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ETHNIC MALAYS Article Id: WHEBN0000279720 Reproduction Date: Title: Ethnic Malays Author:

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ETHNIC MALAYS Malays (Malay (/articles/eng/Malay_language): Melayu, Jawi (/articles/eng/Jawi_alphabet):

Malay

) are an ethnic group (/articles/eng/Ethnic_group) of Austro

(/articles/eng/Austronesian_peoples) predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula (/articles/eng/Malay_Peninsula), eastern Sumatra (/articles/eng/Sumatra

Melayu

(/articles/eng/Borneo), as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations — areas that are collectively known as the Malay world (/articles/eng

These locations today are part of the modern nations of Malaysia (/articles/eng/Malaysia), Indonesia (/articles/eng/Indonesia), Singapore (/articles/eng/Sing

(/articles/eng/Parameswara)

(/articles/eng/Brunei) and southern Thailand (/articles/eng/Thailand).

(/articles/eng/Tun_Perak) (/articles/eng/Hang_Tuah)

There is considerable genetic, linguistic, cultural, and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups, mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration a

(/articles/eng/Enrique_of_Malacca)

various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia (/articles/eng/Maritime_Southeast_Asia). Historically, the Malay population is descend

(/articles/eng/Raja_Ali_Haji)

earlier Malayic (/articles/eng/Malayic_languages)-speaking tribes that settled in the region, who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdo

(/articles/eng/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman)

(/articles/eng/History_of_Brunei), Kedah Kingdom (/articles/eng/Kedah_Kingdom), Langkasuka (/articles/eng/Langkasuka), Gangga Negara (/articles/eng/G

(/articles/eng/Amir_Hamzah)

Tu (/articles/eng/Chi_Tu), Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (/articles/eng/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom), Melayu Kingdom (/articles/eng/Melayu_Kin

(/articles/eng/Roekiah)

(/articles/eng/Srivijaya), [6] and the later Cham (/articles/eng/Chams) and Austronesian settlers. [7]

(/articles/eng/P._Ramlee)

The advent of the Malacca Sultanate (/articles/eng/Malacca_Sultanate) in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history, the significance of

(/articles/eng/Salmah_Ismail)

reaching political and cultural legacy. Common definitive markers of a Malayness (/articles/eng/Malayness) - the religion of Islam (/articles/eng/Islam), the

(/articles/eng/Mahathir_Mohamad)

(/articles/eng/Malay_language) and traditions - are thought to have been promulgated during this era, resulting in the ethnogenesis (/articles/eng/Ethnogene

(/articles/eng/Hassanal_Bolkiah)

major ethnoreligious group (/articles/eng/Ethnoreligious_group) in the region. [8] In literature, architecture, culinary traditions (/articles/eng/Malay_cuisine)

(/articles/eng/Surin_Pitsuwan) (/articles/eng/Lat)

performing arts, martial arts, and royal court traditions, Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated. The golden age of the Malay sultanates

(/articles/eng/Hatta_Rajasa)

(/articles/eng/Malay_sultanate) in the Malay Peninsula (/articles/eng/Malay_Peninsula), Sumatra (/articles/eng/Sumatra) and Borneo (/articles/eng/Borneo) s

(/articles/eng/Halimah_Yacob)

inhabitants, particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak (/articles/eng/Batak), Dayak (/articles/eng/Dayak_people), Orang Asli (/articles/eng

(/articles/eng/Sheikh_Muszaphar_Shukor)

Orang laut (/articles/eng/Orang_laut) become subject to Islamisation (/articles/eng/Islamisation) and Malayisation (/articles/eng/Malayisation). [9] Today, som

(/articles/eng/Siti_Nurhaliza)

recent forbears from other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia, termed as anak dagang ("traders") and who predominantly consist of Javanese people

(/articles/eng/Yunalis_Zarai)

(/articles/eng/Javanese_people), Bugis (/articles/eng/Bugis), Minangkabau people (/articles/eng/Minangkabau_people) and Acehnese peoples (/articles/eng/A

(/articles/eng/Azizulhasni_Awang) 1st Row: Parameswara (/articles/eng/Parameswara_(sultan)) • Tun Perak (/articles/eng/Tun_Perak) • Hang Tuah (/articles/eng/Hang_Tuah) • Enrique of Malacca (/articles/eng/Enrique_of_Malacca)

while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other countries. [10]

Throughout their history, the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics. [11][12] They absorbed (/articles/en

cultural_diffusion) numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups, such as those of Minang, Acehnese, and to some degree Javanese culture; howev

differs by being more overtly Islamic than the multi-religious Javanese culture. Ethnic Malays are also the major source of the ethnocultural development o

(/articles/eng/Betawi_people), Banjar (/articles/eng/Banjar_people), Cape Malay (/articles/eng/Cape_Malay), Peranakan (/articles/eng/Peranakan) and Sri La

(/articles/eng/Sri_Lankan_Malays) cultures, as well as the development of Malay trade and creole languages like Ambonese Malay (/articles/eng/Ambonese

2nd Row: Raja Ali Haji

(/articles/eng/Baba_Malay), the Betawi language (/articles/eng/Betawi_language) and Manado Malay (/articles/eng/Manado_Malay).

(/articles/eng/Raja_Ali_Haji) • Tunku Abdul Rahman (/articles/eng/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman) • Amir Hamzah (/articles/eng/Amir_Hamzah) • Roekiah (/articles/eng/Roekiah)

ETYMOLOGY The epic literature, the Malay Annals (/articles/eng/Malay_Annals), associates the etymological origin of "Melayu" to Sungai

CONT

3rd Row: P. Ramlee (/articles/eng/P._Ramlee) •

Melayu ('Melayu river') in Sumatra (/articles/eng/Sumatra). The term is thought to derived from the Malay

Etymology 1

Salmah Ismail (/articles/eng/Salmah_Ismail) •

(/articles/eng/Malay_language) word melaju, a combination of the verbal prefix (/articles/eng/Prefix) 'me' and the root word

History 2

Mahathir Mohamad

(/articles/eng/Root_word) 'laju', meaning "to accelerate", used to describe the accelerating strong current of the river. [13]

Origins 2.1

The word "Melayu" as an ethnonym (/articles/eng/Ethnonym), to allude to a clearly different ethnological cluster, is assumed to

Deutero-Malays 2

have been made fashionable throughout the integration of the Malacca Sultanate as a regional power in the 15th century. It was

Expansion from S

4th Row: Surin Pitsuwan

applied to report the social partialities of the Malaccans as opposed to foreigners as of the similar area, especially the Javanese

Indian influence 2

(/articles/eng/Surin_Pitsuwan) • Lat

(/articles/eng/Javanese_people) and Thais (/articles/eng/Thai_people)[14] This is evidenced from the early 16th century Malay

(/articles/eng/Lat) • Hatta Rajasa

word-list by Antonio Pigafetta (/articles/eng/Antonio_Pigafetta) who joined the Magellan's circumnavigation

(/articles/eng/Hatta_Rajasa) • Halimah Yacob

(/articles/eng/Timeline_of_Magellan%27s_circumnavigation), that made a reference to how the phrase chiara Malaiu ('Malay

(/articles/eng/Halimah_Yacob)

ways') was used in the maritime Southeast Asia (/articles/eng/Maritime_Southeast_Asia), to refer to the al parlare de Malaea

(/articles/eng/Mahathir_Mohamad) • Hassanal Bolkiah (/articles/eng/Hassanal_Bolkiah)

5th Row: Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor (/articles/eng/Sheikh_Muszaphar_Shukor) • Siti Nurhaliza (/articles/eng/Siti_Nurhaliza) • Yunalis Zarai (/articles/eng/Yuna_(singer)) • Azizulhasni Awang (/articles/eng/Azizulhasni_Awang)

Total population c. (/articles/eng/Circa) 24.38 million Regions with significant populations

(Italian (/articles/eng/Italian_language) for “to speak of Malacca”). [15] The English term “Malay” was adopted via the Dutch (/articles/eng/Dutch_language) word Malayo, itself derived from Portuguese (/articles/eng/Portuguese_language): Malaio, which originates from the original Malay word, Melayu.

