if only”
If he had gone out earlier, he wouldn’t have missed the flight. He wishes he had gone out earlier.
I wish I hadn’t argued with my mom yesterday.
Study this example situation:
I wish he hadn’t been so drunk in the party
If only I’d listened to you! (=but I didn’t) I wish you had not told all those lies. I wish I hadn’t taken your advice. (= but I did)
I am soaked to the skin.
If only I had brought an umbrella!
I wish I was / were going with you. (= I’m not)
If only you were here. (= but you are not)
This pullover was really cheap.
I wish I had bought two of them!
If only you could be here! (= but you’re
I like your school.
I wish I went there too.
I wish I had known you then. (= but I didn’t) not)
I must get in touch with Rose.
If only I knew her phone number.
If only I’d listened to you! (=but I didn’t)
If only I was going on holiday with you!
This bus is really slow!
I wish we had taken the train instead.
I wish they’d come on holiday with us. (They didn’t come on holiday with us.)
I’m disappointed in this camera.
I wish I hadn’t bought it.
I wish I had studied harder at school. (I was lazy at school.)
I answered three questions well.
If only I had finished the whole test.
I can’t understand anything Jane says!
I wish I spoke French..
34.1 What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with I wish ... would...
I’m hungry.
If only I had a sandwich in my pocket.
1. Its raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain.
This is a lovely place.
I wish we had come here before.
You say: I wish it would stop raining.
It’s a pity you live so far away.
If only you live in my street!
2. You’re waiting for John. He’s late and you’re getting impatient.
IF ONLY
You say (to yourself): I wish..................................
If only can be more emphatic than I wish. The verb forms after if only are the same as the patterns with wish:
3. You can hear a baby crying and you’re trying to study.
‘Only if’ means “I wish”
You say: I wish..................................... 4. You’re looking for a job - so far without success. Nobody will give you a job. You say I wish............................ 5. Brian has been wearing the same clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes. You say (to Brian): I wish................................ For the following situations, write sentences with I wish ... wouldn’t.... 6. Your friend drives very fast. You don’t like this.
If only I could talk to her! = wish I could talk to her!
You say (to your friend): I wish you ........................
I wish it would be more useful.
If only it was more useful!
7. Jack always leaves the door open. This annoys you.
I wish she had met you.
If only she had met you!
You say (to Jack): I wish..............................
I wish they would catch them.
If only they caught them!
8. A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don’t like this.
I wish they hadn’t killed them
. If only they hadn’t killed them!
You say: I wish people ................................
I wish she would succeed.
If only she succeeded!
I wish she hadn’t failed.
If only she hadn’t failed!
34.2 Complete each of the following sentences with the Past Perfect Subjunctive of the verb shown in brackets.
I wish you would arrive early.
If only you arrived early!
They wished they ___ not ____. (to come)
I wish you had lent me that car.
If only you had lent me that car!
They wished they had not come.
I wish I had learnt Spanish.
If only I had learnt Spanish!
I wish I ________ ready on time. (to be)
I wish I could stay in bed later.
If only I could stay in bed later!
I wish I had been ready on time.
I wish he had studied Drama.
If only he had studied Drama!
Will she wish she __________ her bicycle? (to ride)
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Will she wish she had ridden her bicycle?
You say: I wish -...............................
1. I wish I .................not ................the answers. (to lose)
5. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but you didn’t bring your
2. They wished they ...................not ................... the appointment. (to forget)
camera.
3. He will wish he ...................... us the book. (to show)
You say: I wish ...............................
4. Will they wish we ............................... them some food? (to give) 5. We wish it .............................yesterday. (to snow)
6. You have some unexpectd guests. They didn’t tell you they were coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them.
6. She wished she ................. not ...................the window. (to open)
You say (to yourself): I wish ...............................
7. I wished I ....................... the news. (to hear) 8. You wish you ........................ what to do. (to know) 34.3 Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb shown in brackets We wished they....... us earlier. (to call)
We wished they had called us earlier.
She wishes she ....... in Rome now.
She wishes she were in Rome now.
I wish you ........ with us tomorrow. (to come) I wish you would come with us tomorrow. 1. I wish he .................. here now. (to be) 2. I wish that you .................. here yesterday. (to be) 3. We wish you ................... tomorrow. (to come) 4. You will wish you ............ earlier. (to leave) 5. They wished he ................. with them the next day. (to come) 6. We wish you ............... yesterday. (to arrive) 7. I wish that he ............... us next year. (to visit) 8. She wishes that she ................ at home now. (to be) 9. You wish that he .................. you last week. (to help) 10. He will always wish he....................rich. (to be) 11. The boy wished that he ...................... the competition the next day. (to win) 12. She will wish she ................... the arrangements earlier. (to make) 13. I wish the weather ..........................warmer now. (to be) 14. We always wished we ........................ fluent in other languages. (to be) 15. They wish he.......................... them next week. (to telephone) 34.4. Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation, write a sentence with I wish ... 1. You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick. You say: I wish I hadn’t eaten so much. 2. There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you think that your decision was wrong. You say: I wish ..................................... 3. When you were younger, you didn’t learn to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this. You say: I wish ................................... 4. You’ve painted the gate red. Now you think that it doesn’t look very nice.
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UNIT 35 Passive Voice Affirmative
I was bitten by a dog a few days ago. Do you like these paintings? They were painted by a friend of mine The pupils have bought the books.
The books have been bought by The pupils.
I offered them a new house.
A new house was offered to them by me.
She will repair the roof.
The roof will be repaired by her.
She is singing a beautiful song
A beautiful song is being sung by her.
The cat killed the mice.
The mice were killed by The cat.
Here are some examples with most of the possible tenses: VERB
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Infinitive
to cook
To be cooked
Present Simple:
I cook food in the kitchen.
Food is cooked in the kitchen.
Present Continuous:
I am cooking food in the kitchen.
Food is being cooked in the kitchen.
Present Perfect:
I have cooked food in the kitchen.
Food has been cooked in the kitchen.
Past Simple:
I cooked food in the kitchen yesterday.
Food was cooked in the kitchen yesterday.
Past Continuous:
I was cooking food in the kitchen.
Food was being cooked in the kitchen.
Past Perfect:
I had cooked food in the kitchen.
Food had been cooked in the kitchen.
Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.
Future Simple:
I will cook food in the kitchen.
Food will be cooked in the kitchen.
America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
Future Perfect:
I will have cooked food in the kitchen.
Food will have been cooked in the kitchen.
We use a passive verb to say what happens to the subject:. We can form the passive in any tense. The main verb is always in past participle form and the auxiliary verb is always be. She can help me. I can be helped by her. We shall see them. They will be seen by us. Ali took the pen. The pen was taken by Ali.
I must see the doctor. The doctor must be seen by me
We write the letter. The letter is written by us.
Mike is reading a book. A book is being read by Mike.
When we use the passive, who or what causes the action is oten unknown or unimportant: A lot of money was stolen in the robbery. (somebody stole it but we don’t know who) Is this room cleaned every day? (does somebody clean it?--it’s not important who)
Tom does the housework. The homework is done. or The homeork is done by Tom If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by... This house was built by my grandfather. Two hundred people are employed by the company. President Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald. The telephone was invited by Alexander Bell in 1876
The dog bites my mother
My mother is bitten by the dog.
The chef will cook a nice meal
A nice meal will be cooked.
Someone is painting the front door
The front door is being painted.
John saw this girl
This girl was seen by John.
She didn’t notice John’s remarks
John’s remarks weren’t noticed.
He hasn’t given any information
Any information hasn’t been given.
We eat a lot of chocolate
A lot of chocolates are eaten by us.
I will have turned this sentence into the passive form She bought this house in 2008.
This sentence will have been turned into the pas This house was bought in 2008.
We’ll switch off the lights at 10 p.m. . . .
The lights will be switched off at 10 p.m. . . .
They had cleaned the car by 10.
The car had been cleaned by 10.
I removed the books before you came in.
The books were removed before you came in.
My father ate a big pizza.
A big pizza was eaten by my father.
The police arrested the thieves
The thieves were arrested by The police.
They will accept my offer
My offer will be accepted.
They are building a new bridge
A new bridge is being built.
They gave Frank a new job
Frank was given a new job.
They gave a car to Mary
Mary was given a car -or- A car was given to Mary.
They didn’t send me a parcel
I wasn’t sent a parcel.
Mark was watching TV
TV was being watched by Mark.
We’ll name this baby after his father.
This baby will be named after his father.
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The dog tore the cat to pieces.
The cat was torn to pieces.
I am writing a poem.
The wind blew all the leaves away.
All the leaves were blown away.
We are not playing football.
They left the kids behind.
The kids were left behind.
Exercise on Passive Voice - Simple Past
They speak English in India.
English is spoken in India.
We stopped the bus.
Mrs Jones had cleared the table
The table had been cleared by Mrs Jones.
She didn’t win the prize.
They have just arrested the thief.
The thief has just been arrested.
They didn’t make their beds.
Their beds were not made by them
They will ask you to open your cases.
You will be asked to open your cases.
I did not tell them.
They were not told by me
Did you tell them?
A poem is being written by me
Football is not being played by us
The bus was stopped by us The prize was not won by her
Were they told by you?
Did he send the letter?
Was the letter sent by him?
Exercise on Passive Voice - Past Progressive We were talking about Francis. I was repairing their bikes.
Francis was being talked about by us
Their bikes were being repaired by me
We were not painting the gate. He was not feeding the dogs.
The gate was not being painted by us
The dogs were not being fed by him
Was she reading these lines? Were these lines being read by her? Were they carrying bags? Were bags being carried by them? Exercise on Passive Voice – Present Perfect Kerrie has paid the bill. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
I have opened the present.
The present has been opened by me
They have not read the book. The book has not been read by them They have not caught the thieves.
MODAL VERBS
The bill has been paid by Kerrie
The thieves have not been caught by them.
Has she phoned him? Has he been phoned by her?
Somebody will clean the office tomorrow
The office will be cleaned
Somebody must clean the office
The office must be cleaned tomorrow
Exercise on Passive Voice - Past Perfect
I think they’ll invite you to the party
I think you’ll be invited to the party
I had worn blue shoes.
They can’t repair my watch
My watch can’t be repaired
You should wash this sweater by hand
This sweater should be washed by hand
She had not noticed me. I had not been noticed by her
They are going to build a new airport
A new airport is going to be built
Had she solved the problem? Had the problem been solved by her?
Somebody has to wash these clothes
These clothes have to be washed
They had to take the injured man to hospital
The injured man had to be taken to hospital
Active: My mother might wash my clothes
Have they noticed us?
Have we been noticed by them? Blue shoes had been worn by me
I had been reading an article. An article had been read by me. I had not closed the window. The window had not been closed by me
Had he recorded that song? Had that song been recorded by him? Exercise on Passive Voice - Future Frank will have ordered the drinks.
The drinks will have been ordered by Frank
Passive: My clothes might be washed by my mother.
She will not have read the book. The book will not have been read by her
Active: My mother can wash my clothes
Passive: My clothes can be washed by my mother.
They will not have trusted him. He will not have been trusted by them
Active: My mother must wash my clothes
Passive: My clothes must be washed by my mother.
He won’t have rung Barbara. Barbara will not have been rung by him
Exercise on Passive Voice - Present Progressive
Will they have paid the bill? Will the bill have been paid by them?
Sheila is drinking a cup of tea.
A cup of tea is being drunk by Sheila
Will you have washed my socks?
Farmer Joe is milking the cows.
The cows are being milked by farmer Joe.
Exercise on Passive Voice - Conditional I
She is taking a picture of him.
A picture of him is being taken by her
Jenny would congratulate you.
Will my socks have been washed by you? You would be congratulated by Jenny
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We would pick you up.
You would be picked up by us
The girl is riding the horse.
The horse is being ridden by the girl.
He would build a new house. A new house would be built by him
The student has prepared the lunch.
The lunch has been prepared by the student.
They would take the opportunity.
The president will thank the members.
The members will be thanked by the president.
You would not recognize Jim. Jim would not be recognized by you
The children can understand the poem.
The poem can be understood by the children.
Would they decorate the room? Would the room be decorated by them?
1. The woman founded the club. ..........................................................................................
Passive Voice - Exercise with Auxiliary Verbs
2. This entry took the prize................................................................................................................
I can answer the question. The question can be answered by me
3. The girl is playing the guitar. .......................................................................................................
She would carry the box. The box would be carried by her
4. The mailman has delivered the letter............................................................................................
You should open the window. The window should be opened by you
5. The chauffeur can drive the car.......................................................................................................
You ought to wash the car. The car ought to be washed by you
6. The child chose the hat....................................................................................................................
He must fill in the form. The form must be filled in by him
7. The cat chased the mouse.............................................................................................................
They need not buy bread. Bread need not be bought by them
8. The workers will weave the carpet................................................................................................
He could not read the sentence.
The sentence could not be read by him
9. The stranger could have bought the hiking boots..............................................................................
Will our English be tested by the teacher?
10. The dealer has sold the car.............................................................................................................
Will the teacher test our English?
The opportunity would be taken by them
Could Jenny lock the door? Could the door be locked by Jenny?
11. The dog splashed the water. 12. The man has watered the garden.
35.1 Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the Passive Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Active Voice.
35.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive.
The news was heard by everyone.
Everyone heard the news.
1. it’s a big factory. Five hundred people are employed (employ) there.
The orders were followed by the officials.
The officials followed the orders.
2. Water.................. (cover) most of the Earth’s surface.
The money is being counted by the cashier.
The cashier is counting the money.
3. Most of the Earth’s surface ................. (cover) by water.
The ducks have been fed by the tourists.
The tourists have fed the ducks.
4. The park Gates................ (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.
The flowers will be photographed by the naturalist. The naturalist will photograph the flowers.
5. The letter................. (post) a week ago and it --- (arrive) yesterday.
1. The bill was paid by the manager...................................................................................................
6. The boat ............. (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody --- (rescue).
2. The bread was made by the baker.................................................................................................
7. Ron’s parents.............. (die) when he was very young. He and his sister....... (bring) up by their grandparents.
3. The wiring must be checked by the electrician. ............................................................................................
8. I was born in London but I.............. (grow) up in the north of England.
4. The crow was being scolded by the squirrel. ............................................................................................
9. While I was on holiday, my camera ............ (steal) from my hotel room.
5. The book was written by a doctor. ............................................................................................
10. While I was on holiday, my camera ........... (disappear) from my hotel room.
6. The house was painted by a student. ............................................................................................
11. Why ................. (Sue / resign) from her job? Didn’t she enjoy it?
7. The seeds were taken by the chickadee. ............................................................................................
12. Why ............ (Bill / sack) from his job? What did he do wrong?
8. The cider has been drunk by the guest. ............................................................................................
13. The company is not independent. It.......... (own) by a much larger company.
9. The mail is opened by the secretary. ............................................................................................
14. I saw an accident last night. Somebody....... (call) an ambulance but nobody.... (injure) so the ambulance-........ (not / need).
10. The ingredients have been measured by the cooks. ...............................................................................
15. Where........... (these photographs / take)? In London?
11. The bird was seen by the photographers. ............................................................................................ 12. His work will be published by the magazine. .........................................................................................
35.4 Write sentences from words. Some of the sentences are questions Sentences 1-7 are present
35.2. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the Active Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Passive Voice. The teenager rowed the boat.
The boat was rowed by the teenager.
1 (the Office / clean / everyday)
The Office is cleaned everyday
2 (these rooms / clean / everyday) 3 (glass / make / from sand)
These rooms are cleaned everyday
..................................
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4 (stamps / sell / in a post Office)
..................................
5 (this room / not / use / very often)
..................................
6 (we allow / park / here?)
..................................
7 (how / this / word / pronounce?)
..................................
UNIT 36 Passive Voice negative -question
Sentences 8-15 are past The Office was cleaned yesterday
10 (my phone / steal / a few days ago)
..................................
11 (there people / injure / in the kitchen)
..................................
12 (when / this bridge / build?)
..................................
13 (I / not / wake up / by the noise)
..................................
14 (how / these Windows / break?)
..................................
15 (you / invite / to Jon’s party last week) ..................................
What kinds of things are sold in that supermarket? To form a question, the first auxiliary is placed before the subject Negative statements the word” not” is placed after the first auxiliary. NEGATIVE STATEMENT
QUESTION
You were not shown the sights.
Were you shown the sights?
She is not being shown the sights
Is she being shown the sights?
He will not have been shown the sights.
Will he have been shown the sights?
We should not be shown the sights.
Should we be shown the sights?
SIMPLE
..................................
CONTINUOUS
9 (the house / paint / last month)
PERFECT SIMPLE
8 (the office / clean / yesterday)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
QUESTION
present
It is washed.
It isn’t washed.
is It washed?
past
It was washed.
It wasn’t washed.
Was It washed?
future
It will be washed.
It won’t be washed.
Will It be washed?
conditional
It would be washed.
It wouldn’t be washed.
Would It be washed?
present
It is being washed.
It isn’t being washed.
İs It being washed?
past
It was being washed.
It wasn’t being washed.
Was It being washed?
future
It will be being washed.
It won’t be being washed.
Will It be being washed?
conditional
It would be being washed.
It wouldn’t be being washed.
Would It be being washed?
present
It has been washed.
It hasn’t been washed.
Has It been washed?
past
It had been washed.
It hadn’t been washed.
Had It been washed?
future
It will have been washed.
It won’t have been washed.
Will It have been washed?
conditional
It would have been washed. It wouldn’t have been washed. Would It have been washed?
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PERFECT CONTINUOUS
It was sent on time. present
It has been being washed.
It hasn’t been being washed.
Has It been being washed?
past
It had been being washed. It hadn’t been being washed.
Had It been being washed?
future
It will have been being It won’t have been being Will It have been being washed. washed. washed?
conditional
It would have been being It wouldn’t have been being Would It have been being washed. washed. washed?
The whole cake was eaten.
The whole cake wasn’t eaten.
Was The whole cake eaten?
He was killed by a car.
He wasn’t killed by a car.
Was he killed by a car?
The notice was taken down. The notice wasn’t taken down.
Money was found in the garden. Money wasn’t found in the garden.
It was not sent on time. 1. We could have been seen from the island..................................................... 2. It is being dealt with satisfactorily.................................................................. 3. They were being kept under observation................................................................... 4. You will be held responsible..................................................................................... 5. They were expected at six o’clock........................................................................... 6. He will be asked to participate................................................................................
Was The notice taken down?
36.3 Change the following affirmative statements into negative questions.
Was Money found in the garden?
He is respected by everyone. Is he not respected by everyone?
The words aren’t explained by the teacher today. a letter the day before yesterday?
Are the words explained by the teacher today? Were we sent We weren’t sent a letter the day before yesterday.
She should be consulted.
This car will not be stolen. It’s too old.
This car won’t not be stolen. It’s too old.
2. We were being assisted by volunteers...........................................................
Exercise “Active and passive form”
Should she not be consulted?
1. They were recognized immediately.......................................................... 3. It had been delivered......................................................................................
Dinner isn’t served at 8:30pm. In this hotel.
His travel expenses aren’t paid by his company.
4. They should have been guarded more carefully.............................................................
The rubbish isn’t taken away three times a week.
The building isn’t used -or- is not used anymore.
5. We will be given financial assistance..................................................................................
Are these computers made in Taiwan?
İs he found in the garden?
6. It had been organized by the club members.........................................................................
İs she told a story?
Are these cars repaired by the mechanics?
Are people allowed to walk on the grass?
Is wine produced all over the world?.
36.4 Write questions using the passive. Some are present and some are past.
İs money collected to help this family?
The eggs aren’t eaten with some bread.
1. Ask about the telephone. (when / invent?)
The bottles aren’t sold to the wine dealers.
İs my car being repaired by my father?
When was the telephone invented?
Is the wedding party being prepared by her parents? Ann isn’t being waited for by me.
2. Ask about glass. (how / make?)
The wall isn’t being painted by English workers.
Are passengers being flown from the airport?
How .................................?
İs my homework being done?
İs a new church being built next to my house.
3. Ask about Australia. (when / discover?) When.................................?
36.1 Change the following affirmative statements into questions.
4. Ask about silver. (what / use for?)
You are required to attend the meeting.
Are you required to attend the meeting?
What....................................?
Is she being ignored?
5. Ask about television. (when / invent?)
She is being ignored.
1. They should be notified. ............................................................. 2. He might have been allowed to come. ............................................................. 3. You had been told about it. ............................................................. 4. They will be needed. ............................................................. 5. It has been adjourned. ............................................................. 6. They were being prepared. ............................................................. 36. 2 Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements. They would have been instructed to join us. Hey would not have been instructed to join us.
When..............................?
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UNIT 37 Passive Voice begins with the person When we use these verbs in the passive, most often we begin with the person: I was born... We say: I was born ... (not ‘I am born’): Where were you born? I was born in Chicago. Some verbs can have two objects.
So it is possible to make two passive sentences:
Passive: I don’t like being told what to do. I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday. Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting. (= he hates people keeping him waiting) We managed to climb over the wall without being seen. Exercise “Active and passive form with the person They took her to hospital as soon as possible. She was taken to hospital as soon as possible. They have invited me to the ceremony. I have been invited to the ceremony. They have invited me to the ceremony. I have been invited to the ceremony. They teach her Chinese at school She is taught Chinese at school. Her aunt is bringing her up now She is being brought up by her aunt now.
We gave the information to the police.
The sound of breaking glass woke Edward up
The information was given to the police. The police were given the information
Edward was woken up by the sound of breaking glass.
Tim gave Lisa some flowers.
The King himself pardoned them
Some flowers were given to Lisa by Tim. Lisa was given some flowers by Tim.
They were pardoned by the King himself.
They asked me some difficult questions at the interview.
His wife is teaching him English at the moment.
I was asked some difficult questions at the interview. Or Some difficult questions were asked me
He is being taught English by his wife at the moment.
Janet’s colleagues gave her a present when she retired.
A strange man followed me
Janet was given a present by her colleagues when she retired. Or A present was given Janet
I was followed by a strange man.
We will give you plenty of time
You will be given plenty of time to decide.
She is told a story.
I was taught English by Mr.Kapon a few years ago.
37.1 Write these sentences in another way, beginning in the way shown.
Has anybody shown you ...?
Have you been shown the new machine?
1. They didn’t give me the money. I _wasn’t given the money._
Somebody paid the men L200
The men were paid L200 to do the work.
They didn’t give me the money. I wasn’t given the money
They offered me the job
I was offered the job but I refused
2. They asked me some difficult questions at the interview.
Passive sentences with two objects
I ....................................................
Kevin asked Dennis a question. Dennis was asked a question by Kevin
3. Janet’s colleagues gave her a present when she retired.
She gives him a box. He is given a box.
Janet ..............................................
Max will look after him.
4. Nobody told me that George was ill.
He will be looked after by Max.
Somebody gave us some money The teacher told us a joke.
We were given some money.
We were told a joke by the teacher.
I wasn’t............................................. 5. How much will they pay you?
They will meet Doris at the station.
Doris will be met at the station.
How much will you..............................
Michael has not sent me a text message.
I have not been sent a text message.
6. I think they should have offered Tom the job.
I don’t like being...
I think Tom.............................. .........
The passive of doing / seeing etc. is being done / being seen etc. Compare:
7. Has anybody shown you what to do?
Active: I don’t like people telling me what to do.
Have you .........................................
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37.2 Complete the sentences using being + one of these verbs: ask attack
give invite keep
UNIT 38 It is said that.....
pay
(be) supposed to...
1. Mr Miller doesn’t like _being kept_ waiting. Mr Miller doesn’t like being kept waiting. 2. They went to the party without being......................-. 3. Most people like being..................... presents.
Study this example situation: Henry is very old. Nobody knows exactly how old he is, but:
4. it’s a dangerous city. People won’t go out after dark because they are afraid of being............. 5. I don’t like being.................... stupid questions. 6. Few people are prepared to work witout being.......................
It is said that he is 108 years old. or He is said to be 108 years old. Both these sentences mean: ‘People say that he is 108 years old.’ Compare the two structures: Cathy works very hard. It is said that she works 16 hours a day. or she is said to work 16 hours a day. The police are looking for a missing boy. It is believed that the boy is wearing a or white pullover and blue jeans. The boy is believed to be wearing a white pullover and blue jeans. The strike started three weeks ago. It is expected that it will end soon. or the strike is expected to end soon A friend of mine has been arrested. It is alleged that he kicked a policeman. or He is alleged to have kicked a policeman. Those two houses belong to the same family. It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them. There is said to be a secret tunnel between them. These structures are often used in news reports. For example, in a report about an accident: It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion. or two people are reported to have been Injured in the explosion. (BE) SUPPOSED TO Let’s go and see that film. It’s supposed to be very good. (= it is said to be very good) ‘Why was he arrested?’ ‘He’s supposed to have kicked a policeman.’ The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late. (= the train was expected to arrive at 11.30 according to the timetable) You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn’t you do it?
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‘You’re not supposed to do something’ = it is not allowed or advisable for you to do it:
UNIT 39 Causative Verbs
You’re not supposed to park your car here. It’s private parking only. Mr. Bond is much better after his illness but he’s still not supposed to do any heavy work. (= his doctors have advised him not to ...) 38.1 Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown. Use the underlined word in your sentence. 1. It is _expected_ that the strike will end soon. The strike _is expected to end soon._ It is expected that the strike will end soon. 2. It is _expected_ that the weather will be good tomorrow. The weather is................................... 3. It is _believed_ that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
The roof of Tom’s house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for somebody to repair it
The thieves ........................................
Tom had the roof repaired yesterday
4. It is _reported_ that many people are homeless after the floods. Many people......................................
Yesterday a workman came and did the job. This means: Tom arranged for somebody else to repair the roof. She didn’t repair it herself. He arranged for somebody else to repair it
5. It is _thought_ that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall.
In a causative sentence, the subject does not perform the action.
The prisoner ................................... 6. It is _alleged_ that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour. The man is ......................................... 7. It is _reported_ that the building has been badly damaged by fire. The building ................................... 8. a: It is _said_ that the company is losing a lot of money. The company...................................... b: It is _believed_ that the company lost a lot of money last year. The company....................................... c: It is _expected_ that the company will lose money this year. The company...................................
Example
Meaning
Type of sentence
I had my car repaired
I asked a mechanic to do the repairs Causative
If you ‘have something done’, you get somebody else to do something for you. THE VERB “TO HAVE” + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE. I had my jacket cleaned yesterday. -
Did you have your computer fixed?
He has had his car repaired.
They had their clothes cleaned.
She has her hair done every Saturday.
I will have the carpets cleaned by a professional.
I am going to have the house redecorated.
He is having his garage rebuilt.
She has had all her curtains made.
John has had the garden fence repainted.
TENSE
HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE
PRESENT SIMPLE
I have / get my hair cut.
PAST SIMPLE
I had / got my hair cut.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
I’m having / getting my hair cut.
PAST CONTINUOUS
I was having / getting my hair cut.
PRESENT PERFECT
I have had my hair cut.
PAST PERFECT
I had had my hair cut.
WILL
I will have my hair cut.
MUST
I must have my hair cut.
BE GOING TO
I’m going to have my hair cut.
We are having the house painted at the moment.
I lost my key. I will have to have another key made
When was the last time you had your hair cut?
This coat is dirty. I must have it cleaned
She has her mom cooked dinner for her
Tom is having Bill written the report at the moment
Jonny has his car parked by the parking man.
Bob has his packages delivered by the postman
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How often do you have your car serviced?
She’s having her house redecorated.
I’m having a copy of the report sent to you
Last week, she had her leg broken.
We hate going to evening classes, but
If you want to wear earrings, why don’t you have your ears pierced?
39.1 Write sentences in the way shown.
Why did you go to the cleaner’s? ...I needed to have my jacket cleaned
1. Jill didn’t repair the roof herself. She had it repaired.
HAVE / HAD IN QUESTION..?
2. I didn’t cut my hair myself. I .................
Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?
3. They didn’t paint the house themselves. They....................
‘Are you going to repair the car yourself?’ ‘No, I’m going to have it repaired
4. Sue didn’t make the curtains herself.....................
Our parents will make us go to evening classes.
Your hair looks nice. Have you had it cut? Have you ever had your passport stolen?
39.2 Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use the structure ‘have something done’.
HAVE / HAD IN NEGATIVE
1. We _are having the house painted_ (the house / paint) at the moment.
I am having a house built
I am not having a house built
I have a house built
I haven’t a house built
I will have a house built
I won’t have a house built
I must have a house built
I mustn’t have a house built
I haven’t had my watch repaired yet.
I don’t like having my photograph taken.
MAKE ‘Make’ as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requires another person to do something. SUBJECT + MAKE + PERSON + BASE FORM OF VERB Peter made her do her homework.
The teacher made the students stay after class.
His friends made him drink too much.
The teacher makes his pupils work too much.
Exercise “Make “ His jokes made me laugh.
You will make me miss my plane.
They made the burglar run away.
I’ll make him give you a present.
My parents always make me learn ten English words every day.
We are having the house painted at the moment. 2. I lost my key. I’ll have to............ (another key / make). 3. When was the last time you........... (your hair / cut)? 4. You look different ................ (you / your hair / cut)? 5................... (you / a newspaper / deliver) to your house? 6. A: What are those workmen doing in your garden? B: Oh, we ............ (a swimming pool / build). 7. A: Can I see the photographs you took when you were on holiday? B: I’m afraid I.......... (not / the film / develop) yet. 8. This coat is dirty. I must ............ (it / clean). 9. If you want to wear earrings, why don’t you ............ (your ears / pierce)? 39.3 Now you have to use ‘have something done’ with its second meaning 1. George’s nose was broken in a fight. What happened to George? He had his nose broken in a fight.
I made him visit his mother and buy her some flowers. Please make the children stop watching this film. It is not for them. Exercise “To make someone do something” He doesn’t want to listen. : don’t worry
I’ll make him listen!
She didn’t want to speak in public. : don’t worry,
He made her speak in public!
They didn’t want to help Tom! : don’t worry,
A nurse has made them help Tom!
I don’t want to tell Peter! : don’t worry,
Your mother will make you tell Peter!
They didn’t want to sign the petition. : don’t worry
We made them sign the petition!
He doesn’t want to give the money back. : don’t worry,
We’ll make him give the money back!
They didn’t want to invite Sarah! : don’t worry
I made them invite Sarah!
She drove to the station.
Her mother made Her drive to the station.
He will feel very angry.
Your remarks will make him feel very angry.
We have modified our plans.
Your suggestion has made us modify our plans.
First he didn’t want to say who was guilty but
We made him say who was guilty.
I won’t take sleeping pills !
The nurse will make me take sleeping pills.
2. Sarah’s bag was stolen on a train. What happened to Sarah? She............................... 3. Fred’s hat was blown off in the wind What happened to Fred?........................................................................................ 4. Diane’s passport was taken away from her by the police. What happened to Diane? ..............................
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UNIT 40 Reported speech Statements- imperative
WOULD + VERB NAME
He said, “I will go to school every day.”
He said (that) he would go to school every day.
FUTURE (GOING TO)
PAST PROGRESSIVE
He said, “I am going to school every day
He said (that) he was going to school every day
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
auxiliary + verb name
simple past
He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”
He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
imperative
infinitive
He said, “Go to school every day.”
He said to go to school every day.
You met Judy. Here are some of the things she said to you in direct speech:
Statements
Direct Speech
“I am enjoying my new job” We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct, or indirect or reported speech. You want to tell somebody else what Helen said. 2-She says he is enjoying his new job
I speak English 1-reported speech
He says that he speaks English.
2-reported speech
He said that he spoke English
Indirect Speech
I’m a teacher
He said that he was a teacher.
It’s windy He said that it was windy.
I’m working
We have finished
There are two ways of doing this: 1-She said that he was enjoying her new job
FUTURE (WILL)
I go to concerts with my friend The book over there is mine I don’t like my job.
He said that he was working. They said that they had finished. He said that he went to concerts with his friend. She said that the book over there was hers. He said that she didn’t like her job
My son doesn’t like school.
She said that her son didn’t like school.
She said, “I am reading.”
She said that she was reading
Direct: Tom said: ‘I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.’
They said, “We are busy.”
They said that they were busy
Reported: Tom said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work.
He said, “I know a better restaurant.”
He said that he knew a better restaurant
We move the reported clauses “one tense” back. A useful general rule is;”present becomes past and past becomes past perfect.
She said, “I woke up early.”
She said that she had woken up early
Sarah and Tim said “We are going to buy a present” They said that they were going to buy a present
He said, “I will ring her.”
He said that he would ring her
They said, “We have just arrived.”
They said that they had just arrived
He said, “I will clean the car.”
He said that he would clean the car
She said” My sister has gone to Australia”
She said that his sister had gone to Australia
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
She said, “I did not say that.”
She said that she had not said that.
SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST
He said: “I won’t tell anyone.”
He said that he would not tell anyone
He said, “I go to school every day.”
He said (that) he went to school every day.
She said, “I don’t know where my shoes are.”
She said that she did not know where her shoes were
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PERFECT
MODAL VERBS
He said, “I went to school every day.”
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
He said, “I have gone to school every day.”
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
PAST PROGRESSIVE
He said, “I am going to school every day.”
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
He said, “I was going to school every day.”
He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
will She said, “I’ll teach English online tomorrow.”
›
would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, “I can teach English online.”
›
could She said she could teach English online.
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must She said, “I must have a computer to teach English online.”
›
had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, “What shall we learn today?”
›
should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, “May I open a new browser?”
›
might She asked if she might open a new browser.
IMPERATIVE OR REQUEST Shut up!
He told me to shut up.
Don’t do that again!
He told me not to do it again.
Please give me some money.
He asked me to give him some money.
Jordan said, “I have cooked rice.”
Jordan said that she had cooked rice
Jordan said, “I will cook rice.”
Jordan said that she would cook rice.
Jordan said, “I am going to cook rice.”
Jordan said that she was going to cook rice
Jordan said, “I can cook rice.”
Jordan said that she could cook rice
Jordan said, “I may cook rice.”
Jordan said that she might cook rice
Jordan said, “I must cook rice.”
Jordan said that she had to cook rice
Jordan said, “I have to cook rice.”
Jordan said that she had to cook rice.
Teacher:”Do your homework!” -”Don’t forget your homework!”
Jordan said, “I should cook rice.”
Jordan said that she should cook rice.
The teacher told me to do my homework
Jordan said, “I ought to cook rice.”
Jordan said that she ought to cook rice.
The teacher reminded me not to forget my homework
Jordan said, “I might cook rice.”
Jordan said that she might cook rice.
POSITIVE IMPERATIVE
“I’ll see you later”
She said she would see me later.
Andrew:”Clean the blue bike!”
Andrew told me to clean the blue bike
“I would help, but..”
She said she would help but...
Jessica:”Write a text message!”
Jessica told me to write a text message.
“I can speak perfect English”
She said she could speak perfect English.
Nelly:”Help Peter’s sister!”
Nelly told me to help Peter’s sister
“I could swim when I was four”
She said she could swim when she was four.
Fred:”Wash your hands!”
Fred told me to wash my hands.
“I shall come later”
She said she would come later
Anna:”Open the window!”
Anna told me to open the window.
“I should call my mother”
She said she should call her mother
Tom:”Come at 8
Tom told me to come at 8.
“I might be late”
She said she might be late
NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE
TIME AND PLACE REFERENCES OFTEN HAVE TO CHANGE: DIRECT
INDIRECT
DIRECT
Karen:”Don’t play football in the garden!
Karen told me not to play football in the garden.
INDIRECT
Mike:”Don’t shout at Peter!”
Mike told me not to shout at Peter.
Yvonne:”Don’t talk to your neighbor!”
Yvonne told me not to talk to my neighbor.
Denise:”Don’t open the door!”
Denise told me not to open the door.
now
then
this
that
tonight
that night
that
that
yesterday
the day before / the previous day
these
these
tomorrow
the next day / the following day
those
those
last (year, month...)
the last / previous (year, month...)
here
there
next (month, week...)
the next / following (month, week...)
I went to the theatre last night. I’m having a party next weekend.
He said he had gone to the theatre the night before.
He said he was having a party the next weekend.
I’m staying here until next week.
He said he was staying there until the following week.
I came over from London 3 years ago.
He said he had come over from London 3 years before.
IMPERATIVES AS REQUESTS “Buy me a newspaper, please”
I told him to buy me a newspaper.
“Turn off the lights, please.”
I asked Helen to turn off the lights.
Exercise on Reported Speech Max:”Frank often reads a book.” Max told me that Frank often read a book Susan:”I’m watching TV.” Susan said to me that she was watching TV. Simon:”David was ill.” Simon said that David had been ill. Peggy:”The girls helped in the house
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Peggy told me that the girls had helped in the house
He said (that) he had gone to Dublin the week before
Richard:”I am going to ride a skateboard.”
40.1 Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Tom. Here are some of the things Tom said to you:
Richard said to me that he was going to ride a skateboard
1. I’m living in London now.
Stephen and Claire:”We have cleaned the windows.”
2. My father isn’t very well.
Stephen and Claire told me that they had cleaned the windows.
3. Sharon and Paul are getting married next month.
Charles:”I didn’t have time to do my homework.”
4. Margaret has had a baby.
Charles remarked that he hadn’t had time to do his homework
5. I don’t know what Fred is doing.
Mrs. Jones:”My mother will be 50 years old.”
6. I saw Helen at a party in June and she seemed fine.
Mrs. Jones told me that her mother would be 50 years old
7. I haven’t seen Diane recently.
Jean:”The boss must sign the letter.”
8. I’m not enjoying my job very much.
Jean said that the boss had to sign the letter
9. You can come and stay at my flat if you are ever in London.
Emily:”Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow.”
10. My car was stolen a few weeks ago.
Emily said that their teacher would go to Leipzig the next day.
11. I want to go on holiday but I can’t afford it.
Helen:”I was writing a letter yesterday.”
12. I’ll tell Ann I saw you.
Helen told me that she had been writing a letter the day before.
Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said? Use reported speech.
Robert:”My father flew to Dallas last year.”
1. Tom said that he was living in London now.
Robert told me that his father had flown to Dallas the year before
2. He said that ............................
Lisa:”Tim went to the stadium an hour ago.”
3. He said that ............................
Lisa said that Tim had gone to the stadium an hour before.
4 He said that .............................
Patricia:”My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend.”
5. He said that ............................
Patricia said that her mother would celebrate her birthday the following weekend
6. He said that ............................
Michael:”I am going to read a book this week.”
7. He said that ............................
Michael said to me that he was going to read a book that week.
8. He said that ............................
Jason and Victoria:”We will do our best in the exams tomorrow.”
9 He said that .............................
Jason and Victoria told me that they would do their best in the exams the next day
10. He said that ...........................
Andrew:”We didn’t eat fish two days ago.”
11. He said that ...........................
Andrew remarked that they hadn’t eaten fish two days before.
12. He said that ............................
Alice:”I spent all my pocket money on Monday.”
40.2 Somebody says something to you which is the opposite of what they said before. Write a suitable
Alice complained that she had spent all her pocket money on Monday.
answer beginning I thought you said ....
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
1. A: That restaurant is expensive.
He said, ‘I had a wonderful dream last night’.
B: is it? I thought you said it was cheap.
He said (that) he had had a wonderful dream the previous night
2. A: Ann is coming to the party tonight.
She said to him ‘I can lend you my book’.
B: Is she? I thought you said she.........................
She told him (that) she could lend him her book
3. A: Ann likes Paul.
He said, ‘the sun rises in the East’.
B: Does she? I thought ............................
He said (that) the sun rises in the East
4. A: I know lots of people.
He said, ‘I am glad to be here this evening’.
B: Do you? I thought you said you ..................
He said (that) he was glad to be there that evening
5. A: I’ll be here next week.
He said, ‘I went to Dublin last week’.
B: Will you? I thought .............................
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6. A: I’m going out this evening.
UNIT 41 Reported speech tell-told
B: Are you? I thought............................. 7. A: I can speak a little French. B: Can you? I thought................................ 8. A: I haven’t been to the cinema for ages. B: Haven’t you? I thought ...........................40.3 Put the following sentences in to “Direct Speech” 1. She told her mother that she was going to the market. she said :............................................................................................... 2. His friends told me that they would go home the following Sunday. His friends Said : ............................................................................................... 3. The teacher told Mark he had been very regular in his work
Direct: Tom said to me ‘I want to go to New York next year.’
The teacher said : ...............................................................................................
Tom told me that she wanted to go to New York next year.
4. Marc told me that he had finished his work .
Say can refer to any type of speech. Say is never followed directly by a person as an object: you must use ‘say something to someone’ for this.
Marc said : ............................................................................................... 5. The teacher said the earth moves around the sun. The teacher said : ............................................................................................... 6. He said that she was not going home that day. He said :............................................................................................................. 7. He asked me if I had brought the pens. He asked : :.............................................................................................................
He said he’d call me before he left the office.
Mum! The teacher said a rude word in class today.
What did you say to him? She said goodbye to all her friends and left. Tell is used to report that someone has given information or an order. The verb tells is always followed by the person that the information or order is given to. Tom said ‘New York is more lively than London.’
8. The boy asked me if that was the place we had visited before .
Reported: Tom said that New York is more lively than London.
The boy asked: :.............................................................................................................
Reported: Tom told his friend that New York is more lively than London.
9. The judge told the witness to tell the truth. The judge said: :............................................................................................................. 10. The prisoner begged the judge to forgive him. The prisoner said : :............................................................................................................. 40.4 Put the following sentences in to “Indirect Speech” 1. Sara: I’m cooking some pasta for dinner. :. Sara said she was cooking some pasta for dinner. 2. Nour: There is a nice movie on TV. :......................................................................... 3. Leila: I bought a magnificent dress from the new shop. :......................................................................... 4. Karim: I worked very hard to earn my living: 5. Laurent::I will plan a picnic for my friends this weekend:.........................................................................
never followed directly by a person followed by the person
Sonia told me that you were ill. (not ‘Sonia said me’) What did you tell the police? (not ‘say the police’) He told me I wasn’t invited to the party. I am going to the market.
We will go home next Sunday.
She told me all about her holiday in Spain.
She told her mother that she was going to the market His friends told me that they would go home the following Sunday
You have been very regular in your work. The teacher told Mark he had been very regular in his work I have finished my work.
Marc told me that he had finished his work
FOR ORDERS AND REQUESTS ‘Stay in bed for a few days,’ the doctor said to me. ‘Don’t shout,’ I said to Jim.
The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days. I told Jim not to shout.
YOU SAY SOMETHİNG
YOU TELL SOMEONE SOMETHİNG
7. Merry: I may leave the office at 4.00:.........................................................................
Ram said that he was tired.
Ram told Jane that he was tired.
8. Lynda: I will stay at home all afternoon. :.........................................................................
Anthony says you have a new job.
Anthony tells me you have a new job.
Tara said: “I love you.”
Tara told John that she loved him.
He said that he had to leave.
He told everybody that he had to leave.
6. John: I’m reading a very interesting adventure story:..........................................................................
9. Chantal: I may take the children to the park. :......................................................................... 10. The president: We will do our best to improve the economic situation:................................................
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What did you tell the police? (not ‘say the police’) Sonia told me that you were ill. (not ‘Sonia said me’)
10. George couldn’t help me. He .............. to ask Kate.
UNIT42 Reported speech -Questions
Tell / ask somebody to do something ‘Stay in bed for a few days,’ the doctor said to me.
The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.
‘Please don’t tell anybody what happened,’ Ann said to me. Ann asked me not to tell anybody what (had) happened. Exercise “The reported speech” ‘They should go to the police’.
He told me that they should go to the police.
My friend: She doesn’t like this film.
My friend told me she didn’t like that film.
You have bought yourself a lovely new dress!
He told her she had bought herself a lovely new dress
You play the piano very well.
He told her she played the piano very well
Do you want to ride a bike?
Mike asked me if I wanted to ride a bike
He is sitting right behind me.
I told her that he was sitting right behind me
Where can you ride a bike?
Mike asked me where I could ride a bike
41.1 Complete the sentences with say or tell (in the correct form). Use only one word each time.
We also use reported speech when we are saying what other people asked or wanted to know. We do not use do or question marks in indirect questions.
1. Ann said goodbye to me and left.
Type
Example
2. ............. us about your holiday. Did you have a nice time? 3. Don’t just stand there! .....................- something! 4. I wonder where Sue is. She .......... she would be here at 8 o’clock.
7. Don’t ............ anybody what I......... It’s a secret just between us. 8. ‘Did she ........you what happened?’ ‘No, she didn’t ......... anything to me.’ 9. George couldn’t help me. He ........... me to ask Kate.
“Why don’t you speak English?” Where has Tom gone?
reported speech
He asked me why I didn’t speak English He asked me where Tom had gone
WITH INTERROGATIVE
5. Jack ............. me that he was fed up with his job. 6. The doctor ............. that I should rest for at least a week.
direct speech
“What time is it?”
= He asked me what time it was.
“Why hasn’t he come?
= She wondered why he hadn’t come.
“When will you be arriving?”
= He wanted to know when we would be arriving.
“What were you doing?”
= They questioned him about what he had been doing.
Type
Example direct speech
“Do you speak English?” Has Tom gone?
reported speech
He asked me whether / if I spoke English He asked me if (or whether) Tom had gone
WITHOUT INTERROGATIVE
Are you coming? He wanted to know if I was coming. He asked if I was coming. He wondered if I was coming. WITHOUT INTERROGATIVE Will you be here later?
She asked me whether I would be here later.
Are you French?
He asked me if I was French.
Have you meat Jean?
He asked her if (or whether) she had meat Jean
İs there a man in that car?
He asked me if (or whether) there was a man in that car
Mandy:”Are the boys reading the book?”
Mandy asked me if the boys were reading the book.
Robert:”Is Tim leaving on Friday?”
Robert asked me if Tim was leaving on Friday.
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Daniel:”Will it rain tomorrow?”
Daniel asked me if it would rain today.
WITH INTERROGATIVE
Her son wonders how she feels now. Did you have a nice time?
Why don’t you speak English?”
He asked me why I didn’t speak English
I would like to be sure that you had a nice time.
Where did you go last weekend?”
Fred asked me where I had gone the previous weekend
Whose racket will you borrow?
Why are you studying English?”
