Entrepreneurship and Innovative Glocal Solutions for New Ruralities [PDF]

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Entrepreneurship and Innovative Glocal Solutions for New Ruralities

Convenor: Malin Gawell, Associated Professor, Södertörn University

Private enterprises, cooperatives, associations and/or public initiatives have through out time provided innovative solutions for rural, and other, contexts. We currently see how information technology, innovative partnerships and last but not least creativity among people, is used to respond to urgent and at times increasing challenges – many times combines with an increased interest in developing sustainable solutions. Entrepreneurship, in any of its many forms, is often ascribed amazing properties. In this session we will explore, problematize and critically reflect on potentials and limitations of entrepreneurship in rural development – in theory and practice.

New farmers in Portuguese Agriculture: The role of the Younger’s farmer. Mª de Fátima Lorena de Oliveira1 and Mª Leonor da Silva Carvalho2 1Instituto

Politécnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Departamento de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, CERNAS Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal, [email protected]; 2ICAAM,

Departamento de Economia, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais 2, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal, [email protected] Abstract The number of farms in the EU has increased during 1995-2007 due to the entry of new holdings in the enlarged EU 27 from 6,803 130 in 1995 to 13.920.180 in 2007, however from 2007 to 2013 this value decreased 22%. This strong decrease in a short time is important fact to be considered and should be seen the effect of this reduction in European rural areas and their meaning. In agricultural terms, Portugal it has a very small farmer structure but the census of 2009, show that in year 2009 comparing with 1999, one of every four farms had ceased its activity but the surface of farms still occupies half of the country. The small-sized farms continue to prevail but 2/3 of the Utilized Agricultural Area is now managed by farms larger than 50 hectares of utilized agricultural (INE, 2009). The data show an increase from an average of 9.3 hectares to about 12 hectares, as a result of the absorption of the surfaces of small farms by the larger ones, bur the size of farms in Portugal is on average 5 hectares smaller than in the EU. Very important aspect of the agricultural evolution was that but the number of holdings as a legal entity (agricultural enterprises) grew 23% and 27% that is an indicator of the professionalization of the sector. This activity seems to resist better than other sectors precisely because of its traditional features and the fact that it may represent a laboratory for several relatively innovative initiatives on the part of urban dweller, which is gradually returning to the country by economic necessity, by choice of a style alternative lifestyle and also as new hope for the unemployment crisis, low wages and low and short-term jobs. Since of 2010 that the population has suffered an increase unemployment rate, in 2014 the unemployment rate rose the 13,9% of the labor force and for younger people less of 25 years old this value rose 34,8%. For the group age of 25 – 44 the unemployment level in 2014 was of 15, 5% (INE, database). For those group the unemployment level decreased from 3,5% from 2013 to 2014, the level of Portuguese emigration was significantly high in last two years. This paper aims to analyse the role of the economic crisis on employment in agriculture and the effects of agricultural policies on the development of agricultural employment and the changes on Portuguese agricultural structure. The question to be answered is whether agricultural policies help the entry of new farmers or if the economic crisis is the driving force behind new entries. In fact there are new entries in agriculture? We use descriptive data analysis of different

support measures for young farmers during the 2007-2013 Rural Development Programs. We will also analyse the differences between the PDR (Program of Rural Development) and the old PRODER for the new farmers.

Alternative Food Networks and short food chains: estimating the economic value of the participation in ethical purchasing groups Alessandro Corsi1, Silvia Novelli2 Dept. of Economics and Statistics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy ([email protected]) 2 Dept. of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy ([email protected]) 1

Keywords: ethical purchasing groups, consumers’ choices, stated preferences, alternative food networks ABSTRACT Direct purchase on-farm and at farmers' markets are important typologies of the socalled Alternative Food Networks. In addition to this two main alternative distribution channels, it is common to find in many towns in Italy a number of ethical purchasing groups who buy goods collectively (Gruppi di Acquisto Solidale, GAS). Such groups are set up by a number of consumers who cooperate in order to buy food and other commonly used goods directly from producers, at a price that is fair to both parties. Within the group, the choice of the products and the farmers usually follow some guidelines related to the respect for the environment and the solidarity between the members of the group and the producers. The aim of the study was to analyse the behavioural characteristics of consumers choosing to participate in those groups, and to estimate the value they attach to their participation. The analysis was conducted through an in-person survey. First data were collected interviewing a sample of 150 members of purchasing groups set in Torino (Italy) and other neighbouring towns. A stated preferences methodology (contingent valuation) was employed to estimate the value consumers buying in such groups attach to this particular channel, in comparison to the conventional supermarkets. Beside, some information was collected about participants’ role and commitment in terms of voluntary work within the group, and the reasons for participation in the buying group. Preliminary results suggest that GAS members do state a preference for buying with their organization rather than at a supermarket’s even when the prospected prices are substantially higher for the purchase through the GAS.

