Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter [PDF]

filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction. ... 15) The gap between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber it

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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter 6 The Muscular System 6.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions

Using Figure 6.1, match the following: 1) The I band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: B Page Ref: 186 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) The A band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: A Page Ref: 186 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 1 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

3) The H zone, located within the A band, lacks thin filaments and is represented by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: D Page Ref: 186 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) The myofilament composed of actin is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: C Page Ref: 186 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

Using Figure 6.2, match the following: 5) The epimysium is represented by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: A Page Ref: 183 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6) The perimysium wraps a fascicle of muscle cells and is represented by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: C Page Ref: 183 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7) The muscle fiber (cell) is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: D Page Ref: 183 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) The endomysium that wraps individual muscle fibers is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: B Page Ref: 183 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle. A) skeletal B) cardiac C) smooth D) either smooth or skeletal Answer: B Page Ref: 182 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) The epimysium covering on the outside of the muscle can blend into cordlike ________ or sheetlike ________. A) tendons; aponeuroses B) ligaments; tendons C) fascia; ligaments D) aponeuroses; ligaments Answer: A Page Ref: 183 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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11) The ________ is an organelle that wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium. A) cross bridge B) sarcomere C) sarcolemma D) sarcoplasmic reticulum Answer: D Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) Muscle tissue has the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated, a characteristic known as ________. A) elasticity B) irritability C) contractility D) extensibility Answer: C Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ________. A) sarcoplasmic reticulum B) motor unit C) synaptic cleft D) neuromuscular junction Answer: B Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) The heads of the myosin myofilaments are called ________ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction. A) neuromuscular junctions B) synapses C) cross bridges D) motor units Answer: C Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15) The gap between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber it supplies at the neuromuscular junction is called the ________. A) synaptic cleft B) motor unit C) cross bridge D) H zone Answer: A Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

16) When a skeletal muscle is fully contracted, the ________ are closer to the thick filaments. A) Z discs B) M lines C) cross bridges D) A bands Answer: A Page Ref: 191 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 17) Anaerobic glycolysis requires ________ to make ATP. A) creatine phosphate B) oxygen C) glucose D) both oxygen and glucose Answer: B Page Ref: 193, 194 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18) A smooth, sustained contraction is called ________. A) fused, or complete, tetanus B) a twitch C) unfused, or incomplete, tetanus D) summing of contractions Answer: A Page Ref: 191-193 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) Contractions in which muscles shorten and produce movement are known as ________. A) isotonic contractions B) twitches C) isometric contractions D) resistance exercises Answer: C Page Ref: 195 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) The point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less movable bone is known as the ________. A) innervation B) action C) insertion D) origin Answer: D Page Ref: 196-197 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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21) Muscles that perform opposite actions to one another are termed ________. A) synergists B) prime movers C) antagonists D) fixators Answer: C Page Ref: 200 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22) The arrangement of fascicles in orbicularis oris is ________. A) circular B) convergent C) pennate D) fusiform Answer: A Page Ref: 202, 203 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 23) The muscle that closes each eye is the ________. A) orbicularis oris B) frontalis C) orbicularis oculi D) zygomaticus Answer: C Page Ref: 204 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) The prime mover of arm abduction is the ________ muscle. A) trapezius B) deltoid C) latissimus dorsi D) quadratus lumborum Answer: B Page Ref: 208 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) The hamstring group is the prime mover of thigh ________ and knee ________. A) extension; flexion B) dorsiflexion; plantar flexion C) abduction; adduction D) rotation; circumduction Answer: A Page Ref: 212 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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26) An inherited disease that causes muscles to degenerate and atrophy is known as ________. A) torticollis B) muscular dystrophy C) cystic fibrosis D) myasthenia gravis Answer: B Page Ref: 218 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions 1) Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is ________. A) smooth muscle B) skeletal muscle C) dense regular D) cardiac muscle E) dense irregular Answer: D Page Ref: 184 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) Endomysium covers ________. A) fascicles of muscle cells B) an entire muscle C) an individual muscle cell D) myofibrils E) smooth muscle only Answer: C Page Ref: 183 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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3)