Malay nationalism Culture 3 Language 3.1 Religion 3.3 Architecture 3.4

Prior to the 15th century, the term “Melayu" and its similar sounding variants appear to apply as an old toponym

Cuisine 3.6

(/articles/eng/Toponym) to the Strait of Malacca (/articles/eng/Strait_of_Malacca) region in general. [16]

Performing arts 3

Malaya Dwipa, "Malaya Dvipa (/articles/eng/Dvipa)", is described in chapter 48, Vayu Purana (/articles/eng/Vayu_Purana) as one of the provinces in the eastern sea that was full of gold and silver. Some scholars equate the term with Sumatra (/articles/eng/Sumatra),[17] but several Indian scholars believe the term should refer to the mountainous Malay peninsula (/articles/eng/Malay_peninsula), while Sumatra is more correctly associated with Suvarnadvipa

(/articles/eng/Malaysian_Malay):

Maleu-kolon - appeared in Ptolemy (/articles/eng/Ptolemy)'s work, Geographia (/articles/eng/Geographia_(Ptolemy)).[23]

14,749,378[1]

Mo-lo-yu - mentioned by Yijing (/articles/eng/I_Ching_(monk)), a Tang dynasty (/articles/eng/Tang_dynasty) Chinese Buddhist

Traditional dress Martial arts 3.9

Traditional games

Names and Titles

Sub-ethnic group

(/articles/eng/Chinese_Buddhism) monk who visited the Southeast Asia between 688–695. According to Yijing, the Mo-Lo-Yu kingdom was located in a

261,902[2]

Colonisation 2.4

Visual art 3.5

(/articles/eng/Malaysia) Malaysia

(/articles/eng/Bruneian_Malay_people):

Islamisation 2.3

Literature 3.2

(/articles/eng/Suvarnabhumi).[18][19][20][21][22]

(/articles/eng/Brunei) Brunei

Proto-Malay mod

distance of 15 day sail from Bogha (Palembang (/articles/eng/Palembang)), the capital of Sribhoga (Srivijaya (/articles/eng/Srivijaya)). It took a 15-day sail as

See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7

well to reach Ka-Cha (Kedah (/articles/eng/Kedah)) from Mo-lo-yu; therefore, it can be reasoned that Mo-Lo-Yu would lie halfway between the two places.

[24] A popular theory relates Mo-Lo-Yu with the Jambi (/articles/eng/Muaro_Jambi_Temple_Compounds) in Sumatra,[25] however the geographical location of Jambi contradicts with Yi J

"half way sail between Ka-Cha (Kedah) and Bogha (Palembang)". In the later Yuan Dynasty (/articles/eng/Yuan_Dynasty) (1271–1368) and Ming Dynasty (/articles/eng/Ming_Dynasty

Minorities

Ma-La-Yu was mentioned often in Chinese historical texts - with changes in spelling due to the time span between the dynasties - to refer to a nation near the southern sea. Among the term

(/articles/eng/Indonesia) Indonesia

5,365,399[3]

(/articles/eng/Malay_Indonesian)

"Mok-la-yu" (), Ma-li-yu-er (), Oo-lai-yu () - traced from the written source of monk

Xuanzang (/articles/eng/Xuanzang)), and Wu-lai-yu ().

Malayur - inscribed on the south wall of the Brihadeeswarar Temple (/articles/eng/Brihadeeswarar_Temple) in Tamil Nadu (/articles/eng/Tamil_Nadu). It was described as a kingdom that

(/articles/eng/Thailand) Thailand

1,964,384[4]

(/articles/eng/Thai_Malays)

for its rampart" in Malay peninsula, that fell to the Chola invaders during Rajendra Chola I (/articles/eng/Rajendra_Chola_I)'s campaign in the 11th century.

Bhūmi Mālayu - (literally "Land of Malayu"), a transcription from Padang Roco Inscription (/articles/eng/Padang_Roco_Inscription) dated 1286 CE by Slamet Muljana.[26] The term is a

(/articles/eng/Singapore) Singapore

653,449[5]

(/articles/eng/Malay_Singaporean)

Dharmasraya (/articles/eng/Dharmasraya) kingdom.

Ma-li-yu-er - mentioned in the chronicle of Yuan Dynasty (/articles/eng/Yuan_Dynasty), referring to a nation of Malay peninsula that faced the southward expansion of Sukhothai Kingd

Languages

(/articles/eng/Sukhothai_Kingdom), during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng (/articles/eng/Ram_Khamhaeng).[27] The chronicle stated: "..Animosity occurred between Siam (/articles/eng/Tha

Official:

er with both killing each other...". In response to the Sukhothai's action, a Chinese envoy went to the Ram Khamhaeng's court in 1295 bearing an imperial decree: "Keep your promise and

Malay (/articles/eng/Malay_language) (Indonesian (/articles/eng/Indonesian_language) • Malaysian (/articles/eng/Malaysian_language)) Dialects (/articles/eng/Malayan_languages): Bangka (/articles/eng/Bangka_Malay) | Bengkulu (/articles/eng/Bengkulu_language) | Berau (/articles/eng/Berau_Malay_language) |

er".[28]

Malauir - mentioned in Marco Polo (/articles/eng/Marco_Polo)'s account (/articles/eng/Travels_of_Marco_Polo) as a kingdom located in the Malay peninsula,[29][30] possibly similar to th chronicle.

Malayapura - (literally "city of Malaya" or "fortress of Malaya"), inscribed on the Amoghapasa inscription (/articles/eng/Amoghapasa_inscription) dated 1347 CE. The term was used by

(/articles/eng/Adityawarman) to refer to Dharmasraya (/articles/eng/Dharmasraya).The word Malay refer to Mountain and Pura refer to Country in Tamil Language (/articles/eng/Tamil_La

Other the Javanese (/articles/eng/Javanese_language) word mlayu (to run) derived from mlaku (to walk or to travel), or the Malay term melaju (to steadily the high mobility and migratory nature of its people, however these suggestions remain as popular beliefs without corroborating evidence.

Brunei (/articles/eng/Brunei_Malay) | Jambi (/articles/eng/Jambi_Malay) | Kedah (/articles/eng/Kedah_Malay) |

HISTORY

Kelantan-Pattani (/articles/eng/KelantanPattani_Malay) | Pahang (/articles/eng/Pahang_Malay) | Perak (/articles/eng/Perak_Malay) | Sarawak (/articles/eng/Sarawak_Malay) | Terengganu (/articles/eng/Terengganu_Malay), etc Others: Thai (/articles/eng/Thai_language) | Burmese (/articles/eng/Burmese_language) | vernacular (/articles/eng/Vernacular) languages of other countries in diaspora (/articles/eng/Overseas_Malays) Religion (/articles/eng/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg) Sunni Islam (/articles/eng/Sunni_Islam)

ORIGINS PR OTO-MA LA Y MOD ELS

Also known as Melayu asli (aboriginal Malays) or Melayu purba (ancient Malays), the Proto-Malays (/articles/eng/Proto-Malay) are of Austronesian (/articles/eng/Austronesian_people) origin and thought t

the Malay archipelago (/articles/eng/Malay_archipelago) in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BC. [31] The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History, has pointed out a total of three theories Malays:

The Yunnan (/articles/eng/Yunnan) theory, Mekong (/articles/eng/Mekong) river migration (published in 1889) - The theory of Proto-Malays originating from Yunnan is supported by R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slamet Mulj Omar. Other evidences that support this theory include: stone tools found in Malay Archipelago are analogous to Central Asian tools, similarity of Malay customs and Assam (/articles/eng/Assam) customs.

The New Guinea (/articles/eng/New_Guinea) theory (published in 1965) - The proto-Malays are believed to be seafarers knowledgeable in oceanography (/articles/eng/Oceanography) and possessing agricultural skills. They moved around from isl

distances between modern day New Zealand (/articles/eng/New_Zealand) and Madagascar (/articles/eng/Madagascar), and they served as navigation guides, crew and labour to Indian, Arab, Persian and Chinese traders for nearly 2000 years. Over various places and adopted various cultures and religions.