She asked me why I was studying English
He asked you whose racket you would borrow.
Where is my umbrella?” she asked.
She asked where her umbrella was.
“Can you meet me at the station?” she asked me.
What are they doing?” she asked. She wanted to know what they were doing
She asked me if I could meet her at the station
Are you going to the cinema?” he asked me.
“Who knows the answer?” the teacher asked.
He wanted to know if I was going to the cinema.
“Where did they live?” he asked. He wanted to know where they had lived
The teacher wanted to know who knew the answer
Jason:”Who gave you the laptop?”
Jason wanted to know who had given me the laptop.
Why don’t you help me?” she asked him.
Where do you come from?
He asked us where we came from
She wanted to know why he didn’t help her
PRESENT TENSE How are you? “
PAST She asked how I was.
“Did you see that car?” he asked me.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE “Where are you going?”
PAST PROGRESSIVE She asked where I was going.
Have you tidied up your room?”
PAST “ Whom did you call?”
PAST PERFECT She asked whom I called / had called.
PAST PROGRESSIVE “ Whom were you calling?”
PAST PROGRESSIVE She asked whom I was calling.
PRESENT PERFECT “ Where have you been?”
PAST PERFECT She asked where I was / had been
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE “ How have you been doing?”
PAST PROGRESSIVE OR PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE She asked how I was doing / had been doing.
“When will we meet again?” she asked me.
She asked me when we would meet again
“Are you crazy?” she asked him.
She asked him if he was crazy
“Will you be at the party?” he asked her.
He asked her if she would be at the party
Exercise “The reported speech”
He asked me if I had seen that car He asked the twins if they had tidied up their room 42.1 Make a new sentence from the question in brackets. 1. ‘Where do you live?’ She asked me where I lived. 2. ‘Who is your favourite singer?’ He asked Mary....................................................................................... 3. ‘Are you married? He asked Susan ....................................................................................... 4. ‘Has your father retired yet?’ She asked James....................................................................................... 5. ‘Why didn’t you finish your studies?’ She asked Marie.......................................................................... 6. ‘What about going to the beach?’ She suggested....................................................................................... 7. He said to me, ‘ Do you love English?’....................................................................................... 8. He said to her,’ Do you believe in God?’........................................................................................ 9. I asked him,’ Is your father at home?’. .......................................................................................
Where does Mr Simpson live?
10. She asked me,’ Are your exams over?’........................................................................................
He wants to know where Mr Simpson lives.
11. The doctor asked his patient,’ Are you ok now ?’.............................................................................
Where did Maud work?
12. I said to the little girl,’ Do you love sweets?’........................................................................................
We wondered where Maud had worked.
13. He said to her,’ Am I boring you?’. .......................................................................................
Where are Tommy’s toys?
14. I said ,’ Is this the end of the road for you?’. .......................................................................................
She had to know where Tommy’s toys were.
15. He said, ‘Is this your final word?’. .......................................................................................
Where have they gone? The Police Inspector asked us where they had gone.
16. She asked her,’ Are you sick of life?’.......................................................................................
Why don’t they know the neighbour?
42.2 Make a new sentence from the question
He then asked us why they didn’t know the neighbour.
1 “Where is my umbrella?” she asked. where her umbrella was.
Whose books are they?
2 “How are you?” Martin asked us..............................................................................
He thought he knew whose books they were.
3 “Do I have to do it?” He asked..............................................................................
How does she feel now?
4 “Where have you been?”. The mother asked her daughter...................................................................
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5 “Which dress do you like best?” she asked her boyfriend.....................................................................
UNIT 43 Tag Questions
6 “What are they doing?” She wanted to know.......................................................................................
Do you? isn’t it? etc.
7 “Are you going to the cinema?” He wanted to know............................................................................ 8 “Who speaks English?”The teacher wanted to know............................................................................ “9 How do you know that?” she asked me................................................................................................ “10 Has Caron talked to Kevin?” my friend asked me............................................................................. 42.3 Make a new sentence from the question 1) Christopher:”Do you want to dance?” Christopher asked me if I wanted to dance. 2 Betty:”When did you come?” ............................................................................................. 3 Mark:”Has John arrived?” .................................................................................... 4 Ronald:”Where does Maria park her car?” .................................................................................... 5 Elisabeth:”Did you watch the latest film?” .................................................................................... 6 Mandy:”Can I help you?” .................................................................................... 7 Andrew:”Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?” .................................................................................... 8 Justin:” What are you doing?” .................................................................................... 9 Frank:”How much pocket money does Lisa get?” ............................................................................. 10) Anne:”Must I do the shopping?” ....................................................................................
Karen plays the piano, doesn’t she? A tag question is a question which we add to the end of a statement because we would like to get an answer to our statement. WITH AUXILIARIES
WITHOUT AUXILIARIES (USE: DON’T, DOESN’T, DIDN’T)
You’ve got a car, haven’t you? It’s beautiful, isn’t it? It must be, mustn’t it?
They play football on Sundays, don’t they? She plays football on Sundays, doesn’t she? They played football on Sundays, didn’t they?
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT WITH TAG QUESTION
She can work.
She can work, can’t she?
He would be working.
He would be working, wouldn’t he?
They should have worked.
They should have worked, shouldn’t they?
I could have been working.
I could have been working, couldn’t I?
Mary will be here soon, won’t she?
There was a lot of traffic, wasn’t there?
The trip is very expensive, isn’t it? You are John, aren’t you? She went to the library yesterday, didn’t she? IF THE STATEMENT IS POSITIVE THE TAG IS NEGATIVE.
Jim should pass the exam, shouldn’t he? IF THE STATEMENT IS NEGATIVE THE TAG IS POSITIVE.
It’s very nice weather today,
isn’t it?
It isn’t very nice weather today,
is it?
She can speak English,
can’t she?
She can’t speak English,
can she?
You have finished the work,
haven’t you?
You haven’t finished the work,
have you?
He will arrive on time,
won’t he?
He won’t arrive on time,
will he?
You know him,
don’t you?
You don’t know him,
do you?
He earned a lot of money,
didn’t he?
He didn’t earned much money,
did he?
There is enough time,
isn’t there?
There isn’t enough time,
is there?
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Less common tag questions Be careful, won’t you?
IMPERATIVE
Don’t be late, will you? Let’s go for a walk, shall we? Let’s go to the cinema, shall we?
AFTER LET’S Give me some water, will you ?
She doesn’t want to go to school, does she ?
Let’s work ! Shall we? That’s cheap, isn’t it? He has never been to Dublin, has he?
In 2050, everyone will own this car, won’t they?
She’s pregnant, isn’t she?
Paul used to live here, didn’t he?
You were waiting for Mary, weren’t you?
Those trousers are ugly, aren’t they?
They can’t speak Irish, can they?
I shouldn’t wear such a skirt, should I?
Exercise “Question tags” You’re going to the restaurant, aren’t you?
You like wine, don’t you?
Mary is here, isn’t she?
They are not leaving, are they?
She knows the waiter, doesn’t she?
We aren’t getting dessert, are we?
It is not raining, is it?
You are preparing the meal, aren’t you?
She likes to watch television, doesn’t she?
You know about the specials, don’t you?
We’d better work hard hadn’t we?
Nobody answered his letters did they?
He cannot play the piano can he?
This will be your last chance won’t it?
43.1 . Add negative tag questions to the following affirmative statements They are lucky.
They are lucky, aren’t they?
You know what I mean.
You know what I mean, don’t you?
We will tell him the truth.
We will tell him the truth, won’t we?
She could try harder.
She could try harder, couldn’t she?
1. You are cold.................................................................................................... 2. They passed the test. ................................................................................................... 3. I can do this well. ................................................................................................... 4. You live near the school. ................................................................................................... 5. He went downtown. ................................................................................................... 6. We should call them. ................................................................................................... 7. She likes toffee. ................................................................................................... 8. They could help us. ................................................................................................... 9. I won the race. ................................................................................................... 10. You were reading. ................................................................................................... 11. He rides a bicycle. ................................................................................................... 12. We would need more time. ...................................................................................................
43.2 Add affirmative tag questions to the following negative statements She isn’t well.
She isn’t well, is she?
You don’t eat fish.
You don’t eat fish, do you?
He hadn’t found it.
He hadn’t found it, had he?
They won’t mind.
They won’t mind, will they?
1. They won’t reach their destination before five o’clock. .......................................................................... 2. He doesn’t want to come with us. ................................................................................................... 3. She hasn’t eaten breakfast yet. ................................................................................................... 4. They aren’t very clever. ................................................................................................... 5. I couldn’t have persuaded you. ................................................................................................... 6. You won’t forget to come. ................................................................................................... 7. We weren’t expecting company. ................................................................................................... 8. They wouldn’t like that. ...................................................................................................
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UNIT 44 Subject and Object pronouns I / me / he / him .etc. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Pronouns can be in one of three cases: Subject, Object, or Possessive.
We and they are going to see the next home game. She and I are teaching you and them. It is important that he and I be on time for class.
Please give half of your candy bar to me and him.
He and she are having a great time.
You and I can do this as well as him and her..
Exercise “Object pronouns” Do you like cats? I love them. Dan likes Peter but Vicky hates him. Jimmy is bad at physics. I’m very good at it. Mary likes this book very much. Could you give it to her? Don’t ask me. I don’t know. John! Where are you? I can’t see you. We have some books. The books are for us
My mum loves my brother and me. She loves us.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Paul is my best friend. He always helps me with my homework.
Singular
Plural
OBJECT PRONOUNS
I
I kicked the ball
me
John kicked the ball to me.
Although Tony is my brother, I never play football with him.
you
You like to study.
you
John wants to talk to you.
We go to the club every Saturday. Do you want to join us?
he
He eats green cheese.
him
Mary doesn’t like him.
Anna and Meg are my sisters. I always take them to the zoo on Sundays.
she
She likes ice cream.
her
John kissed her.
it
It bit John.
it
John smashed it.
we
We enjoy going to the movies.
us
The politician lied to us.
you
You are the best students.
you
I wouldn’t lie to you.
they
They are not happy.
them
Mary didn’t invite them.
I am looking for the post office. Can you help __? I am looking for the post office. Can you help me? Since you are new here, I will show ___ the way Since you are new here, I will show you the way.
Object forms of personal pronouns – Exercise The teacher always gives the students homework. Them
The boys are riding their bikes. them
I am reading the book to my little sister. Her
My father is writing a letter to John. Him
I don’t know the answer. It
Sally is going to Anne. Her
Open the window, please. it
The books are for Peter. Him
Can you tell the people the way to the airport, please? Them Can you help my sister and me, please? Us
If my father is at home, I will ask ___ what to do. If my father is at home, I will ask him what to do. My aunt and uncle invited me to visit ___. My aunt and uncle invited me to visit them. 1. Because she is your friend, I offered to help ..................... 2. I wish someone would tell ..................... the answer. 3. They look familiar. I am sure we have met..................... before.
A: I saw Sheila yesterday, but she didn’t see me.
4. If you are ready, we will drive..................... home.
B: Are you going to see her tomorrow?
5. We would like you to call .....................
A: No, I ‘m meeting Steve. We are playing golf. B: I would like to play with you both tomorrow, but my brother is leaving in the afternoon. He is catching the two o’clock train, and we’re taking him to the station. He’s spending a month with our aunt and uncle. We us me / her / them etc. (object) after a prepositions (for / to / with etc.) Who is that woman? Why are you looking at her?
44.1 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the personal pronoun which agrees with the underlined word.
Where is the newspaper? You are sitting on it
I want that book. Please give it to me Robert needs these books. Can you give them to him please? PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OR OBJECT” He and I are going to New York.
Yesterday he talked to me and you.
He gave it to both me and you.
The teacher did it for us and them.
6. He is our neighbour. We have known.....................for years. 7. This is the book I need. May I borrow ..................... ? 8. If you like, I will call..................... when we arrive. 9. We were surprised they remembered ...................... 10. That man waved to us, but I do not recognize ..................... 11. I think they expect..................... to come. 12. The piano is out of tune, but I am having ..................... tuned tomorrow. 13. Will she mind if I ask..................... a question? 14. The beans will grow faster if you water.....................
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44.2 Fill in the blank with the personal pronoun which agrees with the underlined word.
UNIT 45 Possessive Adjectives –my / his / their. etc.
They looked at me, but __ did not recognize them. They looked at me, but I did not recognize them. We told you what would happen, but ___ did not listen. We told you what would happen, but you did not listen. We saw them, but they did not see __. We saw them, but they did not see us. They asked us a question, but we could not tell ____ the answer. They asked us a question, but we could not tell them the answer. 1. His father works hard................. is a doctor. 2. Because the woman seemed friendly, we asked ................ for directions. 3. The cupboards are so full, we cannot put anything else into ............... 4. You will be surprised if we beat ................ in the race. 5. Have you been looking for me? ............... had to run an errand.
The house belongs to us. It’s our house We use possessive adjectives to show who owns or “possesses” something. The possessive adjectives are: my, your, his, her, its, our, their whose (interrogative)
6. My niece wants us to send the photographs to ...............
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
7. We have invited them to visit ................
my
This is my book.
your
I like your hair.
his
His name is “John”.
10. You and I are good friends, ................ hardly ever argue.
her
Her name is “Mary”.
11. Your son-in-law asked us to describe it to ................
its
The dog is licking its paw.
12. The windows are very stiff. We open................ only in the summer.
our
We have sold our house.
your
Your children are lovely.
their
The students thanked their teacher.
8. The store was open, but we did not have time to go into................ 9. She will be angry if we make fun of ...............
13. The basket is heavy. ................ is full of oranges.
singular
plural
14. Your husband does not like anyone to contradict 15. I hope you were not anxious about................
That’s Jane. What’s her job?
That’s Mr Smith. I think he is a teacher.
16. Would you like me to mail the information to ................
That’s Peter. What’s his job?
That’s Helen. I think she is a nurse.
17. The leaves rustled in the breeze, ................ were already starting to change colour.
That’s Mrs Jones. What’s her job?
Tim and Tom? I think they are detectives.
18. The road was long, but we followed ................ to the end.
That’s Bob and Tom. What’s their job?
Julie and I? I think we are doctors.
19. I asked him to tell .............. the time.
Joe and Pam
20. You will enjoy yourself if ................ come to the concert.
John
This umbrella is his.
Cathy
That umbrella is hers.
21. We want you to wait for................
She
Hers is dark blue.
He
His house has six rooms.
We
Ours has four rooms.
I
This is my pencil.
You
That one is yours.
We
Our car is a Mercedes.
They
Their car is a Porsche.
We
Ours gets 17 miles to the gallon.
They
Theirs gets 30 miles to the gallon.
William Those are his
Mary
These shoes are hers.
.
Joe and Pam’s rooms
The Smiths’ car is black.
‘s - apostrophe, genitive -s When you are using the possessive form of a plural noun, the apostrophe comes at the end of the word. This is Peter’s book.
Let’s go to the Smiths’.
The children’s room is upstairs.
John’s sister is twelve years old.
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Susan and Steve’s bags have blue stickers.
Men’s shoes are on the second floor.
I thought the book was yours, but in fact, it was ____.
My parents’ car was not expensive
Charles’s CD player is new.
I thought the book was yours, but in fact, it was mine.
To a singular noun, we can add an apostrophe ‘ and an “s”:
She has ordered ___ tickets in advance.
cat
the cat’s food
Tom
Tom’s book
She has ordered her tickets in advance.
father
my father’s office
family
The Battista family’s house
Although they do not know it yet, the prize is ______.
To a plural noun, add ‘s. But if the plural noun ends in “s”, just add ‘:
Although they do not know it yet, the prize is theirs.
children
the children’s jackets
men
the men’s bathroom boys the boys’ bicycles
The rain continued its pattering on the roof.
animals
the animals’ masters
1. I always enjoy.............. vacation.
people Smiths
the people’s republic the Smiths’ children
The rain continued ___ pattering on the roof.
Men’s clothes are on the third floor. Peter’s motorcycle
2. I mailed my letter. Did you mail ..............?
Peter and John’s mother is a teacher.
3. He is eager to try out ..............skis.
That’s my dog in the picture.
The cat’s favorite food is tuna. (one cat)
4. I am sure.............. handling of the situation was correct.
The cats’ favorite food is tuna. (more than one cat) Do you know who this belongs to? - It’s hers.
5. I rarely use a car, but they drive.............. everywhere. 6. My aunt visits..............cousins once a year.
Exercise “Possessive adjectives”
7. We are proud of..............record.
Those shoes belong to the children. They’re their shoes.
The dog belongs to Mr. Grant. It’s his dog.
8. I have never met your children. Have you met .............?
The book belongs to Mary. It’s her book.
The suits belong to the boys. They’re their suits.
9. The gate swung noiselessly on .............. Hinges.
The eraser belongs to Fred. It’s his eraser.
The hat belongs to you. It’s your hat.
10. I have received my diploma, but she has not yet received ............
This pen belongs to Mrs. Williams. It’s her pen.
This is Tom. Look at his dog
11. Have you filled out ..............application?
I am Maria. Meet my family
That is Ann. This is her cat.
12. The bird continued .............. twittering long after dusk.
We are sisters. This is our dog.
They are friends. Look at their balloons.
13. They are going to sublet ........... apartment. 14. I got my driver’s license last month, but he got ...........a year ago.
45.1 Fill in the blank with the possessive adjective
15. Most businesses try to expand, but we have kept .......... small.
___ arriving on time was fortunate. (we)
16. They saw ..............friend on television.
Our arriving on time was fortunate.
17. I finished my assignment yesterday. Have you finished.............?
_____ swooping and darting was a sign that it would rain. (the swallows) Their swooping and darting was a sign that it would rain. 1. .............. following the guidelines was a good idea. (you) 2. ............ agreeing to forward the mail was helpful. (the students) 3. .............. answering the questions so easily was unexpected. (he) 4. .............. driving the car saved a great deal of time. (I) 5. .............. speaking so forcefully impressed the audience. (the woman) 6. ............... entering the race was intended as a gesture of goodwill. (we) 7. .............. chiming told us the time. (the clock) 45.2 Fill in each blank with either the possessive adjective or the possessive pronoun which agrees with the underlined antecedent. Last night I wrote to __ sister. Last night I wrote to my sister.
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UNIT 46 Possessive pronouns and whose
Tom was in the restaurant with a friend of his
Are those people friends of yours?
TO ASK A QUESTİON ABOUT POSSESSİON, WE USE: “WHOSE” Whose shoes are these? Whose is this computer?
Whose wife was Olympians? It’s Maria’s computer. It’s Maria’s.
It’s her computer. It’s hers.
This is Lynne’s web site. It’s my website!. It’s mine! It’s not Zozanga’s web site. It’s not his website. It’s not his. GENİTİVE CASE You should still use the genetive case when talking about things that belong to other things. Exercise “Possessive pronouns”
Have you seen her book? It’s her book. It’s hers. I have lost my key, where is yours?
Her house is smaller than mine.
My car is faster than his. My country is more populated than hers. I have no pen, can you lend me yours please?
Their garden is bigger than ours.
The possessive can be used independently and in the place of a noun. He did not bring his coat, but I brought mine. Our mail has been delivered, but theirs has not. In the above examples, mine stands for my coat, and theirs stands for their mail. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
That is my pen. It is mine
These CDs belong to me. They are mine
Is this your hat? Is it yours?
That is my cat. That is mine
This is your pencil. This is yours
This is her present. This is hers
this is our house. This house is ours
That book belongs to me. It is mine
This chair belongs to my mum. This chair is hers
It isn’t my book. mine is in my bedroom.
I like my job but Lucy doesn’t like hers
Whose pen is it? David, is it yours?
No, it isn’t mine; it must be Jenny’s.
Betty’s bikes are in front of the door.
Where are your parents, now?
They are at home.
Exercise “Genitive case”
mine
This is my car, it’s mine
yours
This is your car, it’s yours
his
This is his car, it’s his
hers
This is her car, it’s hers
[its]
This is it’s cottage
ours
This is our car, it’s ours
If you cannot find your pen, I will lend you mine.
theirs
This is their car, it’s theirs
I failed my exams, but my brother passed ___.
It is Jane’s car. It’s hers.
It isn’t my book. mine is in my bedroom.
I like my job but Lucy doesn’t like hers.
Whose pen is it? David, is it yours?
No, it isn’t mine; it must be Jenny’s.
We visited a museum with ours.
The Biggs haven’t got an old car. theirs is new.
Mark’s car is not red. his is blue.
Mary went to the cinema with her children last Sunday.
This is my bedroom and Mary’s.
I borrowed my mother-in-law’s umbrella. I don’t know where the young lady’s little dog is.
We are talking about America’s future.
Oh no! I have forgotten my book. Can you lend me yours? 46.1 Fill in each blank with the possessive pronoun which agrees with the underlined antecedent. If you cannot find your pen, I will lend you ____.
I failed my exams, but my brother passed his. Their umbrellas are rather tattered, but we have mended ____. Their umbrellas are rather tattered, but we have mended ours. 1. Your coat may be warm, but I think................ is more elegant. 2. Because I had no gloves, my niece offered me .............. 3. I forgot to bring my camera. Did you bring ............
This house isn’t the Smiths’. theirs is in Market Street.
4. When I lost my map, your son lent me ...........
It isn’t Mary’s birthday today. hers is on February 10th.
5. They discarded their old telephone directories, but we kept...........
Oh no! I have forgotten my book. Can you lend me yours? I met Ken yesterday. My bicycle is more beautiful than his.
This is my friends ‘ cottage.
We use mine / yours etc. without a noun Is this book mine or yours?
I didn’t have an umbrella, so Helen gave me hers.
It’s their problem, not ours
We went in our car, and they went theirs
İs this his camera or hers?
I went out to meet a friend of mine
6. We have not planted our peas yet, but the farmers have planted ............ already. 7. I never cut my hair, but my sister cuts ............ once a month. 8. The neighbours’ children are very independent, but we have to help.............. 9. We store our bicycles in the shed, but they leave ........... outside. 10. I water my plants every day, but you never water..................
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11. Although she likes her school, I prefer....................
UNIT 47 The conjunctions
12. My niece studies for all her tests, but my nephew refuses to study for........... 46.2 Fill in each blank with either the possessive adjective or the possessive pronoun Last night I wrote to __ sister. Last night I wrote to my sister. I thought the book was yours, but in fact, it was ___ I thought the book was yours, but in fact, it was mine. She has ordered ___ tickets in advance. She has ordered her tickets in advance.
He neither finished her homework nor studied for the test.
Although they do not know it yet, the prize is ______.
A conjunction may be used to indicate the relationship between the ideas expressed in a clause and the ideas expressed in the rest of a sentence.
Although they do not know it yet, the prize is theirs.
We could go to the library, or we could go to the park. I went out because the sun was shining.
I always enjoy ................... vacation. 2. I mailed my letter. Did you mail...................? 3. He is eager to try out ...................skis.
1. COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS and
She tried and succeeded.
5. I rarely use a car, but they drive................ everywhere.
but
They tried but did not succeed.
6. My aunt visits...................cousins once a year.
or
Did you go out or stay at home?
nor
I did not see it, nor did they.
yet
The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.
4. I am sure...................handling of the situation was correct.
7. We are proud of .............. record. 8. I have never met your children. Have you met ................? 9. The gate swung noiselessly on ..................hinges. 10. I have received my diploma, but she has not yet received................
Use your credit cards frequently and you’ll soon find yourself deep in debt.”
11. Have you filled out ................. application?
You can study hard for this exam or you can fail.” I love you, but I can not marry you.
12. The bird continued .................twittering long after dusk. 13. They are going to sublet............... apartment. 14. I got my driver’s license last month, but he got ............. a year ago. 15. Most businesses try to expand, but we have kept ................. small. 16. They saw ................ friend on television. 17. I finished my assignment yesterday. Have you finished.................?
2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS both ... and
He is both intelligent and good-natured.
either ... or
I will either go for a walk or read a book.
neither ... nor
He is neither rich nor famous.
hardly ... when
He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted.
if ... then
If that is true, then what happened is not surprising.
no sooner ... than
No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came.
not only ... but also
She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
rather ... than
I would rather go swimming than go to the library.
scarcely ... when
Scarcely had we left home, when it started to rain.
whether ... or
Have you decided whether you will come or not?
Either John or George must have done this mischief. Either the teacher or the students have made a mistake.
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Neither peter nor Andrew has passed the test. I do not know whether my father is arriving by the 8o’clock flight or 9o’clock flight. Both my parents and my sister are coming tomorrow.
In case because of a possibility
Take a sweater in case it gets cold.
Or else otherwise:
Please be careful, or else you may have an accident.
Both Ali and Ayşe were absent from class yesterday. Not only my parents but also my sister is coming tomorrow.
Exercise “Coordinating conjunctions” I have been saving my money this year and next year I plan to take a long holiday in Europe. Secretary to Boss: Do you want anything else or can I go home now?
3. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
I love to travel but I hate travelling by bus
As 1. because: 2. when:
As he is my friend, I will help him. We watched as the plane took off.
After later in time:
After the train left, we went home.
Although or through in spite of the fact that:
Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.
Before earlier than
I arrived before the stores were open.
The taxi stopped at the train station and two men got out of it.
Because for the reason that
We had to wait, because we arrived early.
I was in the area so I thought I’d drop in and say hello
For for, because:
He is happy, for he enjoys his work.
If
If she is here, we will see her.
Owing to the snow, the planes couldn’t take off.
Providing or provided on condition that
All will be well, providing you are careful.
I haven’t read the news today because I have broken my glasses.
Since 1. from a past time: 2. as, because:
I have been here since the sun rose.
So or so that 1. consequently: 2. in order that:
It was raining, so we did not go out. I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle.
Then : used in comparisons
He is taller than you are.
Unless except when, if not:
Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.
Paul was punished for lying to his teacher.
Until or till up to the time when
I will wait until I hear from you.
Seeing that you aren’t interested I’ll do it by myself.
Whether : if:
I do not know whether she was invited.
on condition that
While
I’m bored! Let’s go out to dinner and see a movie I like living in the city but my brother prefers living in the country Betty’s just got a promotion at work so she’s very happy Father to Son: You’re thirty now. Don’t you think it’s time that you settled down and got married? It’s late. You should go to bed now or you’ll be tired tomorrow
I’ll leave earlier than planned since you aren’t coming with me. As you are a foreigner you can’t express your opinions on the situation in the area.
They thanked us for letting them stay in our house for their holidays. I’ m desperate because I have lost my job. Since you don’t believe me, I won’t give evidence. The car turned back because the street was closed. On account of the weather we didn’t go for a walk.
I am going to the doctor’s because I have a sore throat. When all the guests arrive we will serve tea. What will you do when you finish your studies?
1. at the time when: 2. on the other hand: 3. although:
While it was snowing, we played cards. He is rich, while his friend is poor. While I am not an expert, I will do my best.
47.1 Fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example:
As if . in a similar way:
She talks as if she knows everything.
1 I would like to come, ___ I do not have time. (but, nor)
As long as 1. if: 2. while:
As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily. He has lived there as long as I have known him.
2 He has not written, ___ has he called me. (but, nor)
As soon as when:
Write to me as soon as you can.
As though in a similar way:
It looks as though there will be a storm.
4. She was not in the back yard................ was she upstairs. (or, nor)
Even if in spite of a possibility:
I am going out even if it rains.
5. The sun had set, ............... it was still light outside. (or, yet)
I would like to come, but I do not have time. He has not written, nor has he called me. 3. I opened the door .................. looked out. (and, yet)
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6. Do you know his address ............. telephone number? (but, or)
9. ....................... he left, he made sure he had his keys with him. (Before, For)
7. He has not arrived yet, ..................have they. (and, nor)
10. .................... I told the truth, you would not believe me. (Even if, So that)
8. I read the book, ..............did not understand it. (but, or)
11 They have known her ....................she was a child. (until, since)
9. We searched diligently, ............... found nothing. (or, yet)
12 I must leave now, .................. I have a great deal of work to do. (as, than)
10 . I invited him ..................his friends. (and, but)
13 . What shall we do ..................... it rains? (or else, supposing) 14 ....................... you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it. (If, Until)
47. 2 Fill in the blanks with the words and, but also, nor, or, than, then and when, as appropriate
15 The door was open, ................... we could hear everything. (in case, so)
1 We should either walk quickly __ take the bus.
16 I studied more .................he did. (than, whereas)
We should either walk quickly or take the bus.
17 We packed a lunch, ..............we knew we would soon be hungry. (lest, for)
2 I had scarcely sat down ____ the telephone rang.
18 I will join you, .................... the weather is fine. (providing, than)
I had scarcely sat down when the telephone rang.
19 ..................... he is very busy, he is seldom at home. (Or else, Because)
3. I have both respects ............. admiration for them.
20 We must hurry, ................. we will be late. (so that, or else)
4. Hardly had I finished reading over the problem................ the answer leapt to my mind. 6. He could not decide whether to tell the truth ..............keep silent.
47.4 Fill in the blanks with the conjunctions or connecting adverbs given in brackets. Make sure that the sentences conform to the rules of correct formal English.
7. It was not only a beautiful day, ............... the first day of Spring.
1 It was very hot. ____________, we decided to go swimming. (Consequently, So)
8. If you follow the instructions, you should have no difficulty.
It was very hot. Consequently, we decided to go swimming.
9. He is neither proud .................. condescending.
2 It was very hot, __ we decided to go swimming. (Consequently, So)
10. What with one thing .................. another, it was very late by the time we left the house.
It was very hot, so we decided to go swimming.
11 No sooner had I opened my eyes, .................... I remembered where I was.
3. I have invited him. ........................ I have invited his sister. (Also, And)
12 Scarcely had I heard the news, ..................my friend arrived.
4. He walked up to the door ........................knocked. (and, likewise)
13 I do not know whether he has seen the movie before ...............not.
5. The bus fare is expensive; ......................., I prefer to walk. (so, therefore)
14. I would rather wait here ..................risk missing the bus.
6. She is well-educated......................... she has very good manners. (And, Besides)
15. She could find the book neither at the Library, .............at the bookstore.
7. I would rather travel by train, ..................... the bus leaves earlier. (but, however)
16. No sooner had I opened the window, .................. a butterfly flew into the room.
8. We were born in this village........................ we know everyone here. (hence, so that)
17. The crowd was both large ..................... enthusiastic.
9. Put less wood on the fire, .......................t will be too smoky. (or, otherwise)
5. It will rain either today ................... tomorrow.
10. They got off the train. ....................... they began to search for a hotel. (And, Then) 47.3 Fill in the blanks with the correct subordinate conjunctions or similar expressions chosen from the pairs given in brackets.
11 She studied for many months; ..............., she knew the material thoroughly. (consequently, so that)
1 I went for a walk _______ the sun was shining. (because, otherwise)
13. Please come with us, ...................... I can introduce you to my friends. (thus, so that)
I went for a walk because the sun was shining.
14. The sun was warm, .......................... a cool breeze blew in from the sea. (but, however)
2 Do you know _______ the stores are open today? (as if, whether)
15. I have read this book before; ..................., I do not remember the plot. (but, however)
Do you know whether the stores are open today?
16. They were hot .................... tired. (also, and)
3. We recognized her at once, ...................we had not seen her for years. (although, in case)
17. The door was locked................. we would have waited inside. (or, otherwise)
4. He kept reading ...................he fell asleep. (for, until)
18. I have known her for many years; ..................., I understand her character well. (so that, thus)
5. The moon will rise .................... the sun sets. (as soon as, than)
19. We opened the window ....................fresh air would blow into the room. (consequently, so that)
6. It looks ........................ the train will be late. (while, as though)
20. He is ignorant; ....................., he is lazy. (and, furthermore)
7. ...................she got her degree, she became a teacher. (After, Than) 8. We will not go skiing .......................the weather is good. (as if, unless)
12. The weather was hot; ................... the air was humid. (and, moreover)
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4-SUBJECT QUESTION -OBJECT QUESTION
UNIT 48 Questions
Who
Have you? Do they...? Who
runs do
to the shop? you
like?
Exercise ‘Questions’
Why / Do you want to sleep in my bedroom? A statement is a sentence that gives information. A question is a sentence that asks for information. 1-YES / NO QUESTIONS - BE
question
Did Claire finish the housework?
Did he have a bath yesterday?
Did the boy jump into the lake?
Did Ronald visit the Tower of London?
Did Peggy and Olivia look after the baby?
Are you French? Yes, I am.
Was Molière an actor or a writer? Both.
Had he understood? I think he had.
Was Stendhal French or Italian? French.
Can she swim? No, she can’t.
Is Barcelona in Italy or in Portugal? Neither.
Do you like tea? No, I don’t.
Do you work a lot ?
Do you swim once a week ?
Does your brother live in England ?
Are you eating some fish or drinking tea? Do you often watch television?
Subject and verb change their position in statement and question. statement
Did you close the door?
Who are you playing with ?
Can you lend me your book, please?
You are from Germany.
Do you like apples?
Yes, I do.
Are you from Germany?
Do you get up at ten?
No, I get up at nine.
Are they writing a letter?
No, they are sleeping.
Does he work at night?
No, he works in the afternoon.
Are you watching TV?
No, I am having dinner.
Are you coming to the party?
No, I have other plans.
Are they flying home?
No, they’re taking the bus.
2- QUESTION TAGS positive statement ->question tag negative - You are Tom, aren’t you? negative statement->question tag positive - He isn’t Joe, is he? 3-QUESTIONS WITHOUT QUESTION WORDS
48.1 Change the following affirmative statements into questions. For example:
Auxiliary
Subject
Verb
Rest
Will
you
lend
him the book?
May I go?
Can
you
speak
English?
We could have found it.
Can
you
climb
a tree?
Have
you
got
a cat?
2. He might be leaving for work now. .......................................................................
Have
you
got
a new car?
3. We can solve the puzzle. .......................................................................
Do
you
read
books?
Were
you
reading
books?
Are
you
going to
watch
I may go.
Could we have found it? 1. I must leave at four o’clock. .......................................................................
4. You should have called him. ....................................................................... 5. They could have been waiting for the bus. ....................................................................... 6. I shall go out now. ....................................................................... 7. You will have finished the book. ....................................................................... 8. We should be making the arrangements. ....................................................................... 9. She would like to know the answer. ....................................................................... 10. They can explain what happened. .......................................................................
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UNIT 49 Wh Questions
Which is bigger- Canada or Australia? We use question words to ask certain types of questions A written question in English always ends with a question mark: ?
How long did the party last?
How much was the check for?
What is she doing?
How many cars do your parents have?
When are they coming to visit?
Where is he going right now?
Who is the man with the white hat?
Why don’t you get up early?
How often do you have an English class?
What do they like to do on weekends?
How do you know Mr. Amos?
He’s my teacher.
How do you spell your name?
S-I-M-O-N.
How do you say that in English?
I don’t know.
Where do you live?
I live in Arizona.
Where are you from?
I’m from California
What do you do on the weekends?
I usually stay home and watch television
What do you do (as an occupation)?
I’m a computer programmer.
Question Word
Function
Example
what
asking for information about something
What is your name?
Where does your sister work?
She works at home.
What are you doing?
I am going home
When does Joe go home?
At half past four.
Where is Jane going?
She is going home.
what...for
asking for a reason, asking why
What did you do that for?
when
asking about time
When did he leave?
where
asking in or at what place or position
Where do they live?
How long have you been waiting?
How far did you swim?
How old is your grandfather?
How fast can you type?
which
asking about choice
Which colour do you want?
who
asking what or which person or people (subject)
Who opened the door?
whom
asking what or which person or people (object)
Whom did you see?
whose
asking about ownership
Whose are these keys? Whose key is it?
why
asking for reason, asking what...for
Why do you say that?
why don’t
making a suggestion
Why don’t I help you?
how
asking about manner
How does this work?
how
asking about condition or quality
How was your exam?
how + adj / adv
asking about extent or degree
see examples below
What’s your favourite colour?
how far
distance
How far is Pattaya from Bangkok?
What kind of job do you want? or what type of job.......? / what short of job.........?
how long
length (time or space)
How long will it take?
how many
quantity (countable)
How many cars are there?
how much
quantity (uncountable)
how old
age
How much did you pay for this car?
How much money do you want?
How many brothers have you got?
How many books are there on the table?
How many cars are there in the garage?
Which car is yours?
How
tall are you? big is the house? old is your mother? far is it from here to the airport? often do you use your car? long have they been married? much was the meal?
I’m 1 metre 70 Not very big She’s 45 Five kilometres Every day Ten years Thirty pounds
What without a noun What do you want to do tonight?
Exercise “WH Questions” Who is running? The boy.
Why is he running? Because he’s in a hurry.
Where is she walking? In the garden.
Where is the book? On the desk.
How much money do you have?
When is he going to arrive? At six o’clock.
Why is he studying? Because the lesson is hard.
How old are you?
Who is the inventor of penicillin?
What’s her name? - Her name is Deb.
How old are you? - I’m 15.
Who are they? - They are Bob and Tim.
Which blouse do you like?
Which of these dresses will you put on tonight?
How did she feel?
What kind of book is that?
When did your sister call her boyfriend?
What does he study at the university?
Why can she fly? - She can fly because she has got magic powers. How often do you play rugby? - I practise twice a week. How long do you sleep? - I sleep 10 hours every night.
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How old is your youngest son? he is 10.
49.4 Complete the sentences
Whose book did Jenny borrow? she borrowed Jane’s.
1 (How do aeroplanes fly?)
Do you know how aeroplanes fly?
How did they find the solution to the exercise? they asked John
2(Where does Susan work?)
I don’t know..........................
3 (what did Peter say?)
Do you remember......................?
49.1 Write what / which / who
4 (Why did he go home early?)
I don’t know...........................
1 ...What ....is that man’s name?
5(what time does the meeting begin?)
Do you know.........................?
2 ........which...way shall we go? Left to right
6(How did the accident happen?)
I don’t remember...........................
3 You can have tea or coffee................do you prefer? 4................day is it today? Friday 5 This is a nice office..........desk is yours? 6 .............is your favourite sport? 7 .............is more expensive, meat or fish? 8.............is older, Liz or Steve? 9 ............kind of camera have you got? 10 A: I’ve got three cameras B: ............camera do you use most? 11.........nationality are you? 49.2. Write questions with How...? 1 Are you 1 metre 70? 1.75? 1.80?
How tall are you?
2 İs this box one kilogram? Two? Three?...................................................................... 3 Are you 20 years old? 22? 25?..................................................................................... 4 Did you spend £ 20? £30? £ 50?.................................................................................. 5 Do you watch TV every day? Once a week? Never?.................................................. 6 İs it 1000 miles from Paris to Moscow? 1500? 2000?................................................. 49.3 Complete the questions 1 I want to go out
Where........do you want to go?
2 Kate and Paul aren’t going to the party
Why.....aren’t they going?
3 I am reading
What....................?
4 Sue went to bed early
What time..................?
5 My parents are going on holiday
When..................?
6 I saw Tom a few days ago
Where......................?
7 I can’t come to the party
Why.....................?
8 Tina has gone away
Where..................?
9 I need some money
How much..................?
10 Angela doesn’t like me
Why.....................? _
11 It rains sometimes
How often...................?
12 I did the shopping
When...................?
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UNIT 50 Purpose Clauses You use a purpose clause when you want to state the purpose of the action in the independent clause. The most common type of purpose clause is a to-infinitive clause.
You can also express purpose with so that or in order that. In this case you generally need to use a modal. She told him to play quiet so that he wouldn’t disturb the neighbours. He got a visa so that he can travel to the USA. He decided to stay in England for a while so that he could practice his English. PRESENT We want to arrive early in order that / so that we CAN / WILL / MAY see the sunset. PAST
We arrived early in order that / so that we COULD / WOULD / MIGHT see the sunset.
I have come here in order that you can see my new hairstyle. I have come here so that you can see my new hairstyle.
They’re learning English; so that they can stay in England to stay in England In order to stay in England so as to stay in England
ACTION
PURPOSE
I will give you this English book
In order that you can pass your exam.
We brought some blankets
so that we could keep warm.
To, in order to, so as to, so that. These structures express purpose and answer the question why something is done I’m going to Ireland to visit my family. she left work early in order to be at home with the children. I went to the post office to buy some stamps. He is looking for a part time job to save some pocket money. She wakes early in order to be on time to work. They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife. A: Why did you call him? B: I called him in order to / so as to / to invite him. I called him not to congratulate him , but to invite him. He’s getting some money to buy the tickets for the concert He’s getting some money so as to buy the tickets for the concert He’s getting some money in order to buy the tickets for the concert PURPOSE IN THE NEGATIVE FORM. Before a negative infinitive, we normally use ‘so as’ or ‘in order’. I am leaving now so as not to be late. She exercises regularly so as not to get fat. He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission. You have to dress now in order not to be late for the party. I drank a lot of coffee in order not to fall asleep. I drank a lot of coffee so as not to fall asleep. He shut the window in order not to hear the noise of the street SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT
I went to bed early last night so that I could get up on time this morning I go to bed early everyday so that I can get up on time. I left the door open so that she could come in. I’m taking this book with myself, so that I’ll have something to read on the train. We moved to London so that we could visit our friends more often. I gave her my address so that she could contact me. Did you give up your job so that you could take of your mother? When the purpose is negative (SO THAT ... WON’T / WOULDN’T): He wore glasses and a false beard so that nobody would recognize him. I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late. (= because I didn’t want to be late) Leave early so that you won’t (or don’t) miss the bus. I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late. (= because I didn’t want to be late) He spoke quietly so that nobody could hear him. He switched TV off so that the children couldn’t see violent images. I’ve come here so that we can’t talk. For future meaning I studied hard so that I would pass my test.
I am studying hard so that I will pass my test.
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I am studying hard so that I don’t fail my test.
Jenny is a very nice person. She is always prompt to help her friends.
to + verb (to learn).
They took the taxi so as not to waste time.
for + a noun (for a holiday)
I’m going to Australia so as not to forget my English.
I’m just coming to help you.
Make sure your bags are tagged so that you can identify them later.
I went there to see the demonstration. A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a party
50.1 Complete these sentences using a suitable verb.
We shouted to warn everybody of the danger.
1. The President has a team of bodyguards to protect him.
I went to the bookstore to buy a book. I went to the bookstore for a book.
2. I didn’t have enough time........... the newspaper today.
I am writing to congratulate you for your success.
3. I came home by taxi. I didn’t have the energy..........
Compare:
4. ‘Would you like something ..............?’ ‘Yes, please. A cup of coffee.’
I’m going to Spain for a holiday but I’m going to Spain to learn Spanish.
5. We need a bag............. these things in.
(not ‘for learn Spanish’, not ‘for learning Spanish’)
6. There will be a meeting next week ........... the problem.
What would you like for dinner? but what would you like to eat? (not ‘for eat’)
7. I wish we had enough money .......... a new car.
Let’s go to the pool for a swim. But let’s go to the pool to have a swim.
8. I saw Helen at the party but we didn’t have a chance.......... to each other.
Note that you can say ... for (somebody) to (do something):
9. I need some new clothes. I haven’t got anything nice ..........
There weren’t any chairs for us to sit on, so we had to sit on the floor.
10. They’ve just passed their exams. They’re having a party .............
This knife is only for cutting bread. (or ... to cut bread.)
11. I can’t do all this work alone. I need somebody ......... me.
Exercise “Adverbial Clauses of purpose”
in order- so that- So as- to
50.2 Put in to or for.
I put my son on my shoulders in order that he could see better
1. I’m going to Spain _for a holiday.
She left the keys out so that she wouldn’t forget them
2. You need a lot of experience ......... this job.
Terry gave me a spare key in order that I could get in when he wasn’t at home
3. You need a lot of experience .......... do this job.
During the winter, chains are put on car tyres in order that they grip the road better in the ice and snow
4. We’ll need more time ........... make a decision.
She cuts the cake into small pieces so that there would be enough for
5. I went to the dentist ........... a check-up.
We keep our meat in the fridge so that it doesn’t go bad.
6. I had to put on my glasses ........... read the letter.
Yvonne is borrowing some English books in order to learn more of this language.
7. Do you wear glasses ......... reading?
I have to leave early so that I won’t miss my plane.
8. I wish we had a garden ....... the children ....play in.
He should come here as soon as possible in order to repair our car. He spoke so loudly in order to wake Mary. He is a naughty boy. Yvonne is learning English so that she can read English books. He went to school in order to practise his English. I’m studying very hard at the moment to pass my exams next month. I bought a dictionary to help with my vocabulary. I went to bed early so that I wouldn’t be tired in the morning. I have to get up early. I set the alarm for five o’clock in order not to oversleep. I waited for an hour so that I could meet her. Some people do not eat before exercises in order not to feel nauseated. Do exercise regularly in order to have excellent health and well-being. My sister gave English lessons in order to earn some pin money.
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UNIT 51 The imperative in English We use “The imperative “in nglish. When we tell somebody to do something
Let’s stop now.
Let’s have some lunch.
Let’s not tell her about it.
It’s cold. Let’s not go out.
Let’s stay at home. Come on. Let’s dance
Are you ready? Let’s go
It’s cold. Don’t let’s go out. Let’s stay at home
Exercise “Imperative”
Shh ! The baby is sleeping. Take off your shoes and don’t make any noise. Close the door.
Sit down and open your book page 26.
You, listen to me.
Let’s not say a word.
Matt, open the door, please.
Write the date on the board!
Stand up and start again
Sit down and open your books !
Always use your fork !
Don’t leave me!
Don’t walk on the grass!
Please don’t eat the daisies!
give orders, commands, warnings, advice, suggestion
Let her go to the party tonight.
Don’t drive too fast.
Don’t be silly and be quiet!
Do your homework!
Don’t eat all the cakes!
Listen to this song!
Don’t sit on the grass!
Help me do my work!
Don’t buy it! It’s too expensive!
Wait for the bus here!
Don’t drink and drive!
Wash your hands before dinner!
Don’t hurry! you aren’t late!
Catch this ball!
never say never !
Keep the door open to the elderly lady !
Don’t let the camera get wet
let’s not go to the cinema.
Never forget to brush up your English before leaving to England ! How can I lose weight, Doctor? Don’t eat candy, and get more exercise. Please bring me a glass of water. Ok! Is that all?
Don’t leave your valuables in the car.
suggestion
What did you say? I can’t hear you. Please turn the radio off for a minute.