The type of muscle tissue pictured in Figure 6.3 is ________. A) skeletal muscle B) voluntary C) striated D) found only in the heart E) smooth muscle Answer: E Page Ref: 182 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________. A) sarcolemma B) sarcomere C) myofilament D) sarcoplasm E) sarcoplasmic reticulum Answer: A Page Ref: 185 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) Smooth muscle cells are ________. A) multinucleate B) involuntary C) branched D) striated E) cylindrical Answer: B Page Ref: 182, 184 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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6) Which type of muscle tissue contracts most quickly upon stimulation? A) skeletal B) visceral C) cardiac D) smooth E) tendons Answer: A Page Ref: 182, 184 Bloom's: 6) Evaluation 7) Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system? A) production of movement B) maintenance of posture C) stabilization of joints D) generation of heat E) hematopoiesis Answer: E Page Ref: 185 Bloom's: 3) Application 8) A sarcomere is ________. A) the nonfunctional unit of skeletal muscle B) the contractile unit between two Z discs C) the area between two intercalated discs D) the wavy lines on the cell, as seen in a microscope E) a compartment in a myofilament Answer: B Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) Which one of the following is composed of myosin protein? A) thick filaments B) thin filaments C) all myofilaments D) Z discs E) light bands Answer: A Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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10) Cross bridges are created when myosin heads bind to ________. A) thick filaments B) sarcomeres C) thin filaments D) sarcoplasmic reticula E) myosin filaments Answer: C Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 11) A motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates are termed a ________. A) myofilament B) synaptic cleft C) motor unit D) neuromuscular junction E) neurotransmitter Answer: C Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 12) Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction? A) calcium increases the action potential transmitted along the sarcolemma B) calcium releases the inhibition on Z discs C) calcium triggers the binding of myosin to actin D) calcium causes ATP binding to actin E) calcium binds to regulatory proteins on the myosin filaments, changing both their shape and their position on the thick filaments Answer: C Page Ref: 188, 190-191 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 13) The mechanical force of contraction is generated by ________. A) shortening of the thick filaments B) shortening of the thin filaments C) a sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments D) the "accordian-like" folding of thin and thick filaments E) the temporary disappearance of thin filaments Answer: C Page Ref: 190-191 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

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14) Acetylcholine is ________. A) an ion pump on the postsynaptic membrane B) a source of energy for muscle contraction C) a component of thick myofilaments D) an oxygen-binding protein E) a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle Answer: E Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15) The gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________. A) motor unit B) sarcomere C) neuromuscular junction D) synaptic cleft E) cross bridge Answer: D Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 16) Neurotransmitters are released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse by the ________. A) myofibrils B) sarcoplasmic reticulum C) thick filaments D) axon terminals of the motor neuron E) sarcolemma of the muscle cell Answer: D Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) An elaborate and specialized network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that function in calcium storage is the ________. A) sarcolemma B) mitochondria C) intermediate filament network D) myofibrillar network E) sarcoplasmic reticulum Answer: E Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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18) During skeletal muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to binding sites associated with ________. A) myosin filaments B) actin filaments C) Z discs D) thick filaments E) the H zone Answer: B Page Ref: 190 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) Which of the following can actually shorten during a muscle contraction? A) myosin filament B) A band C) actin filament D) sarcomere E) myofilament Answer: D Page Ref: 190 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 20) In order to excite a muscle cell, acetycholine must ________. A) enter the muscle cell by endocytosis B) travel into the axon terminal of the nerve cell by endocytosis C) enter the muscle cell through protein channels D) bind to receptors in the sarcolemma of the muscle cell E) break down acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft Answer: D Page Ref: 188 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 21) Which of these events must occur first to trigger the skeletal muscle to generate an action potential and contract? A) sodium ions rush into the cell B) acetylcholine (ACh) causes temporary permeability to sodium C) diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell D) operation of the sodium-potassium pump E) acetylcholinesterase (AchE) breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) Answer: B Page Ref: 188 Bloom's: 4) Analysis