The Taiwan (/articles/eng/Taiwan) theory (published in 1997) - The migration of a certain group of Southern Chinese (/articles/eng/Southern_Chinese) occurred 6,000 years ago, some moved to Taiwan (today's Taiwanese aborigines (/articles/eng/T

their descendents), then to the Philippines (/articles/eng/Philippines) and later to Borneo (/articles/eng/Borneo) (roughly 4,500 years ago) (today's Dayak (/articles/eng/Dayak_people) and other groups). These ancient people also split with some hea

(/articles/eng/Sulawesi) and others progressing into Java (/articles/eng/Java), and Sumatra (/articles/eng/Sumatra), all of which now speaks languages that belongs to the Austronesian Language family. The final migration was to the Malay Peninsul

ago. A sub-group from Borneo moved to Champa in modern-day Central and South Vietnam roughly 4,500 years ago. There are also traces of the Dong Son (/articles/eng/Dong_Son_culture) and Hoabinhian (/articles/eng/Hoabinhian) migration fr Cambodia. All these groups share DNA and linguistic origins traceable to the island that is today Taiwan, and the ancestors of these ancient people are traceable to southern China.[32]

DEUTERO-MALAYS

The Deutero-Malays are Iron Age (/articles/eng/Iron_Age) people descended partly from the subsequent Austronesian peoples (/articles/eng/Austronesian_peoples) who came equipped with more advanced f

and new knowledge of metals. [33] They are kindred but more Mongolised and greatly distinguished from the Proto-Malays which have shorter stature, darker skin, slightly higher frequency of wavy hair, m

percentage of dolichocephaly (/articles/eng/Dolichocephaly) and a markedly lower frequency of the epicanthic fold (/articles/eng/Epicanthic_fold). [33] The Deutero-Malay settlers were not nomadic (/article

compared to their predecessors, instead they settled and established kampungs (/articles/eng/Kampung) which serve as the main units in the society. These kampungs were normally situated on the riverbank

generally self-sufficient in food and other necessities. By the end of the last century BC, these kampungs beginning to engage in some trade with the outside world. [34] The Deutero-Malays are considered th

present-day Malay people. [35] Notable Proto-Malays of today are Moken (/articles/eng/Moken), Jakun (/articles/eng/Jakun_people), Orang Kuala (/articles/eng/Orang_Kuala), Temuan (/articles/eng/Temuan (/articles/eng/Orang_Kanaq_language). [36]

EX PA N SION FR OM SU N D A LA N D MOD EL A more recent theory holds that rather than being populated by expansion from the mainland, the

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Indian (/articles/eng/Malaysian_Indian) Chitty (/articles/eng/Chitty) | Penangite Indian (/articles/eng/Malaysian_Indian_in_Penang) | Jawi Peranakan (/articles/eng/Jawi_Peranakan) | Tamil (/articles/eng/Tamil

Malays (/articles/eng/Malaysian_Malay) Johorean Malay (/articles/eng/Johorean_Malay_people) | Kedahan Malay (/articles/eng/Kedahan_Malay_people) | Kelantanese Malay (/articles/eng/Kelantanese_Mala

Negeri Sembilanese Malay (/articles/eng/Ethnic_Malays#Sub-ethnic_groups) | Perakian Malay (/articles/eng/Perakian_Malay_people) | Penangite Malay (/articles/eng/Penangite_Malay_people) | Perlisian Ma Selangorian Malay (/articles/eng/Selangorian_Malay_people) | Terengganuan Malay (/articles/eng/Terengganuan_Malay_people) ) |

Peninsular Malaysia (/articles/eng/Peninsular_Malaysia)

Minangkabau (/articles/eng/Minangkabau_people) Rawa (/articles/eng/Rawa_(tribe)) ) | Orang Asli (/articles/eng/Orang_Asli)

Proto-Malay (/articles/eng/Proto-Malay) Temuan (/articles/eng/Temuan_people) | Jakun (/articles/eng/Jakun_people) | Orang Kanaq (/articles/eng/Orang_Kanaq) | Orang Kuala (/articles/eng/Orang_Kuala) | O

Semang (/articles/eng/Semang) Batek (/articles/eng/Batek_people) | Lanoh (/articles/eng/Lanoh_people) | Jahai (/articles/eng/Jahai) | Kensiu (/articles/eng/Kensiu) | Kintaq (/articles/eng/Kintaq) | Mos (/articles

Senoi (/articles/eng/Senoi) Semai (/articles/eng/Semai_people) | Mah Meri (/articles/eng/Mah_Meri_people) | Cheq Wong (/articles/eng/Cheq_Wong) | Temiar (/articles/eng/Temiar_people) | Jah Hut (/articles Peranakan / Baba Nyonya (/articles/eng/Peranakan)

Bisaya (/articles/eng/Bisaya_(Borneo)) | Dayak (/articles/eng/Dayak_people) Bidayuh (/articles/eng/Bidayuh) | Bukitan (/articles/eng/Bukitan_people) | Iban (/articles/eng/Iban_people) | Selako (/articles/eng/S Sarawak (/articles/eng/Sarawak)

Orang Ulu (/articles/eng/Orang_Ulu) Kayan (/articles/eng/Kayan_people_(Borneo)) | Kelabit (/articles/eng/Kelabit_people) | Kenyah (/articles/eng/Kenyah_people) | Lun Bawang (/articles/eng/Lun_Bawang)

Malays (/articles/eng/Malaysian_Malay) Bruneian Malay (/articles/eng/Bruneian_Malay_people) | Kedayan (/articles/eng/Kedayan) | Sarawakian Malay (/articles/eng/Sarawakian_Malay_people) ) | Melanau ( Bisaya (/articles/eng/Bisaya_(Borneo)) |

Kadazan-Dusun (/articles/eng/Kadazan-Dusun) Dumpas (/articles/eng/Dumpas) | Dusun (/articles/eng/Dusun_people) | Ida'an (/articles/eng/Ida%27an) | Kadazan (/articles/eng/Kadazan_people) | Kwijau (/art Sabah (/articles/eng/Sabah)

Maragang (Kimaragang) (/articles/eng/Maragang) | Minokok (/articles/eng/Minokok) | Orang Sungai (/articles/eng/Orang_Sungai) | Rumanau (/articles/eng/Rumanau_people) | Rungus (/articles/eng/Rungus_

Lun Bawang (/articles/eng/Lun_Bawang) | Malays (/articles/eng/Malaysian_Malay) Bruneian Malay (/articles/eng/Bruneian_Malay_people) | Kedayan (/articles/eng/Kedayan) | Cocos Malays (/articles/eng/Co

Moros (/articles/eng/Moro_people) Bajau (/articles/eng/Bajau_people) | Binadan | Illanun (/articles/eng/Illanun_people) | Suluk (/articles/eng/Taus%C5%ABg_people) | Ubian ) | Murut (/articles/eng/Murut_p

African (/articles/eng/African_migration_to_Malaysia) | Arab (/articles/eng/Arab_Malaysians) | Bangladeshi (/articles/eng/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia) | Burmese (/articles/eng/Burmese_in_Malaysia) | China/ Foreign ethnicities/expatriates

Filipino (/articles/eng/Filipinos_in_Malaysia) | India Indian (/articles/eng/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin) | Indonesian (/articles/eng/Indonesians_in_Malaysia) | Iranian (/articles/eng/Irani

Jewish (/articles/eng/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia) (former) | Korean (/articles/eng/Koreans_in_Malaysia) | Nepali (/articles/eng/Nepalese_people_in_Malaysia) | Pakistani (/articles/eng/Pakistanis_in_M

(/articles/eng/Singapore) Ethnic and national groups in Singapore Major

Chinese (/articles/eng/Chinese_Singaporean) (74%) | Malays (/articles/eng/Malay_Singaporeans) (13%) | Indians (/articles/eng/Indian_Singaporeans) (9%)

groups

Arabs (/articles/eng/Arab_Singaporean) | Armenians (/articles/eng/Armenians_in_Singapore) | Australians (/articles/eng/Australians_in_Singapore) | Chitty (/articles/eng/Chitty) | Eurasians (/articles/eng/Eurasians_in_Singapore) |