Family farm’s features influencing on socioeconomic sustainability: An analysis of agri-food system in southeast Spain Emilio Galdeano-Gómez, Laura Piedra-Muñoz, Juan C. Pérez-Mesa, Ángeles Godoy-Durán Department of Economics and Business, University of Almería La Cañada de San Urbano, s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Family farming, rural development, agri-food system, socioeconomic sustainability, multifunctionality, southeast Spain Abstract The family production structure in rural areas is increasingly recognized as one of the elements that can promote sustainable development. In particular, the concept of multifunctionality in farming is widely used to illustrate interrelationships among economic, social and environmental goals in this activity. Although environmental issues have traditionally received more attention, the focus in this paper is on the implications of these family farm characteristics for socioeconomic development. Taking agri-food system in southeast Spain as a reference, an empirical analysis was done considering several indicators of socioeconomic performance. The results found show that together with positive economic factors related to the trend toward larger-scale farming and the existence of a cluster of auxiliary industries, there are other multifunctional features that are specific to the farms. Thus, other characteristics related to proactivity for innovation, the trend towards more ecological production, better educated farmers and whether they will inherit the farm have a positive influence on a relatively young age structure, mean income, employment rate and multiculturalism in the agricultural area analyzed. The study presents an application of multifunctionality characteristics that can be extensive to other family farm sectors and the study of the impact on socioeconomic sustainability of rural areas.

The amaranth localized agri-food system in Mexico City: rescuing traditional crops for territorial development and food security M. E. Laura Elena Martínez Salvador, PhD Candidate Doctoral Program in Economics at IIEC- UNAM Mexico. [email protected] The rescuing of traditional crops with huge nutritional potential, such as amaranth, remains a concern for researchers given the latest agricultural and malnutrition problems in Mexico. The localized agrifood systems (LAFS) approach suggests that territories development, urban or rural ones where traditional crops like amaranth are produced, depends highly on the interrelationships among actors from the localized agrifood system. Amaranth it’s a native Mesoamerican crop that possess a huge historical and cultural background been widely used in pre-Hispanic food diet; also, Mexican amaranth production is currently in a super plus condition which implies that healthy food needs can be satisfied with local production. Amaranth agro industrial activities are of great importance in rural territories of Mexico City where this crop is harvested, transformed and merchandised. Therefore this presentation aims to analyze how actor’s collective actions from the amaranth Localized Agrifood System in Mexico City (aLAFSMxC) may have contributed to the rescue of amaranth traditional crop given its historical, agronomic, productive and economic characteristics and how amaranth itself could help to diminish malnutrition and food security issues in Mexico.

Milk candy handicraft tradition at Toluca, México. Familiar enterprise viability analysis Jesús Gastón Gutiérrez Cedillo1, Luis Guadarrama García2, Angélica Espinoza Ortega3 1Faculty

of Geography, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Master in Rural Agro-Industry, Territorial Development and Agro-food tourism, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. e-mail: [email protected] 3Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. E-mail: [email protected] Key words: familiar enterprise, handicraft tradition, milk candy, viability analysis Summary The aim of the study was to elaborate the viability analysis of a microenterprise dedicated to the elaboration of a regional traditional candy at Toluca municipality, in the State of México. Guadarrama Candy Shop is a microenterprise already working that produces traditional candy, but being familiar, handicraft and traditional, has being functioning in empirical and practical way; this is because this investigation allows reflexing and contextualizing in a participative form about potentials this familiar handicraft tradition has for activating economically and socially to their region. The study was made based on the Methodology for Activating Localized Agri-food Systems (SYAL) (Boucher and Reyes 2011) and to go deep inside was contrasted with the Methodology of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN-OEA, 1999);and related to a geographic approach, taking theoretical support of some branches like regional geography and economic geography. The SYAL and NAFIN methodologies were considered in the study as a General Methodological Framework. The pre investment stage of NAFIN methodology, proposes a series of studies that allows to know desired conditions for the enterprise and their environment: 1) Environmental Study, 2) Socioeconomic Municipality Study, 3) Technical study, 4) Management Study, 5) Marketing Study and 6) Financial Study. Based on these studies, was made the enterprise components identification; the obtained results were homologated with a SYAL characteristics to define if this economic activity could be considered for SYAL activation. At Toluca municipality were located producers and sale points, and was elaborated a socioeconomic characterization. Geographic conditions of the municipality are adequate for milk candy production, sale and consumption. Over a half population is at adequate age for eating these milky products. Management and financial studies were elaborated with data from Guadarrama Candy Shop, in which normally work two persons that are family parents; and three adult sons that occasionally help to the familiar enterprise. For financial study were registered incomes and expenses of the candy shop; and was found that obtained profits are