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22) A skeletal muscle twitch differs from a tetanic contraction in that ________. A) the tetanic contraction is considered abnormal, while the twitch is a normal muscle response B) the tetanic contraction is caused by a single stimulus, while the twitch is caused by very rapid multiple stimuli C) the muscle twitch is prolonged and continuous while a tetanic contraction is brief and "jerky" D) the muscle twitch occurs only in small muscles while a tetanic contraction occurs in large muscle groups E) the muscle twitch is a brief and "jerky" movement, while the tetanic contraction is prolonged and continuous Answer: E Page Ref: 191 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 23) Creatine phosphate (CP) functions within the muscle cells by ________. A) forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin B) forming a chemical compound with actin C) inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments D) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed E) storing energy that will be transferred to ATP to resynthesize ADP as needed Answer: D Page Ref: 193 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 24) The condition of skeletal muscle fatigue can be best explained by ________. A) the all-or-none law B) the inability to generate sufficient quantities of ATP due to feedback regulation of synthesis C) insufficient intracellular quantities of ATP due to excessive consumption D) a total lack of ATP E) inadequate numbers of mitochondria Answer: C Page Ref: 194 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 25) Which of the following is an example of an isometric contraction? A) shaking the head as to say "no" B) pushing against an immovable wall C) bending the elbow D) rotating the arm E) nodding the head as to say "yes" Answer: B Page Ref: 195 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

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26) Anaerobic glycolysis occurs without ________. A) ATP B) oxygen C) lactic acid D) carbon dioxide E) glucose Answer: B Page Ref: 193 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 27) The least movable point of muscle attachment to a bone is termed its ________. A) bone marking B) function C) insertion D) action E) origin Answer: E Page Ref: 196-197 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 28) The movement opposite to abduction is ________. A) flexion B) rotation C) circumduction D) adduction E) supination Answer: D Page Ref: 200 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 29) Which of the following muscles closes the jaw? A) buccinator B) zygomaticus C) frontalis D) sternocleidomastoid E) both masseter and temporalis Answer: E Page Ref: 204 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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30) Sandra is playing the piano for her recital. Which muscle is NOT involved in the movement of her hands and/or fingers ________. A) flexor carpi radialis B) flexor carpi ulnaris C) extensor digitorum D) extensor digitorum longus E) extensor carpi radialis Answer: D Page Ref: 209 Bloom's: 3) Application 31) Which of these muscles is a synergist to masseter? A) sternocleidomastoid B) temporalis C) trapezius D) buccinator E) orbicularis oris Answer: B Page Ref: 204 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 32) Which muscle helps compress the abdominal contents during defecation or childbirth? A) internal intercostals B) deltoids C) trapezius D) iliopsoas E) rectus abdominis Answer: E Page Ref: 207 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 33) A muscle located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body is the ________. A) pectoralis major B) occipitalis C) gastrocnemius D) gluteus medius E) latissimus dorsi Answer: A Page Ref: 206, 207 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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34) A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling or blowing a trumpet called the ________. A) platysma B) masseter C) zygomaticus D) buccinator E) temporalis Answer: D Page Ref: 204 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 35) What is the main function of the quadriceps group? A) arm flexion B) hand supination C) thigh abduction D) knee extension E) foot inversion Answer: D Page Ref: 212 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 36) A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n) ________. A) antagonist only B) fixator only C) synergist only D) antagonist and synergist E) antagonist and fixator Answer: C Page Ref: 200 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 37) Which muscle is an antagonist to gastrocnemius? A) sartorius B) tibialis anterior C) fibularis brevis D) fibularis longus E) soleus Answer: B Page Ref: 212, 213 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

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38) Which muscle group includes the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus? A) abdominal muscles B) quadriceps group C) adductor group D) fibularis muscles E) hamstring group Answer: E Page Ref: 212 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 39) Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the hip ________. A) biceps femoris B) gastrocnemius C) tibialis anterior D) soleus E) iliopsoas Answer: E Page Ref: 212 Bloom's: 3) Application 40) Which one of the following muscles is involved in abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint? A) deltoid B) biceps brachii C) triceps brachii D) latissimus dorsi E) pectoralis major Answer: A Page Ref: 208 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 41) What is the origin of the deltoid muscle? A) proximal radius B) proximal humerus C) distal humerus D) olecranon process of ulna E) scapular spine and clavicle Answer: E Page Ref: 208 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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42) While doing "jumping jacks" during an exercise class, your arms and legs move laterally away from the midline of your body. This motion is called ________. A) extension B) flexion C) abduction D) adduction E) circumduction Answer: C Page Ref: 200 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 43) Which of the following muscles are antagonists? A) biceps brachii and triceps brachii B) bicpes femoris and biceps brachii C) vastus medialis and vastus lateralis D) masseter and temporalis E) gastrocnemius and soleus Answer: A Page Ref: 209 Bloom's: 3) Application 44) What condition results if muscles are not used, such as when immobilized in a cast for healing a broken bone? A) hypertrophy B) lordosis C) atrophy D) spina bifida E) scoliosis Answer: C Page Ref: 195 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 45) Which one of the following is NOT a criterion generally used in naming muscles? A) relative size of the muscle B) number of origins of the muscle C) shape of the muscle D) method of attachment of the muscle to bone E) action of the muscle Answer: D Page Ref: 202 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