Bring me another fork please.
request
Where’s Dad? He’s taking a nap. Please don’t wake him up.
Take us to Taksim Square.
order
Be careful in the traffic.
warning
51.1 Put the words in the positive and the negative imperative forms.
Don’t drink alcohol
advice
1 (Take) that Take that, please
Don’t take that, please
Take the first left onto Pine street and continue for three blocks.
Direction
2 (Stand) up ..........................................................
.......................................................
Don’t touch that electric wire again!
Warning
It’s a nice day. Let’s not take the bus. Let’s walk to the theatre.
3 (Give) me the details ................................................ ........................................................ 4 (Use) the new pen ................................................ ........................................................ 5 (Open) your book.................................................... .......................................................
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb: Please take a seat.
Please wait here.
AFFİRMATİVE SENTENCES
NEGATİVE SENTENCES
Come here.
Don’t come now.
Clean the bathroom.
Don’t clean the living room.
51.2 Put the words in the positive or the negative imperative forms. 1 Answer (it) Answer it please. 2 upstairs. (to go) ....................................................... 3 in this lake. (not / to swim)................................................... 4 your homework. (to do)........................................................ 5 football in the yard. (not / to play)............................................
The imperative with let’s:
6 your teeth. (to brush).............................................................
AFFİRMATİVE SENTENCES
NEGATİVE SENTENCES
Let’s ask the teacher.
Let’s not ask the teacher.
7 during the lesson. (not / to talk)................................................ 8 the animals in the zoo. (not / to feed)........................................ 9 late for school. (not / to be)...................................................... 10 your mobiles. (to switch off).................................................
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UNIT 52 Short Answers
Haven’t you already been to England ? No, I haven’t, but I’ve been to the USA Exercise “ Short Answers “
Have they read the book? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
YES, I DO. / NO, I DON’t’ Saying ‘Yes, I do. / No, I don’t’ in English is more polite than just saying ‘Yes. / No.’ That’s why short answers are very commonly used. To form the short answer, you use the first word from the question.
She looks very pretty. Doesn’t she?
He doesn’t smoke. Does he?
They are very fond of each other. Aren’t they?
George can’t speak German. Can he?
We mustn’t keep them waiting. Must we?
She’s worked too much. Hasn’t she?
We shan’t have to wait. Shall we?
They won’t understand. Will they?
You had a very busy day yesterday. Didn’t you?
Let’s go shopping, shall we?
Stop giving me advice, will you?
Pass me the salt, will you?
No, they aren’t / No, they are not.
52.1 Complete the short answers with the correct form.
Yes, I do.
No, I don’t / No, I do not.
1 Are you from Germany?.........Yes, I am- - No, I am not.
Does it rain a lot in your country?
Yes, it does.
No, it doesn’t / No, it does not.
2 Are Peter and Sue your friends?........................................
Did you teach Italian?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn’t / No, I did not.
3 Has your sister got a car?..................................................
Are they sad?
Yes, they are.
Do you fancy going to the theatre?
Was he in yesterday morning?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasn’t / No, he was not.
4 Do you speak English?......................................................
Have you ever been to York?
Yes, we have.
No, we haven’t / No, we have not.
5 Can he play football?.........................................................
AFFIRMATIVE SHORT ANSWER
NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWER
Is he ready?
Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t.
8 Did you talk to him?............................................................
Were you finished?
Yes, I was.
No, I wasn’t.
9 Have you been waiting for long?........................................
Do you know them?
Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.
Did we win?
Yes, we did.
No, we didn’t.
52.2 Write affirmative short answers to the following questions.
Has he left?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.
Is he thirsty?
Yes, he is.
No, they won’t.
Haven’t they read the book?
Yes, they have.
Yes, they will.
Will they need help?
Yes, I could.
Could you help me?
No, I couldn’t.
Is he from London? -
Yes, he is.
Are the boys at your school? -
Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t.
Can you play ice-hockey?
Yes, I can.
No, I can’t.
Have we got ketchup? -
Yes, we have.
No, we haven’t.
Yes, I can.
No, I can’t / No, I cannot
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t / No, I have not.
Can you speak Catalan? Have you got a match?
6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester?........................................
QUESTION
No, he isn’t.
7 Is she going by bus?..........................................................
10 Will she send us a mail?...................................................
Can they finish the work by themselves? Yes, they can. 1. Do we need any butter?
.......................................................
2. May they send for you?
.......................................................
3. Is she sure she is right?
.......................................................
4. Does he enjoy studying?
.......................................................
5. Had they been meaning to call us?
.......................................................
6. Couldn’t he send us the information?
.......................................................
7. Would she like to listen to the radio?
.......................................................
8. Had he been wanting to travel?
.......................................................
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UNIT 53 Countable and uncountable nouns
52.3 Write negative short answers to the following questions. Wasn’t he thirsty?
No, he wasn’t.
Were they watching television? No, they weren’t. 1. Isn’t she driving her own car? ....................................................... 2. Will he be visiting Denmark? ....................................................... 3. Would she mind? ....................................................... 4. Could they understand everything? ....................................................... 5. Will she have to get up early? ....................................................... 6. Should he warn them? .......................................................
English nouns are often described as “countable” or “uncountable” In this lesson we look at: In English, you can count some nouns but you can’t count others! You can say: Five apples, Three tables, Six bags of sugar These nouns are ‘countable’ But you can’t say : Six Sugar, Four snow, Seven water These nouns are ‘uncountable’ ! Countable Nouns -- It is a noun which is for things we can count.
7. Didn’t we sell all the chocolate bars? ....................................................... 8. Couldn’t they find any evidence? .......................................................
A student
three apples
Here are some more countable nouns: dog, cat, animal, man, person plate, fork table, chair,
bottle, box, litre coin, note, dollar cup,
COUNTABLE NOUNS We have seen some good plays recently. What’s wrong with you? Have you got a precise problem at work? Would she like to be an English teacher?
I know a lot of actors. Most of them are famous.
I have been working on the computer for hours.
I have got sore eyes. What an interesting game!
COUNTABLE NOUNS MAY BE SINGULAR OR PLURAL: a cat
a man
the morning
this bus
an armchair
cats
men
the mornings
these buses
two armchairs
BEFORE A SINGULAR COUNTABLE NOUN WE CAN USE A / AN Have a nice day! Can I have an ice-cream? My dog is playing.
My dogs are hungry.
There’s been an accident. (not ‘There’s been accident’)
A dog is an animal.
There is one person here.
There are three people here.
There were a few friends at the party.
He is a liar so he has a few friends.
She hates reading so she has a few books.
The dog has a few bones.
I eat an apple every day. Apples are good for you.
Some dogs can be dangerous.
I don’t use any computers at work.
My dog is playing.
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QUANTIFIERS
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable
Quantifier
Example
a few
There were a few friends at the party. She hates reading so she has a few books.
many
He has many friends. There are many cars in the park.
Uncountable a bottle of water
a piece of cheese
a carton of
a cup of coffee
milk chocolale
Countable and Uncountable
a little
It drinks a little milk. There is a little jam in the bowl.
much
She has much money. I think you put much milk.
a lot of
There are a lot of people at the concert. I’ve a lot of work to do.
Any-some
She doesn’t have any pets. There isn’t any sugar at home.
We cannot “count” them. For example, we cannot count “milk”. We can count “bottles of milk” or “litres of milk”, but we cannot count “milk” itself.
Examples on countable -Uncountable
Here are some more uncountable nouns: music, art, love, happiness advice, information, news furniture, luggage rice, sugar, butter, water electricity, gas, power money, currency
The children are playing in the garden.
There are a lot of windows in our classroom.
The waiters in this restaurant are very professional.
Drivers must be careful; the road is slippery.
I bought three bottles of mineral water for our picnic
The exercises on this website are interesting.
I have some money / a bottle of water / a bowl of rice / a bottle of perfume / a cup of coffee
I don’t like milk. I prefer tea.
My mother uses butter to prepare cakes.
a piece of music / a game of tennis
We need some glue to fix this vase.
The bread my mother prepares is delicious.
We can use some -a little- much any with uncountable nouns:
Would you like some wine?
Would you like some rice?
I’d like some cheese for lunch.
Would you like an apple?
We can’t say
one water, two salt, one money
I have a little money.
It rains a little here in winter.
It drinks a little milk.
There is a little jam in the bowl.
How much ....? = uncountable nouns
I usually drink some wine with my meal.
I don’t usually drink any water with my wine.
How much coffee do you drink?
Drinks (coffee, water, orange juice) are usually uncountable.
How many ....? = countable nouns
We cannot use a / an with these nouns.
How many cups of coffee do you drink? a grain of rice
WE USE “HOW MANY” FOR QUESTIONS USING COUNTABLE OR PLURAL OBJECTS
He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.
How many rounds of cheese are there?
There are three rounds of cheese
How many bottles of wine are there?
There’s only one bottle of wine.
How many cups of coffee do you drink?
There are two pieces of furniture.
Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:
How many bags of money are there?
There are four bags of money.
There are two lights in our bedroom.
A: How many pencils do you have on your desk?
B: I have three pencils.
Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning.
A: How many shirts have you got?
B: I have got four shirts
Hair
There are two hairs in my coffee!
I don’t have much hair.
WE USE “HOW MUCH” FOR QUESTIONS USING A NON-COUNTABLE OR SINGULAR OBJECT
Room
Our house has seven rooms.
Is there room for me to sit here?
How much sugar is there?
There’s a lot of sugar. There’s some jeweler.
a piece of news
a bottle of water
Linda drinks a bottle of water every morning
When you learn a new word, it’s a good idea to learn whether it’s countable or uncountable Countable and Uncountable Close the curtain. There’s too much light!
Time
We had a great time at the party.
Have you got time for a coffee?
How much jeweler is there?
Noise
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise
It’s difficult to work when there is too much noise.
.Exercise “Countable / uncountable nouns with a / an and some”
Paper
Have you got a paper to read ?
Noise
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise
Paper Work
Have you got a paper to read ?
I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper? It’s difficult to work when there is too much noise. I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s greatest works.
Do you want some milk?
Can you give him some tea?
Do you want an orange?
I give him a present
Father buys me some cars.
Do you see an elephant?
Could you buy some stamps?
Do you like some butter and jam?
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Mum, please give me a melon
Does the monkey eat an apple?
9. George always wants things quickly. He’s got no................
Tom gives me a nice present.
This news is very important.
10. Do you speak any foreign ............?
She has much money
This is an excellent test.
11. Jane travels a lot. She has been to many .............
Please buy me a little hamster!
Dave and Peter send us some letters
12. Our flat is very small. We haven’t got much.........
When I was a child, I used to be very shy.
Would you like to be an actor?
Do you collect stamps?
What a beautiful garden!
53.3 Rewrite each of the following sentences, changing the subject of the verb to the singular,
Some birds, for example the penguin, cannot fly.
Violins are difficult to play.
A violin is difficult to play.
Sandra has got a big nose.
Unions have been formed.
A union has been formed.
I’ve been walking for three hours. I’ve got - sore feet.
Answers are always provided.
An answer is always provided.
I don’t feel very well this morning. I’ve got a sore throat.
Heirs have many friends.
An heir has many friends.
Those are - nice shoes. Where did you get them?
1. Avocados are expensive.
......................................................................................
Do you enjoy going to concerts?
2. Windows are an important feature of an artist’s studio. .................................................................. 3. Umbrellas should not be used during a thunderstorm. ..................................................................
53.1 Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Use a / an where necessary.
4. Horses can be useful in the mountains. ......................................................................................
accident- biscuit- blood- coat- decision- electricity- key- letter- moment –question- sugar
5. Cashews are a type of nut. ......................................................................................
1. It wasn’t your fault. It was an accident.
6. Onions can be used for flavouring soup. ......................................................................................
2. Listen! Can you hear music?
7. Trucks have many uses. ......................................................................................
3. I couldn’t get into the house because I didn’t have ....................
8. Hours passed. ......................................................................................
4. it’s very warm today. Why are you wearing .......................?
9. Sentences should have proper punctuation. ......................................................................................
5. Do you take .................. in your coffee?
10. Escalators are very convenient. ......................................................................................
6. Are you hungry? Would you like ............. with your coffee?
11. Uniforms must be worn.......................................................................................
7. Our lives would be very difficult without ................
12. Boxes were found on the floor.......................................................................................
8. I didn’t phone them. I wrote ............ instead.
13. Marshes lie beyond the city boundary. ......................................................................................
9. The heart pumps................ through the body.
14. Ideas can be valuable. ......................................................................................
10. Excuse me, but can I ask you .............?
15. Eggs are a good source of protein. .....................................................................................
11. I’m not ready yet. Can you wait................. please? 12. We can’t delay much longer. We have to make ............... soon. 53.2 Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Sometimes the word needs to be plural (-s). air –country- day- friend- meat- language- letter- patience- people- photograph- queue- space 1. I had my camera but I didn’t take many photographs. 2. There are seven .............. in a week. 3. A vegetarian is a person who doesn’t eat.............. 4. Outside the cinema there was.............. of people waiting to see the film. 5. I’m not very good at writing ............. 6. Last night I went out with some ......... of mine. 7. There were very few ......... in the shops today. They were almost empty. 8. I’m going out for a walk. I need some fresh .................
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UNIT 54 The definite article-the
The house we’ve just visited is the most expensive one. We use ‘the’ before a thing or a person when our listeners know what or who we are talking about or because the thing or person has already been mentioned.
Germany, France; Mount Whitney, Mount McKinley; Africa, Europe; Cairo, New York
the United States of America, the Netherlands; the Highlands, the Rocky Mountains, the Alps; the Middle East, the west of Australia
single islands
groups of islands
Corfu, Bermuda, Sicily
the Bahamas, the British Isles, the Canaries
parks; lakes; streets
name with of-phrase; oceans; seas; rivers
Central Park, Hyde Park; Lake Michigan, Loch Ness; 42nd Street, Oxford Street
the Statue of Liberty, the Tower (of London), the Isle of Wight; the Atlantic (Ocean); the Mediterranean (Sea); the Nile, the Rhine, the Suez Canal
months, days of the week (indefinite)
months, days of the week (definite)
The weekend is over on Monday morning. July and August are the most popular months for holidays.
I always remember the Monday when I had an accident. The August of 2001 was hot and dry.
Here’s the book I bought.
The cat is on the roof.
He said he would bring the money.
I’ve just seen the latest movie by Spielberg.
Freedom is the best thing on Earth.
Prince Charles will be a good King.
Exercise “ definite articles”
The boy sitting there is called John.
I really like Queen Elizabeth II.
We have a cat and a dog ; the cat is old,
But the dog is just a puppy.
I don’t like vegetables.
On Sundays, I sleep all day long.
I’m going to the supermarket. Do you want anything?
This is the book I was telling you about
Listen to the teacher!
I like the dress you bought
I always listen to the radio in the morning
She has never been to the Alps before.
The United States
The United Kingdom
I love the flowers in your garden
the English girl
the book
the blue book
the school
the old school
We have listed some examples in the following table. There you can see when we use the definite article and when we don’t..
The Daltons The Atlantic The fish I bought at the market was a big trout.
What do you think of the humour of this novel?
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE” DESIGNATES A SPECIFIC PERSON, PLACE OR EVENT AS SHOWN BELOW :
54.1 Fill in each blank with a, an or the. Be prepared to justify your choice.
NO ARTICLE IS USED IN THE FOLLOWING CASES: Life is too short. I like flowers.
I’ve read a book on the life of Bill Clinton. I like the flowers in your garden.
names of persons on the singular, relatives
family names in the plural
1. His aunt is .................teacher.
Peter and John live in London. Aunt Mary lives in Los Angeles.
The Smiths live in Chicago.
public buildings, institutions, means of transport (indefinite)
public buildings, institutions, means of transport (definite)
Mandy doesn’t like school. We go to school by bus. Some people go to church on Sundays.
The school that Mandy goes to is old. The bus to Dresden leaves at 7.40. The round church in Klingenthal is famous.
names of countries in the singular; summits of mountains; continents; towns
names of countries in the plural; mountain ranges; regions
___ Moon is full tonight.
The moon is full tonight.
He is ___ singer.
He is a singer.
Please sit in ___ centre of the boat.
Please sit in the centre of the boat.
The room costs twenty dollars ___ day.
The room costs twenty dollars a day.
2............architect is trained in design, drafting, and economics. 3. ..................ostrich is the world’s largest bird. 4. Buses pass this point two or three times........... hour. 5. Plants gain energy from the light of ..............sun. 6. I woke up in ........middle of the night. 7. She is ........doctor. 8. .........seal is an excellent swimmer. 9. Our eyes usually blink several times.......... minute. 10. At .......... equator, sunrise occurs at the same time each day. 11. He is ............ author.
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12. They wanted to hear......... end of the story.
7. He gave me.......... excellent piece of advice.
13. Such a severe storm occurs only once....... decade.
8. I have emptied the content of the bottle in ............. sink.
14. Mount Everest is tallest mountain in .............. world.
9. We have ............ theatre and several cinemas in the town.
15. There is an index at .......... back of the book.
10. His father, ............ bank clerk, will be retired at the end of the year. 11. Mum was very happy because we put............. end to this scandal.
54.2 Fill in the blanks with the or leave them empty, as appropriate.
12. Have you got ........... book about the Greek myths? Anyone will be all right.
___ Rick is one of ___ Smiths who live on our street.
13. All ............ sick passengers were well looked after.
Rick is one of the Smiths who live on our street.
14. Sorry, I can’t give an objective opinion, I am not........... musician.
___ Channel Islands lie south of ___ England.
15. We all believe in.......... freedom of the press in the country.
The Channel Islands lie south of England. ___ Rhine River flows through ___ Lake Constance. The Rhine River flows through Lake Constance. ____ Isle of Man lies in ____ Irish Sea. The Isle of Man lies in the Irish Sea. Part of ___ New York City is situated on ___ Long Island. Part of New York City is situated on Long Island. 1. ____ Hawaiian Islands are in the middle of ____ Pacific Ocean. 2. ____ Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah. 3. ____ London lies on ____ Thames River. 4. ____ Suez Canal connects ____ Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea. 5. ____ Lake Huron and ____ Lake Erie are two of ____ Great Lakes. 6. ____ Calcutta lies north of ____ Bay of Bengal. 7. ____ North Sea separates British Isles from ____ Norway and ____ Denmark. 8. ____ Bay of Biscay lies to the west of ____ France. 9. ____ Orkney Islands are in the north of ____ Scotland. 10. ____ Anticosti Island lies in ____ Gulf of St. Lawrence. 11. Part of ____ Sahara Desert lies in ____ Algeria. 12. ____ Gerry, one of ____ Johnsons, lives on ____ Belleview Street. 13. ____ Mount Kilimanjaro is south-east of ____ Lake Victoria. 14. ____ Vancouver Island lies off the west coast of ____ Canada. 15. ____ Serengeti National Park lies in ____ Tanzania. 54.3 Fill in the blanks with “the” or “a-an” 1. We are very surprised by ............. words he knows. 2. Will you take .......... picture of the church? 3. They have .............loveliest garden I have ever seen. 4. Its really......... interesting piece of news, don’t you think so? 5. That’s ............incredible story! 6. They were hidden in this village till ........... end of the war.
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UNIT 55 The indefinite article: a, an
55.1 Put in a / an or the. 1. a. This house is very nice. Has it got --a- garden? b. It’s a beautiful day. Let’s sit in -the-- garden. c. I like living in this house but it’s a pity that --- garden is so small. 2. a. Can you recommend --- good restaurant? b.We had dinner in --- very nice restaurant. c. We had dinner in --- most expensive restaurant in town. 3. a. She has --- French name but in fact she’s English, not French. b. What’s --- name of that man we met yesterday?
Jane doesn’t feel very well this morning. He has got a headache.
c. We stayed at a very nice hotel - I can’t remember --- name now.
We use ‘a’ or ‘an’ when we wish to refer to anything or not anything particular. The indefinte article has no plural form. a boy - boys
4. a. There isn’t --- airport near where I live --- nearest airport is 70 miles away. b. Our plane was delayed. We had to wait at --- airport for three hours.
Exercise “Indefinite articles”
c. Excuse me, please. Can you tell me how to get to --- airport?
Would you like to join me for a cup of tea at my humble bungalow?
5 . a. ‘Are you going away next week?’ ‘No, --- week after next.’
An elephant is a mammoth animal.
He is planning to go to a university.
b. I’m going away for --- week in September.
The other day I met a one-eyed man.
This house is very nice. Has it got a garden?
c. George has a part-time job. He works three mornings --- week.
the following word starts with a consonant
the following word starts with a vowel
a boy
an aunt
a school
an old school
2. How often do you go to dentist?...................................
a girl
an American girl
3. Could you close door, please? .................................
They finished a unit.
The speed of this car was 160 miles an hour
There is a new English book on the desk
She’s reading an old comic.
He is drinking a cup of coffee
they’ve got an idea. .
The girl is a pilot.
My friend likes to be an astronaut
There’s a bird flying.
This is an expensive bike Look!
What’s wrong with you?
Have you got a precise problem at work?
I know a lot of actors.
Most of them are - famous.
“Articles a / an / the One of the boys is wearing a jacket.
One girl is wearing a black sweatshirt.
Another boy is wearing a blue duvet coat.
The girl with glasses is wearing a restaurant hat.
Another girl is wearing a blue dress.
He is in the Army and he is wearing a uniform
This girl is wearing an awful hat.
No one has got an umbrella.
One of the girls is carrying an Army bag.
Have you seen the photo I talked about yesterday?
A man is wearing a pink jumper.
Ben has a terrible headache.
55.2 Put in a / an or the in these sentences where necessary. 1. Would you like apple? _an apple._
4. I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to do that. It was mistake ....................... 5. Excuse me, where is bus station, please? ............................. 6. I’ve got problem. Can you help me? ...................... 7. I’m just going to post office. I won’t be long .................................. 8. There were no chairs, so we had to sit on floor. .................... 9. Have you finished with book I lent you? ........................... 10. My sister has just got job in bank in Manchester. ................ 11. We live in small flat near city centre......................... 12. There’s small supermarket at end of street I live in...............
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B: I make clothes. I make dress and jackets. I also make toys for my children.
UNIT 56 do and make
Exercise “Do / Make”
Go and see what the children are doing.
My mother usually does the housework on Saturdays.
Have you ever done any sport?
I don’t know what to do next year.
Could you make your bed please!
I have no vinegar, we’ll have to make do with lemon.
Yesterday, I made a mistake in the exercise.
I have to do my homework.
I have to take an exam next week.
When I get up I make my bed.
I want to make an appointment with the doctor.
I’d like to take a photo of you.
What are you doing today? Let’s go to the health club together.
After dinner I’ll help you do the dishes.
Could you do me a favour please?
It is not always easy to choose between “do” and “make”.
We do a lot of business with China.
I should do more exercises.
DO
His watch is made of gold.
I often make cakes.
Do can be an auxiliary verb (Do you like coffee?) or a main verb (I did my homework yesterday.).
Yesterday, I did a lot of hard work.
Does it make a difference?
As an auxiliary verb, Do is general word for actions;
Do nothing until I call you.
I have to do my English tonight.
Do your work
do homework do housework do your job
If you don’t do your homework, you’ll stay here the whole afternoon.
56.1 Write make or do in the correct form
Can you do me a favor, please?’ Sure!’
1. What are you ................. today? Let’s go to the health club together.
I always have to do the shopping and the cooking.
We can’t do anything about it. What should we do? Shall I open the the window? No, it’s OK. I’ll do it.
2. I haven’t............. any plans yet.
Have you done your homework?
3. But I’ve got a lot to................
John has just done a training course
do good-do harm -do well-do badly-do a favour-do business-do the shopping-do the washing -do the washing up- do the ironing- do the cooking etc
4. I’ve got to .............. the housework and the ironing.
I want to do something.
What are you doing this evening?
6. And I really should ............... Sam’s dinner before he gets back.
What can we do?
I like doing the cooking.
7. At least I don’t need to............ any exercise to lose weight !
What do you do? (= What is your job?)
I’m doing my driving test next week
8. May I ...............a suggestion ?
5. Then I have to............ the beds.
MAKE
9. Why not.............. a salad and leave it in the fridge?
Make is not an auxiliary verb. It is always a main verb (I made a cake yesterday.).Make =produce / create.
10. Then you can...............your hair, get changed and come with me.
make a change / changes
make a complaint
make a demand
11. You know I’m not good at.............decisions. What about Sam?
make an effort
make an exception make an excuse
make a loss
12. He can...............with ham salad and a beer for dinner, can’t he?
make love
make a mistake
make money
make a noise
13. All right, but I’d better..................... a quick phone call first.
make an offer
make peace
make a phone call make a profit
make a decision
14. Oh Betty, you’re.................. a lot of fuss about nothing. 15. May I.................... a favour?
Can I make a suggestion?
I am going to do the shopping today
16.The teacher congratulated the pupils who ............. yesterday’s exercises.
You are making a fool of yourself
How do you make your living?
17.The country ....... large profits in the cotton sale last year.
Do as I say but not as I do
That idea doesn’t make any sense
18. I know it is difficult but you must ......... an effort.
What can we do about it?
It isn’t to make fun the others
19. Several young Africans go to the United States to ....... business.
Will you please stop making so much noise?
I haven’t made any plans yet.
20. Elisa does not like.............. housework.
But I’ve got a lot to do.
I’ve got to do the housework and the ironing.
21. Jeff ............. some shopping after the class.
Compare do and make
22. The thunder .......... a big noise that frightened everyone in the house.
I did a lot yesterday. I cleaned my room, I wrote some letters and I made a cake
23. The director of this factory......... his best to increase the yield.
A: What do you do in your free time? Sport? Reading? Hobbies?
24. Dave invited some friends home without ......... his room.
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25. What are you going to ......... after the party?
UNIT 57 Singular and Plural
26. The contractor forgot the stadium when ..........the plan of the town. 27. The soldiers want to ........peace after five years of war. 28. The hunters.......... a fire in the forest at night. 29. The engineer........ a great mistake in the computer programme.
What’s the matter?! is there bad news? English nouns can be classified as count (singular and plural) and non-count. I have one watch. It is quite accurate.
I have two watches. They are quite accurate.
This is my sister. She is younger than I am.
These are my sisters. They are younger than I am.
To eat a potato is healthy
To eat potatoes is healthy.
The lady is holding the knife
The ladies are holding the knives
His feet hurt terribly
His foot hurts terribly.
The information is correct
The information is correct.
There is a match tonight
There are matches tonight.
His hypothesis was true.
His hypotheses were true
He is a hero
They are heroes.
He is receiving his wage.
They are receiving their wages
That mouse never plays with the other one. Those mice never play with the other ones MOST NOUNS FORM THE PLURAL BY ADDING -S OR -ES. After -ch, -sh, -s, -ss, -x, -z and -zz, we add -es. Substitute y after consonant with -ies: singular
plural
singular
plural
a car
two cars
a box
two boxes
a cassette
two cassettes
a sandwich
two sandwiches
a lamp
two lamps
a suitcase
two suitcases
a city
two cities
a boy
two boys
a lady
two ladies
a day
two days
singular
plural
singular
plural
a man
two men
a tooth
two teeth
IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS:
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a woman
two women
a goose
two geese
a child
two children
a foot
two feet
a mouse
two mice
an ox
two oxen
I need some new glasses. or I need a new pair of glasses. Gymnastics is my favourite sport. The trousers you bought for me don’t fit me. Can I borrow your scissors? Mine aren’t sharp enough.
a mouse four mice
a foot two feet
an ox
clock : clocks
avocado : avocados
baby : babies
day : days
Three days isn’t long enough for a good holiday
wolf : wolves
roof : roofs
sheep : sheep
I can’t find my binoculars. Do you know where they are?
fish : fish / fishes
mouse : mice
fox : foxes
toy : toys
Do you think the people are happy with the government?
coat : coats
table : tables
journey : journeys kiss : kisses
+SINGULAR + PLURAL
thief : thieves
brush : brushes
deer : deer
there is There is a spider on the wall.
there are
There are two spiders on the wall.
there was
There was a party last Saturday.
there were
There were ghosts in the castle.
this
Look! This avocado is enormous.
these
Everybody does it these days.
That
Do you remember that day?
Those
Nobody did it in those days.
little
He’s got little money.
Few
Few people own a castle.
shelf : shelves
This man is carrying a parcel
two oxen
Fortunately the news wasn’t as bad as we expected.
a person two people
path : paths
These men are carrying parcels.
SOME NOUNS HAVE THE SAME FORM IN THE SINGULAR AND THE PLURAL. Singular
Plural
sheep
sheep
a little
There is a little wine left.
a few
I know a few words in Spanish.
fish
fish
much
There is not much time left.
many
Have you got many books?
species
species
how much write?
How much flour do you want?
how many
How many poems did he
aircraft
aircraft
every
John works every day.
each
Each pupil must bring his book.
Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.
Exercise “Plural “ singular”
The news is on at 6.30 p.m.
Athletics is good for young people.
The children aren’t in the park.
Linguistics is the study of language.
Darts is a popular game in England.
The child isn’t in The park.
Look at the men : they’re playing football.
Look at the man : he’s playing football.
Sometimes we use a plural noun for one thing that has two parts
His shoes are all black.
His shoe is all black.
Do you wear glasses?
Where are the scissors? I need them
Are the women watching T.V. ?
Is the woman watching T.V.?
Police is plural
The police want to talk to anybody who saw the accident.
The knives are on the table.
The knife is on The table
Exercise “Singular or plural”
scissors
glasses
jeans / tights
shorts pyjamas
The dog is sitting on my bed.
There are five pencils on my desk.
I have got two brothers.
They are riding their bikes.
We have got a cat.
How many books have you got in your bag?
My father has got a new computer.
There are three windows in this room.
Susan has got four posters.
What time is the news on?
Disasters are tragic, politics is boring.
And the information is misleading.
My shorts are very dirty.
Statistics is a very precise science.
My luggage is still in New York.
Where are my black tights?
These words are plural, so they take a plural verb: My trousers are too long. (not ‘is too long’)
57.1 Complete the sentences using a word. Sometimes you need a or some.
Those are nice jeans. or that’s a nice pair of jeans. (not ‘a nice jeans’)
1. My eyes aren’t very good. I need glasses._
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2. This plant is _a_ very rare species.
10. The breeze was warm. .............................................................................................
3. Footballers don’t wear trousers when they play. They wear ...............
11. The wall is being painted. .............................................................................................
4. The bicycle is ...........of transport.
12. The church is two hundred years old. .............................................................................................
5. The bicycle and the car are ............ of transport.
13. The bridge will soon be completed. .............................................................................................
6. I want to cut this piece of material. I need ...............
14. The carpet has been cleaned. .............................................................................................
7. Ann is going to write .......... of articles for her local newspaper.
15. The branch is covered with ice. .............................................................................................
8. There are a lot of American TV ............. shown on British television. 9. While we were out walking, we saw 25 different...............of bird.
57.4 Rewrite the following sentences, changing the subjects and verbs from the plural to the singular. These were on sale.
This was on sale.
57.2 Rewrite the following sentences, changing the subjects and verbs from the singular to the plural.
Are these books interesting?
Is this book interesting?
Is this ready?
Are these ready?
Those have been useful.
That has been useful.
This towel is fluffy.
These towels are fluffy.
Those plays were popular.
That play was popular.
That measures the temperature.
Those measure the temperature.
1. These were necessary..................................................................................................
That pail is made of aluminium.
Those pails are made of aluminium.
2. Those colours are beautiful. .................................................................................................
1. This was finished last week..............................................................................
3. Are these bells too loud? .................................................................................................
2. Is that radiator working? .............................................................................
4. Have those been polished? .................................................................................................
3. This picture is ours. .............................................................................
5. These shirts are clean. .................................................................................................
4. That has been completed. .............................................................................
6. Those windows are on the west side of the house. ..........................................................................
5. This was designed by his aunt..............................................................................
7. Are these correct? .................................................................................................
6. That does not need to be altered..............................................................................
8. These boys like to play soccer..................................................................................................
7. This table is made of wood. .............................................................................
9. Those are sufficient. .................................................................................................
8. Has that student seen the play? .............................................................................
10. Those curtains are crimson. .................................................................................................
9. This umbrella is new. ............................................................................. 10. That river flows through the mountains. ............................................................................. 57.3 For each of the following sentences, change the subject of the verb to the plural, The beach is supervised by lifeguards.
The beaches are supervised by lifeguards.
The singer performs twice a week.
The singers perform twice a week.
The class was visiting the museum.
The classes were visiting the museum.
The vase has been filled with flowers.
The vases have been filled with flowers.
1. The box was empty............................................................................................. 2. The river flows to the sea.................................................................................. 3. The bush has grown in the last two months............................................................................... 4. The hat was on sale.............................................................................................. 5. The bench is made of stone. ............................................................................................. 6. The plant has been watered. ............................................................................................. 7. The hedge is being trimmed............................................................................................. 8. The process was invented last year. ............................................................................................. 9. The sketch is nearly finished. ...........................................................................................
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UNIT 58 Apostrophe’s- genitive’s The name of........
one ball
more than one ball
the boy’s ball
the boy’s balls
the boys’ ball
the boys’ balls
one boy
more than one boy After a hard day’s work he is exhausted. The genitive apostrophe indicates that certain relationships exist between a noun and another noun
This is Mary’s car.
Where is Ram’s telephone?
Who took Anthony’s pen?
We normally use -’s for people or animals (the girl’s... / the horse’s... etc.):
the girl’s name
the horse’s tai
Mr Evans’s daughter
the girls’ problem: A problem is described as the problem of several girls.
a woman’s hat
the manager’s office
the women’s decision: A decision is described as the decision of several women
Mandy’s brother John plays football.
My teacher’s name is
the jacket / that man.
That man’s jacket.
Where is the manager’s office? (not ‘the office of the manager’)
the top / the page.
The top of The page .
What colour are Sarah’s eyes? (not ‘the eyes of Sarah’)
the daughter / Charles.
Charles’s daughter.
Add ‘s to irregular plural forms:
the cause / the problem.
The cause of The problem. .
the newspaper / yesterday.
Yesterday’s newspaper.
the birthday / my father.
My father’s birthday.
the name / this street.
The name of this street. .
Genitive case Ken and Jean’s dog
ONE dog belonging to Ken AND Jean
Ann’s and Tom’s dogs
TWO dogs: one belonging to Ann AND one belonging to Tom
Emy and Mike’s car was stolen this morning
singular noun
plural noun
my child’s dog
my children’s dog
the man’s work
the men’s work
the mouse’s cage
the mice’s cage
a person’s clothes
people’s cloth
The children’s books are over there. Men’s clothes are on the third floor. Peter and John’s mother is a teacher.
this is my friends ‘ cottage.
I sayed at my sister’s house (not the house of my sister)
FOR THINGS, IDEAS ETC. WE NORMALLY USE OF (. OF THE BOOK / ... OF THE RESTAURANT ETC.):
Where is the manager’s office? (not ‘the office of the manager’) What colour are Sarah’s eyes? (not ‘the eyes of Sarah’) Ken and Jean’s dog
Ann’s and Tom’s dogs
Asking questions
Whose car is it?
It’s Anne’s car.
It’s her car.
It’s hers.
This is Peter’s book. The children’s room is upstairs John’s sister is twelve years old.
Susan and Steve’s bags have blue stickers
Men’s shoes are on the second floor
My parents’ car was not expensive
Charles’s CD player is new
Let’s go to the Smiths’.
This isn’t my book. It’s my brother’s. (= my brother’s book) When we want to show that something belongs to somebody or something, we usually add ‘s to a singular noun and an apostrophe ‘ to a plural noun. the boy’s ball (one boy)
the boys’ ball (two or more boys)
The keys of the door The car of John = John’s car. The room of the girls = The girls’ room.
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19. the car / the parents / Mike .................................................
Clothes for men = Men’s jobs. The sister of Charles = Charles’s sister. The boat of the sailors = The sailors’ boat.
20. the wedding / the friend I Helen .................................................. We didn’t see the beginning of the film
Do you know the cause of the problem?
You can sit in the back of the car
Madrid is the capital of Spain Look at the roof of that built (Britain) economy - the economy of Britain
These are the boys’ pencils.
(a glass) milk - a glass of milk
(my friend) bike - my friend’s bike
(the window) room - the window of the room
(Mr. Smith) car - Mr. Smith’s car
Exercise “Possessive case” Mary looks so beautiful! Do you know the price of her dress? It must be very expensive! The actors’ names were written at the beginning of the film Whose dog is on the roof of the house? It’s our neighbors’. Suzan, I can’t find John’s address Look! It’s at the top of the page Caroline! Have you seen Mum’s shoes? She can’t find them. This is my grandparents’ house it’s very nice and comfortable. This afternoon. I have to study Archimedes’ principle for tomorrow. The bank is only a few minutes’ walk from here. 58.1 Join the two (or three) nouns. Sometimes you have to use -’s or -s’; and sometimes you have to use ... of ... 1. the owner / that car
the owner of that car_
2. the mother / Ann
Ann’s mother_
3. the jacket / that man ........................................... 4. the top / the page .................................................. 5. the daughter / Charles.................................................. 6. the cause / the problem .................................................. 7. the newspaper / yesterday .................................................. 8. the birthday / my father.................................................. 9. the name / this street.................................................. 10. the toys / the children .................................................. 11. the new manager / the company .................................................. 12. the result / the football match .................................................. 13. the garden / our neighbours.................................................. 14. the ground floor / the building.................................................. 15. the children / Don and Mary .................................................. 16. the economic policy / the government .................................................. 17. the husband / Catherine .................................................. 18. the husband / the woman-talking to Mary ..................................................
58.2 For each of the following phrases, change the noun indicating possession from the singular to the plural. the man’s experiences the men’s experiences the doctor’s office the doctors’ office 1. the musician’s instruments................................................................... 2. the child’s adventures................................................................... 3. the animal’s habitat................................................................... 4. the workman’s instructions................................................................... 5. the ship’s passengers................................................................... 6. the pilot’s vacation................................................................... 7. the officer’s friends................................................................... 58.3 Are these sentences OK? Change them where necessary. 1 I stayed at the house of my sister
my sister’s house
2 What is the name of this village? .........OK......... 3 Do you like the colour of this coat?
......................
4 Do you know the phone number of Simon? ...................... 5 The job of my brother is very interesting
......................
6 Write your name at the top of the page, 7 For me, the morning is the best part of the day
......................
8 The favourite colour of Paula is blue
......................
9 When is the birthday of your mother?
......................
10 The house of my parents isn’t very big
......................
11 The walls of this house are very thin
......................
12 The car stopped at the end of the street
......................
13 Are you going to the party of Silvia next week?
......................
14 The manager of the hotel isn’ here at the moment. ...................
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UNIT 59 Reflexive pronouns (myself / yourself / themselves) etc.
They help each other.
He carries the buckets himself
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
John saw me.
I saw myself in the mirror.
Why does he blame you?
Why do you blame yourself?
David sent him a copy.
John sent himself a copy.
David sent her a copy.
Mary sent herself a copy.
My dog hurt the cat.
My dog hurt itself.
We blame you.
We blame ourselves.
Can you help my children?
Can you help yourselves?
They cannot look after the babies.
They cannot look after themselves.
A reflexive pronoun is a special kind of pronoun. It is usually used when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject. Reflexive pronouns end in “-self” (SİNGULAR) or “-selves” (PLURAL).
Little Susie can already dress herself.
He washes his clothes himself.
It’s a pity people can’t see themselves as others see them.
I must get myself some new shoes.
He speaks English to himself..
Hey children! are you going by yourselves?
Can you see yourself in the photo?
‘Give me the bread’. ‘Get it yourself. ‘
Is she driving by herself.?
This radio has broken down by itself.
I often talk about myself.
She looks at herself for hours.
Study the difference between -selves and each other: Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves.
There are eight reflexive pronouns: REFLEXIVE PRONOUN SINGULAR
Myself , yourself , himself, herself, itself
PLURAL
Ourselves, yourselves ,themselves
Tom looked at Ann; Ann looked at Tom. They looked at each other. John and his girlfriend are still angry. They’re not talking to each other You can use one another instead of each other: How long have you and Bill known one another? (or ... known each other)
I must finish all the work......................................... myself
Sue and Ann don’t like each other. (or ... don’t like one another)
You have to introduce.............................................
Exercise “Reflexive Pronouns”
yourself Tom!
She is looking at...................................................... herself in the mirror.
Tommy and Muggy are old enough to go by themselves.
Tom and John have to clean the car.......................
Helen and I always enjoy ourselves during the holidays.
themselves
My friend and I enjoyed........................................... ourselves a lot at the concert.
I don’t want you to pay for me. I’ll pay for myself.
The parrot is talking to............................................ Itself
Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed herself very much.
Tom likes and admires............................................. himself a lot.
We helped ourselves to the free drinks at the launch party.
You will do the activity.............................................. yourselves’
They injured themselves during the rugby match.
He cut....................................................................... himself
He accidentally cut himself while he was chopping the vegetables.
She describes......................................................... herself
My friends enjoyed themselves very much at the concert.
I am glad they are enjoying themselves.
Gladys has burnt herself
Peggy and Jane made this delicious cake themselves.
Peter, don’t use that knife or you will hurt yourself!
My mother can repair plenty of things herself.
Ron and Tom often write e-mails to each other because they’re good friends
Don’t tell me you can’t do it yourself, Jack! Steve and Andrew can look after themselves now.
Mike and Bill know each other quite well.
Dad has made that table himself.
Polly and I are going to write the letter ourselves.
Sandra and Angela haven’t met each other for a long time.
I didn’t enjoy myself at the party.
You are always looking at yourself in the mirror.
People often give each other presents at Christmas.
He is always feeling sorry for himself.
She helped herself to a piece of chocolate cake.
Laura and Betty are helping each other with their homework
Look at these examples:
Never mind. We’ll do it ourselves.
230 | Mu stafa B alta
59.1 Complete each sentence using myself / yourself etc. with one of these verbs (in the correct form): blame- burn- cut- enjoy- express- hurt- put
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6. The bird perched ....................... on the window sill. 7. The students found the solution...................
1. George cut himself while he was shaving this morning.
8. You ............................. must decide what to do.
2. Bill fell down some steps but fortunately he didn’t ............. badly.
9. The teenagers amused ............................. by telephoning their friends.
3. It isn’t her fault. She really shouldn’t ...............
10. We ..............................were surprised at the news.
4. Please try and understand how I feel.............. In my position.
11. He likes to hear .......................... talk.
5. They had a great time. They really .................
12. She prides .............................. on her ability to speak French.
6. be careful! That pan is very hot. Don’t .................
13. I told ..............................no to lose hope.
7. Sometimes I can’t say exactly what I mean. I wish I could............ better.
14. The fox hid.......................under a bush.
UNIT 60 Some and any
59.2 Put in myself / yourself / ourselves etc. or me / you / us etc. 1. Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed herself. 2. it’s not my fault. You can’t blame me 3. What I did was very wrong. I’m ashamed of ................. 4. We’ve got a problem. I hope you can help ............. 5. ‘Can I take another biscuit?’ ‘Of course. Help................... 6. Take some money with......... in case you need it................... 7. Don’t worry about Tom and me. We can look after ............ 8. I gave them a key to our house so that they could let ............ in. 9. When they come to visit us, they always bring their dog with ..................
I spent some of the money you gave me. Please don’t be mad!
59.3 Complete the answers to the questions using myself / yourself / itself etc. 1. Who repaired the bicycle for you? Nobody. I repaired it myself. 2. Did Brian have his hair cut by a hairdresser? No, he cut ............... 3. Do you want me to post that letter for you? No, I’ll ................. 4. Who told you that Linda was getting married? Linda.................................
SOME: is used with the plural form of nouns, and with uncountable nouns
5. Can you phone John for me? Why can’t you ..................?
is used in positive sentences
59.4 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the reflexive pronoun which agrees with the underlined word
ANY:
I found ______ in a difficult situation. I found myself in a difficult situation. The children warmed __________ in front of the fire. The children warmed themselves in front of the fire. 1. He should take better care of .............................. 2. You may help ............................ 3. I saw it.............................. 4. She likes to involve ................... in community affairs. 5. We could see ............................ reflected in the mirror.
is used with the plural form of nouns, and with uncountable nouns is used in questions -negative sentences
a pen, some pens (countable) some water (uncountable) I have some books. She wants some apples. There is some milk in the fridge. I did some exercises. a pen, any pens any water I don’t have any money. There aren’t any taxis near here. Is there any milk in the fridge? There isn’t any milk in the fridge.
We also use any / anything / anybody etc. (without ‘not’) to ‘What do you want to eat?’ ‘Nothing. I’m not hungry.’ I’m so hungry. I could eat anything. (= it doesn’t matter what) The exam was extremely difficult. Nobody passed. (= everybody failed) The exam was very easy. Anybody could have passed. (= it doesn’t matter who)
232 | Mu stafa B alta
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Fred is very busy: he doesn’t have any time.
Let’s listen to some music and watch the stars in the sky!
We need some butter and bread for dinner. I have some very old books! do you want to see them?
60.1 Make the sentences with some or any.
Rachel meets some friends at the weekend.
Do you have any orange juice? I don’t see it in the fridge.
1. We didn’t buy any flowers.
No, I don’t! But I have some grapefruit if you want!
Do you want some? ...Oh yes please.
2. This evening I’m going out with .......... friends of mine. 3. ‘Have you seen ......... good films recently?’ ‘No, I haven’t been to the cinema for ages.’
AFFIRMATIVE There are some apples. I need some butter.
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
There aren’t any apples. There isn’t any milk left.
Are there any apples? Is there any cheese left? Could I have some water, please?
He needs some stamps.
I must go. I have some homework to do.
I’m thirsty. I want something to drink.
I can see somebody coming.
We saw some dolphins in the sea
You should eat some fresh fruit.
There are some cars in the street.
I have got some sugar in my tea.
6. I was too tired to do.......... work. 7. You can cash these traveller’s cheques at...... bank. 8. Can you give me........- information about places of interest in the town? 10. If there are.......... words you don’t understand, use a dictionary. 11 Would you like........... bread and marmalade for breakfast? 12. Can I have............. more milk, please ? 13. Are there .................. sausages for breakfast? 14. There is................... ham, isn’t there ? 15. There weren’t.................... pears in the market.