Minor

Buginese (/articles/eng/Bugis_people) | Minangkabau (/articles/eng/Minangkabau_people) | Banjarese (/articles/eng/Banjar_people) | Jawi Peranakan (/articles/eng/Jawi_Peranakan) | Orang Seletar (/articles/eng/Orang_Seletar) | Ko

groups

Pakistanis (/articles/eng/Pakistanis_in_Singapore) | Peranakan / Straits-Born Chinese (/articles/eng/Peranakan) | Filipinos (/articles/eng/Filipinos_in_Singapore) | Sri Lankans (/articles/eng/Sri_Lankans_in_Singapore)

Related

Demographics of Singapore (/articles/eng/Demographics_of_Singapore) | Immigrant workers in Singapore (/articles/eng/Immigrant_workers_in_Singapore) | Race in Singapore (/articles/eng/Race_in_Singapore)

topics

(/articles/eng/Thailand) Ethnic groups (/articles/eng/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand) in Thailand (/arti

Tai (/articles/eng/Tai_peoples)

Austroasiatic (/articles/eng/Austroasiatic_languages)

Isan (/articles/eng/Isan_people) (Northeastern Thai) · Khorat Thai (/articles/eng/Khorat_Thai) · Khün

Bru (/articles/eng/Bru_people) · Chong (/articles/eng/Chong_language) · Kensiu

(/articles/eng/Kh%C3%BCn) · Lao (/articles/eng/Lao_people) · Lao Ga (/articles/eng/Lao_Ga) · Lao

(/articles/eng/Kensiu_language) · Khmer (/articles/eng/Khmer_people) (Northern

Krang (/articles/eng/Lao_Krang) · Lao Lom (/articles/eng/Lao_Lom) · Lao Loum

(/articles/eng/Northern_Khmer_people)) · Kintaq (/articles/eng/Kintaq) · Kuy

(/articles/eng/Lao_Loum) · Lao Ngaew (/articles/eng/Lao_Ngaew) · Lao Song

(/articles/eng/Kuy_language) · Mani (/articles/eng/Mani_people) (Negrito (/articles/eng/Neg

(/articles/eng/Lao_Song) · Lao Ti (/articles/eng/Lao_Ti) · Lao Wieng (/articles/eng/Lao_Wieng) · Lu

(/articles/eng/Mon_people) · Nyah Kur (/articles/eng/Nyah_Kur_people) (Chao-bon) · Nyeu

(/articles/eng/Lu_people) · Northern Thai (Tai Yuan) (/articles/eng/Northern_Thai_people) · Nyaw

(/articles/eng/Nyeu) · Pear (/articles/eng/Pear_people) · Sa'och (/articles/eng/Sa%27och_peo

(/articles/eng/Nyaw_people) · Nyong (/articles/eng/Nyong_people) · Phu Thai

(/articles/eng/Aheu) · Vietnamese (/articles/eng/Vietnamese_people)

(/articles/eng/Phu_Thai_language) · Phuan (/articles/eng/Phuan_people) · Saek (/articles/eng/Saek_people) · Shan (/articles/eng/Shan_people) · Southern Thai

Khmuic (/articles/eng/Khmuic_peoples) Khmu (/articles/eng/Khmu_people) · Lua (/articles/eng/Lua_people) · Mlabri

(/articles/eng/Southern_Thai_language) · Tai Bueng (/articles/eng/Tai_Bueng) · Tai Daeng

(/articles/eng/Mlabri_people) · Phai (/articles/eng/Phai_people) · Pray (/articles/eng/Pray_pe

(/articles/eng/Tai_Daeng_people) (Red Tai) · Tai Dam (/articles/eng/Tai_Dam_language) (Black Tai) ·

(/articles/eng/Mal_people)

Tai Gapong (/articles/eng/Tai_Gapong) · Kaleun (/articles/eng/Kaleun_people) · Tai Nüa (/articles/eng/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language) · Tai Wang (/articles/eng/Tai_Wang) · Thai

Palaungic (/articles/eng/Palaungic_languages) Blang (/articles/eng/Blang_people) · Lamet (/articles/eng/Lamet_people) · Lawa

(/articles/eng/Thai_people) (Central Thai) · Yoy (/articles/eng/Yoy_people)

(/articles/eng/Lawa_people) · Mok (/articles/eng/Mok_people) · Palaung (/articles/eng/Palau

Malayo-Polynesian (/articles/eng/Malayo-Polynesian_languages) Cham (/articles/eng/Cham_people) · Filipino (/articles/eng/Filipinos_in_Thailand) · Malay

(De'ang)

(/articles/eng/Thai_Malays) · Moken (/articles/eng/Moken_people) · Moklen (/articles/eng/Moklen_people) · Urak Lawoi’ (/articles/eng/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_people)