enough to satisfy the family basic needs and allows reinvestment to continue working, this is because it is considered an auto sustainable and profitable enterprise. The marketing study shows that the offered products has variety and were identified all the handicrafts elaborated products at candy shop, was calculated the average of produced candies in row material function and was calculated the product demand. The milk candy micro enterprise at Toluca could be studied with the Boucher methodology. NAFIN methodology that is very concrete, allows boarding this study in specific way; while SIAL Activation methodology seems very general, but useful to stablish in proposal form the territorial economic development; and is possible to adapt it to an enterprise that is already working.

Earth, Food and Glocal Entrepreneurship - Lush Ingredients in Rural Development? Malin Gawell, Associated Professor, Södertörn University Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic aspects of development have been highlighted in studies of and politics for regional and local development in recent decades (Malecki, 1994; Bygrave & Minniti, 2005; Christensen & Kempinsky, 2004; Tödtling & Trippl, 2005; von Friedrichs & Boter, 2009; Arbuthnott & von Friedrichs, 2012). In addition, aspects such as employment, functioning welfare, and attraction highlights have also been recognized (Andersson et al., 2008). The view on entrepreneurship has expanded and an interest in societal and social entrepreneurship has arisen (Dees, 2001; Mair, et al., 2006; Nicholls, 2006; Steyaert & Hjorth, 2006; Borzaga et al., 2008; Gawell et al., 2009; Berglund et al., 2012). This increased interest calls for reflections about the role, or roles, of societal and social entrepreneurship, in particular in relation to local development in which these concepts are increasingly being ascribed a ‘vital role’ for development (Eikenberry & Kluver, 2004). Soci(et)al entrepreneurship is increasingly being seen as a glocal phenomenon since local aspects many times are intertwined with global aspects. This paper will discuss of social entrepreneurship, and the concepts societal entrepreneurship that can be used synonymously with community entrepreneurship. The paper draws on results from a study of societal entrepreneurship in rural Sweden on the topic “Societal Entrepreneurship in Sparsely Populated Areas” (SESPA) (Gawell, Pierre, von Friedrichs 2014), and also empirics from a so called livelihood program in rural Ethiopia. In these rural areas, agriculture and different types of food initiatives are essential, but not the only aspects for the development of entrepreneurship and the new ruralities. This paper addresses the question of how societal entrepreneurship is understood in relation to local and regional development in this particular setting. As Berglund et al. (2012) discusses, “the understanding of societal entrepreneurship signals that the shape it takes is sensitively dependent upon context”, which Welter (2011) also confirms by saying; “context matters”. The paper furthermore addresses how these contextual aspects, interplay with glocal influences that at times are as particular in its framing of local entrepreneurship.