ANY: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS, QUESTIONS Have you got any bananas? No, we haven’t got any. But we’ve got some oranges. I’m not thirsty. I don’t want anything to drink.
I can stay. I don’t have any homework to do.
I can’t see anybody coming.
Do you want anything to drink?
Does he need any stamps?
He doesn’t need any stamps.
Have you got any sugar in your tea?
I haven’t got any sugar in my tea.
Are there any cars in the street?
There aren’t any cars in the street?
Exercise “Some / Any / No” Are there any people on the bus?
You have no reason to be rude all the time.
Could I have some more tea please?
Take any bus that comes along.
Have we got any coffee?
Only a little. Shall I buy some?
Did you buy any vegetables?
Only a few. There wasn’t a very good choice.
Would you like some wine?
Yes, but just a little .I have to drive later.
5. Can I have.......... milk in my coffee, please?
9. With the special tourist train ticket, you can travel on.......... train you like.
SOME: AFFİRMATİVE STATEMENTS,
Some of the computers in the school were broken.
4. I didn’t have......... money, so I had to borrow ........................................
Have some chocolates. They’re delicious.
He never does any work.
You can take any bus to the city centre
We need some bananas.
You can’t buy any posters in this shop.
We haven’t got any oranges at the moment.
Peter has bought some new books.
She always takes some sugar with her coffee. Pam does not have any pencils on her desk
I have some magazines for you. I’m not going to buy any clothes
There’s some ice in the fridge
There isn’t any milk in the fridge
We made some mistakes
We didn’t make any mistakes
16................... more dessert, Rob? Yes, please ! 17. Are there..................... strawberries in the fruit salad? 18. I don’t want................... chocolate, thank you ! 19. There is........................ jam in the cupboard, isn’t there ? 20. Sorry, I can’t see..................
234 | Mu stafa B alta
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No, I didn’t take your glasses, someone else must have taken them.
UNIT 61 Indefinite Pronouns
What’s that smell ? Can you smell something burning ?
o / thing / one / body / where
ANY thing / one / body / where Is there anything to eat?
There isn’t any car in the car park.
There is no car in the car park
Does anyone mind if I open the window?
Does anybody want a game of tennis ?
I asked if anyone wanted an ice-cream.
Did anybody phone me while I was out ?
She left the room without saying anything
NO thing / one / body / where
We had to walk home because there was no bus There wasn’t a bus Indefinite pronouns refer to things or people without mentioning what or who they are. Singular:
another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something PERSON
PLACE
THİNG
He is nowhere in the school. Where can he be?
It’s a nice house , but there’s no garden
No cars are allowed in the city centre.
‘Where are you going?’ ‘Nowhere. I’m staying here.’
There is nobody in the house at the moment
When I arrived there was nobody to meet me.
I have learnt nothing since I began the course.
There is nothing to eat.
There is nowhere as beautiful as Paris in the Spring. Homeless people have nowhere to go at night. EVERY thing / one / body / where Everything is perfect!
Everybody is coming tonight, aren’t they?
SOME
someone
somebody
somewhere
something
ANY
anyone
anybody
anywhere
anything
Nothing has changed. everything is the same as it was.
NO
no one
nobody
nowhere
nothing
We have completely different opinions. I disagree with everything she says.
EVERY
everyone
everybody
everywhere
everything
The room is empty. Where is everyone?
It was a good party. everybody enjoyed it. Everybody has got their faults. Nobody is perfect.
We all did well in the examination. everybody in our class passed. Why are you so lazy? Why do you expect me to do everything for you? We haven’t got any money. We’ve got no money.
You are alone in your house and hear a noise. Is Anyone there ?
I didn’t say anything.
You don’t speak English. I can’t say anything You offer to help your mother carry her shopping. I’ll carry Something for you. You can see a person in the house. There’s Someone there. You can’t find your keys in any of your pockets . I looked Everywhere The fridge is empty. There’s Nothing there. You didn’t know about the test. No one told me. SOME thing / one / body / where I have something to tell you.
There is something to drink in the fridge.
He knows somebody in New York
Susie has somebody staying with her.
They want to go somewhere hot for their holidays
Keith is looking for somewhere to live.
I said nothing.
She didn’t tell anybody about her plans.
She told nobody about her plans.
The station isn’t anywhere near here.
The station is nowhere near here
236 | Mu stafa B alta
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Peter has a bad memory. He can’t remember anything.
7. .................. bicycles are allowed on the grass.
Be quiet! Don’t say anything to anybody
8. He is ....................... ready.
Exercise “ No / thing / one / body / where”
9. .............. harm was done.
I was too surprised to say anything .
10. There is.................... time to lose.
There’s somebody at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
11. She is .................. expected to arrive until tomorrow.
Does anybody mind if I open the window?
12. ..............of the stores are open.
I wasn’t feeling hungry, so I didn’t eat anything . You must be hungry. Would you like something to eat?
61.3 Write no or any
Somebody isn’t telling the truth.
1 There is.....no....sugar in your coffee
This machine is very easy to use.Anybody can learn to life it in a very short time.
2 My brother is married, but he hasn’t got..........children
There was hardly anybody on the beach. It was almost deserted.
3 Sue doesn’t speak.............foreign languages
Do you live anywhere near Jim?’ No, he lives in another part of town.’
4 I’m afraid there’s ........coffee. Would you like some tea?
Where shall we go on holiday?’ Let’s go somewhere warm and sunny.
5 Look at those birds! Birds? Where? I can’t see...birds.
We slept in a pall because we didn’t have anywhere to stay.
6 Do you know where Jessica is? No, I’ve got..........idea
I’m going out now. If anybody phones while I’m out, can you tell them I’ll be back? They stay at home all the time. They never seem to go anywhere .
Write no, an or none
Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost something ?
7 There aren’t..........pictures on the wall
Anybody who saw the accident should contact the police.
8 The weather was cold, but there was..........wind
61.1 Complete these sentences with no, none or any.
9 I wanted to buy some oranges, but they didn’t have........in the shop
1. It was a public holiday, so there were ...........no.......shops open.
10 Everything was correct. There were ........mistakes.
2. I haven’t got ...any..... money. Can you lend me some?
11 How much luggage have you got?..........................................
3. I couldn’t make an omelette because there were............. eggs.
12 How much luggage have you got? I haven’t got.........
4. I couldn’t make an omelette because there weren’t ........ eggs. 5. ‘How many eggs have we got? I’ll go and buy some from the shop if you like.’................
61.4 Complete these sentences with all, everything or everybody / everyone.
6. We took a few photographs but .......... of them were very good.
1. It was a good party. Everybody enjoyed it.
7. What a stupid thing to do! ............. intelligent person would do such a thing.
2. All I’ve eaten today is a sandwich.
8. I’ll try and answer......... questions you ask me.
3....... has got their faults. Nobody is perfect.
9. I couldn’t answer........ of the questions they asked me.
4. Nothing has changed .......... is the same as it was.
10. We cancelled the party because ............ of the people we invited were able to come.
5. Margaret told me ........... about her new job. It sounds quite interesting.
61.2 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with no, none or not,
6. Can..............write their names on a piece of paper please?
There is __ danger.
There is no danger.
7. Why are you always thinking about money? Money isn’t ..............
____ of the trees are evergreens.
None of the trees are evergreens.
8. I didn’t have much money with me. .............I had ten pounds.
It was .................raining when I left home. It was not raining when I left home.
9. When the fire alarm rang, left the building immediately.
1. There is ................. wind this morning.
10. She didn’t say where she was going................. She said was that she was going away.
2. I have ................ finished reading the book.
11. We have completely different opinions. I disagree with.......... she says.
3. ...........of the children were late for school.
12. We all did well in the examination........... In our class passed.
4. We did ................. tell anyone the secret.
13. We all did well in the examination .............. of us passed.
5. I have ...........idea what time it is. 6. .............. of the streets have been washed.
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61.5. Rewrite each of the following sentences to express a negative meaning
5. ................... scares him. He’s very brave.
I have some paper.
I do not have any paper.
6. There is ................. to park here. Let’s go .................. else to park.
I saw your glasses somewhere.
I did not see your glasses anywhere.
7. Would you like ............... to wash your hands?.
1. He has some relatives in the city.
.............................................................................................
8. May I have ................ for dessert, please?
2. I know someone here.
.............................................................................................
9. They took him ................... in London, and he never returned.
3. Some of us were surprised by the announcement. ............................................................................
10. Please don’t leave .................... behind at home. We’ll be away for a fortnight.
4. I plan to go somewhere on my vacation. .............................................................................................
11. She needs ...................... to love. She’s very lonely.
5. Some tickets were sold this morning. .............................................................................................
12. They will not sing ................ in this city. They said that they would never come back.
6. I heard someone playing the bagpipes. .............................................................................................
13. There isn’t .................... you can do to help them. .................. can help them.
7. I gave her some advice.
.............................................................................................
14. We do not need .................. else to run this department. We can do it ourselves.
8. Something is wrong.
.............................................................................................
15. ................. is ringing the bell. Go and see who it is.
9. We bought something at the flea market. .............................................................................................
16.................... phoned while we were out, but they did not leave a message.
10. They had some exciting adventures. .............................................................................................
17............... tells me that there is ................. Fishy going on .
11. Someone offered to help me
18. They are looking for ............... to settle down and have children. They want to find a quiet place to lead a quiet life.
..............................................................................................
12. She knows someone working at the Library. ....................................................................................
19. “Where would you like to stay?” “................. will do provided it i a clean place.”
13. He lives somewhere near here.
.............................................................................................
20. “Is there ........................at home?”
14. Somebody left early.
.............................................................................................
61.6 Rewrite the following sentences as negative statements He has sold some apples
He has not sold any apples.
I need to buy some shoes.
I do not need to buy any shoes.
1. I will make some salad. .................................................................... 2. We need some onions. .................................................................... 3. I have met some of your friends..................................................................... 4. He has photographed some of the most beautiful parts of the city. .................................................. 5. She wants to take some courses in Archaeology. .................................................................... 6. I recognized some of the students. .................................................................... 7. We have visited some of the offshore islands..................................................................... 8. I have read some books by that author. .................................................................... 9. There is some danger involved..................................................................... 10. I have some reservations about your plan. .................................................................... 11. They have interviewed some of the contestants..................................................................... 12. She bought some of the books second-hand. .................................................................... 61.7 Fill in the gaps with somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, nothing, somewhere, anywhere or nowhere. 1. I know something about this issue that you may find interesting, but if I tell you, you must promise to keep it (a) secret. 2. Nobody (Nothing lives here. There is no water. 3. I spent the night ................... near the beach. 4. .................. could have jumped over this wall, and stole your rake. It’s very low.
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UNIT 62 Quantifiers Much, many, a lot, plenty
There are a lot of pens in my bag.
There is a lot of milk in the bucket.
My mother bought a lot of apples at the market yesterday.
Is there a lot of sugar in your glass?
Your bag is very large. Do you have a lot of books in it?
I bought quite a lot of books last month.
PLENTY OF- PLENTY “Plenty of” modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
Did you take many photographs when you were on holidays? MUCH OR MANY AND LITTLE Much meat. (Uncountable noun)
Plenty of water is wasted. Much water is wasted.
SINGULAR
Plenty computers are needed at schools. Many computers are needed at schools.
PLURAL
“They have plenty of money in the bank.”
“There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland.”
There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time.
I’ve had plenty to eat. I don’t want any more.
Exercise “A few, a little, few, and little” Many children (plural noun)
They live in a very small flat because they have little money.
We use much and little with uncountable nouns:
I really need to see him. I’ve got a few questions to ask him.
much time / much luck / little energy / little money /
Could we have a little champagne, please?
We use many and few with plural nouns:
‘Were you surprised?’ ‘a little.’
many friends / many people / few cars / few countries
They’ve already been to Spain a few times.
These plants require little water and it’s very handy.
We use much / many especially in negative sentences and questions. A lot (of) is also possible:
At home, the kitchen was a pleasant place. There were always a few flowers in a vase.
We didn’t spend much money, (or We didn’t spend a lot of money.)
‘How’s your father?’ ‘ a little better, thanks.’
Do you know many people? (or Do you know a lot of people?)
This boy isn’t very popular at school. He’s got very few friends.
I don’t go out much, (or I don’t go out a lot.) He isn’t very popular. He has few friends
Exercise “Much or many”
Ann is very bus these days. She has little free time.
There were so many people at Catherine’s party.
I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got much to do.
I was busy the whole day; I did not get a chance to talk to many of my friends. There are lots of food in the fridge, take as much as you want. Bob spends much of his time playing Video games. There wasn’t much discussion during our last meeting. Many questions needed to be answered in this examination. Are there many computers in this factory?
How much does this jacket cost?
Much remains to be done before the test can be ready for use.
“A LOT OF” AND “LOTS OF”
I need much time to answer all your questions.
“A lot of” and “lots of” Both forms are used in singular and in plural sentences.
Sara has many friends in this web site. She wants a lot of money but her husband doesn’t have any
A lot of water is wasted. Lots of water is wasted.
SINGULAR
A lot of computers are needed at schools. Lots of computers are needed at schools.
PLURAL
We spent a lot of money. (not ‘We spent much money’) I haven’t written much information about this flower in my book. Much time has passed since the government abolished this law. Camels drink so much water
242 | Mu stafa B alta
“Many Americans travel to Europe.”
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5. There are ........... books on the subject which she has not read. (few, little) 6. .................... attention has been paid to the importance of the mass media. (many, much)
62.1 In some of these sentences much is incorrect or unnatural. Change much too many or a lot (of) where necessary.
7. .................... people prefer soccer to football. (many, much)
1. We didn’t spend much money. RIGHT
9. .................... information was available. (few, little)
2. Sue drinks much tea. _a lot of tea
10. .................... sports are as fast-paced as hockey. (few, little)
3. Jim always puts much salt on his food...........
11. She made the ................... mistakes of all the children in the class. (fewest, least)
4. We’ll have to hurry. We haven’t got much time. ........
12. .................... work remains to be done. (few, little)
5. Did it cost much to repair the car? ......
13. There is often................ wind in the evening than there is at midday. (fewer, less)
6. It cost much to repair the car..........
14. He does not have.......... money. (many, much)
7. I don’t know much people in this town........
15. He did the.................. work of all the boys in the class. (fewest, least)
8. I use the phone much at work..........
16. She told .................... stories to amuse the children. (many, much)
9. They’ve got so much money they don’t know what to do with it. .......... 62.2 Complete the sentences using plenty (of) + one of the following: Hotels money room time to learn things to see 1. There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got of time. 2. He’s got no financial problems. He’s got 3. Come and sit with us. There’s ................ 4. She knows a lot but she still has .......... 5. it’s an interesting town to visit. There ............. 6. I’m sure we’ll find somewhere to stay............ 62.3 Complete each of the following sentences by filling in the blank with the correct adjective chosen from the pair given in brackets. ____ schools were closed because of the snowstorm. (Many, much) Many schools were closed because of the snowstorm. ____ time could have been saved. (many, much) Much time could have been saved. There are ___ buildings as beautiful as the Taj Mahal. (few, little) There are few buildings as beautiful as the Taj Mahal. There was ______ furniture in the room. (few, little) There was little furniture in the room. The storm caused ____ damage than had been expected. (fewer, less) The storm caused less damage than had been expected. 1. There are ....... ducks in the park. (many, much) 2. .................... water is left in the pond. (few, little) 3. .................... authors are as famous as Shakespeare. (few, little) 4. How ................... rice do you have? (many, much)
8. There are.................. stores downtown than there are in the suburbs. (fewer, less)
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UNIT 63 All of -most / most of / none of .etc... All, any and none may be used when referring to roupswith more than two members
Use whole milk to make your chocolate cream.
On the whole, we’ve had a very fine weather.
Help yourself, there is still a whole left !
John is very greedy, he ate the whole pie last night !
These items are to be sold as a whole, not separately. The whole world watched the royal wedding on TV. This year has been a very interesting one on the whole. Don’t cut the chicken into parts, cook it whole. SOME OF... / MOST OF... / NONE OF... ETC. We use some of, most of (etc.) + the / this / that / these / those / my / his / Ann’s... etc. Some of the people,
some of those people (but not ‘some of people’)
most of my friends,
most of Ann’s friends
(but not ‘most of friends’)
None of this money,
none of their money
(but not ‘none of money’)
Some of the people I work with are very friendly. How many of these people do you know?’ ‘None of them.’ I have three brothers. All of them are engineers. I had four maps of the city, but I cannot find any of them. There are six textbooks for the course. None of them is expensive. ALL (OF) THE
Most of my friends live in London.
Have you read any of these books?
None of the students passed the exam
• All (of) the flowers in this bucket are beautiful. (= a particular group of flowers)
He has a lot of books, but he hasn’t read any of them.
None of those farmers had ever driven a tractor.
None of them came to the party.
None of these sentences was difficult
How much of that book did you read? (some)
• All flowers are beautiful. (= all flowers in general)
None of this money is mine.
I wasn’t well yesterday. I spent most of the day in bed.
Are your friends going to the party? (most)
Some of it. Yes, most of them. I read all of them..
we use all (of) to express the total number or amount of something.
How many of those books have you read? (all)
all (of) my friends, all (of) the time All (of) my friends visited me in the hospital.
How much of this money do you want? (all)
I want all of them
Were the questions on the test easy? (most)
most of them.
We usually use all (of) with uncountable nouns all (of) the money, all (of) the oil
She has spent all (of) the money on cosmetics
all of them, all of it
Have you invited all of them?
Are the stores open tomorrow? (some)
She read the whole book / all the book
How many of those people do you know? (none)
They told us all about their holiday.
All of the children love pineapples.
All the children have got hepatitis.
All children need to play.
All of them love their mother country.
The boys all looked forward to seeing the circus
She spent the whl day / all day cleaning
Did you understand the conversation? (most) Have you seen these photographs? (some)
yes, some of them none of it. most of them. yes, some of them.
Exercise “No, none, or nothing most of “
My neighbours argue all the time. They spend the whole time arguing. all or the whole can be used with time expressions. all day / the whole day
all morning / the whole morning
I was there all day.
I was there the whole day
There was no end to our troubles.
They had no food.
None of them has come back yet.
How many tickets have you got? none ......
Words can describe the scene.
We have no kids.
Most people knew this was not true.
Most of my friends believed it.
Most of these people have not slept for days.
He had cigarettes but he smoked most of mine.
Most pilots had had very little training.
Most Londoners love their pubs.
Most of the English children drink tea at breakfast..
Most of the London parks are wonderful in May.
Most teenagers live on hamburgers and sodas.
None of the managers are available this week.
‘Do we need to take some money?’ ‘No, none at all.’
No one but you can do it, so help me please!
Neither of the two teams has played a good game.
No country is as beautiful as Nepal!.
She speaks very good English and she’s no fool.
Is there any tea left? No, none at all.
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63.1 Fill in the blank with the correct word chosen from the pair given in brackets.
63.3 Complete the sentences. Use all / some / none + it / them / us (all of it / some of them etc.).
There are two trees on the lawn. ____ of them are spruce trees. (All, Both)
1. These books are all Jane’s. None of them belong to me.
There are two trees on the lawn. Both of them are spruce trees.
2. ‘How many of these books have you read? .................... Every one.’
I had three pencils. Have you seen ___ of them? (any, either)
3. We all got wet in the rain because ....................had an umbrella
I had three pencils. Have you seen any of them? (any, either)
4. Some of this money is yours and....................... is mine.
There are four bushes in the garden, but ____ of them are rhododendrons. (neither, none)
5. I asked some people for directions but .............................. was able to help me.
There are four bushes in the garden, but none of them are rhododendrons.
6. She made up the whole story from beginning to end ................................ was true.
1. I have three winter coats, but .................. of them are new. (neither, none)
7. Not all the tourists in the group were Spanish .......................... were French.
2. There are two umbrellas here, but ...................... of them is mine. (neither, none)
8. I watched most of the film but not .......................................
3. He owns twelve cows. ...............of them are Jerseys. (All, Both) 4. She has painted dozens of pictures. Have you seen ............ of them? (any, either) 5. Amy and Beth are twins. They ............play the guitar. (all, both) 6. Two people said “Hello” to me, but I did not recognize ............. of them. (any, either) 7. My wife and I .......... enjoy classical music. (all, both) 8. I found all of the questions difficult. Did you answer .............. of them correctly? (any, either) 9. I asked six different people, but.............. of them knew where Walnut Street was. (neither, none) 10. My friends and I would like to thank you for your hospitality. We ............. enjoyed ourselves very much. (all, both) 11. There are two public libraries in the city, but............ of them is located close to where I live. (neither, none) 12. Two wrist watches were left here. Is ........... of them yours? (any, either) 13. He has three nephews. ............. of them have graduated from university. (All, Both) 14. I have two violins. You are welcome to use ............. of them. (any, either) 15. My aunt and uncle are............. _______ coming for a visit. (all, both) 16. George and Tom like playing chess together, but ............. of them likes to lose a game. (neither, none) 17. The bush is covered with blueberries. Are ............of them ripe yet? (any, either) 18. I have read five books on the subject, but............. of them were very helpful. (neither, none) 63.2 Complete the sentences using the words in brackets. Sometimes no other words are necessary. Sometimes you need the or of the. 1. I wasn’t well yesterday. I spent most of the day in bed. (most / day) 2. Some cars can go faster than others. (Some / cars) 3.......................... drive too fast. (many / people) 4....................... you took on holiday were very good. (some / photographs) 5.................... learn more quickly than others. (some / people) 6. We’ve eaten ...................we bought. There’s very little left. (most / food) 7. Have you spent ...................... you borrowed? (all) money) 8. Peter can’t stop talking. He talks................... (all / time) 9. We had a lazy holiday. We spent ........................ on the beach. (most / time) 10. George is easy to get on with ...................... like him. (Most / people) 11. The exam was difficult. I could only answer...................... (half / questions)
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UNIT 64 too / either / so I am / neither do I..etc Both / both of -neither / nor / either / either or.
NOR...
SO.. He flew to Geneva last summer. So did she.
Elif isn’t at home.
We use both / neither / either for two things. You can use these words with a noun (both books, neither book etc.)
I’d love to visit Poland some day. - So would I.
I don’t like horrow films. Nor do I.
A-TOO / EITHER
I’m meeting a colleague tomorrow. - So am I.
David can’t drive.
‘I went to bed late last night.’ ‘ so did I’
Nor is Matthew.
Nor can Nancy.
‘I was surprised at the news.’ ‘So was I
‘I’ll be late for the tennis party.’ ‘ so will I ‘
We use too after a positive verb
We use either after a negative verb
Person A
Person B
You look nice today.
So do you.
you look nice too.
Stephanie has a new boyfriend.
So does Mary.
Mary has a new one too.
We went to the concert last night.
So did I.
I went to the concert too.
I would love a coffee right now.
So would I.
I would love a coffee too.
He will win a prize.
So will I.
I will win one too.
They have finished their homework.
So have I.
I have finished too.
I am hungry
I am hungry too
I am not happy
I am not happy, either
I enjoyed the film
I enjoyed it too
I can’t cook
I can’t either
I can speak two languages.
So can I.
I can speak two too.
Jane doesn’t like cats.
I don’t like cats either.
He should study more.
So should I.
I should study more too.
‘I don’t like beans.’
‘I don’t like beans either’
I’m tired!’
‘I’m tired too ‘
We could see the mountains.
So could we.
We could see them too.
‘Mike can’t drive a car.
He can’t ride a bicycle either’
My brother had eaten too much.
So had I.
I had eaten too much too.
‘Tom and his wife are doctors! Their neighbour is a doctor too’
Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements
She doesn’t go to the cinema, neither does Tom. I won’t tell you what happened, Betty won’t either.
C- NEITHER + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT (PRONOUN)
Mike doesn’t like playing football, Brian doesn’t either. . My boss doesn’t want to take a plane, I don’t either. B-SO I AM / NEITHER AM I
I don’t understand the problem. Neither do I. I was late for work today. So was John I didn’t see anything. Nor did Helen
Person A
Person B
SO is used to show agreement with positive statements. SO + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)
I am not hungry.
Neither am I.
I’m not hungry either
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Mr. Smith is dancing with his wife. Mr. John is dancing with his wife.
I’m not going to quit.
Neither am I.
I’m not going to quit either
They don’t speak French.
Neither do I.
I don’t speak French either.
Stephanie doesn’t eat meat.
Neither does Mary.
Mary doesn’t eat meat either.
Both Alex and Peter went to cinema.
Tom is an excellent student. Helen is an excellent student
Both Mr. Smith and Mr. John are dancing with their wives. Alex went to cinema. Peter went to cinema
Both of them are dancing with their wives.
. Both of them went to cinema. .
Mary didn’t go to the party.
Neither did I.
I didn’t go either.
I wouldn’t like to do his job.
Neither would I.
I wouldn’t like to do it either.
He won’t stop talking.
Neither will you.
You won’t stop either.
Both Helen and Tom are from Istanbul.
I like both football and basketball.
Both of us were very tired. (not ‘both us were ...’)
She is both intelligent and pretty.
The houses are both too expensive.
My children both went to London last year.
Where are the children?..
They are here, I can see both of them.
She has eaten both of my apples
She has eaten both my apples
Both of them were arrested
Both them They were both arrested
You haven’t finished your meal.
Neither have you.
You haven’t finished either.
Mike can’t reach the top shelf.
Neither can I.
I can’t reach it either.
You shouldn’t talk in the movie.
Neither should you.
You shouldn’t talk either.
We couldn’t hear him.
Neither could we.
We couldn’t hear him either.
I hadn’t seen her before.
Neither had I.
I hadn’t seen her before either.
Jane won’t buy a new dress, neither will Meg.
She isn’t sleeping yet, neither is John.
They didn’t eat any cake, neither did Jim.
Jim doesn’t drink tea in the morning, neither do I.
Tom and Helen are both excellent students.
Both Tom and Helen are excellent students.
Helen comes from Istanbul. Tom comes from Istanbul
.
E- EITHER ... OR ‘Either ... or’ is used in sentences in a positive sense meaning “one or the other, this or that, he or she, etc.
D- BOTH OF .....BOTH.....
I like doing homework
I like studying lesson.
I like either doing homework or studying lesson Either... or...:
Their dogs are awful! They both made the kitchen dirty. Subjects connected by ‘both ... and’ take the a plural conjugation. I like both cats and dogs.
I was both tired and hungry when I arrived home Both... and...:
Both Ann and Tom were late. He is both intelligent and good-natured Both Ann and Tom were late. I was both tired and hungry when I arrived home.
You are talking about going out to eat this evening. There are two restaurants where you can go. You say: Both restaurants are very good. I couldn’t decide which of the two shirts to buy. I liked both. (or I liked both of them.) Both my parents are from London. or both of my parents are from London Both Mike and Jim have a car or Mike and Jim both have a car
I’m not sure where he’s from. He’s either Spanish or Italian. Either you apologize or I’ll never speak to you again.
I’m not sure where he’s from. He’s either Spanish or Italian
I will either go for a walk or read a book.
Either you apologize or I’ll never speak to you again
Jane either has a cat or a dog
Either my nephew or my neighbors have made up the story.
It’s nice with Either yellow or red.
Either you clean up your office or he will move you into the closet. I can Either stay or leave Either you learn hard or you’ll fail in your exam. F-’NEITHER ... NOR’ ‘Neither ... nor’ is used in sentences in a negative sense meaning “not this one nor the other, not this nor that, not he nor she, etc.”. Jane doesn’t like cats. Neither do I. / Nor do I.
I like neither cats nor dogs.
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Neither Liz nor Robin went to Holiday. Neither... nor...:
Neither Liz nor Robin came to the party. She said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned.
There’s tea or coffee. You can have either.
My children both have green eyes.
Do both of you know where he is?
Neither of the restaurants we went to was (or were) expensive. Neither of the children wants (or want) to go to bed.
She said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned.
I asked two people the way to the station but neither of them knew
Neither Peter nor Mary could go to the party.
We tried two hotels. Neither of them had any rooms. / Both of them were full.
He is neither guilty nor suspected.
We tried a lot of hotels. None of them had any rooms. / All of them were full.
Neither my parents nor my brother take advantage of my leaving.
‘Is your friend British or American?’ ‘Neither. She’s Australian.’
I was so shocked that I could neither laugh nor cry. Neither Frank nor his neighbour has the key of the letterbox. We don’t know where it is. He is neither rich nor famous.
I have watched that film
I haven’t been to either of those restaurants. (= I haven’t been to one or the other) (talking to two people) Can either of you speak Spanish? There are two good hotels in the town. You can stay at either of them.
G- NOT ONLY ----BUT ALSO not only ----but also
We both said we would come.
There are many good hotels in the town. You can stay at any of them. I have cleaned the house
‘Do you want tea or coffee?’ ‘Either. I don’t mind. They have two brothers, but I don’t know either of them. They are both very good, so either of them can win the tournament. You can park your car on either side of the road. 64.1 Fill in the blank with the correct word chosen from the pair given in brackets. There are two trees on the lawn. ____ of them are spruce trees. (All, Both) There are two trees on the lawn. Both of them are spruce trees. I had three pencils. Have you seen ___ of them? (any, either) I had three pencils. Have you seen any of them? (any, either) There are four bushes in the garden, but ____ of them are rhododendrons. (neither, none)
I have watched that film
There are four bushes in the garden, but none of them are rhododendrons.
I have cleaned the house I have not only watched that film but also cleaned the house She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
1. I have three winter coats, but .......................... of them are new. (neither, none) 2. There are two umbrellas here, but .......................... of them is mine. (neither, none) 3. He owns twelve cows. .................. of them are Jerseys. (All, Both)
I like not only football, but also basketball Not only the students but also the teacher has agreed on the issue Not only does the teacher want the best result, but the students do also.” Not only Tom but also Peter will come with us
4. She has painted dozens of pictures. Have you seen .................. of them? (any, either) 5. Amy and Beth are twins. They .................. play the guitar. (all, both) 6. Two people said “Hello” to me, but I did not recognize .................. of them. (any, either) 7. My wife and I ..................enjoy classical music. (all, both)
Example “Either / Neither, both either of them”etc. ‘What day is it today - the 18th or the 19th?’ neither , It’s the 20th,’ There are two sandwiches here; which one shall I take? ‘oh, take either.’ ‘When shall I phone you, morning or afternoon?’ either , I’ll be in all day.’ ‘Where’s Kate? Is she at work or at home?’ neither, she’s away on holiday.’ I tried twice to phone George but both times he was out. Neither of Tom’s parents is English. His father is Polish and his mother is Italian. They’re either very intelligent or very imaginative.
Both these books are too expensive.
Both solutions are wrong.
I’ve never met either her or her sister.
8. I found all of the questions difficult. Did you answer ..................of them correctly? (any, either) 9. I asked six different people, but ................. of them knew where Walnut Street was. (neither, none) 10. My friends and I would like to thank you for your hospitality. We ..................enjoyed ourselves very much. (all, both) 11. There are two public libraries in the city, but .............. of them is located close to where I live. (neither, none) 12. Two wrist watches were left here. Is ................. of them yours? (any, either) 13. He has three nephews. .................of them have graduated from university. (All, Both) 14. I have two violins. You are welcome to use .................of them. (any, either) 15. My aunt and uncle are .................coming for a visit. (all, both)
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16. George and Tom like playing chess together, but .................of them likes to lose a game. (neither, none)
5 I’ll be late tomorrow
..............
17. The bush is covered with blueberries. Are .................of them ripe yet? (any, either)
6 I was very tired this morning
..............
18. I have read five books on the subject, but ..................of them were very helpful. (neither, none)
Answer with Neither ......I. 7 I can’t go to the party
.................
64.2 Complete the sentences with both / neither / either of us / them.
8 I didn’t phone Alex last night
................
1. I asked two people the way to the station but neither of them could help me.
9 I haven’t got any Money
..................
2. I was invited to two parties last week but I didn’t go to ....................
10 I’m not going out tomorrow
..................
3. There were two windows in the room. It was very warm, so I opened ....................
11 I don’t know what to do
................
4. Sarah and I play tennis together regularly but .................... can play very well. 5. I tried two bookshops for the book I wanted but .................... had it. 64.3 Write sentences with both ... and ... / neither ... nor ... / either ... or ... 1. Tom was late. So was Ann. Both Tom and Ann were later. 2. She didn’t write and she didn’t phone. She neither wrote nor phoned. 3. Jim is on holiday and so is Carol. Both ....................4. George doesn’t smoke and he doesn’t drink .................... 5. Jim hasn’t got a car. Carol hasn’t got a car either .................... 6. It was a very boring film. It was very long too. The film.................... 7. Is that man’s name Richard? Or is it Robert? It’s one of the two. That man’s name ............................................ 8. I haven’t got time to go on holiday. And I haven’t got the money. I’ve got .............................................................. 9. We can leave today or we can leave tomorrow - whichever you prefer. We ............................................ 64.4 write too or either 1 I’m happy
I’m happy, too
2 I ‘m not hungry
I am not hungry..............
3 I am going out
I am going out...............
4 It rained on Saturday
It rained on Saturday............
5 Jenny can’t drive a car
She can’t ride a bicycle.............
6 I don’t like shopping
I don’t like shopping.............
7 Emma’s mother is a teacher
Her father is a teacher.........
64.5 Answer with so....I (So am I / So do I / So can I etc.) 1 I went to bed last night
So did I
2 I’m thirsty
...................
3 I’ve just had diner
...............
4 I need a holiday
...............
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UNIT 65 Relative clauses-1 WHO / WHICH / THAT A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means:
That is my bus. / I usually take that bus.
That is the bus which I usually take.
I live in a house / its 200 years old.
I live in a house which is 200 years old.
My book has been stained. / I put my book into the trash bag. My book, which I put into the trash bag, has been stained.
Alexander Bell was the man who invented the telephone. who
for people
I told you about the woman who lives next door. The man who robbed the bank had two pistols. The woman who gave him the money was young.
which
for animals and things
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? This is the bank which was robbed yesterday. This is the book about which I was telling you.
that
for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses
I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen Did you like the present that I gave you for your birthday? I will show you the photograph that I took at the party.
The woman sleeps in hospital The woman is Mary
The woman who sleeps in hospital is Mary
The man spoke to the driver He was a policeman
The man who spoke to the driver was a policeman
We use WHO in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things). we use who instead of “ he / she / they:” The woman who lives next door ... (‘who lives next door’ tells us which woman) Do you know the woman who lives next door? People who live in London ... (‘who live in London’ tells us what kind of people) The milkman, who is always on time, is late this morning. Our neighbours, who live next door, are very friendly. we use WHİCH in a relative clause when we are talking about animals and things
The dress which you wore at the party last night fitted you very well. My car is broken. / I crashed my car in a roundabout. My car, which I crashed in a roundabout, is broken.
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The woman is running
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The woman is Linda
The woman who is running is Linda I met a woman who can speak six languages
I met a woman. She can speak six languages
Jack was wearing a hat that was too big for him
Jack was wearing a hat. It was too big for him Do you know the girl? She is talking to Tom
Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
The man drives the car. The man is my brother.
The man who drives the car is my brother.
I know the man who told you to do it. Brian, who painted the house for us, lives next door.
A vegetarian is someone who doesn’t eat meat.. A salesman is a man who works in a shop.
The girl who lives next door is very boring.
He is the only American who has swum...
The people who work in the house are very friendly. My wife, who lives in New York, has just written me a letter. The book which is on the table is not for sale. He’s the boy who delivers the newspaper on Sundays.
A teetotaller is someone who doesn’t drink alcohol. He is the man who wants to marry my sister. The girl who is standing there is Fatuous. A baker is a person who makes bread.
Peter works for a company which makes computers
I liked the man who brought me this present.
The people who are over there are Spanish.
He didn’t wait at the traffic lights which were red.
She is wearing a dress which doesn’t suit her.
He told me the truth, which was not surprising.
Mr. Richards, who is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
The vase which he broke was expensive
Bill wants to go to a university which is in California
We often visit our aunt in Norwich which is in East Anglia.
Who lives in that house? Who has lived in that house?
This is the girl who comes from Spain
Do you know a man who is living in that house?
The car which the bank robbers escaped in was orange.
That’s Peter, the boy who has just arrived at the airport. CLAUSE AFTER THE OBJECT
He wore a mask which made him look like Mickey Mouse.
She loves the chocolate which / that I bought.
The blond girl, who I danced with, was a journalist.
John met a woman who / that I had been to school with.
She showed me the photograph of her son, who is a policeman.
The police arrested a man who / that Jill worked with.
65.1 Make one sentence from two. Use who / that / which.
Have you found the keys that you lost?
1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
I’m looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
The girl who was injured in the accident is now in. hospital.
She has a son who / that is a doctor.
2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away. The man ......................................
CLAUSE AFTER THE SUBJECT
3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.
The bike which / that I loved was stolen.
The .....................................
The university which / that she likes is famous.
4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
The woman who / that my brother loves is from Mexico.
-......................................
The doctor who / that my grandmother liked lives in New York.
5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.
The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
The ......................................
The man who / that phoned is my brother.
6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.
......................................
The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London. The bed that / which I slept in last night wasn’t very comfortable.
65.2 Fill in the blank with who, whom or which.
Are these the keys that / which you were looking for?
The woman ___ borrowed the books is a librarian. The woman who borrowed the books is a librarian.
Exercise “Relative pronouns Who / which / that”
The key _____ opens this door is difficult to turn.
The boy who bought my car is very rich.
The only thing that matters is your exam.
The key which opens this door is difficult to turn.
This idea, which changed the world, was great
Everything that moves is scaring here.
The children ____ we met are well-behaved.
Did you take the chair which was in the room?
Give me the book which is on the table.
The children whom we met are well-behaved.
That’s the dog which barks all the time.
I prefer to buy the car which is cheaper.
The story _____ you heard is true.
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The story which you heard is true.
5. The party ............. wasn’t very enjoyable.
The man to ____ you told the news is my brother.
6. I didn’t get the job ..........................
The man to whom you told the news is my brother.
7. George is a good person to know. He’s somebody.................
I have not yet received the letter to _____ you refer.
8. Who was that man ............... in the restaurant?
I have not yet received the letter to which you refer. 1. The window ................... is open is the kitchen window.
65.5 Put in that or what.
2. The girl ............... recited the poem is my niece.
1. I gave her all the money that I had.
3. The woman to ................ we were introduced was quite helpful.
2. They give their children everything .......... they want.
4. The opportunity to ............... she owed her success came unexpectedly.
3. Tell me .................. you want and I’ll try to get it for you.
5. The man ................. they trusted was unreliable.
4. Why do you blame me for everything .................. goes wrong?
6. The book ............... you read is the best book by that author.
5. I won’t be able to do much but I’ll do the best.............. I can.
7. The Pacific Ocean, ................. may have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the world’s largest ocean.
6. I can only lend you ten pounds. It’s all............... I’ve got.
8. His mother, ................... he visited frequently, ran her own business.
7. I don’t agree with .................you’ve just sad.
9. The boy, was friendly and intelligent, soon found work.
8. I don’t trust him. I don’t believe anything ......... he says.
10. Her husband, to ................ she told the story, was just as surprised as I was. 11. The pictures, were taken in Algeria, were very striking. 12. The newspaper to ................... we subscribe is delivered regularly. 65.3 In some of these sentences you don’t need who or that. If you don’t need these words, put them in brackets like this: (who) (that). 1. The woman who lives next door is a pilot. (‘who’ is necessary in this sentence?) 2. Have you found the keys (that) you lost? (In this sentence you don’t need ‘that’) 3. The people who we met at the party were very friendly............................................................. 4. The people who work in the office are very friendly..................................................................... 5. The people who I talked to were very friendly............................................................................. 6. What have you done with the money that I gave you?................................................................ 7. What happened to the money that was on the table? Did you take it?....................................... 8. It was an awful film. It was the worst film that I’ve ever seen....................................................... 9. It was an awful experience. It was the worst thing that has ever happened to me...................... 65.4 Complete these sentences using a relative clause with a preposition. we went to a party last night
you can rely on George
we were invited to a wedding
I work with a number of people
I applied for a job you were looking for some keys
you told me about a hotel I saw you with a man
1. Are these the keys (which) you were looking for? 2. Unfortunately we couldn’t go to the wedding which we were invited to 3. I enjoy my job. I like the people........................ 4. What’s the name of that hotel........................?
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UNIT 66 Relative clauses-2 WHEN / WHERE / WHY
Exercise “Relative pronouns When / Where / Why “ I look forward to weekends when I can stay at home. Be careful, this is where the accident happened. I don’t like mornings when I have to get up early. This is the place where I hid the key. Oh, it has gone! In this district there are many bakeries where you can buy French pastries. I’ll talk to you again when you apologise to me. I’m fond of castles where we can find antique furniture. Yesterday I went to Paris where I spent the day shopping. I grabbed my camera and took a photo when the dolphin jumped out of the water. This is the village where his parents were a close call in a car crash.
This is the station where Emily met James relative adverb When
Where
Why
This is a quiet place where every student would like to stay and learn their lessons.
use
example
A hotel is a place where people stay when they are on holiday.
refers to a time expression
This is the station where Emily met James. July and August are the months when most people go on holiday.
66.1 Complete each sentence using / when / where.
refers to a place
This is the shop where I bought my bike I liked the hotel where we spent our holiday last summer. Edinburgh is the town where Graham Bell was born Do you know the reason why so many people in the world learn English?
refers to a reason
That’s probably the reason why he refused.
1. I’ll never forget the day.................. I met you. 2. I look forward to weekends.............. I can stay at home. 3. be careful, this is................ the accident happened. 4. I don’t like mornings.......... I have to get up early. 5. This is the place................ I hid the key. Oh, it has gone!
That is the village. I was born there.
6. It was in Plymouth, they lived, and they haunt the village since then.
That is the village where I was born.
7. I’ll always curse the day............. I met her!
We stayed at a hotel. The service was good.
8. This is the place............... the thieves hid the treasure...
We stayed at a hotel where the service was good
9. A swimming pool is a place.............. You can bathe.
They visited the house. George Washington lived in that house.
10. A bakery is a shop .............bread is sold.
They visited the house where George Washington lived
11. The country............... I am from is bigger than yours.
The summer was hot We were in San Francisco (during that summer)
12. A dancing is a place........... You dance, meet some people and drink.
The summer when we were in San Francisco was hot.
13. I hear some noise in the park.......... children are playing
The day when I arrived was very nice. A horror film was the reason why I couldn’t sleep last night.
66.2 Complete the sentences. Use the sentences in the box to make relative clauses with where.
The restaurant where we went last night is always crowded.
I can buy some postcards there
Ann bought a dress there
They destroyed the house where I was born.
John is staying there
we had the car repaired there
This is the market where I used to buy food.
I was born there
We can have a really good meal there
I don’t like the town where you work.
1. I recently went back to the town where I was born.
I don’t know the day when he came. I know the house where he lives.
= I don’t know the day on which he came. = I know the house in which he lives.
Do you know a shop where I can buy used laptops?
= Do you know a shop at which I can buy used
Do you know the reason why she cried?
= Do you know the reason for which she cried?
2. Do you know a restaurant ..............................? 3. Is there a shop near here ..............................? 4. I can’t remember the name of the garage...................... 5. Do you know the name of the hotel .....................?
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6. Ann bought a dress which didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the shop
UNIT 67 Relative clauses -3
........................................................................................ 66.3 Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause Who (m) / whose / which / where.
WHOSE / WHOM We saw some people, their car had broken down
1. Ann is very friendly. (She lives next door.) Ann, who lives next door, is very friendly. 2. We stayed at the Grand Hotel. (Ann recommended it to us.) _ We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us. 3. We went to Sandra’s party. (We enjoyed it very much.) We went to Sandra’s party which we enjoyed very much 4. I went to see the doctor. (He told me to rest for a few days.) I went to see the doctor. ............................... 5. John is one of my closest friends. (I have known him for a very long time.) John ............................................
We saw some people whose car had broken down
6. Sheila is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of travelling.) Sheila ........................................ 7. The new stadium will be opened next month. (It can hold 90,000 people.) The.......................................... 8. We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. (It is only 30 miles away.)
relative pronoun
USE
EXAMPLE
whose
possession for people animals and things
Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? The man whose son is a doctor will come to us tomorrow. The car, whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland.
whom
object pronoun for people
I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference. Come and meet people with whom I work.
We often........................................ 9. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. (My broter lives there.) Glasgow........................................
Whose ........We use whose in relative clauses instead of his / her / their: Whose sister
Whose car Whose husband
We saw some people - [their] car had broken down We saw some people [whose] car had broken down. The dog is over there. The dog’s / its owner lives next door The dog whose owner lives next door is over there. The little girl is sad. The little girl’s / her doll was lost The little girl whose doll was lost is sad. The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight. The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old The house whose roof is old belongs to me.
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I know a woman. Her husband speaks 6 languages.
That is the man whom you have received an offer.
I know a woman whose husband speaks Languages
The person to whom I spoke yesterday
That man was drunk; his car crashed.
Exercise “Whose, Whom”
That man whose car crashed was drunk
Anna is the woman whose son has just passed his exam.
That boy is stupid; his parents are living in London.
The girls whom we met are Chinese.
That boy whose parents are living in London is stupid.
My sister, whose husband is inside the car, can’t drive.
We use whose mostly for people:
Who is this man whose wife is looking so sad ?
A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead)
Do you see the dog, which is over there?
What’s the name of the man whose car you borrowed? (you borrowed his car)
He reminds me of someone Whom I used to know.
The student whose uncle is in America received a letter from his uncle.
He is the doctor whom I will see this afternoon.
The teacher whose students are very clever is very happy.
The boy to whom you spoke is my cousin.
A man whose mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
Marco Polo was a young traveller whose father was a rich man.
A woman whose daughter was crying tried to calm her.
I know a man whose restaurant is highly recommended.
The robber whose mask was obviously too big didn’t drive.
She was a girl whom it was difficult to get to know well.
A boy whose sister is in my class was in the bank at that time.
She married a doctor whom she had met at university.
The book whose cover I accidentally tore was my friend’s.
I have many friends most of whom are students.
I talked to the girl whose car had broken down in front of the shop.
This book is for students whose English is good.
whom object pronoun for people
They’re the people whose shop burned down last week.
He’s the man whom I met yesterday.