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(1999), The Oxford History of Islam, New York: Oxford University Press, Europa Publications Staff (2002), Far East and Australasia (34th edition), Routledge, Farish Ahmad Noor; Khoo, Eddin (2003), Spirit of wood: the art of Malay woodcarving : works by master carvers from Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pattani, Singapore: Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., Farrer, D. S. (2009), Shadows of the Prophet: Martial Arts and Sufi Mysticism, Springer, Ford, R. Clyde (1899), "Malay Literature", Popular Science Monthly 55 Ganguly, Šumit (1997), Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific, MIT press, Ghulam Sarwar Yousof (1997), The Malay Shadow Play: An Introduction, The Asian Centre, Gopal, Lallanji (2000), The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 700–1200, Motilal Banarsidass, Guoxue (2003), Chronicle of Mongol Yuan Green, Thomas A. (2001), Martial arts of the world: An Encyclopedia., Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Inc, Gulrose Karim, Information Malaysia 1990–91 Yearbook (1990), Muslim identity and Islam: misinterpreted in the contemporary world, Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing Sdn. Bhd, Harper, Timothy Norman (2001), The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya, London: Cambridge University Press, Hatin, WI; Nur-Shafawati, AR; Zahri, M-K; Xu, S; Jin, L; et al. (2011), "Population Genetic Structure of Peninsular Malaysia Malay Sub-Ethnic Groups" in PLoS ONE 6(4): e18312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018312 He, Baogang; Galligan, Brian; Inoguchi, Takashi (2007), Federalism in Asia, London: Edward Elgar Publications, Hussin Mutalib (2008), Islam in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, IBP USA (2007), Brunei Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah Handbook (World Strategic and Business Information Library, International Business Publications, Ismail Said (2005), Criteria for Selecting Timber Species in Malay Woodcarving (PDF), University Teknologi Malaysia, retrieved 15 January 2011 Ismail Said (2002), Visual Composition of Malay Woodcarvings in Vernacular House of Peninsular Malaysia (PDF), University Teknologi Malaysia, retrieved 15 January 2011 James, Michael (1994), Black Belt, Rainbow Publications, Jamil Abu Bakar (2002), A design guide of public parks in Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit UTM, Jan Henket, Hubert; Heynen, Hilde (2002), Back from utopia: the challenge of the modern movement, Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1989), Thai art with Indian influences, Abhinav Publications, Johan Jaaffar; Safian Hussain; Mohd Thani Ahmad (1992), History of Modern Malay Literature, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka & Ministry of Education (Malaysia), Johns, Anthony Hearle; Lahoud, Nelly (2005), Islam in world politics, New York: Routledge, Joseph, Suad; Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2006), Economics, Education, Mobility And Space (Encyclopedia of women & Islamic cultures), Brill Academic Publishers, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan (2009), Pakaian Tradisi, Pelita Brunei, retrieved 20 July 2010 Leyden, John (1821), Malay Annals: Translated from the Malay Language, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown Littrup, Lisbeth (1996), Identity in Asian literature, Richmond: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Lockard, Craig A. (2009), Southeast Asia in world history, New York: Oxford University Press, M. G. Husain (2007), Muslim identity and Islam: misinterpreted in the contemporary world, New Delhi: Manak Publications, Majlis Kebudayaan Negeri Kedah (1986), Intisari kebudayaan Melayu Kedah: Kumpulan rencana mengenai kebudayaan Negeri Kedah, Majlis Kebudayaan Negeri Kedah Malaysia.com (2011), Nasi Lemak, retrieved 6 July 2010 Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin (2009), Program Kerjasama Brunei-Malaysia tingkatkan seni Budaya, Pelita Brunei, retrieved 15 June 2012 Matusky, Patricia Ann (1993), Malaysian shadow play and music: continuity of an oral tradition, Oxford University Press, Maznah Mohammad (1996), The Malay handloom weavers: a study of the rise and decline of traditional manufacture, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, McNair, Sylvia (2002), Malaysia (Enchantment of the World. Second Series), Children’s Press, Melayu Online (2005), Melayu Online.com's Theoretical Framework Milner, Anthony (2010), The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific), Wiley-Blackwell, Ministry of Culture, Singapore (1973), Singapore: facts and pictures, Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad Rasdi (2005), The architectural heritage of the Malay world: the traditional houses, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit UTM, Mohamed Anwar Omar Din (2011), Asal Usul Orang Melayu: Menulis Semula Sejarahnya (The Malay Origin: Rewrite Its History), Jurnal Melayu, Mohd. Aris Hj. Othman (1983), The dynamics of Malay identity, Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Mohd Fauzi Yaacob (2009), Malaysia: Transformasi dan perubahan sosial, Kuala Lumpur: Arah Pendidikan Sdn Bhd, Moore, Wendy (1998), West Malaysia and Singapore, Singapore: Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd, Mysarawak.org (2009), Seni Bermukun Semakin Malap, retrieved 15 June 2012 Muljana, Slamet (1981), Kuntala, Sriwijaya Dan Suwarnabhumi, Yayasan Idayu, Muljana, Slamet (2006), Stapel, Frederik Willem, ed., Sriwijaya, PT. LKiS Pelangi Aksara, Munoz, Paul Michel (2006), Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, O'Reilly, Dougald J. W. (2007), Early civilizations of Southeast Asia, Rowman Altamira Press, Omniglot (2012), Malay (Bahasa Melayu) Ooi, Keat Gin (2004), Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, ABC-CLIO, Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia (2003), Royal and Palace Cutoms:Dresses For Ceremonies And Functions, retrieved 20 July 2010 Pogadaev, V.A. (2012), Malay World (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore). Lingua-Cultural Dictionary), Vostochnaya Kniga, Rashahar Ramli (1999), Masyarakat Melayu dan penanaman padi di Selatan Thailand : kajian kes di sebuah mubaan dalam Wilayah / Narathiwat (PDF), UM Digital Repository Richmond, Simon (2007), Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei, Lonely Planet publications, Ryan, Neil Joseph (1976), A History of Malaysia and Singapore, London: Oxford University Press, Sabrizain (2006), Early Malay kingdoms Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan (1970), Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia, Calcutta: Punthi Pustak, Sheikh Shamsuddin (2005), The Malay art of self-defense: Silat Seni Gayung, Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, Sneddon, James N. (2003), The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society, University of New South Wales Press, Srinivasa, Kodaganallur Ramaswami (2003), Asian variations in Ramayana, Singapore: Sahitya Academy, Suryadinata, Leo (2000), Nationalism & Globalization: East & West, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Sweeney, Amin (1987), A full hearing:orality and literacy in the Malay world, Berkeley: University of California Press, Syed Husin Ali (2008), The Malays, their problems and future, Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press Sdn Bhd, Tan, Liok Ee (1988), The Rhetoric of Bangsa and Minzu, Monash Asia Institute, TED (1999), Taman Negara Rain Forest Park and Tourism The Art of Living Show (2011), For Sale - CountryHeights, YouTube The Star (2008), Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto (2005), The Orang Melayu and Orang Jawa in the ‘Lands Below the Winds, Centre for research on inequality, human security and ethnicity Tongkat Ali (2010), Negeri Rahman, hilangnya sebutir permata Umaiyah Haji Omar (2007), Language and writing system of Bangkok Melayu (PDF), retrieved 15 June 2012 Umaiyah Haji Omar (2003), The Assimilation of the Bangkok-Melayu Communities, Asian Scholarship Foundation, retrieved 15 June 2012 Van Beek, Steve; Invernizzi, Luca (1999), The arts of Thailand, New York: Tuttle Publishing, Van der Putten, Jan; Cody, Mary Kilcline (2009), Lost Times and Untold Tales from the Malay World, Singapore: National University of Singapore press, Winarno, Bondan (2011), Gulai Ketam, Asam-Asam Pedas, Detik Food, retrieved 15 January 2011 Winstedt, Richard Olaf (1925), Shaman Saiva and Sufi (2008 edition), London: BiblioLife, Wong, Hoy Kee (1973), Comparative studies in Southeast Asian education, Heinemann Educational Books (Asia), World Population Review (2015), Thailand Wright, John (2007), Wright, Thomas (2004), The travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian: the translation of Marsden revised, with a selection of his notes, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, Zaki Ragman (2003), Gateway to Malay culture, Singapore: Asiapac Books Pte Ltd, Ziegler, Oswald Leopol (1972), The world and south east Asia, Oswald Ziegler Enterprises,

BIBLIOGRAPHY Anti-Malay racism (/articles/eng/Anti-Malay_racism), racial prejudice against ethnic Malays. Ketuanan Melayu (/articles/eng/Ketuanan_Melayu) (Malay Supremacy), List of Malays (/articles/eng/List_of_Malays) Malay folklore (/articles/eng/Malay_folklore) Malay ghost myths (/articles/eng/Malay_ghost_myths) Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world (/articles/eng/Tamil_and_Sanskrit_inscriptions_in_the_Malay_world) Malay Islamic Monarchy (/articles/eng/Malay_Islamic_Monarchy), the national philosophy of Negara Brunei Darussalam (/articles/eng/Negara_Brunei_Darussalam) Malay units of measurement (/articles/eng/Malay_units_of_measurement) Malay wedding (/articles/eng/Malay_wedding), a wedding ceremony in accordance with Malay customs.

SEE ALSO Ethnic group

Historical realms

Regions with significant population

Bangka-Belitung Malay

Bangka–Belitung Islands (/articles/eng/Bangka%E2%80%93Belitung_Islands)

Bangkok Malay[147][148]

Min Buri (/articles/eng/Min_Buri_District), Nong Chok (/articles/eng/Nong_Chok_District) Lam Luk Ka (/articles/eng/Lam_Luk_Ka_District), Mueang Pathum (/articles/eng/Mueang_Pathum_Thani_District) Ayutthaya Province (/articles/eng/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_Province)

Bengkulu Malay

Bengkulu (/articles/eng/Bengkulu)

Berau Malays (/articles/eng/Berau_Malays)

Berau Regency (/articles/eng/Berau_Regency)

Bruneian Malay (/articles/eng/Bruneian_Malay_people) [149][150][151][152]

Bruneian Empire (/articles/eng/Bruneian_Empire) (7th–15th

Brunei (/articles/eng/Brunei)

century)

Labuan (/articles/eng/Labuan), Sarawak (/articles/eng/Sarawak), Sabah (/articles/eng/Sabah)

Brunei Sultanate (/articles/eng/Brunei_Sultanate) (1363– present) [153] Buginese Malay [154]

Assimilated Malay group of Bugis (/articles/eng/Bugis) descent

Linggi Sultanate (1700–1777)

Selangor (/articles/eng/Selangor), Johor (/articles/eng/Johor), Pahang (/articles/eng/Pahang)

Selangor Sultanate (/articles/eng/Sultan_of_Selangor) (1745–

Riau (/articles/eng/Riau), Riau Islands (/articles/eng/Riau_Islands)

present)

Cape Malay (/articles/eng/Cape_Malay)

Western Cape (/articles/eng/Western_Cape), Gauteng (/articles/eng/Gauteng)

Cocos Malays (/articles/eng/Cocos_Malays)

Cocos Islands (/articles/eng/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands), Sabah (/articles/eng/Sabah)

Deli Malay

Asahan Sultanate (/articles/eng/Asahan_Sultanate) (1630–1946)

North Sumatra (/articles/eng/North_Sumatra)

Deli Sultanate (/articles/eng/Sultanate_of_Deli) (1630–present) Langkat Sultanate (/articles/eng/Sultanate_of_Langkat) (1568– present) Serdang Sultanate (/articles/eng/Sultanate_of_Serdang) (1728– 1946) Jambi Malay

Jambi Kingdom (/articles/eng/Jambi_Kingdom) (7th century)

Jambi (/articles/eng/Jambi)