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6.3 True/False Questions 1) Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 182 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) All types of muscle have endomysium covering individual muscle cells. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 182, 183 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 3) Bundles of muscle fibers are known as aponeuroses. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 183 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) The striations seen in skeletal muscle are actually alternating dark A and light I bands. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 186 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) The sarcoplasmic reticulum wraps like a sleeve around the myofibril and stores and releases calcium. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6) A neuromuscular junction consists of one neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7) The neurotransmitter used by the nervous system to activate skeletal muscle cells is acetylcholine. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) Thick filaments are made of a protein called actin. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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9) Aerobic respiration requires the use of oxygen to generate ATP. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 193 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) The fastest mechanism for producing ATP is aerobic respiration. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 193 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 11) Isometric contractions produce movement when filaments slide past one another and the muscle shortens. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 195 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 12) Aerobic, or endurance, exercise involves jogging or biking. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 196 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 13) A muscle twitch results when the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 191 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 14) The effect of the neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to temporarily modify its permeability of ions such as Na+ and K+. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 188, 189 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 15) When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 187, 191 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 16) Abduction and adduction are antagonistic actions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 197, 200 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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17) The deltoid is a prime mover of arm adduction. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 201, 208 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18) The deepest muscle of the abdominal wall is the transversus abdominis. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 207 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) The deltoid muscle is a common site for intramuscular injections. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 208 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) Plantar flexion at the ankle joint is accomplished by the tibialis anterior muscle. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 213 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 21) The hamstring group inserts into the distal tibia. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 212 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 22) Muscle development in babies occurs in a cephalic/caudal direction. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 218 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 23) Supination and pronation refer to up and down movements of the foot at the ankle. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 200 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

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6.4 Matching Questions Match the following: A) smooth muscle tissue B) skeletal muscle tissue C) cardiac muscle tissue 1) Voluntary muscle tissue Page Ref: 182 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) Muscle tissue found only in the heart Page Ref: 182 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) Muscle tissue that forms valves to regulate the passage of substances through internal body openings Page Ref: 185 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 4) Muscle tissue that is multinucleate Page Ref: 182 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) Muscle tissue composed of branching cells and intercalated discs Page Ref: 182 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6) Muscle tissue that activates arrector pili muscles to stand hairs on end Page Ref: 185 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 7) Performs very slow, sometimes rhythmic, contractions Page Ref: 182 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 8) Muscle tissue that maintains posture, body position, and stabilizes joints Page Ref: 185 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension Answers: 1) B 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) A 7) A 8) B

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Match the following: A) calcium ions B) acetylcholine C) synaptic cleft D) sodium ions E) acetylcholinesterase F) action potential 9) The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores this chemical Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) Specific neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 11) Chemical that enters a muscle cell upon excitation Page Ref: 188, 190 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) Gap between the axon terminals and the plasma membrane of a neighboring muscle cell Page Ref: 187 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) Electrical current that travels the length of the muscle Page Ref: 188 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) Page Ref: 188 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 9) A 10) B 11) D 12) C 13) F 14) E

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Match the following: A) flexion B) extension C) rotation D) adduction E) plantar flexion F) supination G) abduction H) inversion 15) Type of movement that decreases the angle of the joint Page Ref: 197 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 16) Type of movement that allows you to carry a soup bowl Page Ref: 200 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) The movement of a limb toward the body midline Page Ref: 200 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18) Type of movement that points the toes Page Ref: 200 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) The movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis Page Ref: 197 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) The movement of a limb away from the body midline Page Ref: 197 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 21) Type of movement that turns the sole of the foot medially Page Ref: 200 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22) Primary action of the deltoid Page Ref: 201, 208 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 23) Primary action of the adductor muscles Page Ref: 212 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