I’m the one whose flat was broken into. I’m the person whose flat you stayed in. Athena, whose name was changed into Minerva by the Romans, was the goddess of Athens. The writer, whose most recent book has had great success, will go down to posterity. 67.1 You met these people at a party:
She is the girl whom I saw at the party last night. The man is a postman. My father is talking to the man. The man who(m) my father is talking to is a postman. The girl is my friend’s sister. You like the girl very much. The girl whom you like very much is my friend’s sister. The postman is our neighbor.
A dog is running after the postman.
The postman whom a dog is running after is our neighbor. Peter is sick. / I met Peter yesterday. Peter, whom I met yesterday, is sick. The people with whom I was sitting were very noisy The woman whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. (I wanted to see her) The person whom you call is our export manager.
My mother writes detective stories.
My wife is an English teacher.
I won a restaurant.
My ambition is to climb Everest.
We’ve just I got married.
My parents used to work in a circus.
Later you tell a friend about the people you met. Complete the sentences using who ... or whose ... 1. I met somebody whose mother writes detective stories. 2. I met a man .................................. 3. I met a woman.................................. 4. I met somebody................................. 5. I met a couple.................................. 6. I met somebody................................. 67.2 Complete each sentence using who / whom / whose / where. 1. What’s the name of the man whose car you borrowed? 2. A cemetery is a place ............people are buried. 3. A pacifist is a person............ believes that all wars are wrong.
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4. An orphan is a child ............ parents are dead.
UNIT 68 Adjectives and adverbs
5. The place ............ -we spent our holidays was really beautiful.
(quick / quickly)
6. This school is only for children............ first language is not English. 7. 1 don’t know the name of the woman to............ I spoke on the phone. 67.3 Fill in the blank with who, whom or whose. The person ___ owns the bookstore is my friend. The person who owns the bookstore is my friend. The singer to ____ we gave the bouquet will be performing again tonight. The singer to whom we gave the bouquet will be performing again tonight. The contestants _____ names were announced should prepare to start. The contestants whose names were announced should prepare to start. 1. My best friend, ..................I see every day, always has something new to tell me. 2. Most students ................... live in residence find it easy to make friends. 3. Our neighbours, we lent our lawnmower, are conscientious and considerate. 4. The volunteers, enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly. 5. The musicians ....................we heard yesterday have played together for many years. 6. Parents...................... children do well in school usually consider themselves fortunate. 7. Children ..................like music are often good at mathematics. 8. The student to ................the prize was awarded had an impressive record. 9. My friend, ........... I visited last week, is taking a holiday soon. 10. The class treasurer, we gave the money, announced the balance of the account. 11. The engineers ...............designed the building received an award.
Tom is a careful driver and he drives the car carefully ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident. Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Many adverbs are made from an adjective + -ly: Adjective
quick
serious
careful
quiet
bad
Adverb
quickly
seriously
carefully
quietly
badly
We use adjectives (quick / careful etc.) before nouns and after some verbs, especially be: Susan and Sara are pretty girls. You sing the song well
You work too hard
.
My neighbour is a careful driver.
That new building is rather ugly
adjective.
I’d like to arrive early if I can.
adverb
I haven’t seen you for a long time.
adjective
why are you wearing that silly hat?
adjective
Very young children travel free.
adverb
The temperature is quite high today.
adjective
Adverbs (quickly / carefully etc.) tell us about a verb. An adverb tells us how somebody does something or how something happens: Tom drove carefully along the narrow road.
We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily
Please speak quietly,
I was disappointed that I did so badly on the exam
Why do you never take me seriously?
She speaks English perfectly.
She fell and hurt herself quite badly.
I tried on the shoes and they fitted me perfectly.
Jenny sang the song beautifully, didn’t she? I really enjoyed it. I had breakfast quickly because I was late for work Oh, I’m terribly sorry. I didn’t mean to push you. (not ‘terrible sorry’) Adjective ending
do this
most adjectives
add -ly
adjective
adverb
quick --nice
Quickly, nicely
sole- careful
solely -carefully
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-able or -ible
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change -e to -y
regrettable horrible
regrettably horribly
Adjective
Adverb
Adjective
Adverb
Adjective
Adverb
bad
badly
agile
agilely
specific
specifically
-y
change -y to -ily
happy
happily
complete
completely
sole
solely
favorable
favorably
-ic
change -ic to -ically
economic
economically
normal
normally
whole
wholly
humble
humbly
surprising
surprisingly
dull
dully
simple
simply
dramatic
dramatically
full
fully
happy
happily
Adjective or adverb We nearly adverb missed the bus this morning. Do you have to play that music so loud? adverb He reads the tale fast
She speaks perfect English
scientific
scientifically
shrill
shrilly
shy
shyly
She behaved rather stupidly.
He ate his diner very quickly
true
truly
due
duly
sly
slyly
He speaks very slowly .
How are you ? Very well, thanks.
He’s a very good tennis player
That book is really interesting.
busy
busily
easy
easily
easy
easily
I speak Spanish quite well.
Don’t drive so fast !
coy
coyly
grey
greyly
gay
gaily
This cake tastes good .
You look nice this evening.
IRREGULAR ADVERBS Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective (e.g. slow - slowly). However, there are some irregular adverbs. good -well fast- fast hard -hard late late early early daily daily He is a good player. He plays well. She is fast. She runs fast. I am late. I arrived late. The following adjectives and adverbs have the same form:
Bob sings well. He is a good singer The car is fast.
The dog is red.
It’s a hot day today Tom is a bad boy.
Adjective
Adverb
Adjective
Adverb
close
Close
high
high
daily
Daily
late
late
early
Early
lively
lively
fair
Fair
long
long
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB EXAMPLE
beautiful
beautifully
Ann is beautiful
Ann sings beautifully..
far
Far
lovely
lovely
warm
warmly
The room is warm.
Joe smiles warmly
fast
Fast
low
low
slow
slowly
The car is slow.
Ann drives slowly
free
Free
right
right
careful
carefully
Sue is a careful girl
She climbed up the ladder carefully
angry
angrily
The dog is angry
It barks angrily
hard
Hard
wide
wide
wrong
Wrong
Example Be careful with this glass of juice. It’s cold.
Nizare looks sad.What’s the matter with him?
Myriam is terribly upset about losing her keys. Ines slowly opened her present.
She writes the letter quickly
Tom is a careful driver, (not ‘a carefully driver’)
I cooked this meal specially for you, so I hope you like it. I would like to buy a car but it’s financially impossible for me at the moment.
Your English is good.
But you speak English well. Mark is a good singer. He sings well
He has got a fast car. He drives fast.
She works hard.
It is hard work.
SOME ADJECTIVES AND THEIR OPPOSITES asleep / awake black / white forward / backward happy / sad high / low large / small light / heavy long / short man / woman new / old on / off open / closed pushing / pulling sitting / standing strong / weak tall / short thick / thin top / bottom up / down wet / dry young / old
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8. She fell and hurt herself quite ...................... (bad / badly)
Adjectives
Opposites
Adjectives
Opposites
Adjectives
Opposites
Alive
Dead
modern
traditional
Early
Late
beautiful
Ugly
new
old
Fat
thin
Big
Small
nice
nasty
Full
empty
Bitter
Sweet
intelligent
stupid
Hot
cold
cheap
expensive
interesting
boring
happy
sad / unhappy
Clean
Dirty
light
heavy
hardworking
lazy
Curly
straight
polite
rude / impolite
true
false
difficult
Easy
poor
rich
well
ill
4. Alice and Stan are very ...................... married.
Good
Bad
quiet
noisy
right
wrong
5. Monica’s English is very .............................. although she makes quite a lot of mistakes.
small
big
right
wrong
safe
dangerous
soft
hard
safe
dangerous
short
long
8. I tried on the shoes and they fitted me .............................
white
black
short
long
single
married
9. Do you usually feel ........................ before examinations?
9. He says he didn’t do well at school because he was ................. taught. (bad / badly) 10. Don’t go up that ladder. It doesn’t look ................. (safe / safely) 11. He looked at me ..................... when I interrupted him. (angry / angrily) 68.2 Complete each sentence using a word from the list. Sometimes you need the adjective (careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).careful(ly) complete(ly) continuous(ly) financial(ly) fluent(ly) happy / happily nervous(ly) perfect(ly) quick(ly) special(ly) 1. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very quickly. 2. Tom doesn’t take risks when he’s driving. He’s always..................................... 3. Sue works............................. She never seems to stop.
6. I cooked this meal ........................ for you, so I hope you like it. 7. Everything was very quiet. There was ......................... silence.
10. I’d like to buy a car but it’s ......................... impossible for me at the moment. Exercise “Adverb or Adjective” The music at the concert was terribly loud. You can easily complete this test in twenty minutes. He rides the horse well, doesn’t he?
Isn’t that a pretty dress she is wearing?
The door closed very loudly as he left.
John strategically climbed the tree in order not to fall.
Julie smiled prettily at the young man.
Justin always drives carefully.
Please speak slowly, I cannot understand you.
We all passed easily the English test today.
The children played happily in the garden.
Your children are always very happy.
I cannot hear you, you are speaking too quietly.
Do your homework very carefully.
Maria learns languages incredibly quickly.
The examination was surprisingly easy.
The meeting was very badly organised.
I opened the door slowly
This steak smells good.
He quickly reads a book.
Our basketball team played badly last Friday.
The class is terribly loud today
68.1 Put in the right word. 1. The driver of the car was seriously injured. (serious / seriously) 2. The driver of the car had serious injuries. (serious / seriously) 3. I think you behaved very...................... (selfish / selfishly) 4. Rose is ...................... I upset about losing her job. (terrible / terribly) 5. There was a....................change in the weather. (sudden / suddenly) 6. Everybody at the party was.................... dressed. (colourful / colourfully) 7. Linda likes wearing.................... clothes. (colourful / colourfully)
68.3 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the adverb which corresponds to the adjective given in brackets. He hit the ball ____. (hard)
The newspaper is delivered _____. (daily)
The newspaper is delivered daily.
She did ____ in the competition. (good) Please close the door _______. (quiet)
He hit the ball hard.
1. I drove ........................ home. (straight) 2. We came to work........................ (early) 3. She ........................ filled in the answers. (quick) 4. He likes to drive ........................ (fast) 5. We proceeded ........................ (cautious) 6. He threw the ball ........................ into the air. (high) 7. How ........................ do you know her? (good) 8. We arrived........................ (late) 9. They did the work........................ (bad) 10. He spoke........................ (little) 11 The gathering is held. (annual) 12. They replied........................ (Immediate) 13. The workers met ........................ (weekly)
She did well in the competition. Please close the door quietly.
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14. I will deal with that problem........................ (first)
1. We ........................... concluded the deal. (successful)
15. They were ........................ dressed for the occasion. (suitable)
2. He is a .......................... Businessman. (successful) 3. There was a.......................... rain in the morning. (light)
68.4 For each of the following sentences fill in the blank with the adverb which corresponds to the adjective given in brackets.
4. She ran ......................... up the steps. (light)
The letter was ________ legible. (scarce)
6. We gave him a .......................... signal to continue. (clear)
The letter was scarcely legible.
5. The path was.......................... marked. (clear)
He did the work as _________ as possible. (careful) He did the work as carefully as possible.
7. I .......................... disagree with you. (strong)
They won the game ______. (easy)
8. There is a.......................... wind from the north. (strong)
They won the game easily.
She handled the situation very _______. (capable) She handled the situation very capably.
9. She waved .......................... (cheerful)
I _____ expected that to happen. (full)
I fully expected that to happen.
10. I gazed at the .......................... water of the lake. (tranquil)
The view was _____ magnificent. (true)
The view was truly magnificent.
11. The engine operates as .......................... as possible. (efficient) 12. Is that a .......................... decision? (recent)
1. I was...................... impressed by their courage. (due)
13. He has behaved very.......................... (responsible)
2. The children chattered .................. (noisy)
14. .......................... snow is forecast for tomorrow. (heavy)
3 The sun shone........................ behind the clouds. (pale)
15. I opened the door .......................... and stepped outside. (quiet)
4. They have settled in...................... (comfortable)
16. Icicles hung from the .......................... needles of the pine trees. (dark)
5. He.................. maintained his point of view. (dogmatic) 6. Everything is proceeding...................... (normal)
68.6 Put in good or well.
7. Please drive...................... (slow)
1. I play tennis but I’m not very good.
8. She worked ..................... until nine o’clock. (steady)
2. Your exam results were very ............
9. The cost of fuel has risen........................ (dramatic)
3. You did very ......... in your exams.
10. He ..................... scrambled up the slope. (agile)
4. The weather was very.......... while we-were on holiday.
ii. Everything was explained clearly and ...................... (simple)
5. 1 didn’t sleep very .......... last night.
12. The train whistle blew.......................at the crossing. (shrill)
6. How are you? Are you .......?
13. ........................ , it stopped raining before we had to leave. (lucky)
7. George speaks German very.........
14. She was signalling ______________. (frantic)
8. George’s German is very.......
15. That was ____________ unexpected. (whole)
9. Our new business is going very ........ at the moment.
16. We arrived _____________. (punctual)
10. I like your jacket. It looks .........on you.
17. England is a ____________ populated country. (dense)
11. I’ve met her a few times but I don’t know her very ........
18. They are ___________ dependent on coal for fuel. (sole)
68.7 Complete these sentences using well + one of the following words:
19. The material was produced _______________. (synthetic) 20. They ___________ agreed to the proposal. (ready) 68.5 Complete the sentence with either the adjective given in brackets It is necessary to wear _____ clothes in the winter. (thick) It is necessary to wear thick clothes in the winter. Snow fell _______ on the ground. (thick) Snow fell thickly on the ground.
balanced -behaved –done -dressed -informed –kept- known -paid 1. The children were very good. They were well-behaved. 2. I’m surprised you haven’t heard of her. She is quite well ........ 3. Our neighbours’ garden is neat and tidy. It is very well ........ 4. You should eat different types of food. Your diet should be well .......... 5. Ann knows a lot about many things. She is quite well ......... 6. His clothes are always smart. He is always well ........ 7. Jill has a lot of responsibility in her job but she isn’t very well ........ 8. Congratulations on passing your examinations well .........!
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76.8 Complete the story with these words :
UNIT 69 So and such
beautiful - carefully - green - happily - hot - quickly - angry - suddenly - deep - immediately - handsome unfortunately - unhappy - quietly Once upon a time, there was a ------- princess who had a golden ball. She lives in a palace with her father, the King, and her seven sisters. Every day, she played with her ball in the garden of the palace. At the end of the garden there was a ------------, dark lake. When the weather was ----------, the princess liked playing near the lake.-----------, one day, she dropped her golden ball into the water. she was very --------- and she sat on the grass and started to cry. --------- she heard a voice: “Don’t cry, princess.” She opened her eyes and saw a large ------ frog. “oh, please help me!” she said, “I can’t get my ball.” “I’ll help you “said the frog, “If I can come and live with you in the palace!”.”Yes, of course. I promise” said the princess. So, the frog jumped into the water and came back with the ball. The princess laughed and took the ball. She ran ------ back to the palace and forgot all about the frog. The frog was very -------. He followed the princess into the palace and told his story to the King. “A promise is a promise” said the frog.
I was so tired that I fell asleep in the armchair.
“Yes” said the King and called his daughter. “A promise is a promise, my daughter. Take this frog to your room and look after him ---------. The princess cried again, but she took the frog and put him on her bed. The frog looked at her and said -------: “Please, kiss me, princess”. She closed her eyes and kissed him.
It was such a good book that I couldn’t put it down.
-------, the frog turned into a ------- prince. Of course, he and the princess fell in love. One week later, they married andthey lied -------- ever after.
The ice-cream was so good that I ordered a second bowl
So... that and such... that are used to describe reasons and results. So + adjective + that The music is so loud that I can’t sleep
She sang so well that she had to sing an encore.
She is so clever that everyone admires her
She spoke so quickly that I couldn’t understand her.
I was so tired that I went to bed early
So can also be followed by many, much, few or little, followed by a noun, followed by a clause beginning with that. There were
so
many
spectators
that there was standing room only.
I did
so
much
swimming
that I became very strong.
He knew
so
few
people
that he often felt lonely.
There was
so
little
snow
that we could not go skiing.
He was so nervous that he broke his glass
Have you ever seen such a lovely flower?
She is so shy that she doesn’t want to come with us I was so late that we decided to take a taxi They are such nice children! Everybody loves them! This woman is so strange, don’t go with her! She was so happy to see her cousin that she cried ! He is so intelligent that he can speak 5 languages! They have so little food that they are starving to death. He is so intelligent a student that he can study abroad. I don’t want to read this book. It’s so boring SUCH AN +
ADJECTIVE +
NOUN
EFFECT OF THE SITUATION
She is such a
hard
worker
that she is sure to succeed.
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I didn’t know it was so far. Why did you buy so much food? That is such an
interesting
book
that I read it three times.
He has such
good
ideas
that he may be promoted.
I would like to go to India so much but I don’t think I’ll ever be able to. Downloading music takes so much time that I prefer not to do it. ‘It’s such a lovely day! We should go outside, don’t you think?’ The apple looked so delicious that I couldn’t stop giving it a bite. Petrol is so expensive that you are better off using public transport.
Shelly has such beautiful eyes that she got a job as a make-up model. This restaurant makes such nice chicken meals, you should go there. It’s such a great restaurant that I’ll definitely go again I like Tom and Ann. They’re such nice people. It was a great holiday. We had such a good time.. I didn’t realise you lived such a long way from the city centre. I can’t decide what to do. It’s such a problem.
69.1 Put in so, such or such a. 1. He’s difficult to understand because he speaks so quickly. 2. I like Tom and Ann. They’re such nice people. 3. It was a great holiday. We had such a good time. 4. I was surprised that he looked ...........well after his recent illness. 5. Everything is ............ expensive these days, isn’t it? 6. The weather is lovely, isn’t it? I didn’t expect it to be............ nice day.
I didn’t enjoy the book. It was such a stupid story. She is a good cook. She cooks such delicious meals It was such lovely weather that we spent the whole day on the beach. Exercise “So / Such” Don’t drive so slowly or we’ll never get on time.
Don’t buy that book! It’s such a waste of money.
The dish was so cold that I couldn’t eat it.
I’m sorry you had such a bad journey.
The book is so long that I think I’ll never finish it,
He didn’t get the job. Such is life!
I had such a good time in Italy that I want to go again. You are so kind! I have had such a bad time for two years!
He is such an admirable man!
In summer we have such lovely days!
This work is too difficult for such a young boy!
She is so nice a girl!
He plays so badly!
I’ve had such a good idea!
Why did you buy so much food?
I was surprised that he looked so well after his recent illness He’s difficult to understand because he speaks so quickly. Everything is so expensive these days, isn’t it? The weather is lovely, isn’t it? I didn’t expect it to be such a nice day. I have to go. I didn’t realise it was so late. He always looks good. He wears such nice clothes. It was such a boring film that I fell asleep while I was watching it. I couldn’t believe the news. It was such a shock. I think she works too hard. She looks so tired all the time. They’ve got so much money; they don’t know what to do with it. Paula was such a beautiful girl that he couldn’t stop looking at her. Alan’s story was so dull that everybody left before he finished. I’m having such a good time here that I don’t want to go. It was such a wonderful movie that I want to see it again.
7. I have to go. I didn’t realize it was.............. Late. 8. He always looks good. He wears .................. nice clothes. 9. It was.............................. boring film that I fell asleep while I was watching it. 10. I couldn’t believe the news. It was............. shock. 11. I think she works too hard. She looks ................ tired all the time. 12. The food at the hotel was................ awful. I’ve never eaten awful food. 13. They’ve got .......................... much money, they don’t know what to do with it. 14. 1 didn’t realize you lived ................long way from the city centre. 15. I can’t decide what to do. It’s .............. problem. 69.2 Fill in the blank with such, so or too, as appropriate. In some of the sentences, the word that has been omitted. For example: I saw ____ beautiful flowers, I wished I had brought my camera with me. I saw such beautiful flowers, I wished I had brought my camera with me. The sun was __ bright that we had to wear sunglasses. The sun was so bright that we had to wear sunglasses. I saw __ many flowers that I could not identify them all. I saw so many flowers that I could not identify them all. By the time I received your message, it was ___ late to call you. By the time I received your message, it was too late to call you. 1. She sang .................... soothing lullabies that the baby was soon asleep. 2. He owned .................. many books that his walls were lined with bookcases. 3. The boys were ................. excited to sit still. 4. He has ............... varied interests, one never knows what he will do next. 5. They have ................ few enemies, they are accepted wherever they go.
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6. The snow was ................ deep for us to walk across the field.
UNIT 70 Comparison (comparative)
7. Yesterday I walked ............. far that I fell asleep immediately after supper.
cheaper, more expensive etc.
8. I had ................ a good time at the party; I did not want to leave. 9. I see her ................. often that I feel I know her quite well. 10. The visibility was ................. poor for the mountains to be seen. 11. This is .................... an interesting book, I stayed up all night to read it. 12. This puzzle is .................. easy that a child could do it. 13. There was .................. much traffic, I could not cross the street. 14. She was ................. tired to watch the video. 15. They have ...................little furniture; it will be easy for them to move.
America is larger than Europe. We use the comparative and superlative form to compare and contrast different objects in English. Use the comparative form to show the difference between two objects In the following examples, the comparative forms of adjectives are underlined. She is prettier than her sister.
He is older than me.
His work is better than mine.
Tuesday was sunnier than Monday.
They are younger than my sister.
My suitcase is larger than your suitcase.
John is a better gardener than Stuart.
Planes are faster than trains.
Mr. Smith is worse today than yesterday.
Mark is taller than Philippe.
My pen is sharper than yours.
Water is heavier than oil.
Juice is better than lemonade.
Peter is wiser than Catherine.
Lucy is clever, but Carol is cleverer than Lucy
Wine is cheaper in Spain than in our country.
A -ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES. Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est. for the superlative. One-syllable adjective
Comparative
Superlative
old
older
oldest
tall
taller
tallest
cheap
cheaper
cheapest
late
later
latest
nice
nicer
nicest
fat
fatter
fattest
big
bigger
biggest
thin
thinner
thinnest
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happy
happier
happiest
easy
easier
easiest
She is more intelligent than Tom. You’ve got more sweets than she has. Betty’s car is more expensive than Paul’s car. Life in Sweden is more expensive than in France.
Peter drives more quickly than Tony.
This dog is more dangerous than that one.
If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est. Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y
Comparative Form
Superlative Form
happy
happier
happiest
angry
angrier
angriest
Busy
busier
busiest
John is happier today than he was yesterday.
A holiday by the sea is better than a holiday in the mountains.
Max is angrier than Mary.
Mary is busier than Max. Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
He is older than Jane.
Your bag is bigger than mine.
This exercise is easier than that one.
The weather is better today.
He has got bigger chips than his sister.
Meat is better for your teeth than sweets.
Your cake is worse than mine.
You should come earlier
He is taller than her.
The weather today is hotter than yesterday.
Two-Syllable Adjective
Comparative Form
Superlative Form
That game is funnier than this game.
A mouse is smaller than an elephant.
clever
cleverer
cleverest
A candy is sweeter than a lemon.
A bed is heavier than a pillow.
Sarah is sadder than Betty.
Non-smokers usually live longer than smokers.
clever
more clever
most clever
Africa is bigger than Europe.
Losing a friend is worse than losing money.
gentle
gentler
gentlest
gentle
more gentle
most gentle
friendly
friendlier
friendliest
friendly
more friendly
most friendly
B- TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES.
quiet
quieter
quietest
With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most
quiet
more quiet
most quiet
The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
We use more... for adverbs that end in -ly: more slowly, more seriously, more quietly, more carefully, more often but: earlier (not ‘more early’) Can you walk a bit more slowly?
It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter / more quiet?
Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most.
Two-Syllable Adjective
Comparative Form
Superlative Form
simple
simpler
simplest
peaceful
more peaceful
most peaceful
simple
more simple
most simple
pleasant
more pleasant
most pleasant
careful
more careful
most careful
thoughtful
more thoughtful
most thoughtful
Comparison of adjectives in sentences A Rolls Royce is more comfortable than a Ford.
Leila is more beautiful than Ann.
İRREGULAR COMPARISONS A few of the comparatives and superlatives in English do not follow the usual pattern. Here is a list of common exceptions. Positive
Comparative
Superlative
A Mercedes is more powerful than a Fiat.
His car is more comfortable than mine.
bad
worse
worst
This shirt is more expensive than that one.
This dictionary is more useful than that one.
badly
worse
worst
far(distance)
farther
farthest
This scarf is more beautiful than the one in the window.
Susie drives more carefully than Alice.
Max is more careful than Mike. This flower is more beautiful than that one.
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Older and elder
good
better
best
ill
worse
worst
late
later
latest or last
We say ‘my elder brother’ but we do not say that ‘somebody is elder ...’:
less
lesser
least
My brother is older than me. (not ‘elder than me’)
little(amount)
less
least
many
more
most
I swim better than he does.
They work harder than we do.
much
more
most
Iona is shorter than Paulina.
Ms Nortek is taller (tall) than Ms Kaminski.
well
better
best
old
older / elder
oldest / eldest
The comparative of old is older:
Tom looks older than he really is.
My elder brother is a pilot. (or my older brother ...)
Exercise “Comparative” They are richer than us. You are stronger than he is.
Ms Suzan is older than Sandra.
Chemistry is harder than English.
Your dress is longer than mine
My town is nicer than John’s town
My sister is younger than my brother
This boy is less heavy than an elephant
My French is better than my English
Summer is hotter than winter
Italian food is better than American food. My mother’s cooking is worse than your mother’s cooking.
Jessica is worse than Kristin at mathematics.
New York is bigger than Dover.
We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examination we’ll have even less time
The car is slower than the plane.
The gloves are cheaper than the T-shirt.
Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst. My dog is the best dog in the world.
The armchair is heavier than the chair.
Geography is more interesting than History.
It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.
My sister is fatter than my brother.
My classroom is cleaner than the other one.
Let’s go by car. It’s much cheaper. (or it’s a lot cheaper.)
I have better marks in English than in French.
I think drowning is worse than burning.
Could you speak a bit more slowly? (or ... speak a little more slowly?)
Carla is prettier than Stephanie.
Unfortunately, I’m not as good as you in French.
This bag is slightly heavier than the other one.
I think that Turkish language is harder than French language.
Her illness was far more serious than we thought at first.
The story about the ghost was more frightening than the story about the magician.
This hotel is better than the other one and it’s no more expensive
Rain in the wet season is heavier than during the rest of the year.
Harder and harder / more and more / more and more difficult etc.
A holiday in Thailand is more exciting than a holiday in Spain.
We repeat comparatives like this (... and ...) to say that something is changing continuously:
My father is heavy. My uncle is much heavier than my father.
It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.
The test in Geography was easy, but the test in Biology was easier.
It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
My house is bigger than yours
Your English is improving. It’s getting better and better.
The weather this summer is even worse than last summer.
These days more and more people are learning English.
This is a nice cat. It’s much nicer than my friend’s cat. Here is Emily. She’s six years old. Her brother is nine, so he is older.
The ... the better
In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even better one last weekend.
‘What time shall we leave?’ ‘The sooner the better.’ (= as soon as possible)
This magazine is cheap, but that one is cheaper.
‘What sort of box do you want? A big one?’ ‘Yes, the bigger the better.’ When you’re travelling, the less luggage you have to carry the better.
70.1 Complete the sentences using a comparative form (older / more important etc.)
The warmer the weather, the better I feel. (= if the weather is warmer, I feel better)
quiet-strong-small-expensive-warm-interesting-difficult-better-worse-longer-quiet-often-far-cheerful
The sooner we leave, the sooner we will arrive.
1. it’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter?
The younger you are, the easier it is to learn.
2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit ........................................
The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.
3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be ...................................
The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.
4. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be ...........................
The more I thought about the plan, the less I liked it.
5. The weather is too cold in this country. I’d like to live somewhere.........................
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6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I’d like to do something.............................
70.4 Complete the sentences using any / no + a comparative. Use than where necessary.
7. I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be........................
1. I’m fed up with waiting. I’m not waiting any longer.
8. Your work isn’t very good. I’m sure you can do ..........................
2. I’m sorry I’m a bit late but I couldn’t get here any .............................
9. Don’t worry. The situation isn’t so bad. It could be .........................
3. I must stop for a rest. I can’t walk any fu.................................
10. I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to take........................
4. The traffic isn’t particularly bad today. It’s no worse............................. usual.
11. You’re talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit..............................? 12. You hardly ever phone me. Why don’t you phone me......................?
70.5 Complete the sentences
13. You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit .................. away?
1. Its becoming harder and harder to find a job. (hard)
14. You were a bit depressed yesterday but you look ..................... today.
2. That hole in your pullover is getting.................. . (big) 3. My bags seemed to get ..................... as I carried them. (heavy)
70.2 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the comparative forms of the irregular adjectives given in brackets.
4. As I waited for my interview, I became................. (nervous)
Pam is a ______ student than Roger. (good)
6. Travelling is becoming...................... (expensive)
Pam is a better student than Roger.
7. Since she has been in Britain, her English has got ............... (good)
His cough is _____ than yours. (bad)
8. As the conversation went on, he became ...................... (talkative)
5. As the day went on, the weather got............... (bad)
His cough is worse than yours. 1. I have........................ eggs than I need. (many) 2. The bread tastes even ........................than the rolls. (good)
70.6 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the comparative forms of the adjectives shown in brackets.
3. She does not want to travel........................ than necessary. (far)
This room is ______ than that one. (warm)
This room is warmer than that one.
4. Alice drinks ....................... coffee than Jerry does. (little)
This sand is _____ than that sand. (fine)
This sand is finer than that sand.
5. We have........................ honey than we need. (much)
My towel is _____ than yours. (dry)
6. Things may be ........................than you think. (bad)
The grass is ______ than it was yesterday. (wet)
7. Business is ................... this year than it was last year. (good)
There are _____ people here than I expected. (few) There are fewer people here than I expected.
8. Alan has ....................... money than Ben. (little)
Her room is ______ than mine. (neat)
My towel is drier than yours. The grass is wetter than it was yesterday. Her room is neater than mine.
9. She has........................ self-confidence than I do. (much) 10. The weather was ........................yesterday than it is today. (bad)
1. The village is...................... than the city. (pretty) 2. This building is.................. than the one next to it. (big)
70.3 Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use much / a bit etc. + a comparative form. Use than where necessary.
3. Your watch is.................... than mine. (slow)
1. Her illness was much more serious than we thought at first. (much / serious)
5. The corner store is................... than the supermarket. (close)
2. This bag is too small. I need something much bigger
6. The temperature is ................. today than it was yesterday. (high)
3. I’m afraid the problem is ............................................. it seems. (much / complicated)
7. His cat is ..................... than yours. (fat)
4. You looked depressed this morning but you look ............................now. (a bit / happy)
8. We arrived................... than she had expected. (soon)
5. I enjoyed our visit to the museum. It was ................................. I expected. (far / Interesting)
9. It is .................... on this side of the valley. (sunny)
6. You’re driving too fast. Could you drive...............................................? ( a bit / slowly)
10. She is..................... than her sister. (young)
7. It’s ............................ to learn a foreign language in the country where it is spoken. (a lot / easy)
11. The afternoon is usually.................. than the morning. (hot)
8. I thought she was younger than me but in fact she’s................................. (slightly / old)
12. He is .................... than you are. (weak)
4. Her roses smell ..................... than ours. (sweet)
13. The table is .................... at this end. (low) 14. This book is.................... than that one. (thin) 15. The bag is ..................... than the suitcase. (heavy)
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UNIT 71 Comparison (EQUALITY ) --as.. as
70.7 Rewrite the following sentences as comparisons, using the comparative form of the adjective, and the word than. Tracy is a fast worker. (I am)
Tracy is a faster worker than I am.
He is a kind person. (his brother is) He is a kinder person than his brother is. Bob is a good student. (Tom)
Bob is a better student than Tom.
1. She is a fine musician. (her cousin is)
.......................................................................................
2. He has a strong voice. (he used to have) ..................................................................................... 3. This chair has short legs. (that one does) ....................................................................................... 4. We are having a hot summer. (you are) ....................................................................................... 5. She is a good doctor. (her friend is)
.......................................................................................
6. He has a big book. (you do)
.......................................................................................
7. They have new boots. (we do)
.......................................................................................
8. He took an early train. (I did)
.......................................................................................
9. She is a bad typist. (her colleague is)
.......................................................................................
10. We order a sweet dessert. (Susan did) .......................................................................................
This house is 40 years old, that house is also 40 years old. This house is as old as that house. We use as + ADJECTIVE + as to say that two things are equal in some way Jenny is also 22 years old. She’s the same as me.
I’m sorry I’m late. I got here as fast as I could.
Let’s walk. It’s just as quick as taking the bus.
Their house is about three times as big as ours.
The blue car is as fast as the red car.
This copy is as bad as the other one.
Oliver is as optimistic as Peter. Nick is as brave as Kevin. He’s not as tall as me. Janet is as beautiful as Jeniffer. You are as crazy as my sister.
Bach’s music is as good as Moart’s.
He’s very poor. He’s as poor as a church mouse. “as...as” can also be used in negatives and questions. The Amazon isn’t as long as the Nile. Is Japan as expensive as England?
Grapefruit juice is not as sweet as lemonade.
The second movie wasn’t as good as the first. Jim’s car is not as fast as mine. The violin is not as low as the cello
Can you send me the money as soon as possible, please? Today it’s not as windy as yesterday.
Silver is not as heavy as gold
“as...as” can also be used to show an extreme amount. “Eat as much as you want.” The amount you eat is “equal” to the amount you want. Hurry! Run as fast as you can!
Study as hard as possible.
Exercise “ “as...as” Sorry for being so late ! I ran here as fast as I could. 1 mile in 10 minutes! The question of the test was awfully difficult. The pupils answered as well as they could. She can rest at home as long as she likes. We are not in a hurry.
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We need your photo. It’s urgent. Send it as soon as possible.
3. ‘How long can I stay with you?’ ‘You can stay -....................... you like.’
My mother is really fit. She goes swimming as often as she can: twice a week.
4. I need the information quickly, so please let me know .................. possible.
I know he is not easy, so I will try to be as patient as I can.
5. I like to keep fit, so I go swimming......................... I can.
Although he was bored, he managed to look as interested as usual.
6. I didn’t want to wake anybody, so I came in .................... I could.
I will never be as good as Beckham.
In the following sentences use just as ........ as.
He didn’t make a sound. He was as quiet as a mouse.
7. I’m going to sleep on the floor. It’s .......................... sleeping in that hard bed.
She’s the calmest person I know. She’s as cool as a cucumber.
8. Why did he get the job rather than me? I’m ......................... him.
It’s going to rain. It’s as black as night.
9. At first I thought you were nice but really you’re ..................... everybody else.
John’s always dropping things. He’s as clumsy as a bull in a china-shop. Why did you go out without your gloves? You’re as cold as ice.
71.4. Complete each of the following sentences by filling in the blank
Mr. Smith is very old. He’s as old as the hills.
I am as clever as _____. (he, him)
I am as clever as he is.
They are as curious as ______. (us, we)
They are as curious as we are.
Jennifer is 163cm and Tony is 163cm.
Jennifer is as tall as Tony.
1. We are as proud as ............................. (they, them) 71.1 Complete the sentences using as ... as.
2. Henrietta is as silly as ....................... (your, you)
1. I’m quite tall but you are taller. I’m not as tall as you.
3. They are as confident as ......................... (her, she)
2. My salary is high but yours is higher. My salary isn’t ...................
4. Amanda is as surprised as ...................... (I, me)
3. You know a bit about cars but I know more. You don’t .....................
5. I am not as patient as ........................... (he, him)
4. it’s still cold but it was colder yesterday. It isn’t .......................
6. Ray is as old as ..................... (them, they)
5. I still feel a bit tired but I felt a lot more tired yesterday. I don’t ...............
7. Dan is as eager to attend the concert as ....................... (we, us)
6. They’ve lived here for quite a long time but we’ve lived here longer.
8. You are as quick-witted as ......................... (she, her)
They haven’t.......................................
9. She is almost as shy as ................. (him, he)
7. I was a bit nervous before the interview but usually I’m a lot more nervous.
10. Leonora is just as beautiful as ........................ (me, I)
I wasn’t .......................................... 71.2 Rewrite these sentences so that they have the same meaning.
71.5 Rewrite each of the following sentences as a comparison, using the word or words given in brackets as the second part of the comparison.
1. Jack is younger than he looks. Jack isn’t as old as he looks.
He has a heavy workload. (Tom) He has as heavy a workload as Tom.
2. I didn’t spend as much money as you. You spent more money than me.
She was a good actress. (her cousin)
3. The station was nearer than I thought. The station wasn’t ....................
They are talented musicians. (their parents) They are as talented musicians as their parents.
4. The meal didn’t cost as much as I expected. The meal .................
1. She is a skilled carpenter. (her father)...........................................................................................
5. I go out less than I used to. I don’t.....................
2. Terry is an efficient manager. (Kay) ..............................................................................................
6. Her hair isn’t as long as it used to be. She used to .....................
3. They are wonderful performers. (their predecessors) .....................................................................
7. I know them better than you do. You don’t ..........................
4. He won a prestigious prize. (his competitor) .....................................................................................
8. There were fewer people at this meeting than at the last one.
5. The white hens are good layers. (the brown ones) ...........................................................................
There weren’t.........................................................................................
6. Rupert is an able administrator. (his boss) .......................................................................................
She was as good an actress as her cousin.
7. She is carrying a heavy parcel. (you) .............................................................................................. 71.3 Complete the sentences using as ... as. Choose one of the following:
8. He is a brilliant engineer. (we had been told) .....................................................................................
bad, comfortable, fast, long, often, quietly, soon, well, well-qualified,
9. She found an important clue. (anyone) ..............................................................................................
1. I’m sorry I’m a bit late. I got here as fast as I could.
10. They are experienced directors. (one could wish) ...........................................................................
2. It was a difficult question. I answered it as well as I could.
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UNIT 72 Comparison (Superlative) --the longest the most enjoyable etc...
He is the richest man in the world.
John is the smartest boy in the class.
If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form. One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Consonant with a Single Vowel before It
Comparative Form
Superlative Form
Big
bigger
biggest
Thin
thinner
thinnest
Fat
fatter
fattest
My dog is bigger than your dog.
My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.
The London tube is the oldest underground in the world
Max is thinner than John. Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.
A-ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES.
My mother is fatter than your mother.
Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative. That form of an adjective or an adverb expressing the higest degree.
B- TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES.
Mary is the fattest person I’ve ever seen.
With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.
One-Syllable Adjective
Comparative Form
Superlative Form
Two-Syllable Adjective
Comparative Form
Superlative Form
tall
Taller
tallest
peaceful
more peaceful
most peaceful
old
Older
oldest
pleasant
more pleasant
most pleasant
long
longer
longest
careful
more careful
most careful
thoughtful
more thoughtful
most thoughtful
Mary is taller than Max.
Mary is the tallest of all the students.
Max is older than John. Of the three students, Max is the oldest. My hair is longer than your hair.
Max’s story is the longest story I’ve ever heard.
Marie is the tallest in the town.
I am the best pupil in the class.
He is the worst pupil in the school.
He is the fastest boy in the world.
This dog is the nicest in the country.
You are the funniest boy in the world.
If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form. One-Syllable Adjective with Final -e
Comparative Form
Superlative Form
Large
larger
largest
John Wayne was the most famous cowboy in Hollywood. Study these examples:
Wise
wiser
wisest
Peter is the most intelligent pupil of the school.
He’s the most generous boy I know
Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.
Mary is the most thoughtful person I’ve ever met.
Max is the wisest person I know. This man has the longest moustache in the world
He is the rudest boy I’ve ever seen
That’s the most stupid invention we’ve heard of
He is the tallest man in the world
She is the slimmest woman in the world
She bought the most expensive bag in the shop
We’ve got the strictest teachers in our school
The worst marks Brian has ever had is 0 / 20
He has the biggest number of straws in his mouth
The superlative of old is oldest:
The coldest place on earth is here.
You are the nicest person I have never met
That church is the oldest building in the town. (Not ‘the eldest’)
He has the best marks
She is the prettiest girl I know
We use eldest (or oldest) when we are talking about people in a family:
It’s the biggest store of the street
Who is the funniest man in Britain?
My eldest son is 13 years old. (or my oldest son. )
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Are you the eldest in your family? (or . the oldest.
1 It’s a very nice room. It is the nicest room in the hotel.
After superlatives we use in with places (towns, buildings etc.):
2. It’s a very cheap restaurant. It’s ................ the town.
We had a lovely room. It was one of the nicest in the hotel. (not ‘of the hotel’)
3. It was a very happy day. It was .............. my life.
Who is the best student in the class? (not ‘of the class’)
4. She’s a very intelligent student. She ...............the class.
What was the happiest day of your life?
5. it’s a very valuable painting. It .............. the gallery.
What’s the best film you’ve ever seen?
6. Spring is a very busy time for me. It ........... the year.
That was the most delicious meal I’ve had for a long time.
In the following sentences use one of + a superlative + a preposition.
The book you lent me was most interesting. (= very interesting)
7 It’s a very nice room. It is one of the nicest rooms in the hotel.
Thank you for the money. It was most generous of you. (= very generous)
8. He’s a very rich man. He’s one ......................................... the world.
The most beautiful girl in the school is Linda
9. it’s a very old castle. It ...................................... Britain.
This is the most expensive car in the gallery
10. She’s a very good player. She .................................the team. Exercise “ Superlative “
11. It was a very bad experience. It ........................................... my life.
Justin has got the shortest hair in the class.
Andzelika has got the longest hair in the class.
This exercise is the easiest of all.
Susan is the shortest of the three.
12. He’s a very dangerous criminal. He .................................. the country.
My class is the coolest of all the classes at my school!
His class is the tidiest of all.
72.2 Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (~est or most ...) or a comparative (~er or more ...).
Our English classroom is the nicest at school.
They are not going to the worst hotel.
1. We stayed at the cheapest hotel in the town. (cheap)
The palace is the most expensive hotel.
John is the best gardener.
2. Our hotel was cheaper than all the others in the town. (cheap)
These are the most beautiful colours.
Ben is the tallest boy in the class.
3. The United States is very large but Canada is................ (large)
Davis is the best soccer player in England.
4. What’s .................river in the world? (long)
Falling is the worst thing that could happen to a sprinter.
5. He was a bit depressed yesterday but he looks................ today. (happy)
For me Isa Bolt is the fastest man in the world.
6. It was an awful day. It was................. day of my life. (bad)
Your son is the cleverest kid I have ever met.
7. What is ............. sport in your country? (popular)
Santa Cruz is the second largest island in the Galapagos.
8. Everest is............ --- mountain in the world. It is than any other mountain. (high)
The Galapagos are one of the most expensive places in the world to visit.
9. We had a great holiday. It was one of the............ holidays we’ve ever had. (enjoyable)
Greenland is the largest island in the world.
10. I prefer this chair to the other one. It’s............ (comfortable)
Boracay Island in the Philippines has the best beaches I have ever seen.
11. What’s ............way of getting from here to the station? (quick)
Fjordland in New Zealand is the wettest place in the world.
12. Mr and Mrs Brown have got three daughters............ is 14 years old. (old)
Easter Island is the most interesting island I have ever visited. ‘Hamlet’ is one of the most famous plays that Shakespeare wrote
72.3 What do you say in these situations? Use a superlative + ... ever ... Use the words given in brackets
Among the 20 students in class, Aye is the youngest of all.
1. You’ve just been to the cinema. The film was extremely boring. You tell your friend: (boring / film / see)
That film was really boring. It was the most boring film I’ve ever seen.
That’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.
She is a really nice person - one of the nicest people I know.
2. Your friend has just told you a joke, which you think is very funny. You say: (funny / joke / hear)
Why does he always come to see me at the worst possible moment?
That’s..........................................................................................................
This hotel is the cheapest in town.
3. You’re drinking coffee with a friend. It’s really good coffee. You say: (good / coffee / taste)
What is the longest river in the world? The Nile River is the longest river in the world
This .............................................................................................................
The baby is the youngest person in the room.
4. You are talking to a friend about Mary. Mary is very patient. You tell your friend about her:
Susie drives the most carefully of anybody in Paris
(Patient / person / meet)
Florida is sunny. Do you know the sunniest place in the USA?
She.....................................................................................................................-.
72.1 Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (~est or most ... ) + a preposition.
5. You have just run ten kilometres. You’ve never run further than this. You say to your friend: (far / run) That...........
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...........................................................................................................................
6. She has the...................... cheese. (much)
6. You decided to give up your job. Now you think this was a bad mistake. You say to your friend:
7. They have eaten the ................... pancakes. (many)
(bad / mistake / make)
8. That is the .................... thing that could happen. (bad)
It............................................................................................................................................
9. We have used the .................. honey. (much)
7. Your friend meets a lot of people, some of them famous. You ask your friend: (famous / person / meet?)
10. That is the .....................suggestion we have heard yet. (good)
Who ...........................................................................................................................?
11. This is the .....................stretch of road. (bad) 12. They produced the ...................... butter this year. (little)
72.4 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the superlative forms of the adjectives shown in brackets. He is the _______ runner on the team. (fast) He is the fastest runner on the team.
72.6. Rewrite each of the following sentences, changing the positive form of the adjective to the superlative form, and using the definite article the.
Have you heard the ______ news? (late) Have you heard the latest news?
This is a cold room. (In the house)
This is the coldest room in the house.
They are the _______ people I know. (lazy) They are the laziest people I know.
That is a good example. (he could find)
That is the best example he could find.
This is the _______ part of the day. (hot) This is the hottest part of the day.
1. This is an old house. (on the street)................................................................................................
The black horse was the _______ horse in the race. (slow)
2. That is a large store. (in the city) .....................................................................................................
The black horse was the slowest horse in the race.
3. This is a cool evening. (we have had this week) ..............................................................................
She is the _______ student in the class. (poor)
4. He is a kind man. (I know) ................................................................................................................
She is the poorest student in the class.
5. This is a fine view. (in the area) ........................................................................................................
1. This is the ..................... highway in the country. (wide)
6. That is a new building. (in town) .........................................................................................................