Dharmasraya (/articles/eng/Dharmasraya) (1183–1347) Jambi Sultanate (1460–1907) Javanese Malay[153][154]

Johor (/articles/eng/Johor), Selangor (/articles/eng/Selangor), Perak (/articles/eng/Perak), Kedah (/articles/eng/

Assimilated Malay group of Javanese (/articles/eng/Javanese_people) descent Johorean Malay[150][151][152]

Johor Sultanate (/articles/eng/Johor_Sultanate) (1528–present)

Johor (/articles/eng/Johor)

Muar Sultanate (1707–1877) [150][151] Kedahan Malay (/articles/eng/Kedahan_Malay) [152][155]

Bujang Valley (/articles/eng/Bujang_Valley) Civilisation

Kedah (/articles/eng/Kedah), Perlis (/articles/eng/Perlis), Penang (/articles/eng/Penang), Perak (/articles/eng/Pe

(/articles/eng/Civilisation) (1st century)

Satun (/articles/eng/Satun_Province), Trang (/articles/eng/Trang_Province), Krabi (/articles/eng/Krabi_Province)

Langkasuka (/articles/eng/Langkasuka) (2nd −14th century)

(/articles/eng/Phuket_Province), Phang Nga (/articles/eng/Phang_Nga_Province)

Kedah Kingdom (/articles/eng/Kedah_Kingdom)(Kedah Tua) (7th– 12th century) Kedah Sultanate (/articles/eng/Kedah_Sultanate) (1136–present) Kubang Pasu Kingdom (/articles/eng/Kubang_Pasu) (1841– 1864)

Ranong (/articles/eng/Ranong_Province), Nakhon Si Thammarat (/articles/eng/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Province (/articles/eng/Phattalung_Province) Songkhla (/articles/eng/Songkhla_Province), Yala (/articles/eng/Yala_Province) Tanintharyi Division (/articles/eng/Tanintharyi_Division)

Perlis Kingdom (/articles/eng/Perlis) (1842–present) Kelantanese Malay (/articles/eng/Kelantanese_Malay) [150][151][152]

Red Earth Kingdom (/articles/eng/Red_Earth_Kingdom) (1st

Kelantan (/articles/eng/Kelantan)

−6th century) Kelantan Sultanate (/articles/eng/Sultan_of_Kelantan) (1267– present) Jembal Sultanate (1638–1720)

Loloan Malay Malaccan Malay[150][151][152]

Jembrana Regency (/articles/eng/Jembrana) Malacca Sultanate (/articles/eng/Malacca_Sultanate) (1402–

Malacca (/articles/eng/Malacca)

1511) Minangkabau Malay[153][154]

Siak Sultanate (/articles/eng/Sultanate_of_Siak_Sri_Indrapura)

Negeri Sembilan (/articles/eng/Negeri_Sembilan), Selangor (/articles/eng/Selangor)

Assimilated Malay group of Minangkabau

(1725–1949)

Riau (/articles/eng/Riau), Riau Islands (/articles/eng/Riau_Islands)

(/articles/eng/Minangkabau_people) descent

Chiefdom of Negeri Sembilan (/articles/eng/Yamtuan_Besar) (1773–present)

[150][151] Pahangite Malay (/articles/eng/Pahang_Malay) [152]

Pahang Sultanate (/articles/eng/Sultan_of_Pahang) (1470–

Palembang Malay

Sriwijaya (/articles/eng/Sriwijaya) (7th–13th century)

Pahang (/articles/eng/Pahang)

present) South Sumatra (/articles/eng/South_Sumatra)

Palembang Sultanate (/articles/eng/Palembang#Sultanate_of_Palembang) (1550– 1823) Pattani Malay (/articles/eng/Pattani_Malay)[150][151][152]

Negara Sri Dharmaraja Kingdom

Pattani (/articles/eng/Pattani), Yala (/articles/eng/Yala_Province), Narathiwat

(/articles/eng/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom) (1st

(/articles/eng/Narathiwat_Province), Songkhla (/articles/eng/Songkhla_Province), Krabi

Millennium–15th century)

(/articles/eng/Krabi_Province)

Langkasuka (/articles/eng/Langkasuka) (2nd −14th century) Pattani Sultanate (/articles/eng/Pattani_Kingdom) (1516–1771)

Kedah (/articles/eng/Kedah), Kelantan (/articles/eng/Kelantan), Perak (/articles/eng/Perak)

Singgora Sultanate (/articles/eng/Singgora_Sultanate) (1603– 1689) Reman Sultanate (1785–1909) Perakian Malay[150][151][152]

Gangga Negara (/articles/eng/Gangga_Negara) (2nd – 11th

Perak (/articles/eng/Perak)

century) Perak Sultanate (/articles/eng/Sultan_of_Perak) (1528–present) Pontianak Malay

Tanjungpura Kingdom (880–1590)

West Kalimantan (/articles/eng/West_Kalimantan)

Matam Sultanate (1590–1948) Pontianak Sultanate (/articles/eng/Pontianak_Sultanate) (1771– 1950) Sambas Sultanate (/articles/eng/Sultanate_of_Sambas) (1675– 1944) Riau Malay

Riau-Lingga Sultanate (/articles/eng/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate)

Riau (/articles/eng/Riau), Riau Islands (/articles/eng/Riau_Islands), Limapuluh Koto (/articles/eng/Limapuluh_Ko

(1824–1911)

(/articles/eng/Pasaman)

Bintan Sultanate Pelalawan Sultanate (1791–1946) Kuntu Kampar Sultanate (1234-1933) Indragiri Sultanate (1298–1963) Rokan Sultanate (1569-1940) Sarawakian Malay (/articles/eng/Sarawak_Malay)

Sarawak Sultanate (1598–1641)

Sarawak (/articles/eng/Sarawak)

Singaporean Malay (/articles/eng/Malays_in_Singapore)

Kingdom of Singapura (/articles/eng/Kingdom_of_Singapura)

Singapore (/articles/eng/Singapore)

(1299–1398) Sri Lankan Malay (/articles/eng/Sri_Lankan_Malay) Tamiang Malay

Sri Lanka (/articles/eng/Sri_Lanka) Bukit Karang Kingdom (1023–1330)

Aceh Tamiang Regency (/articles/eng/Aceh_Tamiang_Regency)

Benua Tamiang Sultanate (1330–1528) Terengganuan Malay (/articles/eng/Terengganu_Malay) [150][151][152]

Terengganu Sultanate (/articles/eng/Sultan_of_Terengganu)

Terengganu (/articles/eng/Terengganu)

(1708–present)

(/articles/eng/File:Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg) Ethnic Malay among other ethnic groups in Indonesia. Although only constitute 3.4% of total population, Ethnic Malay is one of the most widely distributed ethnic in Indonesia, the realm of Malay is described in green and other related sub-ethnic is rendered in darker or lighter green. Malay ethnic groups is depicted to inhabit eastern coast of Sumatra and coastal Kalimantan.

SUB-ETHNIC GROUPS

In addition to naming system, the Malay language (/articles/eng/Malay_language) also has a complex system of titles (/articles/eng/Titles) and honorifics (/articles/eng/Honorifics), which are still extensively

(/articles/eng/Malaysia) and Brunei (/articles/eng/Brunei). By applying these Malay titles (/articles/eng/Malay_titles) to a normal Malay name, a more complex name is produced. The current Prime Minister

(/articles/eng/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia) has the full name Dato' Seri Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak (/articles/eng/Najib_Tun_Razak), where 'Dato' Seri' is a Malay title of honour, 'Mohd Najib'

'bin' is derived from an Arabic word Ibnu meaning "son of" if in case of daughter it is replaced with binti, an Arabic word "bintun" meaning "daughter of", introduces his father's titles and names, 'Tun' is a

denotes his father's Hajj (/articles/eng/Hajj) pilgrimage to Mecca (/articles/eng/Mecca), and 'Abdul Razak' is his father's personal name. The more extremely complex Malay names however, belong to the M

reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong (/articles/eng/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong) of Malaysia (/articles/eng/Malaysia) has the full regnal name (/articles/eng/Regnal_name) Duli Yang Maha Mulia Almu'tasimu Billa

Tuanku AlHaj Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Ibni AlMarhum Sultan Badlishah (/articles/eng/Abdul_Hamid_Halim_of_Kedah), while the reigning Sultan of Brunei (/articles/eng/Sultan_of_Brunei) officially

Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien (/articles/eng/Hassanal_Bolkia

Malay names are patronymic (/articles/eng/Patronymic) and can be consisted of up to four parts; a title, a given name, the family name, and a description of the individual’s male parentage. Some given nam can be composed of double names and even triple names, therefore generating a longer name. For example, one of the Malaysian national footballer has the full name Mohd Aidil Zafuan Abdul Radzak (/articles/eng/Mohd_Aidil_Zafuan_Abdul_Radzak), where 'Mohd Aidil Zafuan' is his triple given name and 'Abdul Radzak' is his father's double given name.