Género, maíz y políticas sociales en la transición de los patrones alimentarios y nutrimentales de hogares indígenas en México. Ivonne Vizcarra Bordi, Angélica Espinoza Ortega, Humberto Thomé Ortiz, Sergio Moctezuma Pérez Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. [email protected] Desde la puesta en marcha de las reformas estructurales económicas en México en la década del 80, la cual dio inicio al modelo de desarrollo Neoliberal, los hogares y comunidades indígenas de México establecieron una nueva relación con el Estado a través de la creación de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (1992). Sus programas sociales de corte asistencial y con un excipiente enfoque de género, poco a poco han cubierto una gran parte de la población indígena rural y campesina. Estos programas que incluyen la educación, la salud y la alimentación, han tenido influencia política en la captación de votos, por lo que han sido bien acobijados por todos los gobiernos, modificando relativamente su operatividad institucional, pero que en su esencia su objetivo no cambia: romper el círculo vicioso de la pobreza. Son programas que ignoran la importancia del maíz en la reproducción social de estos hogares, por lo contrario, establecen esquemas que marginan su producción y consumo. Ofrecen transferencias monetarias directas condicionadas a la asistencia escolar de menores de 15 años y al sometimiento de un esquema básico de salud familiar y orientación alimentaria, además distribuyen constantemente canastas básicas, donde las madres mujeres responsables del hogar se convierten en las beneficiarias. Los argumentos que justifican estas intervenciones, además de la pobreza extrema, validan por sí mismo su existencia: Las mujeres son más responsables en la distribución de beneficios dentro del hogar; por las desigualdades sociales y de género en las que viven requieren de apoyos gubernamentales para mejorar sus condiciones de vida y la de sus familias; desnutrición infantil; improductividad agrícola; bajos niveles de escolaridad; elevada prevalencia de infecciones gastrointestinales y respiratorios y altas tazas de fecundidad. A más de 15 años de vigencia de estos programas, la economía de mercado agroalimentaria, junto con la globalización y la desaparición completa de políticas alimentarias basadas en los subsidios y apoyos a la producción y consumo del maíz y las tortillas, han transformado la realidad rural. En la actualidad, se presenta un nuevo fenómeno de la pobreza del campo: elevadas prevalencias de obesidad, diabetes mellitus 2; insuficiencia renal e hipertensión arterial. Sin duda, este rostro debe formar parte del debate sobre la nueva ruralidad. Nuestra ponencia tiene el objetivo de mostrar que dichas transformaciones no corresponden al remplazo completo de los patrones de consumo alimentario indígenas y campesinos basados en maíz, sino a la adhesión de productos provenientes de los circuitos agroindustriales y alimentarios globales, gracias a cuatro arenas de acceso: 1) aumento en la capacidad de compra que ahora tienen las mujeres con los apoyos gubernamentales; 2) contenido de las canastas básicas; 3) disponibilidad mercantil de

alimentos procesados con altos contenidos de azúcares, sodio y grasas, y; 4) feminización del campo. El estudio se realizó a través de la etnografía institucional multisituada de los programas PROGRESA (1998-2001) Oportunidades (2002-20014) Prospera (2015-) y Cruzada Nacional Contra el Hambre o SinHambre (2013-), PESA (2008-) que han intervenido en tres comunidades indígenas del Estado de México: Mazahua, Otomí y Matlazinca.

La Producción del Queso de Prensa en la Pequeña África de México Fernando Cervantes Escoto1, Fabiola Sandoval2 Alarcón, Alfredo Cesín Vargas3, Abraham Villegas de Gante 4 1

Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Sociales y Tecnológicas de la Agroindustria y la Agricultura Mundial. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, México. [email protected] 2 Unidad Académica de Estudios Regionales, UNAM, Jiquilpan, México. 3 Departamento de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, México

Resumen La región de la Costa Chica forma parte de los Estados de Guerrero y Oaxaca, México y se caracteriza por ser una franja costera con una amplia vocación ganadera y agrícola, cuenta también con una importante presencia de población afromexicana, de ahí el nombre de “Pequeña África de México", por lo cual, el territorio y todos sus componentes comparten una enorme riqueza cultural que se manifiesta en múltiples aspectos de la vida en las comunidades. Uno de éstos son los productos alimenticios que bajo una perspectiva de análisis de sistemas agroalimentarios localizados (SIAL), permite desentrañar y descubrir los diversos factores del territorio que se expresan en características únicas que le confieren atributos de tipicidad y genuinidad, aspectos que se perciben como ventajas competitivas para los productos locales en un ambiente económico globalizado y competitivo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la trayectoria tecnológica y la transmisión del saber-hacer en la producción de este tipo de queso. Para el trabajo se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a actores clave de la cadena productiva del queso de prensa que se elabora principalmente en el municipio de Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero. Se utilizó para el análisis, la propuesta metodológica del SIAL modificada por Grass et.al., (2012). Se encontró que el queso tiene un reconocimiento histórico y un valor simbólico que data de más de 100 años, enfrentando diversas modificaciones en el saber-hacer tradicional, sin embargo, la artesanalidad y la tradición siguen vigentes, impartiendo al producto un sello de originalidad dado por su anclaje territorial, derivado de factores inmateriales propios del territorio de Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero. Se concluye que aunque se han adoptado a lo largo del tiempo algunas modificaciones, como el uso de leche entera en vez de descremada y, el empleo de cuajo sintético en vez de natural, el queso de prensa de la Costa Chica, es uno de los que más conservan la tradición del proceso en México, adquiriendo con ello importantes características de tipicidad y genuinidad, que le confieren una calidad ligada al origen.