2. That was the .......................... sunset I have ever seen. (red)
7. This is a dusty road. (I have ever walked along) .................................................................................
3. Yesterday was the ........................ day of the year. (cold)
8. That was a bad storm. (we have had for ten years) ............................................................................
4. This is the .......................way to do it. (easy)
9. This is a long river. (in the country) ....................................................................................................
5. The kitchen is the ....................... room in the house. (clean)
10. That is a funny story. (you have ever told) ........................................................................................
6. This is the .......................... model currently available. (new) 7. This is the ......................cake I have ever eaten. (sweet) 8. The third act is the ....................... part of the play. (sad) 9. The ........................temperature on record was minus forty degrees. (low) 10. That is probably the ....................thing to do. (wise) 11. This is the ....................route into town. (short) 12. She is the .................... girl I know. (lucky) 72.5 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the superlative forms of the irregular adjectives shown in brackets. For example: Pam is the ____ student in the class. (good) Pam is the best student in the class. That is the _____ essay I have ever read. (bad) That is the worst essay I have ever read. 1. This is the ...................... we have ever traveled in one day. (far) 2. Their farm has produced the.................. tomatoes. (many) 3. Our strawberries have the ..................... flavor. (good) 4. He ate the ...................... jam. (little) 5. That is the ...................... news I have heard yet. (bad)
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UNIT 73 Always, still, any more / any longer / no longer
What are you doing? I am still trying to buy something! I am still reading the book. Please, hurry up,it’s 10.30 and I’m still waiting for you ! The schools are always closed on Sundays.
I have not finished reading the book yet.
I am still thinking.
I haven’t decided yet.
She is still single.
She is not married yet.
1- ALWAYS
The monster is still alive!
We use always to say that something happens all the time (or very often
They have not bought anything yet.
Has anyone eaten any cookies yet?
I always go swimming on Monday evenings.
She has always wanted to visit Finland.
I am still single.
It is still cold in May in Toronto.
He is always forgetting things.
He’s always complaining.
She is still dating Peter.
Did you sell your car? No, I’ve still got it
Do you still want to go on holiday?
I am still eating my dinner
We are still going to the cinema tonight
I gave up smoking, but my friends still haven’t given up
People say it is always raining in Scotland
Don’t wait for her: she is always late!
I always go shopping on Saturdays
I love my dog: he is always happy!
The monster is not dead yet!
2- STILL Still means ‘continuing later tan expected
Compare yet and still:
It expresses that something started in the past and is the same now. an hour ago
now
I wrote to him last week. He hasn’t replied yet. (but I expect he will reply soon) I wrote to him months ago and he still hasn’t replied. (he should have replied before now) Is it still raining? Has it stopped raining yet? A: What are you doing this evening?
B: I don’t know yet .
A: Are you ready to go yet?
B: Not yet. In a mınute .
A: Where’s Emma?
B: She isn’t here yet ( She will be here, but until now she hasn’t come)
The bus hasn’t come yet. (It’s late and I am still waiting.) The others haven’t left yet. (We expected them to leave by now.) An hour ago it was raining. She is still living with her parents.
It is still raining. It hasn’t finished yet Why are you still talking about it?
The bus has already been here. (It came early and left.) The bus hasn’t come yet. (It’s late and I am still waiting.)
They still haven’t mended my car (They haven’t mended my car yet).
The others have left already. (They came early and left.)
Jane was still a student when Paul met her.
The others haven’t left yet. (We expected them to leave by now.)
Is Mary still married to John?
3-ANY MORE / ANY LONGER / NO LONGER
We tried to explain th problem to them, but they still don’t understand.
We use not...any mor or not.... Any longer to say that a situation has changed.
Today is her 75th birthday and she is still very attractive.
Anymore and any longer go at the end of a sentence:
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Sara doesn’t work here anymore ( or any longer). She left last month.
I haven’t washed my car yet
I no longer wish to work here.
I don’t want to play football anymore.
He hasn’t got up yet
My father no longer works in a hospital.
I no longer do much sport.
My sister doesn’t read science fiction books anymore. She is no longer late for school. I don’t like chocolate cakes anymore.
They are not shy anymore.
We no longer eat fried food.
He no longer eats cheese, he’s allergic.
He doesn’t write poems any more.
I don’t go fishing any longer.
Have you seen your Mum yet? The bus hasn’t come yet
73.1 For each sentence (with still) write a sentence with a similar meaning using not ... yet + one of the following verbs: decide-find- finish- go –stop- take off- wake up 1. Its still raining. _It hasn’t stopped raining yet.
You can also use no longer. No longer goes in the middle of the sentence:
2. George is still here. He ...................................................
Sara no longer works here.
3. They’re still having their dinner. They..........................
We are no longer friends. (not’ we are no more friends’)
She was my friend, but we aren’t friends any longer.
4. The children are still asleep ...........................
Since she has been on a diet, she doesn’t eat bread anymore.
5. Ann is still looking for a job ............................
We used to be good friends but we aren’t any more ( or any longer).
6. I’m still wondering what to do......................... 7. The plane is still waiting on the runway......................
Any more; in Negative sentences no longer; in positive sentences Linda still works here but Sara doesn’t work here anymore. (Negative) Ann doesn’t work here any more (or any longer). Ann no longer works here. We are no longer friends. (not ‘We are no more friends’) She left last month. (not ‘Ann doesn’t still work here’) (positive) Sheila still works here but Ann doesn’t work here any more. Exercise “ Always, still, any more / any longer / no longer” When my son rides a bicycle, he always wears a helmet. When I was ten years old, my mother cut my hair and I still have a lock. On Sunday, Paul always lies in. In England, meat is always served with boiled potatoes. She is still sleeping! She will be late! The problems of life and death have always tormented human beings. It is not always easy to keep the house tidy with five children! My car is still broken down! What am I going to do? buy another one or repair it? I still have a toothache! I have lost a filling .I have to go back to the dentist’s. My father has always said that it’s too hard for him .and now he has given up!. You are still here! It’s time to go to school. He is late again! I can’t wait for him anymore. Oh, Julia, you are terrible! You haven’t tidy up your bedroom yet. You still have time to do it before going to your friend’s. It is very hot. This afternoon, I drank four glasses of water but I’m thirsty again. I had a lot to eat, but I’m stil hungry ( I was hungry before , and I’m hungry now) I’m hungry. Is dinner ready yet?
We don’t know where we are going for our holidays yet.
73.2 In this exercise you have to put in still, yet, already or not ... any more in the _underline_ sentence (or part of a sentence). Study the examples carefully. 1. Jack lost his job a year ago and _he is unemployed._ He is still unemployed_ 2. Do you want me to tell Liz the news or _does she know_? Does she already know? 3. I’m hungry. _Is dinner ready? Is dinner ready yet? 4. I was hungry earlier but _I’m not hungry. I’m not hungry any more 5. Can we wait a few minutes? _I don’t want to go out........................................................... (yet). 6. Jill used to work at the airport but _she doesn’t work there.............................................. (any more). 7. I used to live in Amsterdam. _I have a lot of friends there .......................(still) 8. ‘Shall I introduce you to Jim?’ ‘There’s no need. _We’ve met........................................... (already) 9. Do you live in the same house_ or have you moved? .............................. (still) 10. Would you like to eat with us or _have you eaten? ........................................................ (already) 11. ‘Where’s John?’ ‘_He isn’t here._ He’ll be here soon.’..............................(yet). 12. Tim said he would be here at 8.30. It’s 9 o’clock now and _he isn’t here.......................... ( still). 13. Do you want to join the club or _are you a member?........................................................... (already) 14. It happened a long time ago but _I can remember it very clearly..............................(still) 15. I’ve put on weight. _These trousers don’t fit me.......................................................... (any more). 16 Have you finished with the paper?_’ ‘No _I’m reading it ...............................(still)
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UNIT 74 Although / even though -In spite of / despte- even
İn spite of / the fact that. / despite the fact that / Even though / Although it was cold,
in spite of / Despite the pain in his leg he completed the marathon.
we enjoyed our holiday. In spite of has the same meaning as despite.
ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH
in spite of something (noun) in spite of + verb + -ing in spite of the fact that
Although he is much older than the others, he won the race. Even though he’s a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.
In spite of / despite the traffic being heavy, we got there on time.
We use although or even though to express a contrast between two things. Even though and although can be used in the same way as despite the fact that and in spite of the fact that.
I enjoyed the holiday, even though it rained a lot. I enjoyed the holiday, despite the fact that it rained a lot.
Despite her strong accent, I understood everything that she said.
Even though he was tired and hungry, Uncle Ben still refused to break for dinner until he’d finished the job He still smokes, even though he’s got asthma.
In spite of / despite the fact that he is much older than the others, he won the race. In spite of / despite being much older than the others, he won the race Despite having all the necessary qualifications, they didn’t offer me the job. Despite the fact that he won the lottery, he didn’t quit his job. EVEN IS USED TO TALK ABOUT SURPRISING EXTREMES.
Even though it is raining, he will play golf.
Even though we use to argue, it’s all right.
Even though I was right, he got the best of me.
Even though he is learned, I can´t respect him.
Even though it is raining, I don´t care at all.
He wanted to go with them even though he was ill.
Even though you’ re tired, you have to keep going.
I kept everything inside and even though I tried.
Even though you don´t like this, you must eat it.
Although – even though – These are used in the same way. They essentially mean the same thing. Although / Even though it was raining, we went to the beach. Although / Even though we were tired, we continued working. Although / Even though it was getting late, we decided to stay and talk little longer. We decided to go for a walk in the park although / even though it was very cold out. I didn’t get the job although I had the necessary qualifications. Although he worked very hard, he didn’t manage to pass the exam. The holiday was great although the hotel wasn’t very nice. Although I am not sure, I believe that he is innocent
He managed to escape even though four men tried to catch him. Though that resturant is very expensive, it’s always full. Although I don’t know you and you don’t know me, we already have a relationship. Although he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car. Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time. (not ‘in spite of the traffic was bad’) DESPITE / IN SPITE OF
He always wears a coat - even in hot weather. He has a TV set in every room of the house--even the bathroom. It is not usual to have a TV set in the Bathroom. He is rude to everybody. He is even rude to the police. Even a child can understand this book. Even goes at the beginning of a clause when it refers just to the subject. I work every day, even on Sundays.
He can’t even write his own name.
It is warm there, even in winter. (So you can be sure it will be very warm there in summer.) The book is expensive, but even so you ought to buy it. Even a child can solve this problem I work every day, even on Sundays These photographs aren’t very good. Even I could take better photographs than these. Even if Caroline earned a big salary, she would not buy a fast car. Even if I had time and money, I wouldn’t go on a cruise.
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Exercise “Although, though , even, in spite of, Even though”
Although the sun was shining, the water was cold.
Sarah didn’t come, even though she said she would.
The price of oranges is high, __________ frost damage. (because, because of)
We hardly ever see them although We live in the same city.
The price of oranges is high, because of frost damage. (because, because of)
She is coming this morning although I don’t know exactly when.
I went to see the play, _______ it had good reviews. (because, because of)
The restaurant serves good, though expensive, food.
I went to see the play, because it had good reviews. (because, because of)
He wasn’t wearing a coat although it was quite cold.
1. We stayed up late, ........................... we were tired. (although, despite)
-or- He was wearing a coat although it wasn’t quite cold.
2. They went swimming, ........................... the coldness of the water. (although, despite)
Even though she knew the answer, she did not respond.
3. I enjoy the course; ..................... the professor is a good teacher. (because, because of)
Even I could take better photographs.
4. She looks ....................... your sister. (as if, like)
She can’t even cook an egg.
5. Please wait.................... I make a phone call. (during, while)
He always wears a coat, even in summer.
6. Did you hear any noises .................. the night? (during, while)
Although the sun was shining it wasn’t very warm.
7. It looked ....................... we would not be able to leave until the next day. (as if, like)
She has got to work every day, even on Sundays.
8. We all felt tired ............. the hot weather. (because, because of)
Even a child could write this.
9. I read a book................. I was waiting. (during, while)
I managed to get to sleep although there was a lot of noise.
10. Her eyes shone............... stars. (as if, like)
Despite the fact that we broke up, we’re still friends.
11. They managed to work together, ........... their differences of opinion. (although, despite)
She wasn’t well, but in spite of this she went to work.
12. I left home early, ........................ I had to do several errands. (because, because of)
In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.
13. He speaks about the subject ........................ he were an expert. (as if, like)
We enjoyed our camping holiday in spite of the rain.
14. We rested .....................the hottest part of the day. (during, while)
I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired.
15. .......................she lost her way twice, she arrived safely. (Although, Despite)
Paul didn´t become arrogant even though he was rich.
16. .......................their interest in comets, they decided to study astronomy. (Because, Because of)
He borrowed my jacket even though I’d told him not to. And even though there’ s another man who’ s in my life..
74.2 Make sentences with even. Use the words in brackets.
Even though John is rich, he lives in a small house.
1. She has been all over the world. (the Antarctic) _She has even been to the Antarctic.
John is rich, but in spite of that, he lives in a small house)
2. She has to work every day. (on Sundays) She even has to work on Sundays.
Even though she likes animals, Mary doesn’t want a dog.
3. They painted the whole room. (the floor) They -They even painted the floor
(In spite of the fact that she likes animals, Mary doesn’t want a dog.)
4. You could hear the noise from a long way away. (from the next street)
Although I’m a vegetarian, I sometimes eat fish.
You ........................................
Nobody would lend her the money not even her best friend.
5. They have the windows open all the time. (when it’s freezing) ........................
Tina would have gone out to even if his father hadn’t allowed.
In the following sentences you have to use not ... even.
Even if you take a taxi, you’ll still miss your train
6. They didn’t say anything to us. (hello). _They didn’t even say hello.
Even if she didn’t want to send a present, she could at least have sent a card
7. I can’t remember anything about her. (her name) I .............................
Even if I had two hours to spare for shopping, I wouldn’t go out and buy a suit.
8. There isn’t anything to do in this town. (a cinema) .............................. 9. He didn’t tell anybody where he was going. (his wife)...................................
74.1 For each of the following sentences, paying attention to the structure of the sentence, fill in the blank with either the conjunction or the preposition given in brackets
74.3 Complete these sentences using even + a comparative.
_______ my warning, they went ahead with their plan. (Although, Despite)
1. It was very hot yesterday but today it’s _even hotter._
Despite my warning, they went ahead with their plan.
2. The church is 500 years old but the house next to it is even older
________ the sun was shining, the water was cold. (Although, Despite)
3. That’s a very good idea but I’ve got an --- one. even better
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4. The first question was very difficult to answer. The second one was ...............
UNIT 75 in case
5. 1 did very badly in the examination but most of my friends did ................... 6. Neither of us was hungry. I ate very little and my friend ate ................. 74.4 Put in if, even, even if or even though. 1. _Even though_ she can’t drive, she has bought a car. 2. The bus leaves in five minutes but we can still catch it if we run. 3. The bus leaves in two minutes. We won’t catch it now even we run.
Geoff
4. His Spanish isn’t very good ....... after three years in Spain. 5. His Spanish isn’t very good ......... he’s lived in Spain for three years. 6.................................................. with the heating on, it was very cold in the house. 7. ......................................... I was very tired, I couldn’t sleep. 8. I won’t forgive them for what they said........................................ they apologise. 9. ................................................ I hdn’t eate anything for 24 hours, I wasn’t hungry.
He wears two watches in case one of them stops. Geoff is a football referee. He always wears two watches during a game because it is possible that one watch will stop. IN CASE We use in case to express that we are doing something in preparation for something which might happen.
Take an umbrella in case it rains! I’ll buy two bottles of wine in case one is not enough.
because of a possibility: Take a sweater in case it gets cold. I’ll fill up the car with petrol in case you need to go to I will take my umbrella in case it rains. I took my umbrella in case it rained. I will go to my mother in case she needs help. Some students are carrying lots of pencils in case they need them. Ann might phone tonight. I don’t want to go out in case she phones. (= because it is possible she will phone) I’ll draw a map for you in case you can’t find our house. (= because it is possible you won’t be able to find it)
You should take some cash in case they don’t accept credit cards. Tenses used with IN CASE Present Continuous Some students are carrying lots of pencils in case they need them. Present Perfect I have taken my dictionary in case I can need it. Simple Past I had a glass of water by my bed in case I got thirsty.
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We use just in case for a smaller possibility:
He wrote down..............................................................................................
I don’t think it will rain but I’ll take an umbrella just in case. (=just in case it rains)
3. 1 thought my parents might be worried about me. So I phoned them.
Do not use will after in case. Use a present tense for the future
I phoned ........................................................................................................
I don’t want to go out tonight in case Ann phones. (not ‘in case Ann will phone’).
4. 1 wrote a letter to Jane but I didn’t receive a reply. So I wrote to her again because I thought that perhaps she hadn’t received my first letter.
Exercise “In case”
I ...........................................................................................................................
You should take a book in case you have to wait I gave him a very famous book in case he wanted to read it
5. I met some people when I was on holiday in France. They said they might come to London one day. I live in London, so I gave them my address.
Could you give her her gift in case she is leaving right now?
I ...............................................................................................................................
We were looking for you in case you had lost your way Do not go out without your cell phone in case there is an emergency. Their parents took some cakes in case their children were hungry Take your computer with you in case you are working on your homework I recorded the program in case you had missed it. We took our chains in case it snowed during our holidays. I bring my camera in case there are some photos to take. The man always locked his car in case somebody stole it. I got his address in case I should have opportunity to visit him He is carrying an umbrella in case it rains. 75.1 Barbara is going for a long walk in the country. She is going to take these things with her: some chocolate- a map- an umbrella-her camera- some water -a towel She has decided to take these things because:
perhaps she’ll want to have a swim
it’s possible she’ll get lost
she might get hungry
she might want to take some photographs
perhaps she’ll get thirsty
perhaps it will rain Write sentences with in case saying why Barbara has decided to take these things with her. 1. She’s going to take some chocolate in case she gets hungry. 2. She’s going to take a map in case she gets lost 3. She’s going to take an u.......................... 4. She’s going to take h.......................... 5. She’s going to take s........................... 6 She’s going to take a ........................... 75.2 Write sentences with in case. 1. There was a possibility that Ann would phone. So I didn’t go out. I didn’t go out in case Ann phoned. 2. John thought that he might forget the name of the book. So he wrote it down.
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UNIT 76 As long as - provided / providing
1. You can use my car _unless / as long as you drive carefully. (as long as is correct) 2. I’m playing tennis tomorrow _unless / providing_ it’s raining......................................
AS LONG AS / PROVIDING OR PROVIDED / SO LONG AS
3. I’m playing tennis tomorrow _unless / providing_ it’s not raining...........................................
We use as long as to express a condition, to say that something will happen only on condition tht something else happens.
5. I’m going now _unless / provided_ you want me to stay....................................
4. I don’t mind if you come in late _unless / as long as_ you come in quietly.......................... 6. I don’t watch television _unless / as long as_ I’ve got nothing else to do..........................
I’ll lend you the book as long as you promise to give me it back next week.
7. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool _unless / provided_ they are with an adult..............
I’ll lend you the book providing or provided. you promise to give me it back next week.
8. _Unless / provided_ they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool............
This means: If you don’t promise to give the book back next week I will not lend you it.
9. We can sit here in the corner _unless / as long as_ you’d rather sit over there by the window.............
You can go to the party as long as you come back before midnight.
10. A: Our holiday cost a lot of money...........................
As long as has the same meaning as providing or provided .
B: Did it? Well, that doesn’t matter _unless / as long as_ you enjoyed yourslves
You can go to the party, providing / provided you come back before midnight. We’re going skiing next week, providing / provided there’s enough snow. You can use my car as long as / so long as you drive carefully (= you can use my car but you must drive carefully--this is a condition) Exercise “ As long as. provided / providing..” You can borrow my car .You promise not to drive too fast. You can borrow my car as long as you promise not to drive too fast. I’m playing tennis tomorrow. It doesn’t rain. I’m playing tennis tomorrow providing it doesn’t rain. I don’t mind if you come home late. You come in quietly. I don’t mind if you come home late as long as you come in quietly. I don’t watch TV. I’ve got nothing else to do. I don’t watch TV unless I’ve got nothing else to do. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool. They are with an adult. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool provided they are with an adult. They are with an adult; children are not allowed to use the swimming pool. Unless they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool. She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent. I don’t foresee any difficulties so long as we keep within budget I don’t mind having a dog in the house so long as it’s clean We can forgive him as long as he apologizes to us We could have forgiven him as long as he had apologized to us She’ll pass the exam provided (that) / providing(that) she studies hard. We’ll be there at about 7.30, provided / providing (that) there’s a suitable train She will help me provided I promise to do her homework Provided (that) she studies hard, she’ll pass her exams. (= she must study hard - if she does this, she will pass) 76.1 Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence.
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UNIT 77 during and while
I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis. I learned Italian while I was there. We went to Disneyland while we were there. While I was talking to Barbara, I learned that Tommy was in hospital. While we are playing cards, the radio was playing. My mother doesn’t like the T. V. on while we are eating dinner. We met a lot of interesting people while we were on holiday. I’ll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom while I’m there. (not ‘while I will be there’)
I fell asleep during the film.
I fell asleep while I was watching television.
DURING We use during + noun to say when something happens during the show, during his holidays, during the night during the show, during his holidays, during the night during:
I will be really busy during the week. The kids were sleeping during the party. The lights went out during the storm. Nobody made noise during the film.
We stayed indoors during the storm.
We stayed indoors while the storm raged.
We didn’t speak while we were eating.
We didn’t speak during the meal.
The students looked bored during the lesson.
George phoned while you were out.
I had been away for many years. during that time, many things had changed. I went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately I began to feel ill during the meal. You cannot use during to say how long something goes on: It rained for three days without stopping. (not ‘during three days’) It must have rained in the night. (or ... during the night.) The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night. WHILE
I met Ryan while I was waiting for the bus. While we were in Paris, we stayed at a very comfortable hotel. The phone rang three times while we were having dinner last time. What did she say about me while I was out of the room? Compare during and for: Robert suddenly began to feel ill during the examination. I’ve been waiting for them for two hours. Examples – “during for - while” While we are playing cards, the radio was playing. We met Sam during our holidays. Are you going away for the weekend? Lamina was very angry with me. She didn’t speak to me for a week. We usually go out at weekends, but we don’t often go out during the week. I met Mike while I was shopping. While I was on holiday, I didn’t read any newspapers or watch TV. During our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and galleries. Please don’t interrupt me while I’m speaking. Why don’t you go shopping while you are waiting for your car to be repaired? I’ve never heard such a strange story during my whole life. The doorbell rang just as I was getting into the bath. Why does he steal things when he could easily afford to buy them? Mary washed up and made coffee when the meal was finished. John fell asleep while driving along the motorway. He is lucky to be alive. Would you look after the children while I do the shopping?
While I was playing with my dog, my sister was doing her homework.
I worked during the holidays.
We use while + subject + verb.
We’ll walk for an hour. Then we’ll have a rest.
It means ‘during the time that’ an action was taking place.
She is gardening while her husband is painting the chairs.
while :
while I was watching the film. We saw Ann while we were waiting for you. Robert suddenly began to feel ill while he was doing the examination.
Bob called me during the meeting
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77.1. Put in for or during.
UNIT 78 telling tıme- Giving the Date
1. It rained for three days without stopping. 2. I fell asleep during the film. 3. I went to the theatre last night. I met Lucy ..................... the interval. 4. Martin hasn’t lived in Britain all his life. He lived in Brazil ....................... four years. 5. Production at the factory was seriously affected............................. the strike. 6. I felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat anything............................... three days. 7. I waited for you.................... half an hour and decided that you weren’t coming. 8. Sue was very angry with me. She didn’t speak to me .................. a week. 9. We usually go out at weekends, but we don’t often go out ..................... the week. 10. Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work............ six months.
It’s five past twelve What time is it?
11. I need a change. I think I’ll go away ...................... a few days.
Telling Time
12. The President gave a long speech. She spoke ......................... two hours. 13. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t had anything to eat....................... the journey. 14. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t had anything to eat................. eight hours. 77.2 Put in during or while. 1. We met a lot of people while we were on holiday. 2. We met a lot of people during our holiday. 3. I met Mike.................. I was shopping. 4. ...................... we were in Paris; we stayed at a very comfortable hotel.
Important verbs for asking about and telling time: Questions:
Answers:
Do you have the time?
Sure, it’s 6:00.
Do you know what time it is?
Sorry, I’m not wearing a watch.
What time is it?
5:50
Can you tell me what time it is, please?
It’s a quarter after two
5. .......................... our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and galleries.
What time do you get up every day?
I get up at about 6.00
6. The phone rang three times................ we were having dinner.
That’s early, isn’t it?
Yes but I’m used to it and then I’ve a nice cup of black coffee.
7. The phone rang three times ........................ the night.
What time do you go to work?
8. I had been away for many years.................... that time, many things had changed.
There are two common ways of telling the time.
9. What did they say about me .................. I was out of the room?
Formal but easier way Say the hours first and then the minutes.
10. Jack read a lot of books and magazines.....................I. he was ill.
7:45 - seven forty-five
11. I went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately, I began to feel ill......... the meal and had to go home.
More popular way Say the minutes first and then the hours.
12. Please don’t interrupt me.................. I’m speaking.
7.15 - fifteen minutes past seven
13. There were many interruptions ..................the President’s speech.
Important vocabulary
14. Can you lay the table .....................I get the dinner ready?
o’clock = :00 ( 7:00 = seven o’clock )
a quarter after = 15 minutes after the hour
15. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t had anything to eat......... we were travelling.
3:15 = It’s a quarter after three
3:45 = It’s a quarter before four half past
11:30 = It’s half past eleven.
11:30 = It’s eleven thirty.)
7:00 - seven o’clock (but 7:10 - ten past seven)
17:20 - twenty past five
About 8.00, I start work at 8.30.
11:06 - eleven (oh) six 7.45 - fifteen minutes to eight
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Giving the Date
How to say the year
Question:
Answers:
What’s today? or What day is it today?
Today’s Tuesday, June 6. (June sixth)
What’s the date?
It’s June 6. or It’s the 6th of June.
There’s a difference between “day” and “date” day: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc. date: June 6 When someone asks you the date, it’s not necessary to give the year. What’s the date? -
It’s June 6. (Not It’s June 6, 2005)
When were you born?
March 25, 1965
When did you arrive in the U.S.?
In 2002.
When is the next election?
In November of 2010.
You write
You say
1900
nineteen hundred
1901
nineteen hundred (and) one
1995
nineteen ninety-five
2000
two thousand
2002
two thousand (and) two
twenty oh-one
2010
two thousand (and) ten
twenty ten
nineteen oh-one
twenty hundred
78.1 Answer the questions Use the words in brackets to make your sentence. 1 What time does the film start?(6.15) 2 What’s the time? (3.15) 3 What time is it?(8.15) 4 Do you have the time, please? (6.20)
Months January (Jan)
April (Apr)
July
October (Oct)
February (Feb)
May
August (Aug)
November (Nov)
March (Mar)
June
September (Sept)
December (Dec)
Monday (Mon)
Tuesday (Tue)
Wednesday (Wed)
Thursday (Thur)
Friday (Fri)
Saturday (Sat)
Sunday (Sun)
5 Sorry, could you tell me the time, please?(9.50) 6 What’s the time please?(10.30) 7 Do you know what the time is?(12.10) What time do you...?
Days of the week Kevin
How to write the date in English
Peter
Susan
Cindy
David
Celine
1-Jan 1st January 12-Jul
12th July
5-Sep
21st March
Get up
8:15
7:30
8:45
7:10
7:40
9:25
4-Oct
4th October 2-Apr
2nd April
20-Jun 20th June 3-May
3rd May
Have a shower
8:20
7:35
8:50
7:15
7:45
9:30
Get dressed
8:30
7:45
9:00
7:25
7:55
9:40
Have breakfast
8:35
7:50
9:05
7:30
8:00
9:45
Go to school
9:00
8:30
9:30
8:00
8:30
10:00
9-Feb
5th September
21-Mar
9th February
How to say the date in English 22-Nov
the twenty-second of November
1-Jan
the first of January
12-jul
the twelfth of July
5-Sep
the fifth of September
21-Mar
the twenty-first of March
4-Oct
the fourth of October
2-Apr
the second of April
20-Jun
the twentieth of June
Go home
14:00
13:30
14:30
13:00
13:30
15:00
3-May
the third of May
9-Feb
the ninth of February
Have lunch
14:30
14:10
15:00
13:20
13:50
15:20
Read a book
16:15
15:50
17:00
16:40
17:10
17:30
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Listen to music
17:10
16:45
18:10
17:20
18:15
18:45
Have dinner
20:00
19:45
20:15
20:30
20:40
19:55
Watch tv
20:30
20:15
20:45
21:15
21:10
20:40
Go to bed
21:45
22:00
21:50
22:10
22:40
22:30
UNIT 79 Until -from...to –by / the time.
78.2 Answer the following questions 1 What time does Kevin get up?
............................................................................
2 What time does Peter have a shower?
............................................................................
3 What time does Cindy get dressed?
............................................................................
Can you check my car, if I leave it until Monday? Sorry, I am afraid I can’t...but I can do it by next Thursday.
4 What time does Susan have breakfast? ............................................................................
That will be all right. I won’t need it until next Friday.
5 What time does David go to school?
............................................................................
Fine! Can you bring it by two o’clock tomorrow?
6 What time does Celine go home?
............................................................................
UNTIL-TILL
7 What time does Kevin have lunch?
............................................................................
‘Until’ and ‘till’ express ‘up to that time’. And we use until / till to say how long a situation continues
8 What time does Peter read a book?
............................................................................
We use either the simple present or simple past with ‘until’ and ‘till’. ‘Till’ is usually only used in spoken English.
9 What time does Susan listen to music? ............................................................................
We waited until he finished his homework. I’ll wait till you finish.
10 What time does Cindy have dinner?
I waited until 6 o’clock and then I went home. OR I waited till 6 o’clock and then I went home.
11 What time does David watch TV? 12 What time does Celine go to bed?
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
I will wait till / until I hear from you. He shouldn’t come until Friday morning. He went to the garage at 2 o’clock but they made him wait until 3.30! The garage mechanic said he had been busy until 3.15.
78.3 Write in full how to tell the time 1-8.25
=» it’s ..............................
2- 8.15
=» it’s.............................
Are you sure he will have finished the major repairs by Wednesday?
3- 10.45 =» it’s........................... ..
4- 00.30 =» it’s.......................... ...
He can’t say until the Inspector of Mines gives his report.
5- 00.00 =» it’s .......................... ...
6- 15.00 =» it’s..............................
By that time the garage mechanic will have phoned, don’t worry.
7- 23.58 =» it’s..............................
8- 16.26 =» it’s..............................
BY.......
9- 14.30 =» it’s..............................
10- 2.30 =» it’s..............................
By the time I arrive, they will be eating dinner By the time is used by speakers to imagine or predict the relative timing of two activities or events in the past, present or future. Near: a house by the sea Past:
He waved as he drove by the house.
Not later than:
Try to finish the work by next week.
in the Passive Voice.
The car was bought by Linda
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By the time this letter reaches, you I will have left the country I posted the letter today, so they should receive it by Monday. I will study English by 6pm.
Study these examples Place of origin:
We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico
Start of a period of time:
from now on; from yesterday until today
If he doesn’t hear from the mechanic by Wednesday, he’ll have a fit of anger.
Cause:
He suffers from nervousness.
‘How long has he been waiting?’ ‘ He arrived by 2.15 at the latest.’
Source:
I first heard the story from you
Where’s Sue? She should be here by now Will he call them by next Monday to have an idea?
I thought he would be gone by the time the garage mechanic arrives. BY THE TIME FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
By the time I leave work, the sun will be setting.
FUTURE PERFECT
By the time I leave work, the sun will have set.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
By the time I arrive, they are eating dinner.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
By the time we left work, the sun was setting.
PAST PERFECT
By the time we left work, the sun had set
Compare until and by: Fred will be away until Monday. (so he’ll be back on Monday) I’ll be working until 11. 30. (so I’ll stop working at 11.30) I’ll have finished my work by 11. 30. (I’ll finish my work not later than 11. 30) FROM – TO
Exercise “By / until from - to “ I didn’t arrive until 10.00 pm. We didn’t leave London until Tuesday and we only had a week. I won’t get paid until Friday. We must take a decision by Tuesday Mary should have waited until Tuesday to buy her new car Make sure you are at home by 8 o’clock, the Jones will be there Paul didn’t stop working until lunchtime The novelist had hoped to finish his book by the end of the year, but he hadn’t Will you be here when I come back? No, I’ll probably have gone by then This dog might be dangerous, don’t move until I tell you
We use from - to + beginning and end of a period:
She’ll be waiting for your telephone call until the end of the weekend Let’s wait in the house until it stops raining I read until dinner, it is a very interesting book ! This morning, I wonder whether I’ll invite some friends over this weekend. I have to make my decision by Thursday; otherwise it will be too late. My friend Julia is away at the moment. She will be away untiL Sunday evening. Unfortunately I couldn’t invite her. On the other hand, it is possible to invite Donald, her boyfriend. In the end I invited 5 friends for Saturday’s lunchtime. I told them: ‘
Harry Truman was president of the USA from 1945 to 1953 Carol / Italy / 1980 - 2000:
Carol lived in Italy from 1980 to 2000
79.1 Write until / since / for
Gerry / teacher / =>1995:
Gerry worked as a teacher until 1995
1 Sue and Dave have been married ...........since 1968
Kerry / hospital / Monday:
Kerry has been in hospital since Monday
2 I was tired this morning. I stayed in bed.........10 o’clock
Alec lived in Canada from 1992 to 2000.
Alec lived in Canada until 2000.
3 We waited for Sue......half an hour, but she didn’t come
Alec has lived in England since 2000.
Liz lived in Spain until 2000.
4 “Have you just arrived?”No, I have been here ........half past seven
Liz has lived in Germany since 2000.
Liz lived in Spain from 1992 to 2000.
5 “How long did you stay at the party last night?”..........midnight
Mr Walker was a salesman until 2000.
Walker has worked in a restaurant since 2000
6 Dan and I are good friends. We have known each other .........ten years
Last evening we watched TV from 5 to 8 o’ clock.
We lived in Japan from 1992 to 2002
7 I’m tired. I am going to lie down........a few minutes 8 Don’t open the door of train....the train stops 9 This is my house. I’ve lived here ..........I was seven years old 10 Jack has gone away. He’ll be away ................Wednesday
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11 Next week I ‘m going to Paris .......three days
UNIT 80 before / after
12 I usually finish work at 5.30, but sometimes I work for you...........twenty minutes 13 “How long have you known Annie..........we were at school together 14 Where have you been? I have been waiting for you..........twenty minutes. 79.2 Put in by or until. 1. Fred has gone away. He’ll be away _until Monday. 2. Sorry, but I must go. I have to be at home _by 5 o’clock. 3. I’ve been offered a job. I haven’t decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to decide.................................Thursday.
After he had run 2 kilometres, he took a shower.
4. I think I’ll wait.............................. Thursday before making a decision.
Before he took a shower, he had run 2 kilometres
5. it’s too late to go shopping. The shops are only open ................ 5. 30. They’ll be closed now.
We will finish before he arrives.
She (had) left before I telephoned.
6. I’d better pay the phone bill. It has to be paid ............................. tomorrow. 7. Don’t pay the bill today. Wait........................ tomorrow.
BEFORE
8. A: Have you finished redecorating your house? B: Not yet. We hope to finish ............................ the end of the week.
‘Before’ means ‘before that moment’. It is important to remember that ‘before’ takes either the simple past OR the present.
9. A: I’m going out now. I’ll be back at 4.30. Will you still be here?
Before + Simple Past, Past Perfect
B: I don’t think so. I’ll probably have gone out ........................ then.
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Marmaris.
10. I’m moving into my new flat next week. I’m staying with a friend ................... then.
We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
11. I’ve got a lot of work to do. .................... the time I finish, it will be time to go to bed.
Jill had phoned Dad at work before she left for her trip.
12. If you want to do the exam, you should nter ...................... 3 April.
Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before. We should finish this exercise before 4.00. I need to buy a present before James comes. Before starting any business, it’s a good idea to write a business plan. Jane had read a lot about elephants before she went to the zoo.
two past tense events
It started to rain before I got home. Jaime had a drink before he played tennis. Before we arrived at school the classes had finished. He had telephoned us before he arrived in London.
They ran away before they finished their work.
Before you leave, you should turn off the lights
Before her sixth birthday, Jane had never been to the zoo. Roger was nervous before he took the test. Don’t forget to close the window before you go out We fasten our seat belts before the plane takes off. before / after +ing I always have breakfast before going to work
Before eating the apple, I washed it carefully
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AFTER
Exercise “ before / after “
‘After’ means ‘after that moment’. It is important to remember that ‘after’ takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events.
You will not be hungry after you eat.
After + Past Perfect, Simple Past
After the girl fell asleep, she had a strange dream.
Every night, after brushing my teeth, I go to bed. You have to pack your suitcase before you go to the airport. After the children got home from school, they watched TV. Rudy washed the floor before he watched the soccer match. I must be there before nine o’clock. Jane went to the zoo before she had finished reading her new book about elephants. Had you studied English before you moved to New York? I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. Before he sang a song he had played the guitar.
He started the car after he’d fastened his seat belt
They had ridden their bikes before they met their friends
After they heard the signal, they called the police
She had lived in Sweden before she went to Norway
After Fred had spent his holiday in Italy he wanted to learn Italian
Before Ken ran to Kerry’s house, he had phoned him. She ate after I (had) left.
Before the students started to write, the teacher had collected their mobile phones
David got promoted after just two years with the company.
They were paid after they finished their work.
Had he phoned Angie before he went to see her in London?
We were tired after our visit to the museum
After Sally ate dinner, she went to the library.
She had not ridden a horse before that day
I’ll see you after work. We will finish after he comes.
two past tense events
After the family had had breakfast, they went to the zoo. She ate after I had left. After her husband died, she went to live abroad. We’ll go shopping the day after tomorrow.
Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? 80.1 Complete the sentences. Chose from the boxes after during+
lunch
before while+
the concert the exam you’re waiting the course the night
the end
they went to Australia
After doing the shopping, they went home
I started work after reading the newspaper
1 Everybody was nervous..........before the exam
After I’d gone inside, I took off my coat
They went home after they did the shopping
2 I usually work four hours in the morning, and another three hours ..................
Rudy washed the floor after the soccer match.
She arrived after dinner.
3 The film was really boring. We left ....................................
AFTERWARDS
4 Anna went to evening class to learn German. She learnt a lot ..................
they’ve got their wedding next week, and afterwards they’re going on a honeymoon.
5 My aunt and uncle lived in London ................................
Yesterday, my friend had a lot of homework to do, but she still came and saw me afterwards.
6 A: Somebody broke a window ........................ Did you hear anything?
He visited over 20 countries in the 80’s, afterwards he settled in Australia.
B: No, I was asleep all the time.
They watched a football match on TV and went out for a drink afterwards.
7 Would you like to sit down ...................................?
Past Perfect (1st Event)
Simple Past (2nd Event)
The thief had escaped
before I called the police.
We had calmed down
by the time the police came.
He had been upstairs
when we came home.
We hadn’t noticed
until we heard the footsteps.
After I had called the police,
we realized the thief has gone.
8 “Are you going home ....................? “Yes, I have to get up early tomorrow”
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UNIT 81 Prepositions of place In, at, on
She sits at the desk.
Open your books at page 10.
The bus stops at Graz.
I stay at my grandmother’s
I stand at the door.
Look at the top of the page.
The car stands at the end of the street.
Can we meet at the corner of the street?
I met John at a party.
Pat wasn’t at home yesterday.
I study economics at university.
The children are at grandmother’s.
He’s looking at the park.
He always arrives late at school.
Who is that man standing at the bus stop / at the door / at the window? Turn left at the traffic lights / at the church / at the roundabout. Write your name at the top / at the bottom of the page. Angela’s house is the white one at the end of the street. When you leave the hotel, please leave your key at reception.
I am staying at the Royal Hotel. It’s on Kings Road in Brighton. AT
IN
ON
PRECISE TIME
MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
DAYS and DATES
at 3 o’clock
in May
on Sunday
at 10.30am
in summer
on Tuesdays
at noon
in the summer
on 6 March
at dinnertime
in 1990
on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime
in the 1990s
on Christmas Day
She likes walking in the rain with her little cat. IN
at sunrise
in the next century
on Independence Day
at sunset
in the Ice Age
on my birthday
1. Place thought of as an area: in London; in Europe
at the moment
in the past / future
on New Year’s Eve
2. Within a location: in the room; in the building
Will you be at home tonight?
He is never late. He always comes on time.
How many girls are there in your class?
She will meet me at 7:00 pm.
The teacher wrote something on the board.
I met him at Mary’s party.
She was sitting on the sofa
I usually don’t work at weekends.
5. By means of: write in pencil; speak in English
Do it right away! Do it at once!
I can’t see so well, especially at night.
6. Condition: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret
AT 1. A specific location: at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park 2. A point in time: at 5 o’clock; at Christmas
3. Large units of time: That happened in March, in 1992. 4. Within a certain time:
I will return in an hour.
7. A member of: He is in the orchestra; in the navy 8. Wearing: the boy in the blue shirt 9. With reference to: lacking in ideas; rich in oil
3. A condition: at peace; at war; at rest
We sit in the room.
I see a house in the picture.
4. An activity: at work; at school; at play
There are trouts in the river.
He lives in Paris.
I found the picture in the paper.
He sits in the back of the car.
5. Towards: Look at someone; wave at someone
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He sits in the corner of the room.
We arrive in Madrid.
in the morning I will buy a motorbike.
He gets in the car.
She likes walking in the rain.
I get up at 6:00.
I saw the interview on television.
There are kites in the sky.
He plays in the street.
He always visits at night.
I finish school at 4:00 in the afternoon.
She lives in a hotel.
The boys stand in a line.
I saw him on Sunday.
He put the apple on the table.
There is a big tree in the middle of the garden.
My cousin lives in the country.
He lives at 333 Main Street.
School starts in August.
You mustn’t park your car in front of the school.
The robber is in prison now.
I was born in London
London is located in England.
He is in town.
I have to stay in bed.
Everyday, I go to university
I arrive at 8.30 am.
I often go to the cinema to watch movies.
I sometimes go to a disco.
1. Touching the surface of:
on the table; on the wall
2. A certain day: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June.
In April, Lilia will work in a bank.
81.1 Complete the sentences. Use in, at or on + one of the following:
3. A certain street: on South Street
Sea –hospital-l bed the station the cinema -the plane - school prison- the airport- the Sports Centre
4. About: a book on engineering
1. My train arrives at 11.30. Can you meet me _at the station?
5. A state or condition: on strike; on fire; on holiday 6. By means of: live on a pension; shown on television
2. I didn’t feel very well when I woke up, so I stayed............................................... 3. I think I’d like to see a film. What’s on................................... this week? 4. Some people are .............................. for crimes that they did not commit. 5. ‘What does your sister do? Has she got a job?’ ‘No, she’s still ................................ 6. I play basketball ..............................on Friday evenings. 7. A friend of mine was injured in an accident a few days ago. She’s still............................ 8. Our flight was delayed. We had to wait ......................... for four hours. 9. I enjoyed the flight but the food .............................. wasn’t very nice. 10. Bill works on ships. He is away --- most of the time. 81.2 Complete these sentences with in, at or on. 1. I didn’t see you at the party on Saturday. Where were you?
Did you go to Germany on business or on holiday? The map lies on the desk
The picture is on page 10.
The photo hangs on the wall. He lives on a farm. Dresden lies on the river Elbe. Men’s clothes are on the second floor. He lives on Heligoland. The shop is on the left. My friend is on the way to Moscow.
Write this information on the front of the letter.
Exercise “ In,at,on” The course begins on 7 January.
Mozart was born in Salzburg n 1756.
Hurry up! We’ve got to go in five minutes.
I’ll see you in the afternoon if you want.
Mike’s grandmother died in 1989 at the age of 89.
The price of electricity is going up in October.
I like walking round the town at night.
Do you fancy going to the cinema on Friday night?
I learnt to drive in four weeks.
I take my lunch at midday
Where do you live? now I have a flat on the second floor.
This bus always arrives late at the bus stop.
This girl got her certificate in 1999.
On Fridays we have lessons from 10.00 to 12.00.
At the end of the school year, we’ll organize a big party.
At ten past nine, I go to the market.
I will leave my country in 2008 On Monday Nana must work early.
2. It was a very slow train. It stopped ........ every station. 3. I don’t know where my umbrella is. Perhaps I left it....... the bus. 4. Shall we travel .......... your car or mine? 5. The exhibition ......the Museum of Modern Art finished on Saturday. 6. We stayed a very nice hotel when we were .... Amsterdam. 7. There were fifty rooms ..... the hotel. 8. Tom is ill. He wasn’t ..... work today. He was .... home ..... bed. 9. I wasn’t in when you phoned. I was.... my sister’s house. 10. It’s always too hot.... my sister’s house. The heating is always on too high. 11. I haven’t seen Kate for some time. I last saw her ..... Dave’s wedding. 12. Paul lives..... London. He’s a student..... London University. 81.3 Complete the sentences with in, at or on. 1. Write your name at the top of the page. 2. I like that picture hanging ............................. the wall the kitchen. 3. There was an accident ......................... the crossroads this morning. 4. I wasn’t sure whether I had come to the right office. There was no name ................ the door.
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5. ........................ the end of the street there is a path leading to the river.
UNIT 82 Most important prepositions
6. You’ll find the sports results ............................ the back page of the newspaper. 7. I wouldn’t like an office job. I couldn’t spend the whole day sitting................. a desk. 8. My brother lives ........................ a small village in the south-west of England. 9. The man the police are looking for has a scar...................... his right cheek. 10. The headquarters of the company are --- Milan. 11. Nicola was wearing a silver ring ................... her little finger.
Bob, don’t forget to sign your name at the bottom of your letter. It is cold, put a jacket over your shirt! Most important prepositions: At, in, on, near, by, next to, beside, across from, opposite, below, under, above, over, between, among, in front of, behind, on the left, on the right, at the top of, at the bottom of, inside, outside. Some of those prepositions (next to, on the left, at the top of) are called ‘compound prepositions. The car is in front of the house
The house is behind the car.