Malay personal names are complex, reflecting the hierarchical nature of the society, and titles are considered important. It has undergone tremendous change, evolving with the times to reflect the different

Malays been subjected over the ages. Although some Malay names still retain parts of its indigenous Malay (/articles/eng/Malay_language) and Sanskrit (/articles/eng/Sanskrit_language) influences, as Musli favoured Arabic names (/articles/eng/Arabic_names) as marks of their religion.

NAMES AND TITLES

The Malays also have a variant of Mancala (/articles/eng/Mancala) board game known as Congkak (/articles/eng/Congkak). The game is play

marbles, beads or shells around a wooden board consisting of twelve or more holes. Mancala is acknowledged as the oldest game in the wor

its origin since Ancient Egypt (/articles/eng/Ancient_Egypt). As the game dispersed around the globe, every culture has invented its own va Malays. [146]

Possibly the most popular Malay games is the Wau (/articles/eng/Wau_bulan) (a unique kind of kite from east coast of Malay peninsular) or

flying competitions take place with judges awarding points for craftsmanship (Wau are beautiful, colourful objects set on bamboo frames), s (/articles/eng/Malay_kite) are designed to create a specific sound as they are buffeted about in the wind) and altitude. [145]

Other popular game is Gasing spinning (/articles/eng/Top) which usually played after the harvest (/articles/eng/Harvest) season. A great skil (/articles/eng/Artisan) is required to produce the most competitive Gasing (top), some of which spin for two hours at a time. [145]

Sepak Raga (/articles/eng/Sepak_Raga) is one of the most popular Malay games and has been played for centuries. Traditionally, Sepak rag

by kicking and keeps aloft the rattan ball using any part of the body except the arms and hands. It is now recognised as Malaysia (/articles/en

national sport[143][144] and played in the international sporting events such as Asian Games (/articles/eng/Asian_Games) and Southeast Asian (/articles/eng/Southeast_Asian_Games).

Traditional Malay games usually require craft skills and manual dexterity and can be traced their origins since the days of Malacca Sultanate

(/articles/eng/Sepak_Raga) and kite flying (/articles/eng/Kite_flying) are among traditional games that were mentioned in the Malay Annals (/articles/eng/Malay_Annals) being played by nobilities and royalties of the Malay sultanate. [140][141][142]

TRADITIONAL GAMES Apart from Silat, Tomoi (/articles/eng/Tomoi) is also practised by the Malays mainly in the northern states of Malay peninsula. It is a variant of Indo-Chinese (/articles/eng/Indo-Chinese) forms of kickboxing (/articles/eng/Kickboxing) which is believed to have been spread in the Southeast Asian mainland since the time of Funan Empire (/articles/eng/Kingdom_of_Funan) (68 AD). The influence of Malay sultanates of Malacca, Johor (/articles/eng/Johor_Sultanate), Pattani (/articles/eng/Pattani_Kingdom) and Brunei (/articles/eng/Brunei_Sultanate) has contributed to the spread of this martial art in the Malay Archipelago. Through a complex maze of sea channels and river capillaries that facilitated exchange and trade throughout the region, Silat wound its way into the dense rainforest and up into the mountains. The legendary Laksamana (/articles/eng/Laksamana) Hang Tuah (/articles/eng/Hang_Tuah) of Malacca is one of the most renowned pesilat (Silat practitioner) in history[136] and even considered by some as the father of Malay silat. [137] Since the classical era, Silat Melayu (/articles/eng/Silat_Melayu) underwent great diversification and formed what is today traditionally recognised as the source of Indonesian Pencak Silat (/articles/eng/Pencak_Silat) and other forms of Silat in Southeast Asia. [138][139] Silat and its variants can be found throughout the Malay world; Malay peninsula (/articles/eng/Malay_peninsula), Singapore (/articles/eng/Singapore), Riau Islands (/articles/eng/Riau_Islands), Sumatra (/articles/eng/Sumatra) and coastal areas of Borneo (/articles/eng/Borneo). Archaeological evidence reveals that, by the 6th century, formalised combat arts were being practised in Malay peninsular and Sumatra. [133] Earliest forms of Silat is believed to have been developed and used in the armed forces of ancient Malay kingdoms of Langkasuka (/articles/eng/Langkasuka) (2nd century)[134][135] and Srivijaya (7th century).

MARTIAL ARTS

In contrast to Baju Melayu which continued to be worn as ceremonial dress only, Baju Kurung is worn daily throughout the year by a major Sighting of female civil servants, professional workers and students wearing Baju Kurung is common in Malaysia and Brunei.

Traditional Malay dress varies between different regions but the most popular traditional dress in modern-day are Baju Kurung (/articles/eng

women) and Baju Melayu (/articles/eng/Baju_Melayu) (for men), which both recognised as the national dress for Malaysia (/articles/eng/Ma (/articles/eng/Brunei), [131][132] and also worn by Malay communities in Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand.

Common classical Malay attire for men consists of a baju (shirt) or tekua (a type of a long sleeve shirt), baju rompi (vest), kancing (button)

(trousers), a sarong (/articles/eng/Sarong) worn around the waist, capal (sandal), and a tanjak or tengkolok (headgear (/articles/eng/Headgea

aristocrats, the baju sikap or baju layang (a type of coat) and pending (ornamental belt buckle) are also synonymous to be worn. It was also pendekar (Malay warrior) to have a Kris (/articles/eng/Kris) tucked into the front fold of sarong.

In Malay culture, clothes and textiles are revered items of beauty, power and status. Numerous accounts in Malay hikayats (/articles/eng/List

the special place occupied by textiles. [129] The Malay handloom industry can be traced its origin since the 13th century when the eastern tra

under Song dynasty (/articles/eng/Song_dynasty). Mention of locally made textiles as well as the predominance of weaving in Malay penins

(/articles/eng/Malay_peninsular) was made in various Chinese and Arab accounts. [130] Among well-known Malay textiles are Songket (/artic Batik (/articles/eng/Malaysian_batik).

TRADITIONAL DRESS Other well-known Malay performing arts are; Bangsawan (/articles/eng/Bangsawan) theatre, Dondang Sayang (/articles/eng/Dondang_Sayang) love ballad and Mak Inang (/articles/eng/Mak_Inang) dance from Malacca Sultanate, Jikey (/articles/eng/Jikey) and Mek Mulung (/articles/eng/Mek_Mulung) theatre from Kedah (/articles/eng/Kedah), Asyik (/articles/eng/Asyik) dance and Menora (/articles/eng/Menora_(dance)) dance drama from Patani (/articles/eng/Pattani_(region)) and Kelantan (/articles/eng/Kelantan), Ulek mayang (/articles/eng/Ulek_mayang) and Rodat (/articles/eng/Rodat_(dance)) dance from Terengganu, Boria (/articles/eng/Boria_(theatre)) theatre from Penang (/articles/eng/Penang), Canggung dance from Perlis (/articles/eng/Perlis), Mukun warble from Brunei [126][127][128] and Serampang Dua Belas dance from Serdang (/articles/eng/Sultanate_of_Serdang). (/articles/eng/Brunei) and Sarawak (/articles/eng/Sarawak) [128]