Diagnóstico del sistema alimentario comunitario de la comunidad agraria Redención del Campesino, en la Región del Usumacinta en México. Myriam Poisot Cervantes, Técnica de la red temática “Inteligencia Territorial” del CentroGeo, Centro de Investigación en Geografía y Geomática “Ing. Jorge L. Tamayo” A.C. http://www.centrogeo.org.mx/

[email protected] La propuesta para realizar el diagnóstico del sistema alimentario comunitario, con el caso de estudio de la comunidad agraria de Redención del Campesino, forma parte de un conjunto de proyectos propuestos por el CentroGeoi como parte de la Iniciativa Nacional para la Sustentabilidad Alimentaria en México en la que participan once centros de investigación y cuyo objetivo es converger, dialogar y facilitar el acceso a la información y conocimiento derivados de las investigaciones e iniciativas entorno a la sustentabilidad alimentaria en el país, con el fin de incidir y posicionar el tema en las agendas de política pública. Dicha iniciativa, así como las líneas de investigación e instituciones participantes se pueden consultar mediante la plataforma geoweb: http://asam.centrogeo.org.mx/index.php. Desde este enfoque, el diagnóstico del sistema alimentario en el nivel comunitario busca no sólo ser un marco conceptual y metodológico para caracterizar la estructura y funcionamiento del sistema alimentario de las comunidades agrarias del país (ejidos y comunidades indígenas) desde una perspectiva de sistemas complejos, sino además una herramienta y un conjunto de indicadores que permitan identificar la capacidad de estas comunidades para alcanzar la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria, así como la sustentabilidad alimentaria entendida como la capacidad para asegurar la producción, el acceso y disponibilidad de alimentos para toda la población sin deteriorar los recursos naturales, ni los ecosistemas y los servicios que ofrecen, mediante el uso eficiente de los recursos energéticos y económicos y el impulso de prácticas agrícolas sustentables, capaz de adaptarse al cambio climático y al cambio ambiental global. El primer caso piloto para el diagnóstico del sistema alimentario comunitario se aplicó en la comunidad de Redención del Campesino, un ejido ubicado en la entidad federativa de Tabasco una de las más afectos por eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos, con frecuentes problemas de inundaciones y de alta vulnerabilidad ante el cambio climático, que a su vez se encuentra dentro de la Región Usumacinta en México, la cual es clave por la biodiversidad, ecosistemas y servicios ecosistémicos que aporta al país al mismo tiempo que es prioritaria de atención por sus problemas asociados a la marginación, pobreza, inseguridad alimentaria, deforestación y migración internacional. Algunos resultados preliminares del proyecto así como material de divulgación se pueden encontrar en los siguientes enlaces: http://www.sigt.info/#!transectos/c4vw, http://asam.centrogeo.org.mx/index.php/linea-7

Motivos de Elección de los Alimentos del Consumidor del Centro de Mexico Angélica Espinoza-Ortega*, Carlos Galdino Martínez-García, Humberto Thome-Ortiz e Ivonne VizcarraBordi Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Instituto Literario No 100, Colonia Centro, Toluca Estado de México, México. CP 50000 Autor de correspondencia: [email protected] Palabras clave: Food choice questionnaire, México, consumidores, alimentos.

Resumen Los estudios sociológicos sobre alimentación humana tienen poco más de treinta años, el mayor avance se ha dado en las escuelas francófona y anglosajona, no obstante diversos trabajos se han venido desarrollando en otras partes del mundo para determinar la forma en que los consumidores construyen sus preferencias y patrones alimentarios. En México se esta proponiendo por la academia y más recientemente por algunas instancias gubernamentales, llevar a cabo procesos de valorización de productos locales, para lo cual es fundamental llevar a cabo estudios sobre la percepción del consumidor de alimentos. Sin embargo en México el estudio de la alimentación humana se ha estudiado desde la economía política, la nutrición y la antropología, pero no se ha atendido el análisis de las preferencias alimentarias, lo que hace necesario investigar el comportamiento que orienta el consumo alimentario. El objetivo fue segmentar a los consumidores mexicanos a partir de los motivos de elección de los alimentos, mediante el Food Choice Questionaire y a través de análisis de factores y clúster. Se identificaron diez factores: i) Cuidado de peso y salud, ii) Sensibilidad social, iii) Practicidad, iv) Economía, v) No industrializado, vi) Hedonismo, vii) Tradicionalidad A, viii) Familiaridad, ix) Tradicionalidad B y x) No azúcar. Los grupos resultantes del análisis de clúster fueron denominados como: a) Tradicional, b) Saludable, c) Consciente y d) Descuidado. Se observaron diferencias significativas (p

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