The house is between the tree and the dog
The tree is on the left of the house.
The dog is near the house.
The sun is above the dog.
Write your name below the line.
The balloons are high above our heads.
We live near the bank
The cat is sleeping by the fireplace
Our daughter was sitting opposite us (across from us) on the train.
The park is opposite the school. The fish swims below the surface of the water. The baby is under the blanket. There are clouds above the town.
A young child between his parents. Can you see this house hidden among the trees?
He is sitting in front of the computer
The letter box is in front of the newsagent’s.
He is hiding behind the fence.
‘Inside’ or ‘in’ My keys are inside (in) my bag.
Tom is inside (in) the house.
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Preposition
Use
Examples
through
going from one point to the other point
above
higher than sth.
The picture hangs above my bed.
You shouldn’t walk through the forest.
across
from one side to the other side
You mustn’t go across this road here.
to
towards sth.
I like going to Australia.- Can you come to me?
after
one follows the other
The cat ran after the dog.- After you.
towards
in the direction of sth.
We ran towards the castle.
against
directed towards sth.
The bird flew against the window.
under
below sth.
The cat is under the table.
along
in a line; from one point to another
They’re walking along the beach.
up
from low to high
He went up the hill.
among
in a group
I like being among people.
around
in a circular way
We’re sitting around the campfire.
They’re walking along the beach
I like being among people
behind
at the back of
Our house is behind the supermarket.
We’re sitting around the campfire
Our house is behind the supermarket
Examples “Most important prepositions”
Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level. Our house is beside the supermarket.
below
lower than sth.
Death Valley is 86 meters below sea level.
The picture hangs above my bed.
You mustn’t go across this road here
beside
next to
Our house is beside the supermarket.
There isn’t a bridge across the river
The cat ran after the dog After you.
between
sth. / sb. is on each side
Our house is between the supermarket and the school.
The message he sent to me was full of mistakes.
by
Near
He lives in the house by the river.
close to
Near
Our house is close to the supermarket.
down
from high to low
He came down the hill.
We didn’t go on holiday. Jane wasn’t very keen on leaving her house.
from
the place where it starts
Do you come from Tokyo?
Give me the name of the students who were responsible for all that noise.
in front of
the part that is in the direction it faces
Our house is in front of the supermarket.
inside
opposite of outside
You shouldn’t stay inside the castle.
into
entering sth.
You shouldn’t go into the castle.
Look! His handwriting is very similar to mine.
near
close to
Our house is near the supermarket.
He is a very honest man. We don’t think he is capable of a theft.
next to
Beside
Our house is next to the supermarket.
off
away from sth.
The cat jumped off the roof.
onto
moving to a place
The cat jumped onto the roof.
opposite
on the other side
Our house is opposite the supermarket.
out of
leaving sth.
The cat jumped out of the window.
outside
opposite of inside
Can you wait outside?
D comes between C and E in the alphabet.
over
above sth.
The cat jumped over the wall.
1. This train travels from London ....................Paris. (at, to)
past
going near sth..
Go past the post office.
round
in a circle
We’re sitting round the campfire.
We live in a little town which is not famous for anything. Are you always fond of American films ? The streets will be crowded with tourists during the festival.
Why don’t you trust me? Why are you suspicious of my intentions? Ask my husband. I am not good at repairing things. My mother would hate being dependent on anybody. Don’t worry. We’ll look after you. There’s nothing to be scared of.
We weren’t interested at all in what he was telling about his journey. 82.1 Paying attention to the meanings of the prepositions, fill in the blanks with the most appropriate prepositions chosen from those given in brackets. She made a speech _____ the future of the school. (about, around) She made a speech about the future of the school. D comes _______ C and E in the alphabet. (between, beyond)
2. We stood at the back ................. the theatre. (of, on) 3. She went to Rome .................. France. (versus, via) 4. The store is open daily................ Monday to Friday. (for, from) 5. I took my hat .............. the table. (of, off)
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6. He looks .............. his brother. (despite, like)
17. Columbus crossed the Atlantic ______ 1492. (at, in)
7. The children ran ............. the school. (of, out of)
18. There are many possibilities __________ the ones I have mentioned. (beside, besides)
8. He opened the box ............ a screwdriver. (at, with)
19. She will call us ______ half an hour. (at, in)
9. I will work .............. five o’clock. (until, up)
20. His birthday is ______ the 8th of January. (in, on)
10. We walked ............... the restaurant. (despite, past) 11. At three o’clock we reached the top ................ the hill. (of, off) 12. You have delivered all of the papers ................... this one. (between, but) 13. The bank is .................... the school. (opposite, out of) 14.................. the danger, he decided to climb the mountain. (despite, except) 15. The treasure was hidden ................. The earth. (under, up to) 16. A comes ................. B in the alphabet. (before, behind) 17. I went to work ............... my umbrella. (out of, without) 18. When it is heated, water changes ................. steam. (in, into) 19. Nocturnal animals usually sleep .................. the day. (during, underneath) 20. The squirrel ran ................. the wall. (along, among) 82.2 .Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions chosen from those given in brackets The prepositions among, at, beside, besides, between, for, in, on and since. They live __ 359 Southdale Avenue. (at, on)
They live at 359 Southdale Avenue.
The meeting will take place __ Tuesday. (at, on)
The meeting will take place on Tuesday.
We have been travelling ___ several days. (for, since) We have been travelling for several days. She has been working _____ six o’clock this morning. (for, since) She has been working since six o’clock this morning. 1. He lives ______ 19 Tower Road. (at, on) 2. We will be gone ________ two days. (for, since) 3. Tom and his friend will divide the money __________ themselves. (among, between) 4. They will be returning ______ November. (in, on) 5. I have known him ________ three years. (for, since) 6. Many foods ____________ milk contain calcium. (beside, besides) 7. I will arrive ______ six o’clock. (at, in) 8. He has been gone __________ Friday. (for, since) 9. The store is located ______ North Street. (at, on) 10. She is leaving ______ five minutes. (at, in) 11. Bridget, Leslie and Sarah will discuss the matter _________ themselves. (among, between) 12. I have known her __________ last year. (for, since) 13. We expect them ______ Wednesday. (in, on) 14. The cat was sitting ___________ the stove. (beside, besides) 15. The play begins ______ seven thirty. (at, on) 16. We waited __________ fifteen minutes. (for, since)
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UNIT 83 Cardinal, Ordinal Number The main units of numbers in English are: 1
10
100
1000
1000000
1000000000
one
ten
hundred
thousand
million
billion
Here is a list of numbers. On the left are normal or “cardinal” numbers. On the right are “ordinal” numbers, which we use to define a thing’s position in a series. Cardinal Number
Ordinal Number
21
twenty-one
21st
twenty-first
22
twenty-two
22nd
twenty-second
23
twenty-three
23rd
twenty-third
24
twenty-four
24th
twenty-fourth
30
thirty
30th
thirtieth
31
thirty-one
31st
thirty-first
40
forty
40th
fortieth
50
fifty
50th
fiftieth
60
sixty
60th
sixtieth
70
seventy
70th
seventieth
80
eighty
80th
eightieth
90
ninety
90th
ninetieth
100
hundred
100th
hundredth
101
hundred and one
101st
hundred and first
152
hundred and fifty-two
152nd
hundred and fifty-second
200
two hundred
200th
two hundredth
1,000
thousand
1,000th
thousandth
1,000,000
million
1,000,000th
millionth
1,000,000,000
billion
1,000,000,000th
Billionth
0
zero, nought
1
one
1st
first
2
two
2nd
second
3
three
3rd
third
4
four
4th
fourth
5
five
5th
fifth
6
six
6th
sixth
7
seven
7th
seventh
8
eight
8th
eighth
9
nine
9th
ninth
10
ten
10th
tenth
11
eleven
11th
eleventh
12
twelve
12th
twelfth
13
thirteen
13th
thirteenth
14
fourteen
14th
fourteenth
15
fifteen
15th
fifteenth
16
sixteen
16th
sixteenth
17
seventeen
17th
seventeenth
18
eighteen
18th
eighteenth
19
nineteen
19th
nineteenth
4/7 four sevenths 23.90
twenty-three point nine zero
20
twenty
20th
twentieth
4 / 3
four thirds
one quarter -or- a quarter
0.156
nought point one five six
How to say the year You write
You say
1900
nineteen hundred
1995
nineteen ninety-five
1901
nineteen hundred (and) one nineteen oh-one
2000
two thousand twenty hundred
2002
two thousand (and) two twenty oh-one
2010
two thousand (and) ten
British English 120 = one hundred and twenty American English 120 = one hundred twenty 18%
eighteen per cent
3.56 1/4
three point five six
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UNIT 84 a little, a few
I have seen few camels so far
I have a few friends.
I admire him because he has few problems.
They bought very few things.
He has a few dollars left.
Do you have a few minutes?
I want to ask a few questions.
Martin has a few problems.
There are a few people in this town.
We’re going away for a few days
Examples “ little, a few” You won’t be disappointed. There are a few letters for you today! There is too little flour left for the cake. Now that she has had a few lessons she has made great progress! ‘Would you like some soup?’ ‘Yes, a little, please Similarly, the adjectives few and little have the same meaning, except that few is used with plural countable nouns, and little is used with uncountable nouns. I made few mistakes.
They have little hope of success.
Have a few crisps with your meat.
Have a little milk in your tea.
Do you speak Greek? - Yes but a little.
And I know a few words in German.
Do you have any friends in Portsmouth?
Yes, I have got a few.
A LITTLE / LITTLE. a little + little + uncountable noun
little time, little food, little money
little = nearly none, nearly nothing
a little time, a little food, a little money
A little is more than little. Give me a little chalk. I want to do an exercise
There is a little food in the fridge, if you’re hungry
I had a little money in my pocket. So I bought a sweet
Do you speak English?’ ‘A little.
He has a little money left.
There is a little water in the bottle.
I can’t afford that car since I have little money. left There is a little milk in the bottle.
I can’t wait any longer. I have little patient I have drunk little water this morning.
A FEW / FEW. few + plural countable noun
few people, few books, few letters
few = nearly none
I’m very sad. I have few good friends
a few bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes A few students , a few people
There is little chance of ever finding the climbers who got lost in the storm. Give him a little time and he will find the answer. Very few ideas get farther than the inventor. People usually have little money left by the end of their holiday. Astronomy is such a difficult subject that few people study it. I have a little time tomorrow, we could go shopping. There was little food in the fridge. It was nearly empty. ‘When did Sarah go out? ‘ ‘ a few minutes ago’. I can’t decide now. I need a little time to think about it. He isn’t popular. He has few friends. (= not many, not enough friends) There was little traffic, so we arrived earlier than we expected. The bus service isn’t very good at night - there are few buses after 6 o’clock. I’d like to practise my English more but I have few opportunities. Last night I wrote a few letters to my family friends. I’m going out for a walk. I need a little fresh air. I drink very little coffee. I don’t like it. Listen carefully. I’m going to give you a little advice 84.1 Complete with a little or a few 1. Have .......... crisps with your meat. 2. Have ............ milk in your tea. 3. Do you speak Greek? - yes but................ 4. And I know.......... words in German. 5. Do you have any friends in Portsmouth ? - Yes, I have got.......... 6. I have ......... time tomorrow, we could go shopping. 7. You didn’t go to the pub, did you? - I’m afraid I did, but I only had ......... drinks, honestly. 8. I had ............ of that French alcohol called ‘Cognac’. 9. They live in a very small flat because they have .......... money. 10. I really need to see him. I’ve got........... questions to ask him.
I don’t understand why few Europeans spend their holidays in Brazil, it is a beautiful country!
11. Could we have ......... champagne, please?
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12. ‘Were you surprised?’ ‘.............’
UNIT 85 There-present-past-perfect-future... etc.
13. They’ve already been to Spain .......... times. 14. These plants require............. water and it’s very handy.
AFFIRMATIVE
15. At home, the kitchen was a pleasant place. There were always ......... flowers in a vase. 16. ‘How’s your father?’ ‘............ better, thanks.’
NEGATIVE
QUESTİON
present
there is there are
there isn’t there aren’t
is there...? are there...?
past simple
there was there were
there wasn’t there weren’t
was there...? were there...?
present perfect
there has been there have been
there hasn’t been there haven’t been
has there been...? have there been...?
23. Could you put.............. salt on this?
future
there will be
there won’t be
will there be...?
24. She has ................... really good friends.
past perfect
there had been
there hadn’t been
had there been...?
25. There are................... things I’d like to talk to you about.
conditional
there would be
there wouldn’t be
would there be...?
17. ‘Sandra is fluent in Italian, French and Spanish.’ ‘It’s quite rare, ....... people can speak several foreign languages.’ 18. This boy isn’t very popular at school. He’s got very............ friends. 19 .Could I have....... more time? 20. He has .................pencils in his bag. 21. There is.............. cream in my coffee. 22. He has............ knowledge on the subject.
26. Show here............... appreciation! 27. She wants a ring with .............. diamonds in it.
PRESENT there is-are
28. You need............... patience to learn a language. 29.Come on Robert! I need.............. help. 30. How interesting!............. people know that. 31. We made good time because there was.............. traffic so early in the morning. 32. We are going away for............... days. 33. Will you have ................. more ice cream? We might as well finish it. 34. Stuart is a good student, he has problems at school. 35. Can I help you? I speak ............. English. 36. I need to borrow............. Euros, could you help me? 37. It’s a very quiet area here, there is.............. noise in the streets. 38. Did you take ............. photographs during your holidays?
‘I always sweeten my coffee, but there isn’t any sugar left ! ‘ there is, there was, there has been + singular there is a tree in the garden there are, there were, there have been + plural there are two birds in the tree In the forest there are many trees and plants. There are insects, birds and other animals. There’s clean air and clean water. To talk about the existence of something, we use the verb form “there is”. ( past simple ,There was / were) There is a modern factory.
There are traffic jams this morning.
There are160 girls in my school.
There are eggs on the table.
Is there a church in your village?
There are two swimming pools in the city.
PAST SIMPLE There was / were There were about fifty people at the party last week. There was a party last night in Tom’s garden. There were only ten students in class yesterday.
There were three apples on the table yesterday.
There were some people in this street 3 days ago.
Yesterday there was only one banana in my bag.
There were three thieves in the bank yesterday.
There was no policeman in the bank yesterday.
Question / negative A: Have you got any Money?
B: Yes, there is some in my bag
A: Are there any restaurants near here?
B: Yes, there are / no there aren’t
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A: Excuse me; is there a hotel near here?
B: Yes there is / No, there isn’t
How many players are there in a football team?
There are 11 players in a football team
Are there many cars in the car park?
Are there bakeries?
Are there cities on the moon?
No, there aren’t.
Is there an elephant in this room?
No, there isn’t. / No there’s not.
FUTURE (There will be) (from the weather forecast) Yesterday there was a storm and Tomorrow the weather will be cold. There will be some rain in the afternoon. There will be rain tomorrow afternoon The manager of the company is leaving, so there will be a new manager soon. I’m going away tomorrow. I’ll do my packing today because there won’t be time tomorrow There will be an answer in a few days. There will be a meeting tomorrow. There could be an alert if the storm gets stronger, be careful. We’ll soon know about it Do you think there will be a lot of people at the party on Saturday? PAST PERFECT (there had been ) There had been many hotels in your town before the war Here is the 1 o’clock news. There has been an air crash in Russia, causing many victims. Exercise “There......”
Were there any phone messages for me yesterday?
There were about fifty people at the party last week. There will be an answer in a few days.
PRESENT PERFECT (There has / have been)
There are two girls and a dog in my garden, they are playing together. There was a woman at the door yesterday when I came back home. There is a dog, and two girls, in my garden, look at them ! There will be a meeting tomorrow. There is a man looking at me, do you think he knows me? There could be an alert if the storm gets stronger, be careful. We’ll soon know about it. There were many birds in the garden two days ago.
Look there has been an accident (There’s been)
There are several books in that library, look at them!
This road is very dangerous .There have been many accident
There was a cat near the school yesterday.
This road is very dangerous. There have been lots of accidents on it.
How many restaurants are there in New York City? Oh, there are about 50,000.
There is a table in this room. (Simple Present)
Do you have any milk? - Yes, there is some in the fridge.
There was a table in this room an hour ago. (Simple Past)
There are six bananas and one apple on the table. Help yourself.
There has been a woman at the door for three hours. (Present Perfect)
Look! There are many black dogs in the street.
There had been a good film on TV before I left.
(Past Perfect)
There are no teachers who know everything.
There will be a new building here next year.
(Future Tense)
There are some games in this shop now.
Look! There is going to be an accident!
Near Future)
There was a cat near the school yesterday.
There must be someone at home. (Modal)
I was hungry when I got home, but there wasn’t anything to eat There was a woman at the door yesterday when I came back home. ‘Can I wash my hands? - no, you can’t, there isn’t any soap left ! ‘ ‘She would like to make an apple-pie, but there aren’t any apples left! ‘. ‘These exercises won’t be finished. - Of course there isn’t any time left ! ‘ ‘Will you make an omelette? - I’d like to, but there aren’t any eggs left ! ‘ There is no bread left. I’ll buy some.
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85.1 Write there is / there isn’t / is there or there are / there aren’t / are there.
6. .......... trouble at the club last night. They had to call the police.
1 Kent ham isn’t an old town.....There aren’t ... any old buildings
7. How far ............ from Milan to Rome?
2 Look!..........................a photograph of your brother in the newspaper
8. .......... Keith’s birthday yesterday. We had a party.
3. Excuse me....a bank near here? Yes, at the end of the street
9. ........ three years since I last went to the theatre.
4 ............five people in my family ;my parents, my two sisters and me
10. I wanted to visit the museum but ........ enough time.
5 How many students ...in the class? Twenty
11. ....... time to go?’ ‘Yes, nearly midnight.’
6 The road is usually very quiet...............much traffic
12. A few days ago......... a storm........ a lot of damage.
7 ...............a bus from the city centre to the airport? Yes, every 20 minutes
13. ...... a beautiful day yesterday. We had a picnic.
8 ...............any problems? No, everything is OK
14.......... anything on television, so I turned it off.
9 .........nowhere to sit down ..............any chairs.
15............. an accident in King Street but....... very serious.
85.2 Write there‘s / is there or it’s / is it?
85.5 Read the first sentence and then write a sentence beginning There...
1 ...There’s....a train at 10.30. .....İs it...a fast train?
1. The roads were busy today. There was a lot of traffic.
2 I am not going to buy this shirt...............too expensive
2. This soup is very salty. There ......... in the soup.
3 What’s wrong?....................................something in my eye
3. The box was empty. ........... in the box.
4 .................a red car outside your house ........yours?
4. The film was very violent. ................
5 ............anything good on TV tonight? Yes,........a film at 8, 15
5. The shops were very crowded. ................
6 What’s that building? ...........a school 7...........a restaurant in this hotel? No, I am afraid not
85.6 Complete the sentences. Use there will be, there would be etc. Choose from: will might would wouldn’t should used to (be) going to
85.3. Write there was / there wasn’t / was there or were there / there weren’t / were there
1. If people drove more carefully, there would be fewer accidents.
1 I was hungry, but....there wasn’t .....anything to eat
2. ‘Have we got any eggs?’ ‘I’m not sure........... some in the fridge.’
2 ....Were there..... any phone massages for me yesterday?
3. I think everything will be OK. I don’t think .........any problems.
3 I opened the envelope, but it was empty.....................nothing in it
4. Look at the sky ........... a storm.
4 We stayed at a very nice hotel .Really?....................a swimming pool
5. ‘Is there a school in the village?’ ‘Not now .............. one but it closed.’
5 Did you buy any eggs? No,..........any in the shop
6. People drive too fast on this road. I think ......... a speed limit.
6 The wallet was empty ...........any money in it
7. If people weren’t aggressive.......... any wars.
7 .........................many people at the meeting No, very few 8 We didn’t visit the museum.........enough time 9 I am sorry I am late ...............a lot of traffic 10 Twenty years ago ...........many tourists here .Now there a lot 85.4 Put in there is / was or it is / was. Some sentences are questions (is there ...? / is it ...? etc.) and some are negative (isn’t / wasn’t). 1. The journey took a long time. There was a lot of traffic. 2. What’s the new restaurant like? Is it good? 3. ............ a bookshop near here?’ ‘Yes, .......... one in Hill Street.’ 4. When we got to the cinema.........a queue outside ...a very long queue, so we decided not to wait. 5. I couldn’t see anything............ completely dark.
346 | Mu stafa B alta
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UNIT 86 List of irregular verbs SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE
arise : ortaya çıkmak
arose
arisen
awake : uyanmak
awoke
awoken
am / is / are : olmak
was, were
been
bear : katlanmak
bore
borne
beat : yenmek / dövmek
beat
beaten
become : olmak
became
become
begin : başlamak
began
begun
bend : eğilmek
bent
bent
bet : iddiaya girmek
bet
bet
bind : bağlamak
bound
bound
bite : ısırmak
bit
bitten
bleed : kanamak
bled
bled
blow : üflemek / esmek
blew
blown
break : kırmak
broke
broken
breed : yetiştirmek
bred
bred
bring : getirmek
brought
brought
build : inşa etmek
built
built
burn : yakmak
burned, burnt
burned, burnt
buy : satın almak
bought
bought
catch : yakalamak
caught
caught
choose : seçmek
chose
chosen
come : gelmek
came
come
cost : mal olmak
cost
cost
cut : kesmek
cut
cut
deal : uğraşmak
dealt
dealt
dig : kazmak
dug
dug
dive : dalmak
dived, dove
dived
do : yapmak
did
done
drag : sürüklemek
dragged
Dragged
draw : çizmek
drew
drawn
dream : hayal etmek
dreamed, dreamt
dreamed, dreamt
drink : içmek
drank
drunk
drive : sürmek (araba)
drove
driven
drown : boğulmak
drowned
drowned
eat : yemek
ate
eaten
fall : düşmek
fell
fallen
feed : beslemek
fed
fed
feel : hissetmek
felt
felt
fight : dövüşmek
fought
fought
find : bulmak
found
found
fit : uymak
fit
fit
flee :kaçmak
fled
fled
fly : uçmak
flew
flown
forbid : yasaklamak
forbade
forbidden
forget : unutmak
forgot
forgotten, forgot
forgive : affetmek
forgave
forgiven
freeze : donmak
froze
frozen
get : almak / ulaşmak
got
gotten, got
give : vermek
gave
given
go : gitmek
went
gone
grind : öğütmek
ground
ground
grow : büyütmek
grew
grown
hang : asmak
hung
hung
have : sahip olmak
had
had
hang : asmak / ölüm
hanged
hanged
hear / işitmek
heard
heard
hide : saklanmak / mak
hid
hidden
hold : tutmak
held
held
hurt : incitmek
hurt
hurt
keep : muhafaza etmek
kept
kept
kneel : diz çökmek
knelt, kneeled
knelt, kneeled
knit : örmek
knit, knitted
knit, knitted
know : bilmek
knew
known
lay (put) : sermek
laid
laid
lead : öncülük etmek
led
led
leap : sıçramak
leapt, leaped
leapt, leaped
Learn Öğrenmek
learnt, learned
learnt, learned
Leave Ayrılmak
left
left
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Lend Ödünç vermek
lent
lent
sleep : uyumak
slept
slept
Let izin vermek
let
let
slide : kaymak
slid
slid
lie yalan söylemek
lay
lain
speak : konuşmak
spoke
spoken
light : aydınlatmak
lighted, lit
lighted, lit
spend : harcamak
spent
spent
lose : kaybetmek
lost
lost
spin : dönmek
spun
spun
make : yapmak
made
made
spread : yayılmak
spread
spread
mean : anlamına gelmek
meant
meant
stand : ayakta durmak
stood
stood
meet: buluşmak / tanış.
met
met
steal : çalmak
stole
stolen
mislead : yanlış yönlendir
misled
misled
stick : yapıştırmak
stuck
stuck
pay : ödemek
paid
paid
sting : sokmak (arı)
stung
stung
prove : ispat etmek
proved
proved, proven
stink : kokmak
stank
stunk
put : koymak
put
put
strike : vurmak / grev yap
struck
struck, stricken
quit : vazgeçmek
quit
quit
strive : çabalamak
strove
striven
read : okumak
read
read
swear : yemin etmek
swore
sworn
ride : sürmek (motor / at)
rode
ridden
sweep : süpürmek
swept
swept
ring : çalmak (zil)
rang
rung
swim : yüzmek
swam
swum
rise : yükselmek
rose
risen
swing : sallanmak
swung
swung
run : koşmak
ran
run
take : almak (avuca)
took
taken
saw : kesmek (testere)
sawed
sawn
teach : öğretmek
taught
taught
say : söylemek
said
said
tear : yırtmak
tore
torn
see : görmek
saw
seen
tell : anlatmak / söylemek
told
told
seek : aramak
sought
sought
think : düşünmek
thought
thought
sell : satmak
sold
sold
throw : fırlatmak
threw
thrown
send : göndermek
sent
sent
wake : uyanmak
woke
woken
set : belirlemek
set
set
wear : giymek (taşımak)
wore
worn
shake : sarsmak
shook
shaken
understand :anlamak
understood
understood
shed : saçmak
shed
shed
win : kazanmak (maç)
won
won
shine : parlamak
shone
shone
wind : sarmak
wound
wound
shoot : ateş etmek
shot
shot
write : yazmak
wrote
written
show : göstermek
showed
shown
shrink : çekmek
shrank
shrunk, shrunken
shut : kapatmak
shut
shut
sing : şarkı söylemek
sang
sung
sink : batmak
sank
sunk
sit : oturmak
sat
sat
slay : katletmek
slew
slain
No irregular verbs beginning with “X.” No irregular verbs beginning with “Y.” No irregular verbs beginning with “Z.”
350 | Mu stafa B alta
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2.2
UNIT 87 Key to exercises
1. plays
2. play
3. like
4. likes
5. call
KEY TO EXERCISES
6. calls
7. practises
8. practise
9. shop
10. tastes
In some of the exercises, you have to use your own ideas to write sentences. Example answers are given in the key. If possible, check your answers with somebody who speaks English well.
2.3 1. Do I hurry home?
UNIT 1 Present continuous (I am doing).
2. Does he drive a truck? 3. Do you follow the news?
5. Does she like flowers? 6. Do we need tea? 9. Do I learn quickly? 10. Does it rain heavily?
1.1 1. is writing
2. are worrying
3. is making
4. is dying
5. are hurrying
6. is daring
7. are lying
8. is solving
9. am leaving
10. are trying
4. Do they want a pet?
7. Does she answer the questions? 8. Does he drink coffee?
2.4 3 How often do you watch TV?
4 What do you want for diner?
5 Do you like football?
1.2
6 Does your brother like football?
7 What do you do in your free time? 8 Where does your sister work?
1. am cutting
2. is floating
3. are winning
4. are wrapping
5. is growing
9 Do you often go to the cinema?
10 What does this word mean?
6. is looking
7. am knitting
8. are sawing
9. is cleaning
10. are scrubbing
12 What time do you usually go to bed? 13 How much does it cost to phone New York?
11. am fixing
12. is sipping
13. are trimming
14. are feeding
15. is nodding
14 What do you usually have for breakfast?
11 Does it often snow here?
3 Present continuous and present simple (I am doing and I do)
1.3 3. Are you listening to me?
4. Where are your friends going?
5. Are your parents watching TV?
3.1
6. What is Jessica cooking?
7. Why are you looking at me?
8. Is the bus coming?
3 wrong--is trying
4 wrong--are they talking
5 right
7 right
8 wrong--’m coming / am coming
9 wrong--are you getting
6 wrong--’s getting / is getting
1.4 1. am answering
2. are wearing
3. are looking
4. is calling
5. is building
3.2
6. are cooking
7. are telling
8. are waiting
9. am reading
10. are picking
1. am cooking 2. reads 3. are studying 4. studies 5. is raining 6. travel 7. are doing 8. answers 9. are 10. am listening 11. visit 12. am looking
1.5 1. Am I learning English?
2. Are you carrying a parcel? 3. Is it growing colder? 4. Are we living in Halifax?
5. Are they running a race? 6. Is he drinking coffee?
7. Is she shopping for presents?
8. Am I cleaning the window? 9. Are we buying pencils?
10. Are they playing football?
1.6 1. am cooking
2. reads
3. are studying 4. studies
7. are doing
8. answers
9. are
5. is raining
10. am listening 11. visit
UNIT 2 Present simple (I do) 2.1 1. denies
2. try
3. pays
4. studies
5. display
6. enjoys
7. flies
8. employ
9. accompanies
10. buys
6. travel 12. am looking
3.3 2 doesn’t belong / does not belong he want
3 ‘m using / am using
4 need
6 is he looking 7 believes
8 don’t remember / do not remember
9 ‘m thinking / am thinking
10 think ... don’t use / do not use
11 prefer
12 consists
UNIT 4 Past simple and (to be) past 4.1 1. did
2. went
3. took
4. made
5. ran
6. got
7. drank
8. slept
9. forgot
10. left
4.2 2 Did you go alone?
3 Was the food good?
4 How long did you stay there?
5 Did you stay at a hotel?
6 How did you travel?
7 Was the weather fine?
8 What did you do in the evenings?
9 Did you meet anybody interesting?
5 does
352 | Mu stafa B alta
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5.2 4.3 3 didn’t disturb
4 went
5 didn’t sleep 6 didn’t eat
7 wasn’t
8 laughed
9 flew
10 didn’t cost 11 didn’t have
12 were
1. was reading
2. were saving
3. was attending 4. was thundering
5. were studying
6. were sunning
7. were leading
8. were leaving
10. were attaining
9. were plodding
5.3 4.4
1. Were we starting a business?
We were not starting a business.
1. Did she hurry to school?
2. Did they carry the parcels?
3. Did you close the door?
Were we not starting a business?
Weren’t we starting a business?
4. Did I plug in the lamp?
5. Did they plan the party?
6. Did we teach the class?
We were starting a business, weren’t we?
7. Did she tell a story?
8. Did they strike a bargain?
9. Did he meet his friends?
2. Was she waiting outside?
She was not waiting outside.
Was she not waiting outside?
Wasn’t she waiting outside?
10. Did I shake hands?
She was waiting outside, wasn’t she? 4.5
3. Was he singing?
He was not singing.
1. Did you not watch the game? Didn’t you watch the game?
Was he not singing?
Wasn’t he singing? He was singing, wasn’t he?
2. Did I not climb the ladder? Didn’t I climb the ladder? 3. Did we not please the visitors? Didn’t we please the visitors?
UNIT 6 Present perfect
4. Did they not can the peaches? Didn’t they can the peaches?
6.1
5. Did he not receive the letter? Didn’t he receive the letter?
1. have envied
2. has played
3. have applied
4. have fried
5. have employed
6. Did you not see the fireworks? Didn’t you see the fireworks?
6. has sprayed
7. have hurried
8. have displayed
9. has destroyed
10. have relied
7. Did it not cost five dollars? Didn’t it cost five dollars? 8. Did she not hit the ball? Didn’t she hit the ball?
6.2
9. Did he not do his homework? Didn’t he do his homework?
1. have ordered
2. has started
3. have answered 4. have cooked
5. have heated
10. Did they not cut the ribbon? Didn’t they cut the ribbon?
6. has cleaned
7. has started
8. have knocked
10. has asked
4.6
9. have turned
6.3
1. We did not enjoy ourselves.
2. She did not pin on the brooch.
3. I did not fan myself.
2 ‘ve just seen / have just seen
3 ‘s already left / has already left
4. They did not empty their pockets.
5. You did not reply at once.
6. He did not go to work.
4 haven’t read it yet
5 ‘s already seen has already seen
7. We did not swim across the river.
8. They did not take the bus.
9. I did not shut the windows.
6 ‘ve just arrived have just arrived
7 haven’t told him yet
10. You did not run fast. 6.4 4.7
1. has apologized
2. have stirred
3. has stopped
4. have explained
1. was
2. were
3. were
4. were
5. was
5. have planned
6. have wiped
7. have pinned
8. has joined
6. was
7. were
8. was
9. were
10. was
9. have spotted
10. has rained
11. have whipped
12. has arranged
6.5 UNIT 5 Past continuous (I was doing)
1. have eaten 2. have swept
3. has sung
4. have gone
5.1:
6. has risen
8. have seen
9. have known 10. has flown
7. have spoken
5. have lost
1. were preparing
2. Was, taking
3. was, waiting
4. were shopping
11. has been 12. have cut
13. have written
14. have won
15. has told
5. Was, freezing
6. was living
7. Were, eating
8. was falling
16. has taken 17. have forgotten
18. have heard
19. have left
20. has understood
9. Were, discussing
10. were putting
11. were, following 12. Was, making
354 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 355
UNIT 7 Present perfect with Ever - never .
UNIT 9
7.1
Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)
2 Have you ever been to California?
3 Have you ever run a marathon?
4 Have you ever spoken to a famous person?
5 Have you always lived in this town?
6 What’s the most beautiful place you’ve ever visited?
9..1 2 She has been travelling for three months. She has visited six countries so far. 3 He has won the national championship four times. He has been playing tennis since he was ten.
7.2
4 They have made ten films since they left college. They have been making films since they left college.
2 haven’t read one / a newspaper
3 it hasn’t made a profit. / it has made a loss.
4 she hasn’t worked (very) hard this term.
5 it hasn’t snowed (much) this winter.
6 haven’t won many / any games this season. 7.3
9.2 2 How long have you been waiting?
3 How many fish have you caught?
4 How many people have you invited?
5 How long have you been teaching?
6 How many books have you written? How long have you been writing books?
3 Have you ever been to Australia? 4 Have you ever lost your passport?
5 Have you ever flown in a helicopter?
6 Have you ever won a race?
8 Have you ever driven a bus?
7 Have you ever been to New York?
9 Have you ever broken your leg?
7 How long have you been saving? How much money have you saved? UNIT 10 How long......? 10.1
UNIT 8 Present perfect continuous
2 How long have you been teaching English?
3 How long have you known Carol?
8.1
4 How long has your brother been in Australia?
5 How long have you had that jacket?
1. have been waiting
2. have been running
3. has been reading
6 How long has Alan worked at the airport? or How long has Alan been working.
4. have been writing
5. have been setting
6. has been raining
7 How long have you been having driving lessons?
7. have been living
8. has been speaking
9. have been buying
8 Have you always lived in Glasgow?
10.2
10. have been planning 8.2
3 has been / ’s been
4 have been waiting / ’ve been waiting
5 have known / ’ve known 8 haven’t watched
6 haven’t played
7 has been watching / ’s been watching
2 Have you been waiting long?
3 What have you been doing?
9 have had / ’ve had
10 hasn’t been
4 How long have you been living in Baker Street?
5 How long have you been selling computers?
11 have been feeling / ’ve been feeling or have felt / ’ve felt 12 has been living / ’s been living
13 haven’t been
14 have always wanted / ’ve always wanted
8.3 2 have been waiting / ’ve been waiting
10.3
3 have been learning Spanish ‘ve been learning Spanish
2 it takes......hours to fly from .......to New York
4 She has been looking for a job / She’s been looking. / Ann has been looking.
3 it takes........years to study to be a doctor in.....
5 She has been working in London She’s been working. / Mary has been working.
4 it takes.....to walk from my home to the nearest shop
6 have been writing to each other ‘ve been writing.
5 it takes.....to get from my home to the nearest airport
8.4
10.4
1. Has it been snowing? It has not been snowing. Has it not been snowing? Hasn’t it been snowing? It has been snowing, hasn’t it?
2 How long did it take you to walk to the station?
3 How long did it take him to paint the bathroom?
4 How long did it take you to learn to ski?
5 How long did it take them to repair the computer?
2. Have you been visiting your friends? You have not been visiting your friends. Have you not been visiting your friends? Haven’t you been visiting your friends? You have been visiting your friends, haven’t you?
356 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 357
10.5
13.2
2 it took us 20 minutes to walk home / ....to get home 3 it took me six months to learn to drive
1. had bought 2. had started
3. had understood 4. had forgotten
5. had convinced
4 it took Mark / him three hours to drive to London / ......to get to London
6. had found 7. had torn
8. had finished
9. had gone
10. had made
4. Had, read
5 it took Lisa / her a long time to find a job / .....to get a job. 6 It took me ....to....... 13.3 UNIT 11 Since and for 11.1
1. had considered
2. had lost
3. Had, washed
5. had, forgotten
6. had decided
7. Had, organized 8. had, had
9. had stopped
10. had, arrived
11. Had, planned 12. had, seen
3 been ill since Sunday
4 been ill for a few days
5 married two years ago
6 had it for ten years / had this camera for ten years
UNIT 14 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)
7 to France three weeks ago
8 been working in a hotel since June
14.1
11.2
1. had been cleaning
2. had / been coming
3. Had / been counting
4. had been looking
5. Had / been snowing 6. had been shopping
2 for
3 for
4 since
5 Since
6 for
7 since
7. Had / been listening
8. had / been intending 9. Had / been leaving
8 for
9 since
11 since
11 for
12 for
13 for
10. Had / been expecting
11. had been watching 12. had / been waiting
14 since
15 since
16 since
17 for
18 since
19 since
14.2
UNIT 12 Present perfect and past tense (I have done and I did)
1. had been cutting
2. had been looking
3. had been giving
4. had been waiting
5. had been running
6. had been raining
7. had been encouraging
8. had been lying
9. had been tasting
10. had been lagging
12.1 2 has gone to bed / ’s gone to bed
3 has fallen / has dropped / has gone down
4 has turned on the light / has turned the light on / has turned it on 5 has grown / ’s grown
1. Had we been raking the leaves? We had not been raking the leaves. Had we not been raking the leaves? Hadn’t we been raking the leaves? We had been raking the leaves, hadn’t we?
6 has taken off
2. Had you been visiting your cousins? You had not been visiting your cousins. Had you not been visiting your cousins? Hadn’t you been visiting your cousins? You had been visiting your cousins, hadn’t you?
12.2 3 went
4 has gone / ’s gone
5 have forgotten / ’ve forgotten
7 had
8 has been / ’s been
9 haven’t finished 10 has just gone / ’s just gone
11 arrested 12 gave ... lost or have lost / ’ve lost 14 have improved / ’ve improved
6 forgot
13 was ... has disappeared / ’s disappeared
4 wrong--I bought
5 wrong--were you 6 wrong--jenny left school
8 right
9 wrong--wasn’t
10 wrong--When was this book published
7 right
UNIT 13 Past perfect (I had done) 13.1 2 It had changed a lot.
3 She had arranged to do something else. / She’d arranged.
4 The film had already begun.
5 I hadn’t seen him for five years.
6 She had just had breakfast. / She’d just had.
3. Had they been swimming in the lake? They had not been swimming in the lake. Had they not been swimming in the lake? Hadn’t they been swimming in the lake? They had been swimming in the lake, hadn’t they? UNIT 15 Have and has got
12.3 3 right
14.3
15.1 3 I haven’t got a ladder. / I don’t have a ladder.
4 We didn’t have enough time.
5 He didn’t have a map. 7 They haven’t got a key. / They don’t have a key.
6 She hasn’t got any money. / She doesn’t have any money. 8 I didn’t have a camera.
15.2 1 Have you got or Do you Have
2. Did you have
3 have
4 Did you have
5 had
6 Have
7 .have
8.’s
9 haven’t
11 hasn’t
12 have
13 haven’t
10 .hasn’t
358 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 359
UNIT 16 Used to
7. Is, going to buy
16.1
8. Are, going to call
9. am, going to stay
10. are going to cook
1. It used to snow heavily.
2. I used to come often.
3. We used to be neighbors.
4. He used to write many letters.
5. They used to walk to work.
6. He used to tease us.
7. She used to tell us stories.
8. You used to ride a bicycle.
19.1
UNIT 17 Future Actions in the Present I am doing / do / going to do..etc. 17.1 2 How long are you staying?
3 When are you going?
5 Are you travelling by car?
6 Where are you staying?
UNIT 19 The Future Tense 2 I’ll turn / I’ll switch / I’ll put
3 I’ll go
4 I’ll do
5 I’ll show / I’ll teach
6 I’ll have
7 I’ll send
8 I’ll give / I’ll bring
9 I’ll stay / I’ll wait
4 Are you going alone? 19.2
17.2 1. am cooking 2. reads
3. are studying
4. studies
5. is raining
6. travel
7. are doing
8. answers
9. are
10. am listening
11. visit
12. am looking
3 I’ll meet
4 I’ll lend
5 I’m having
6 I won’t forget
7 does your train leave
8 won’t tell
9 Are you doing
10 Will you come
11 I won’t tell 19.3 1. shall meet or will meet
2. Will, lend
3. Will, win
4. will, forget
17.3
5. Will, sail
6. will enjoy
7. Shall, order
8. Will, wait
3 are having / ’re having
9. shall or will, be
10. will send
11. shall or will, lose
12. Will, watch
4 opens ... finishes 5 am not going / ’m not going ... am staying / ’m staying
19.4
6 Are you doing?
1. shall buy
2. will go
3. shall be
4. shall come
7 are going / ’re going ... begins
7. will earn
8. shall respect
9. will help
10. shall, hinder 11. will find
5. will remember 6. shall call 12. shall, regret
8 does this train get 9 am going / ’m going ... Are you coming
UNIT 20 The Future perfect tense and will be
10 is coming ... is travelling / ’s travelling ... arrives ... am meeting / ’m meeting
20.1
11 am not using / ’m not using
2 I‘ll be at home
3 I’ll probably be in bed
4 I’ll be at work
5 I don’t know where I’ll be
12 does it finish 20.2 UNIT 18 going to- future 18.1 2 I’m going to phone her later.
3 I’m going to do it this afternoon.
4 Not yet. I’m going to read it after dinner.
5 (Not yet.) I’m just going to have it.
1. will have studied
2. will have scanned
3. shall have been or will have been
4. will have considered
5. will have stopped
6. will have made
7. shall have picked or will have picked
8. will have changed
20.3 18.2 2 What are you going to wear?
3 Where are you going to put it?
4 Who are you going to invite?
18.3 1. Is, going to learn
2. am going to wash
3. Are, going to come
4. is, going to be
5. Is, going to answer
6. are going to go
1. shall have gone or will have gone
2. will, have arrived
4. Will, have sent
5. will have found
6. will, have slept
7. Shall or Will, have seen
8. Will, have solved
9. shall have received or will have received
10. Will, have sold
11. Shall or Will, have studied
12. will, have fed
3. Will, have eaten
360 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 361
UNIT 21 Future Continuous
UNIT 24 Modal verbs
21.1
24.1
1. will be learning
2. Will, be needing
3. Will, be mending
4. will, be staying
2 We could have fish.
3 You could give her a book.
5. Shall or Will, be mailing
6. will be answering
7. Will, be going
8. shall or will, be stopping
5 We could go (and see him) on Friday. 6 We could hang it in the kitchen.
9. Will, be planning
10. shall be making or will be making
4 You could phone her now.
11. will, be feeling
12. Shall or Will, be meeting
24.2 2 could 3 can / could
4 could 5 could
6 can 7 can / could 8 could
1. may or might
2. must
3. may or might
4. must
5. may or might
6. must
7. may or might
8. must
9. may or might
10. may or might
21.2 1. will be coming
2. will be growing
3. will be buying
4. will be watching
5. shall be going or will be going
6. will be cutting
7. will be reading 8. shall be visiting or will be visiting
21.3
24.3
1. will be learning
2. Will, be needing 3. Will, be mending 4. will, be staying
5. Shall or Will, be mailing
6. will be answering 7. Will, be going
8. shall or will, be stopping
24.4
9. Will, be planning
10. shall be making or will be making
11. will, be feeling
1. Should you not be wearing a warm hat?
2. Could he not have decided to stay at home?
3. Might they not have forgotten the message?
4. Will she not see you again next week?
5. Would they not enjoy riding on the ferry?
6. May he not decide to go camping?
7. Could they not have been playing football yesterday?
8. Shall we not visit our friends?
9. Must she not have wanted to join us?
10. Should he not be getting more sleep?
12. Shall or Will, be meeting UNIT 22 Conjunctions of time- When / While. 22.1 1 when
2 during
3 while
4 as
5 while
6 when
7 while
8 during
9 when
10 as
11 during
12 while
24.5 1. Must I leave at four o’clock?
2. Might he be leaving for work now?
3. Can we solve the puzzle?
4. Should you have called him?
22.2
5. Could they have been waiting for the bus?
6. Shall I go out now?
2 I’ll give you my address when I find somewhere to live. or ... when I’ve found somewhere to live.
7. Will you have finished the book?
8. Should we be making the arrangements?
3 I’ll come straight back home after I do the shopping. or ... after I’ve done the shopping.
9. Would she like to know the answer?
10. Can they explain what happened?
4 Let’s go home before it starts raining. 24.6
5 I won’t speak to her until she apologises. or ... until she has apologised.
1. You must not come with us.
2. It may not be sunny tomorrow.
UNIT 23 Can, could and (be) able to
3. She could not have won the race.
4. We might not be right.
23.1
5. You would not have liked that movie.
6. They cannot swim very well.
7. She might not be finishing school now.
8. He should not have been walking to work.
9. I shall not be happy to see him.
10. You will not have been working all night.
3 can
4 been able to
5 be able to
6 can
7 be able to
23.2 2 were able to find it.
10. He should be getting more sleep. 3 I was able to finish it.
4 was able to get away. NIT 25 May and might
23.3
25.1
4 couldn’t / wasn’t able to
5 was able to
6 could / was able to
7 was able to
8 could / was able to
9 were able to
10 couldn’t / wasn’t able to
2 She may / might be busy.
3 She may / might be working.
4 She may / might want to be alone.
5 She may / might have been ill yesterday.
362 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 363
6 She may / might have gone home early.
7 She may / might have had to go home early.
26.4
8 She may / might have been working yesterday.
9 She may / might not want to see me.
2 I must
10 She may / might not be working today.
11 She may / might not have been .feeling well yesterday.
5 I had to
2 I had to
6 I had to
3 I must
4 I must
7 I must
25.2 2 be
3 have been
26.5
4 be waiting
5 have or have read
3 It must have been very expensive. 4 They must have gone away.
25.3
5 I must have left it in the restaurant last night.
2 a. She may / might be watching TV in her room.
b. She may / might have gone out.