24) Primary action of the erector spinae Page Ref: 207 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) Primary action of the rectus abdominis Page Ref: 207 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 15) A 16) F 17) D 18) E 19) C 20) G 21) H 22) G 23) D 24) B 25) A 6.5 Essay Questions 1) You have lost the labels to your muscle tissue slides in laboratory. Explain the characteristics that allow you to distinguish among skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle tissue. Answer: Although cells in both skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue are striated, look for intercalated discs and branched cells in the cardiac muscle cells to distinguish between these two tissues. Furthermore, skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate while cardiac muscle cells are uninucleate. Cells in smooth muscle tissue lack striations, making it easy to distinguish from skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. Like the cells in cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle cells are uninucleate. However, smooth muscle tissue cells do not branch nor do they possess intercalated discs. Page Ref: 182-184 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 2) Describe the events that occur from the time that a motor neuron releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction until muscle cell contraction occurs. Answer: Acetylcholine is released, which diffuses through the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma. The sarcolemma permeability to sodium ions increases briefly, causing sodium ions to rush into the muscle cell, which changes the electrical conditions of the resting sarcolemma. An action potential is initiated and sweeps over the entire sarcolemma. Calcium ions are released from storage areas inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell. They attach to the myofilaments, which triggers the sliding of the myofilaments and causes a muscle cell contraction. Page Ref: 188-189 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 3) Explain what meaning is inferred in the muscle name rectus femoris. Answer: The term, rectus, means straight. The fibers in this muscle run straight along a plane. The reference to the femur bone is relayed in femoris. Together, these terms tell us the muscle fibers of rectus femoris travel "straight along the femur bone." Page Ref: 202 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

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4) Describe where and how dorsiflexion and plantar flexion occur. Answer: Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are special actions occurring at the ankle joint. Dorsiflexion is accomplished by lifting your foot so that its superior surface moves toward the shin while plantar flexion is accomplished by depressing the foot (pointing the toes or "planting" the toes toward the ground). Page Ref: 200 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 5) Discuss the role of the myosin heads in sliding filament theory. Answer: The myosin heads attach to binding sites on the actin filaments to form cross bridges and to begin the process of sliding. The myosin heads swivel toward the center of the sarcomere, attaching and detaching several times. The actin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere. The actin filaments slide past the thick filaments as the Z discs are pulled closer together. As this event occurs simultaneously in sarcomeres throughout the cell, the muscle cell shortens. Page Ref: 190-191 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 6) Fascicle arrangements produce skeletal muscles with different structures and functional properties, and determine their individual range of motion and power. List the seven different fascicle arrangements of human skeletal muscles and give a specific example of each: Answer: 1. Circular—orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi 2. Convergent—pectoralis major 3. Parallel—sartorius 4. Unipennate—extensor digitorum longus 5. Multipennate—deltoid 6. Fusiform—biceps brachii 7. Bipennate—rectus femoris Page Ref: 202-203 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7) Discuss the importance of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction. Answer: Calcium is necessary for myosin heads to attach to binding sites on actin filaments. As the action potential travels into the muscle cell, it stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding each myofibril to release its stored calcium into the sarcoplasm. The calcium triggers the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments and the initiation of the sliding of filaments. Page Ref: 188 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

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8) Explain how isometric and isotonic contractions differ, using examples of each. Answer: 1. Isometric contractions are contractions in which the muscles do not shorten. An example of an isometric contraction is pushing against a wall with bent elbows. The muscles cannot shorten since the wall doesn't move. 2. Isotonic contractions occur when muscles shorten and movement occurs due to the sliding of the myofilaments. Flexion and extension of the arm are just two examples of isotonic contractions. Page Ref: 195 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 9) What types of movements are demonstrated by your arms and legs when you perform jumping jacks in physical education class? Describe these movements. Answer: Abduction and adduction are antagonistic actions performed during jumping jacks. Abduction is moving a limb away from the midline of the body. When you jump and move your arms and legs away, you are performing abduction. Adduction is the movement of a limb toward the body midline. When you return your arms and legs and add them back to your body, you are performing adduction. Page Ref: 197-200 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 10) Explain how muscle movements mature in a baby, using examples of each. Answer: 1. Muscle development proceeds in a cephalic/caudal direction. For instance, babies can raise their heads before they can walk. 2. Muscle control proceeds in a proximal/distal direction. For instance, babies can perform gross movements like wave "bye-bye" before they can use the pincher grasp to pick up a pin. Page Ref: 218 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

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