6 The exam can’t have been very difficult.
3 a. It may / might be in the car.
b. You may / might have left it in the restaurant last night.
7 She must have been listening to our conversation. / She must have listened to.
4 a. He may / might have been in the bath.
b. He may / might not have heard the bell.
8 She can’t have understood what I said. 9 I must have forgotten to turn it off.
25.4
10 The driver can’t have seen the red light.
3 might not have been invited.
4 couldn’t have been invited.
5 couldn’t have been an accident.
6 might not have been an accident.
11 The neighbours must have been having a party. UNIT 27 Need / needn’t
25.5
27.1
2 I may / might buy a Mercedes.
3 I may / might go to London.
3 needn’t
4 must
5 mustn’t
4 I may / might hang it in the dining room.
5 He may / might come on Saturday.
6 needn’t
7 needn’t
8 must ... mustn’t
9 needn’t ... must
6 She may / might go to university. 27.2 UNIT 26 must and have to 26.1
2 She needn’t have bought any eggs.
3 You needn’t have shouted (at me).
4 He needn’t have sold his car.
5 We needn’t have taken the camera.
3 have to
4 must or have to
6 I needn’t have rushed / I needn’t have hurried.
5 had to
6 must or have to
7 have to
8 had to
UNIT 28 Should
9 has to
10 have to
28.1
11 had to
12 had to
2 You should look for another job.
3 He shouldn’t go to bed so late.
4 You should take a photograph.
5 She shouldn’t use her car so much.
26.2
6 He should put some pictures on the walls.
2 do you have to get up / have you got to get up
3 does (she) have to go? / has (she) got to go?
4 did he have to pay?
5 did you have to wait?
28.2
6 do you have to phone her now? / have you got to phone her now?
2 I think smoking should be banned in restaurants.
7 does he have to leave? / has he got to leave?
4 I think the government should resign.
26.3
3 I don’t think you should go out this evening.
28.3
3 don’t have to
4 mustn’t
5 don’t have to
6 mustn’t
3 should come
4 should do
5 should have done
7 doesn’t have to
8 mustn’t
9 mustn’t
10 don’t have to
6 should win
7 should have won
8 should be
9 should have arrived
364 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 365
28.4
6 Do you think I could come and see the flat?
3 We should have reserved a table. 4 The shop should be open. / The shop should have opened by now. or It should
UNIT 31 Conditional clause (type-one)
5 She shouldn’t be driving so fast. or She shouldn’t be doing 50 miles an hour.
31.1
6 You should have come to see me.
3 would take / ’d take closed down)
4 refused
5 wouldn’t get
6 closed down (or was / were
7 pressed
9 didn’t come
10 borrowed
11 walked 12 would understand
7 The driver in front shouldn’t have stopped without warning.
8 would be / ’d be
28.5 2 I should stay / I stay I stayed a little longer.
31.2
3 they should visit / they visit / they visited the museum after lunch.
2 What would you do if your car was stolen or ... were stolen?
4 we should pay / we pay / we paid the rent by Friday.
3 What would you do if you lost your passport?
5 I should go / I go / I went away for a few days.
4 What would you do if there was a fire in the building? or ... if there were a fire in the building?
UNIT 29 Had better
31.3
29.1
1. If they wanted to see you, they would come to the party. 2. If he were curious, he would ask what we are doing. 3. She would help us, if she had time. 4. If they worked hard, they would succeed. 5. If I found the culprits, I would teach them a lesson. 6. If she recognized us, she would wave. 7. They would treat you well, if you were honest with them. 8. If she liked you, she would tell you. 9. If he were ready, we would invite him to come. 10. If they saw me, they would want to speak to me.
2 You’d better put a plaster on it.
3 We’d better reserve a table. / We’d better phone to reserve ...
4 You’d better not go to work.
5 I’d better pay the phone bill. or ... pay my phone bill.
6 I’d better not go out.
7 We’d better take a taxi. or ... get a taxi
31.4
29. 2 3 had better / ’d better or should
4 should
5 should
2 unless you listen carefully. 3 I’ll never speak to her again unless she apologises to me.
6 had better / ’d better
7 should
8 should
4 He won’t be able to understand you unless you speak very slowly. 5 I’m going to look for another job unless the company offer (or offers) me more money. UNIT 32 Conditional clause (type-two)
29.3 2 had a holiday.
3 was here.
4 It’s time the train left. 5 It’s time I had a party.
6 It’s time some changes were made. / It’s time there were some changes.
32.1 3 would help / ’d help
4 lived
5 would live / ’d live
UNIT 30 Requests, offers, permission and invitations
7 was / were
8 wouldn’t wait ... would go / ’d go
30.1
10 weren’t ... wouldn’t be
6 would taste 9 didn’t go
2 Can / Could I leave a message? or Can / Could you give her a message? 3 Can / Could you tell me how to get to the station? or .. the way to the station? or ... where the station is?
32.2
4 Can / Could I try on these trousers? or Can / Could I try these (trousers) on?
1. would, stop
2. would, be
3. Would, let
4. would, want
5 Can I give you a lift?
5. would change
6. Would, order
7. Would, agree
8. would, drive
30.2
32.3
2 Do you think I could use your phone?
1. would, hesitate
2. would have finished
3. Would, have spoken
4. would enter
3 Do you think you could check this letter (for me)?
5. Would, take
6. would have received
7. would appreciate
8. Would, be
4 Do you think I could leave work early?
9. Would, have won
10. Would, have ordered
11. Would, visit
12. Would, have bought
5 Do you think you could turn the music down? or ... turn it down?
366 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 367
32.4
34.2
1. were
2. Were
3. did, work
4. had
5. began
1. had, lost
2. had, forgotten
3. had shown
4. had given
6. saw
7. did, trust
8. did, have
9. organized
10. Were
5. had snowed
6. had, opened
7. had heard
8. had known
UNIT 33 Conditional clause (type-three)
34.3
33.1
1. were
2. had been
3. would come
4. had left
2 he’d missed / he had missed ... he would have been / he’d have been
5. would come
6. had arrived
7. would visit
8. were
3 I would have forgotten / I’d have forgotten ... you hadn’t reminded
9. had helped
10. were
11. would win
12. had made
4 I’d had / I had had ... I’d have sent / I would have sent
13. were
14. were
15. would telephone
5 we’d have enjoyed / we would have enjoyed ... the weather had been 6 It would have been ... I’d walked / I had walked 7 I was / I were 8 I’d been tired / I had been tired
34.4 2 I wish I’d / I had applied for it. or ... for the job.
33.2
3 I wish I’d / I had learned to play a musical instrument.
2 If the driver in front hadn’t stopped so suddenly, the accident wouldn’t have happened.
4 I wish I hadn’t painted it red. / ... painted the gate red.
3 If I’d / I had known that George had to get up early, I’d / I would have woken him up.
5 I wish I’d / I had brought my camera.
4 If Jim hadn’t lent me the money, I wouldn’t have been able to buy the car. or ... I couldn’t have bought the car.
6 I wish they’d / they had told me they were coming. or I wish I’d / I had known they were coming.
5 If Margaret hadn’t been wearing a seat belt, she’d / she would have been injured. 6 If you’d / you had had (some) breakfast, you wouldn’t be hungry now.
UNIT 35 Passive Voice- affirmative-
7 If I’d / I had had some money on me, I’d / I would have got a taxi.
35.1 1. The manager paid the bill.
2. The baker made the bread.
33.3
3. The electrician must check the wiring.
4. The squirrel was scolding the crow.
1. would, have begun 2. would, have drunk 3. would, have missed 4. would, have returned 5. would, have left 6. would have found 7. would, have gone 8. would have lain
5. A doctor wrote the book.
6. A student painted the house.
7. The chickadee took the seeds.
8. The guest has drunk the cider.
9. The secretary opens the mail.
10. The cooks have measured the ingredients.
11. The photographers saw the bird.
12. The magazine will publish his work.
33.4 1. had studied
2. Had, been
3. had thought 4. had seen
5. had, known
6. Had, rained
7. had understood
8. had put
10. had chosen
9. Had, written
35.2 1. The club was founded by the woman. 2. The prize was taken by this entry.
UNIT 34 I wish, If only
3. The guitar is being played by the girl.
4. The letter has been delivered by the mailman.
34.1
5. The car can be driven by the chauffeur.
6. The hat was chosen by the child.
2 I wish John would come. I wish he would come.
7. The mouse was chased by the cat.
8. The carpet will be woven by the workers.
3 I wish the baby would stop crying
9. The hiking boots could have been bought by the stranger.
10. The car has been sold by the dealer.
4 I wish somebody would give me a job.
11. The water was splashed by the dog.
12. The garden has been watered by the man.
5 I wish you would buy some new clothes. or ... get some new clothes. 6 I wish you wouldn’t drive so fast.
35.3
7 I wish you wouldn’t (always) leave the door open.
2 covers
3 is covered
8 I wish people wouldn’t drop litter in the street.
4 are locked
5 was posted ... arrived
6 sank ... was rescued
7 died ... were brought
8 grew
9 was stolen
368 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 369
10 disappeared
11 did Sue resign
6 I think Tom should have been offered the job.
12 was Bill sacked
13 is owned
7 Have you been shown what to do?
14 called ... was injured ... wasn’t needed 37.2
15 were these photographs taken ... Did you take
2 being invited
3 being given
4 being attacked
5 being asked
6 being paid
35.4 3 Glass is made from sand
4 Stamps are sold in a post Office
UNIT 38 It is said (be) supposed to...
5 This room isn’t used very often
6 Are we allowed to park here?
38.1
7 How is this word pronounced?
9 The house was painted last month
2 The weather is expected to be good tomorrow.
10 My phone was stolen a few days ago
11 Three people were injured in the accident
3 The thieves are believed to have get in through the kitchen window.
12 When was this bridge built?
13 I wasn’t woken up by the noise
4 Many people are reported to be homeless after the floods.
14 How were these Windows broken?
15 Were you invited to Jon’s party last week?
5 The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over a wall. 6 The man is alleged to have driven through the town at 90 miles an hour.
UNIT 36 Passive Voice- negative -question
7 The building is reported to have been badly damaged by fire.
36.1
8 a. The company is said to be losing a lot of money.
1. Should they be notified?
2. Might he have been allowed to leave?
b. The company is believed to have lost a lot of money last year.
3. Had you been told about it?
4. Will they be needed?
c. The company is expected to lose money this year.
5. Has it been adjourned?
6. Were they being prepared? UNIT 39 Causative Verbs
36.2
39.1
1. We could not have been seen from the island.
2. It is not being dealt with satisfactorily.
3. They were not being kept under observation.
4. You will not be held responsible.
5. They were not expected at six o’clock.
6. He will not be asked to participate.
2 I had it cut. 3 They had it painted. 4 She had them made. 39.2 2 have another key made
36.3
3 had your hair cut 4 Have you had your hair cut?
5 Do you have a newspaper delivered? 6 are having a swimming pool built
1. Were they not recognized immediately?
2. Were we not being assisted by volunteers?
3. Had it not been delivered?
4. Should they not have been guarded more carefully?
5. Will we not be given financial assistance?
6. Had it not been organized by the club members?
7 haven’t had the film developed
9 have your ears pierced
39.3 2 She had her bag stolen on a train.
36.4
8 have it cleaned
3 He had his hat blown off in the wind.
4 She had her passport taken away from her by the police.
2 How is glass made?
3 When was Australia discovered?
4 What is silver used for?
5 When was television invented?
UNIT 40 Reported speech- Statements.- imperative 40.1
UNIT 37 Passive Voice, begins with the person
2 He said that his father wasn’t very well.
37.1
3 He said that Sharon and Paul were getting married next month.
2 I was asked some difficult questions at the interview.
4 He said that Margaret had had a baby. She said that he didn’t know what Fred was doing.
3 Janet was given a present by her colleagues when she retired. 4 I wasn’t told that George was ill.
6 He said that he had / he’d seen Helen at a party in June and she had seemed fine. or He said that he saw Helen. and she seemed.
5 How much will you be paid?
7 He said that he hadn’t seen Diane recently.
370 | Mu stafa B alta
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 371
8 He said that he wasn’t enjoying his job very much.
UNIT 42 Reported speech -Questions
9 He said that I could come and stay at his flat if I was ever in London.
42.1
10 He said that his car had been stolen a few weeks ago. or ... that his car was stolen.
2. ‘He asked Mary who her favorite singer was
11 He said he wanted to go on holiday but he couldn’t afford it.
3. ‘He asked Susan if she was married
12 He said he would / he’d tell Ann he had / he’d seen me. or ... he saw me.
4. ‘She asked James if his father had retired yet 5. She asked Meriem why She hadn’t finished her studies
40.2 Example answers:
6. She suggested going to the beach
2 I thought you said she wasn’t coming. / ... she was going somewhere else.
7.He asked me if I loved English
3 I thought you said she didn’t like him.
8.He asked her whether she believed in God
4 I thought you said you didn’t know many people.
9.I asked him whether his father was at home
5 I thought you said you wouldn’t be here next week. / ... you would be away.
10.She asked me if my exams were over.
6 I thought you said you were staying at home. / ... you weren’t going out.
11.The doctor asked his patient if he was ok then
7 I thought you said you couldn’t speak (any) French.
12.I asked the little girl whether she loved sweets
8 I thought you said you went to the cinema last week. / ... you had been to the cinema last week.
13.He asked her If he was boring her 14.I asked him if that was the end of the road for him
40.3
15.He asked me if that was my final word
1.” I am going to the market.”
2.”We will go home next Sunday.”
3.”You have been very regular in your work.”
4”.I have finished my work.”
16.She asked her if she was sick of life
5”.The earth moves around the sun.”
6 “.she is not going home toay.”
42.2
7.”Have you brought the pens ?”
8.”İs this the place we visited before ?”
1 where her umbrella was
9.”Tell the truth.”
10.”Forgive me please.”
3 if he had to do it
4 where she had been
5 which dress he liked best
6 what they were doing
40.4
7 if I was going to the cinema
8 who spoke English
1.Sara said she was cooking some pasta for dinner.
9 how I knew that
10 if Caron had talked to Kevin
2 how we were
2. Nour said there was a nice movie on TV. 3.Leila told me she had bought a magnificent dress from the new shop
42.3
4.Karim told me he had worked very hard to earn his living
2) Betty wanted to know when I had come.
5. Laurent said that he would plan a picnic for his friends this weekend
3 Mark asked me if John had arrived.
6.John told me he was reading a very interesting adventure story
4 Ronald asked me where Maria parked her car.
7.Merry said she might leave the office at 4.00
5) Elisabeth asked me if I had watched the latest film.
8.Lynda told me she would stay at home all afternoon.
6) Mandy wanted to know if she could help me.
9.Chantal said she might take the children to the park
7) Andrew asked me if Mandy would have lunch with Sue.
10.The president said that he would do his best to improve the economic situation
8) Justin asked me what I was doing. 9) Frank wanted to know how much pocket money Lisa got
UNIT 41 Reported speech - tell-told
10 Anne asked if she had to do the shopping
41.1 2 Tell
3 Say
4 said
5 told
6 said
7 tell ... said
8 tell ... say
9 told
10 said
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UNIT 43 Tag questions -do you? isn’t it? etc.
45.2
43.1
1. my
2. yours
3. his
4. my
2. They passed the test, didn’t they?
5. theirs
6. her
7. our
8. mine
3. I can do this well, can’t I?
4. You live near the school, don’t you?
9. its
10. hers
11. your
12. its
5. He went downtown, didn’t he?
6. We should call them, shouldn’t we?
13. their
14. his
15. ours
16. their
17. Yours
7. She likes toffee, doesn’t she?
8. They could help us, couldn’t they?
9. I won the race, didn’t I?
10. You were reading, weren’t you?
UNIT 46 possessive pronouns and whose
11. He rides a bicycle, doesn’t he?
12. We would need more time, wouldn’t we?
46.1
1. You are cold, aren’t you?
1 mine
2. hers
3. yours
4. his
5. ours
43.2
6. theirs
7. hers
8. ours
9. theirs
10. yours
1. They won’t reach their destination before five o’clock, will they?
11. mine
12. his
2. He doesn’t want to come with us, does he? 3. She hasn’t eaten breakfast yet, has she?
46.2
4. They aren’t very clever, are they?
1. my
2. yours
3. his
4. my
5. theirs
5. I couldn’t have persuaded you, could I?
6. her
7. our
8. mine
9. its
10. hers
6. You won’t forget to come, will you?
11. your
12. its
13. their
14. his
15. ours
7. We weren’t expecting company, were we?
16. their
17. Yours
6. or
7. nor
8. They wouldn’t like that, would they? UNIT 47 The conjunctions UNIT 44 Subject and Object pronouns- I / me / he / him etc.
47.1
44.1
3. and
4. nor
5. yet
8. but
9. Yet
10. and
3. and
4 . when
5 . or
6 . or
7. but also
8 . then
9 . nor
10 . and
11 . than
12 . when
13. or
14. than
15. nor
16 . than
17. and
1. her
2. me
3. them
4. you
5. us
6. him
7. it
8. you
9. us
10. him
11. me
12. it
13. her
14. them
47.2
44.2 1. He
2. her
3. them
4. you
5. I
6. her
7. us
8. it
47.3
9. her
10. We
11. him
12. them
3. although
4 . until
5 . as soon as
6. as though
13. It
14. him
15. me
16. you
7 . After
8 . unless
9 . Before
10 . Even if
17. They
18. it
19. me
20. you
11. since
12. as
13. supposing
14. If
15 . so
16. than
17. for
18. providing
19. Because
20 . or else
UNIT 45 Possessive Adjectives –my / his / their etc.
21. us
45.1 1. Your
2. Their
3. His
5. Her
6. Our
7. Its
4. My
47.4 3. Also
4. and
5 . therefore 6. Besides 7. but 8 . hence 9 . or 10 . Then 11. consequently 12. moreover 13. so that 14. but 15. however 16. and 17. otherwise 18. thus 19 . so that 20. furthermore
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UNIT 48 questions -Have you? Do they...?
52.2
48.1
1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3. Yes, she is. 4. Yes, he does. 5. Yes, they had. 6. Yes, he could. 7. Yes, she would. 8. Yes, he had.
1. Must I leave at four o’clock? 2. Might he be leaving for work now? 3. Can we solve the puzzle? 4. Should you have called him? 5. Could they have been waiting for the bus? 6. Shall I go out now? 7. Will you have finished the book? 8. Should we be making the arrangements? 9. Would she like to know the answer? 10. Can they explain what happened?
52.3
UNIT 49 Wh Questions
1. No, she isn’t. 2. No, he won’t. 3. No, she wouldn’t. 4. No, they couldn’t. 5. No, she won’t. 6. No, he shouldn’t. 7. No, we didn’t. 8. No, they couldn’t.
49.1
UNIT 53 Countable and uncountable nouns
3 Which 4 What 5 which 6 What 7 What 8 Who 9 What 10 Which 11 What
53.1
49.2
3 a key electricity 8 a letter
4 a coat
5 sugar
2 How heavy is this book? 3 How old are you? 4 How much did you spend? 5 How often do you watch TV? 6 How far is it from Paris to Moscow?
9 blood
10 a question
11 a moment
49.3
53.2
3 What are you reading? 4 What time did she go (to bed)? 5 When are they going (on holiday)?
2 days 3 meat
4 a queue 5 letters 6 friends 7 people 8 air 9 patience
6 Where did you see him? 7 Why can’t you come (to the party) 8 Where has she gone?
10 language
11 countries
9 How much (money) do you need? 10 Why doesn’t she like you? 11 How often does it rain?
53.3
12 When did you do it? / .....the shopping?
1. An avocado is 2. A window is 3. An umbrella should not be used 4. A horse can be 5. A cashew is 6. An onion can be used 7. A truck has 8. An hour passed 9. A sentence should have 10. An escalator is 11. A uniform must be worn 12. A box was found 13. A marsh lies 14. An idea can be 15. An egg is
49.4 2 where Susan Works 3 what Peter said 4 why he went home early
7
12 a decision
12 space
UNIT 54 The definite article-the
5 what time the meeting begins 6 how the accident happened
54.1
UNIT 50 Purpose Clauses
1. a 2. An 3. The 4. an 5. The 6. the 7. a 8. A 9. a 10. the 11. an 12. the 13. a 14. the, the 15. the
50.1 2 to read 3 to walk or to go on foot discuss / to consider / to talk about 7 to buy / to get
4 to drink 5 to put / to carry 8 to talk / to speak 9 to wear / to put on
6 to
10 to celebrate 11 to help / to assist 50.2 2 for 3 to 4 to 5 for 6 to 7 for
8 for ... to
UNIT 51 The imperative in English 51.1 2 Stand up, please / Don’t stand up, please 3 Give me the details, please / Don’t give me the details, please 4 Use the new pen, please / Don’t use the new pen, please 5 Open your book, please / Don’t open your book, please 51.2 1 Go upstairs. 2) Don’t swim in this lake. 3) Do your homework4) Don’t play football in the yard. 5) Brush your teeth. 6) Don’t talk during the lesson. 7) Don’t feed the animals in the zoo 8) Read the instructions. 9) Don’t be late for school. 10) Switch off your mobiles UNIT 52 Short Answers 52.1 2 Yes, they are / No, they aren’t
6 a biscuit
3 Yes, she has / No, she hasn’t 4 Yes, I do / No, I don’t
5 Yes, he can / No, he can’t 6 yes, they had / No, they hadn’t 7 Yes, she is / No, she isn’t 8 Yes, I did / No, I didn’t 9 Yes, I have / No, I haven’t 10 Yes, She will / No, she won’t
54.2 1. The Hawaiian Islands, the Pacific Ocean 2. __ Salt Lake City, __ Utah 3. __ London, the Thames River 4. The Suez Canal, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea 5. __ Lake Huron. __ Lake Erie, the Great Lakes 6. __ Calcutta, the Bay of Bengal 7. The North Sea, the British Isles, __ Norway, __ Denmark 8. The Bay of Biscay, __ France 9. The Orkney Islands, __ Scotland 10. __ Anticosti Island the Gulf of St. Lawrence 11. the Sahara Desert, __ Algeria 12. __ Gerry, the Johnsons, __ Belleview Street 13. __ Mount Kilimanjaro, __ Lake Victoria 14. __ Vancouver Island, __ Canada 15. __ Serengeti National Park, __ Tanzania 54.3 1 the 2.a 3 the 4 an 5 an 6 the 7.. an 8 the 9.a 10 a 11 an 12 a 13 the 14 a 15 the UNIT 55 The indefinite article - a -an 55.1 1 . a b. the c. the ... The b. the c. the
2 . a b. a c. the
3 . a b. the c. The
6 a problem
4 . an
5 . the b. a c. a 55.2 2 the dentist
3 the door
4 a mistake
5 the bus station
8 the floor
9 the book
10 a job in a bank
11 a small flat near the city centre
12 a small supermarket at the end of the street UNIT 56 do and make 56.1
7 the post office
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1 doing 2 made 3 do. 4 do. 5 make 6 make 7 do 8 make 9 make 10 do 11 making
myself
12 make / do 13 make 14 making 15 do 16 did 17 Made 18 make 19 do 20 doing 21 does 22 made 23 does 24 doing 25 do 26 making27 make 28 make 29 made
59.2
UNIT 57 Singular and plural
59.3
57.1 3 shorts 9 species
3 myself 4 us 5 yourself 6 you 7 ourselves 2 it himself.
4 a means
5 means
6 pair of scissors 7 a series
8 series
3 post it myself.
8 themselves 9 them
4 told me herself. or Linda herself told me.
5 phone him yourself? or ... do it yourself? 59.4
57.2 1. These were finished last week. 2. Are those radiators working? 3. These pictures are ours. 4. Those have been completed. 5. These were designed by his aunt. 6. Those do not need to be altered. 7. These tables are made of wood. 8. Have those students seen the play? 9. These umbrellas are new. 10. Those rivers flow through the mountains. 57.3 1. The boxes were empty. 2. The rivers flow to the sea. 3. The bushes have grown in the last two months. 4. The hats were on sale. 5. The benches are made of stone. 6. The plants have been watered. 7. The hedges are being trimmed. 8. The processes were invented last year. 9. The sketches are nearly finished. 10. The breezes were warm. 11. The walls are being painted. 12. The churches are two hundred years old. 13. The bridges will soon be completed. 14. The carpets have been cleaned. 15. The branches are covered with ice. 57.4
1. himself 2. yourself or yourselves 3. myself 4. herself 5. ourselves 6. itself 7. themselves 8. yourself or yourselves 9. themselves 10. ourselves 11. himself 12. herself 13. myself 14. itself UNIT 60 Some and any 60.1 2 some 3 any 4 any ... some also possible)
UNIT 58 Apostrophe’s, genitive’s
61.4 6 the cause of the problem
7 yesterday’s newspaper
8 my father’s newspaper
10 the children’s toys
11 the new manager of the company or the company’s new manager
12 the result of the football match
13 our neighbour’s garden
14 the ground floor of the building
15 Don and Mary’s children
9 the name of this street
16 the economic policy of the government or the government’s economic policy 17 Catherine’s husband
18 the husband of the woman talking to Mary
19 Mike’s parents’ car
20 Helen’s friend’s wedding
10 any (some is
61.1 61.2
4 the top of the page 5 Charles’s daughter
9 any
UNIT 61 Indefinite Pronouns No / thing / one / body / where 3 no 4 any
3 that man’s jacket
7 any 8 some
11 some 12. Some 13 any 14 some 15 any 16 some 17 any 18 any 19 some 20 any.
1. This was necessary. 2. That color is beautiful. 3. Is this bell too loud? 4. Has that been polished? 5. This shirt is clean. 6. That window is on the west side of the house. 7. Is this correct? 8. This boy likes to play soccer. 9. That is sufficient. 10. That curtain is crimson. . This was necessary. 2. That color is beautiful. 3. Is this bell too loud? 4. Has that been polished? 5. This shirt is clean. 6. That window is on the west side of the house. 7. Is this correct? 8. This boy likes to play soccer. 9. That is sufficient. 10. That curtain is crimson. 58.1
5 some 6 any
5 some 6 none
7 No 8 any
9 any 10 none
1. no 2. not 3. None 4. not 5. no 6. None 7. No 8. not 9. No 10. no 11. not 12. None 61.3 2 any 3 any 4 no 5 any 6 no 7 any 8 no 9 any 10 no 11 None 12 any 3 Everybody / Everyone everything 8 All
4 Everything
5 all
6 everybody / everyone 7
9 everybody / everyone 13 All
10 All
11 everybody / everyone 12 Everybody / Everyone
61.5 1. He does not have any relatives in the city. 2. I do not know anyone here. 3. None of us were surprised by the announcement. 4. I do not plan to go anywhere on my vacation. 5. No tickets were sold this morning. 6. I did not hear anyone playing the bagpipes. 7. I did not give her any advice. 8. Nothing is wrong. 9. We did not buy anything at the flea market. 10. They did not have any exciting adventures. 11. No one offered to help me. 12. She does not know anyone working at the Library. 13. He does not live anywhere near here. 14. Nobody left early.
58.2
61.6
1. the musicians’ instruments 2. the children’s adventures 3. the animals’ habitat 4. the workmen’s instructions 5. the ships’ passengers 6. the pilots’ vacation 7. the officers’ friends 3 OK 4 Simon’s phone number 5 my brother’s job 6 OK 7 OK 8 Paula’s favourite colour
1. I will not make any salad. 2. We do not need any onions. 3. I have not met any of your friends. 4. He has not photographed any of the most beautiful parts of the city. 5. She does not want to take any courses in Archaeology. 6. I did not recognize any of the students. 7. We have not visited any of the offshore islands. 8. I have not read any books by that author. 9. There is not any danger involved. 10. I do not have any reservations about your plan. 11. They have not interviewed any of the contestants. 12. She did not buy any of the books second-hand.
9 your mother’s birthday 10 my parent’s house 11 OK 12 OK 13 Silvia’s party 14 OK
61.7
UNIT 59 Reflexive pronouns (myself / yourself / themselves) etc.
3. somewhere 4. Anybody 5. Nothing / Nobody 6. nowhere, somewhere 7. something
58.3
59.1 2 hurt himself 3 blame herself
4 put yourself
5 enjoyed themselves
6 burn yourself 7 express
8. something 9. Somewhere Nobody
10. Anything
11. Somebody
12. Anywhere 1 3 . a n y t h i n g ,
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15. Somebody
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16. Somebody
17. Something, something
18. somewhere
65.1
19. Anywhere 20. anybody, anybody
2 The man who / that answered the phone told me you were away.
UNIT 62 Quantifiers .. Much, many, a lot, plenty
3 The waitress who / that served us was very impolite and impatient.
62.1 3 a lot of salt 4 right 8 a lot
4 The building that / which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt. 5 right 9 right
6 a lot
3 plenty of room
4 plenty to learn
7 many / a lot of
6 The bus that / which goes to the airport runs every half hour.
62.2 2 plenty of money
5 The people who / that were arrested have now been released. 65.2
5 are plenty of things to see
1which 2. Who 3. whom 4. which 5. Whom 6. which 7. which 8. whom 9. who10. whom 11. which 12. which
6 There are plenty of hotels.
65.3
62.3
3 (who) 4 who 5 (who) 6 (that) 7 that 8 (that) 9 that
1. many 2. Little 3. Few 4. much 5. few 6. Much 7. Many 8. fewer 9. Little 10. Few 11. fewest 12. Little 13. less 14. much 15. least 16. many
65.4
UNIT 63 All of most / most of no / none of etc.
5 (that / which) we went to last night 6 (that / which) I applied for 7 (who / that) you can rely on
63.1 1. none 2. neither 3. All 4. any 5. both 6. either 7. both 8. any 9. none 10. all 11. neither 12. either 13. All 14. either 15. both 16. neither 17. any 18. none 63.2 3 Many people 4 Some of the photographs
5 Some people
7 all (of) the money
9 most of the time 10 Most people
8 all the time
6 most of the food
11 half (of) the questions 2 All of them 3 none of us 4 some of it 5 none of them 6 None of it 7 Some of them 8 all of it UNIT 64 Too / either / so I am / neither do I......Both / both of neither / neither nor / either / either of 64.1 1. none 2. neither 3. All 4. any 5. both 6. either 7. both 8. any 9. none 10. all 11. neither 12. either 13. All 14. either 15. both 16. neither 17. any 18. none
65.5 2 (that) 3 what 4 that 5 (that) 6 (that) 7 what 8 (that) UNIT 66 Relative clauses -2 WHEN-WHERE-WHY 66.1 1 when 2 .when 3 where 4 ..when 5 where 6 where 7 when 8 where 9 where 10.where 11 where 66.2 2 where we can have a really good meal
3 where I can buy some postcards
4 where we had the car repaired
5 where John is staying 6 where she (had) bought it
66.3 3 which we enjoyed very much. 4 I went to see the doctor, who told me to rest for a few days.
64.2 4 neither of us
5 neither of them
5 John, who / whom I have known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends. 6 Sheila, whose job involves a lot of travelling, is away from home a lot.
64.3 3 Both Jim and Carol are on holiday
8 (who / that) I saw you with
12 where13 where
63.3
2 either of them3 both of them
2 (that / which) we were invited to 3 (who / that) I work with 4 (that / which) you told me about
4 George neither smokes nor drinks.
7 The new stadium, which can hold 90,000 people, will be opened next month.
5 Neither Jim nor Carol has (got) a car. 6 The film was both long and boring.
8 We often go to visit our friends in Bristol, which is only 30 miles away.
7 That man’s name is either Richard or Robert.
9 Glasgow, where my brother lives, is the largest city in Scotland.
8 I’ve got neither the time nor the money to go on holiday.
UNIT 67 Relative clauses -3 WHOSE-WHOM
9 We can leave either today or tomorrow.
67.1
64.4
2 whose wife is an English teacher.
2 either 3 too 4 too 5 either 6 either 7 too
5 who have just got married.
64.5
67.2
2 So I am 3 so have I 4 So do I 5 So will I 6 So was I 7 Neither can I 8 Neither did I
2 where 3 who 4 whose 5 where 6 whose 7 whom
9 Neither have I 10 Neither am I 11 Neither do I
67.3
UNIT 65 Relative clauses -1 WHO-WHICH-THAT
1. whom 2. who 3. whom 4. whose 5. whom 6. whose 7. who 8. whom 9. whom 10. whom 11. who
3 who owns a restaurant.4 whose ambition is to climb Everest. 6 whose parents used to work in a circus.
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UNIT 68 Adjectives and adverbs (quick / quickly)
13 so 14 such a 15 such a
68.1 3 selfishly 4 terribly 10 safe 11 angrily
69.2 5 sudden 6 colourfully
7 colourful 8 badly
9badly
1. such 2. so 3. too 4. such 5. so 6. too 7. so 8. such 9. so 10. too 11. such 12. so 13. so 14. too 15. So UNIT 70 Comparison (comparative)-cheaper, more expensive etc.
68.2
70.1
2 careful 3 continuously perfectly 9 nervous
4 happily 5 fluent 6 specially 7 complete
8
10 financially / completely
2 stronger 3 smaller
4 more expensive
8 better 9 worse
10 longer 11 more quietly 12 more often 13 further 14 happier / more cheerful
70.2
68.3 1. straight 2. early 3. quickly 4. fast 5. cautiously 6. high 7. well 8. late 9. badly 10. little 11. annually 12. immediately 13. weekly 14. first 15. Suitable 68.4 1. duly 2. noisily 3. palely 4. comfortably 5. dogmatically 6. normally 7. slowly 8. steadily 9. dramatically 10. agilely 11. simply 12. shrilly 13. luckily 14. frantically 15. wholly 16. punctually 17. densely 18. solely 19. synthetically 20. readily
1. more 2. better 3. farther 4. less 5. more 6. worse 7. better 8. less 9. more 10. worse 70.3 2 much bigger
1. successfully 2. successful 3. light 4. lightly 5. clearly 6. clear 7. strongly 8. strong 9. cheerfully 10. tranquil 11. efficiently 12. recent 13. responsibly 14. Heavy 15. quietly 16. dark
70.5
5 well 6 well 7 well 8 good 9 well 10 good 11 well 4 well-balanced
5 well-informed
6 well-dressed 7 well-paid
8 Well done! (2 separate words)
8 slightly older
3 any further
4 no worse than
2 bigger and bigger and worse
3 heavier and heavier
4 more and more nervous 5worse
6 more and more expensive
7 better and better 8 more and more talkative
1. prettier 2. bigger 3. slower 4. sweeter 5. closer 6. higher 7. fatter 8. sooner 9. sunnier 10. younger 11. hotter 12. weaker 13. lower 14. thinner 15. Heavier 70.7
68.8 Once upon a time, there was a (BEAUTIFUL) princess who had a golden ball. She lives in a palace with her father, the King, and her seven sisters. Every day, she played with her ball in the garden of the palace. At the end of the garden there was a (DEEP), dark lake. When the weather was (HOT), the princess liked playing near the lake. (UNFORTUNATELY), one day, she dropped her golden ball into the water. she was very (UNHAPPY) and she sat on the grass and started to cry. (SUDDENLY) she heard a voice: “Don’t cry, princess.” She opened her eyes and saw a large (GREEN) frog. “oh, please help me!” she said, “I can’t get my ball.” “I’ll help you “ said the frog, “if I can come and live with you in the palace!”. “Yes, of course. I promise” said the princess. So, the frog jumped into the water and came back with the ball. The princess laughed and took the ball. She ran (QUICKLY) back to the palace and forgot all about the frog. The frog was very (ANGRY). He followed the princess into the palace and told his story to the King. “A promise is a promise” said the frog. “Yes” said the King and called his daughter. “A promise is a promise, my daughter. Take this frog to your room and look after him (CAREFULLY). The princess cried again, but she took the frog and put him on her bed. The frog looked at her and said (QUIETLY): “Please, kiss me, princess”. she closed her eyes and kissed him. (IMMEDIATELY), the frog turned into a (HANDSOME) prince. Of course, he and the princess fell in love. One week later, they married and they lived (HAPPILY) ever after. UNIT 69 So and such
1. She is a finer musician than her cousin is. 2. He has a stronger voice than he used to have. 3. This chair has shorter legs than that one does. 4. We are having a hotter summer than you are. 5. She is a better doctor than her friend is. 6. He has a bigger book than you do. 7. They have newer boots than we do. 8. He took an earlier train than I did. 9. She is a worse typist than her colleague is.. 10. We ordered a sweeter dessert than Susan did. UNIT 71 Comparison (EQUALITY) -as ... as 71.1 2 as high as yours.
3 You don’t know as much about cars as me. or ... as I do.
4 It isn’t as cold today as it was yesterday. 5 I don’t feel as tired today as I felt yesterday. or ... as I did. 6 They haven’t lived here as long as us. or ... as we have. 7 I wasn’t as nervous before the interview as I usually am. or ... as usual. 71.2 3 The station wasn’t as far as I thought. 4 The meal cost less than I expected. / ... was cheaper than I expected. / ... wasn’t as expensive as I expected. 5 I don’t go out as much as I used to. / ... as often as I used to. 6 She used to have longer hair.
69.1 4 so 5 so 6 such a such
6 a lot easier
70.6
68.7 2 well-known 3 well-kept
4 far more interesting than
70.4 2 any earlier
68.6
3 a bit happier
5 a bit more slowly
68.5
2 good 3 well 4 good
5 warmer 6 more interesting 7 more difficult
7 You don’t know them as well as me. or ... as I do. 7 so 8 such 9 such a
10 such a 11 so 12 so ..
8 There weren’t as many people at this meeting as at the last one. 71.3
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2 as well as
3 as long as
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4 as soon as
7 just as comfortable as
5 as often as
73.2
6 as quietly as
8 just as well-qualified as
9 just as bad as
5 I don’t want to go out yet. 6she doesn’t work there any more 7 I still have a lot of friends there.
71.4
8 We’ve already met.
9 Do you still live in the same house
1. they are 2. you are 3. she is 4. I am 5. he is 6. they are 7. we are 8. she is 9. he is 10. I am
11 He isn’t here yet.
12 he still isn’t here (he isn’t here yet is also possible)
71.5
13 are you already a member
14 I can still remember it very clearly.
1. She is as skilled a carpenter as her father. 2. Terry is as efficient a manager as Kay. 3. They are as wonderful performers as their predecessors. 4. He won as prestigious a prize as his competitor. 5. The white hens are as good layers as the brown ones. 6. Rupert is as able an administrator as his boss. 7. She is carrying as heavy a parcel as you. 8. He is as brilliant an engineer as we had been told. 9. She found as important a clue as anyone. 10. They are as experienced directors as one could wish.
15 These trousers don’t fit me any more.
UNIT 72 Comparison ( Superlatives) the longest / the most enjoyable etc.
1. although 2. despite 3. because 4. like 5. while 6. during 7. as if 8. because of 9. while 10. like 11. despite 12. because 13. as if 14. during 15. Although 16. Because of
72.1 2 It’s the cheapest restaurant in the town.
9 It is one of the oldest castles in Britain.
10 She is one of the best players in the team.
UNIT 74 Although / though / even though in spite of despite 74.1
2 She even has to work on Sundays.
4 She is the most intelligent student in the class.5 It is the most valuable painting in the gallery. 8 He’s one of the richest men in the world.
16 Have you finished with the paper yet? No, I’m still reading it.
74.2
3 It was the happiest day of my life.
6 It is the busiest time of the year.
3 They even painted the floor. 4 You could even hear the noise from the next street. or ... hear it from. 5 They even have the windows open when it’s freezing. or ... have them open. 7 I can’t even remember her name. 8 There isn’t even a cinema.
11 It was one of the worst experiences o my life.
9 He didn’t even tell his wife (where he was going).
12 He is one of the most dangerous criminals in the country.
74.3
72.2 3 larger 4 the longest highest ... higher
5 happier 6 the worst
7 the most popular
9 most enjoyable
10 more comfortable 11 the quickest
12 The oldest or The eldest
8 the
72.3 2 That’s the funniest joke I’ve ever heard.
3 This is the best coffee I’ve ever tasted.
4 She is the most patient person I’ve ever met.
5 That’s the furthest (or farthest) I’ve ever run.
6 It is / was the worst mistake I’ve ever made.7 Who is the most famous person you’ve ever met? 72.4 1. widest 2. reddest 3. coldest 4. easiest 5. cleanest 6. newest 7. sweetest 8. saddest 9. lowest 10. wisest 11. shortest 12. Luckiest
2 even older3 even better
4 even more difficult 5 even worse
6 even less
5 even though 6 Even
7 Even though 8 even if
74.4 2 if 3 even if 4 even 9 Even though UNIT 75 In case 75.1 2 she gets lost 3 She’s going to take an umbrella in case it rains. 4 She’s going to take her camera in case she wants to take some photographs. 5 She’s going to take some water in case she gets thirsty.
72.5
6 She’s going to take a towel in case she wants to have a swim.
farthest 2. most 3. best 4. least 5. worst 6. most 7. most 8. worst 9. most 10. best 11. worst 12. Least
75.2
72.6
2 He wrote down the name of the book in case he forgot it.
1. This is the oldest house on the street. 2. That is the largest store in the city. 3. This is the coolest evening we have had this week. 4. He is the kindest man I know. 5. This is the finest view in the area. 6. That is the newest building in town. 7. This is the dustiest road I have ever walked along. 8. That was the worst storm we have had for ten years. 9. This is the longest river in the country. 10. That is the funniest story you have ever told.
3 I phoned my parents in case they were worried about me.
UNIT 73 Always, still-- Any more / any longer / no longer 3 They haven’t finished their dinner yet. 4 They haven’t woken up yet.
5 She hasn’t found a job yet. or ... found one yet. 7 It hasn’t taken off yet.
4 I wrote to Jane again in case she hadn’t received my first letter. 5 I gave them my address in case they came to London one day. UNIT 76 As long as and provided / providing 76.1
73.1 2 He hasn’t gone yet.
10 have you already eaten
6 I haven’t decided (what to do) yet.
2 unless 3 providing4 as long as 5 unless6 unless 7 provided8 Unless 9 unless10 as long as UNIT 77 during and while 77.1
384 | Mu stafa B alta
3 during 4 for 5 during for
E NGL İ SH GR AMMAR İ N USE | 385
6 for 7 for 8 for
9 during 10 for 11 for
12 for 13 during 14
16. before 17. without 18. into 19. during 20. Along 82.2
77.2 3 while 4 While 5 During
6 while 7 during 8 During
12 while 13 during 14 while
15 while
9 while 10 while 11 during
1. at 2. for 3. between 4. in 5. for 6. besides 7. at 8. since 9. on 10. in 11. among 12. since 13. on 14. beside 15. at 16. for 17. in 18. besides 19. in 20. On UNIT 83 (no exercises)
UNIT 78 Telling time- Giving the Date
UNIT 84 a little, a few
78.1
84.1
1 It’s a quarter past six eight
2 It’s a quarter past three
4 It’s twenty past six
6 It’s half-past ten 7 It’s ten past twelve
5 It’s ten to ten
3 It’ a quarter past
1 a few 2 a little 3 a little 4 a few 5 a few 6 a little 7 a few 8 a little 9 little 10 a few 11 a little 12 a little 13 a few 14 little 15 a few 16 a little 17 few 18 few19a little20 a few21 a little 22 a little 23 a little 24 a few 25 a few 26 a little 27 a few 28 a little 29 a little 30 few 31 little 32 a few
78.2
33 a little 34 few 35 a little 36 a few 37 little 38 a few
1 a quarter past eight 2 at twenty five to eight 3 at twenty five past seven
UNIT 85 There- present-past-perfect-future..etc .
4 at five past nine 5 at half past eight 6 at three o’clock 7 at half past two
85.1
8 at ten to four 9 at ten past six 10 at half past eight 11 at ten past nine 12 at half past ten
2 There’s / There’s 3 is there 4There are 5 are there 6 There isn’t 7 is there 8 Are there
78.3
9 There’s / There is....There aren’t
1twenty-five past eight 2 a quarter past eight 3 a quarter to eleven 4 half past midnight
85.2
5 midnight 6 three o’clock 7 two to midnight 8 twenty-six past four
2 It’s 3 There’s 4 There ‘s İs it 5 İs there.....There’s 6 It’s 7 is there
9 half past two10 half past two
85.3
UNIT 79 Until -from...to –by / the tıme.
3 There was 4 Was there 5 there weren’t 6 There wasn’t 7 Were there 8 There wasn’t
79.1
9 There was 10 there weren’t
2 until 3 for 4 since 5 Until 6 for 7 for 8 until 9 since 10 until 11 for 12 until 13 Since 14 for
85.4
79.2
3 Is there ... there is / there’s
4 there was ... It was 5 It was
6 There was
7 is it
9 It is / It’s
11 Is it ... it’s
12there
UNIT 80 before / after
8 It was was ... There was
80.1
13 It was
15 There was ... it wasn’t
2 after lunch 3 before the end 4 during the course 5 before they went to Australia
85.5
6 during the night 7 while you are waiting 8 after the concert
2 There is a lot of salt in the soup.
3 There was nothing in the box.
UNIT 81 Prepositions of place In,at,on
4 There was a lot of violence in the film.
5 There were a lot of people in the shops.
81.1
85.6
3 by 4 until
5 until ... by
6 by 7 until
8 by 9 by
4 in prison
10 until 11 By 12 by
2 in bed Centre
3 What’s on at the cinema?
5 at school
7 in hospital
8 at the airport
9 on the plane
4 in 5 at
6 at / in a very nice hotel ... in Amsterdam
6 at the Sports
10 at sea
8 at work ... at home in bed
9 at 10 in 11 at
7 in
12 in London ... at London University
81.3 2 on the wall in the kitchen
3 at 4 on 5 At 6 on 7 at
2 There might be or There should be
3 there will be or there should be
4 There’s going to be or There might be
5 There used to be
6 there should be
81.2 2 at 3 on
14 There wasn’t
8 in 9 on 10 in 11 on
UNIT 82 Most important prepositions 82.1 1. to 2. of 3. via 4. from 5. off 6. like 7. out of 8. with 9. until 10. past 11. of 12. but 13. opposite 14. Despite 15. under
10 there wasn’t
7 there wouldn’t be