Indian influences are strong in a traditional shadow play (/articles/eng/Shadow_play) known as Wayang Kulit (/articles/eng/Wayang_Kulit) where stories from Hindu epics; Ramayana (/articles/eng/Ramayana) & Mahabharata (/articles/eng/Mahabharata) form the main repertoire. There are four distinctive types of shadow puppet theatre that can be found in Malay peninsula; Wayang Gedek, Wayang Purwa, Wayang Melayu and Wayang Siam. [123][124][125] Nobat (/articles/eng/Royal_Regalia_of_Malaysia#Nobat) music became part of the Royal Regalia (/articles/eng/Royal_Regalia) of Malay courts since the arrival of Islam in the 12th century and only performed in important court ceremonies. Its orchestra includes the sacred and highly revered instruments of nehara (kettledrums (/articles/eng/Kettledrums)), gendang (double-headed drums), nafiri (trumpet), serunai (oboe (/articles/eng/Oboe)), and sometimes a knobbed gong (/articles/eng/Gong) and a pair of cymbals (/articles/eng/Cymbals). [122] Traditional Malay music is basically percussive. Various kinds of gongs (/articles/eng/Gongs) provide the beat for many dances. There are also drums of various sizes, ranging from the large rebana ubi used to punctuate important events to the small jingled-rebana (frame drum (/articles/eng/Frame_drum)) used as an accompaniment to vocal recitations in religious ceremonies. [121]

The Malays have a diverse kind of music and dance which are fusions of different cultural influences. Typical genres range from traditional Malay folk dances dramas like Mak Yong (/articles/eng/Mak_Yo

influenced Zapin (/articles/eng/Zapin) dances. Choreographed movements also vary from simple steps and tunes in Dikir barat (/articles/eng/Dikir_barat) to the complicated moves in Joget (/articles/eng/Jog (/articles/eng/Gamelan).

PERFORMING ARTS

Another example is Ketupat (/articles/eng/Ketupat) or nasi himpit, glutinous compressed rice cooked in palm leafes, is popular especially du

Eid ul-Fitr (/articles/eng/Eid_ul-Fitr). Various meats and vegetables could be made into Gulai (/articles/eng/Gulai) or Kari (/articles/eng/Cu

dish with variations of spices mixtures that clearly display Indian influence already adopted by Malay people since ancient times. Laksa (/art

hybrid of Malay and Peranakan Chinese cuisine is also a popular dish. Malay cuisine also adopted some their neighbours' cuisine traditions,

(/articles/eng/Rendang) adopted from Minangkabau in Sumatra, and satay (/articles/eng/Satay) from Java, however Malay people has develo distinctive taste and recipes.

Nasi lemak (/articles/eng/Nasi_lemak), rice cooked in rich coconut milk (/articles/eng/Coconut_milk) probably is the most popular dish ubiq and villages. Nasi lemak is considered as Malaysia (/articles/eng/Malaysia)'s national dish (/articles/eng/National_dish). [120]

Nearly every Malay meal is served with rice, the staple food (/articles/eng/Staple_food) in many other East Asian cultures. Although there a

dishes in a Malay meal, all are served at once, not in courses. Food is eaten delicately with the fingers of right hand, never with the left whi

personal ablutions, and Malays rarely use utensils. [119] Because most of Malay people are Muslims, Malay cuisine follows Islamic halal (/art

dietary law rigorously. Protein intake are mostly taken from beef, water buffalo, goat, and lamb meat, and also includes poultry and fishes. halal meats, also alcohol is prohibited and absent from Malay daily diet.

The main characteristic in traditional Malay cuisine is undoubtedly the generous use of spices. The coconut milk (/articles/eng/Coconut_milk

giving the Malay dishes their rich, creamy character. The other foundation is belacan (/articles/eng/Belacan) (shrimp paste), which is used a

rich sauce or condiment made from belacan, chillies (/articles/eng/Chili_pepper), onions and garlic. Malay cooking also makes plentiful use (/articles/eng/Lemongrass) and galangal (/articles/eng/Galangal). [118]

Different Malay regions are all known for their unique or signature dishes – Pattani (/articles/eng/Pattani), Terengganu (/articles/eng/Terengganu) and Kelantan (/articles/eng/Kelantan) for their Nasi dagang

(/articles/eng/Nasi_dagang), Nasi kerabu (/articles/eng/Kelantan#Cuisine) and Keropok lekor (/articles/eng/Lekor), Negeri Sembilan (/articles/eng/Negeri_Sembilan) for its lemak-based dishes, Pahang (/arti

its gulai tempoyak (/articles/eng/Tempoyak), Kedah (/articles/eng/Kedah) for its northern-style Asam laksa (/articles/eng/Asam_laksa), Melaka (/articles/eng/Melaka) for its spicy Asam Pedas (/articles/eng/A

(/articles/eng/Perlis) and Satun (/articles/eng/Satun_Province) for their Bunga kuda desert, Sarawak (/articles/eng/Sarawak) and Sambas (/articles/eng/Sambas_Regency) for their Bubur pedas (/articles/eng/B

(/articles/eng/Riau) for their ikan patin (Pangasius (/articles/eng/Pangasius) fish) dishes; Gulai (/articles/eng/Gulai) ikan patin and Asam Pedas (/articles/eng/Asam_Pedas) ikan patin, Melayu Deli of Medan

(/articles/eng/Medan) North Sumatra (/articles/eng/North_Sumatra) for their Nasi goreng (/articles/eng/Nasi_goreng) teri Medan (Medan anchovy fried rice) and Gulai (/articles/eng/Gulai) Ketam (gulai cra

(/articles/eng/Jambi) for its Panggang Ikan Mas, Palembang (/articles/eng/Palembang) for its Mie celor (/articles/eng/Mie_celor) and Pempek (/articles/eng/Pempek) and Brunei (/articles/eng/Brunei) for its (/articles/eng/Ambuyat) dish.

CUISINE A typical Malay traditional houses or mosque would have been adorned with more than 20 carved components The carving on the walls and the panels allow the air breeze to circulate effectively in and out of the building and can let the sunlight to light the interior of the structure. At the same time, the shadow cast by the panels would also create a shadow based on the motives adding the beauty on the floor. Thus, the carved components performed in both functional and aesthetic purposes. The art form is mainly contributed due to the abundance of timber on the Malay Archipelago (/articles/eng/Malay_Archipelago) and also by the skilfulness of the woodcarvers that have allowed the Malays to practice woodcarving as a craft. The natural tropical settings where flora and fauna and cosmic forces is abundant has inspired the motives to be depict in abstract or styled form into the timber board. With the coming of Islam, geometric and Islamic calligraphy (/articles/eng/Islamic_calligraphy) form were introduced in the wood carving. The woods used are typically from tropical hardwood species which is known to be durable and can resist the attacks of the fungi, power-boots beetles and termites. [116] Wood carving is a part of classical Malay visual arts (/articles/eng/Visual_arts). The Malays had traditionally adorned their monuments, boats, weapons, tombs, musical instrument, and utensils by motives of flora, calligraphy, geometry and cosmic feature. The art is done by partially removing the wood using sharp tools and following specific patterns, composition and orders. The art form is seen as an act of devotion of the craftsmen to the creator and a gift to his fellowmen. [115]

VISUAL ART

Throughout many decades, the traditional Malay architecture has been influenced by Bugis (/articles/eng/Bugis) and Java (/articles/eng/Joglo

Siamese (/articles/eng/Architecture_of_Thailand), British (/articles/eng/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom), Arab (/articles/eng/Islamic_ Indian (/articles/eng/Architecture_of_India) from the north, Portuguese (/articles/eng/Architecture_of_Portugal), Dutch

(/articles/eng/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands), Aceh (/articles/eng/Rumah_Aceh) and Minangkabau (/articles/eng/Rumah_Gadang) from th Chinese (/articles/eng/Chinese_architecture) from the east. [114]

The traditional Malay houses (/articles/eng/Malay_houses) are built using simple timber-frame (/articles/eng/Timber_framing) structure. Th

porches (/articles/eng/Porch) in the front, high ceilings, many openings on the walls for ventilation (/articles/eng/Ventilation_(architecture))

embellished with elaborate wood carvings (/articles/eng/Wood_carvings). The beauty and quality of Malay wood carvings were meant to ser indicators of the social rank and status of the owners themselves. [113] The first detailed description of Malay architecture was on the great wooden Istana (/articles/eng/Istana) of Mansur Shah of Malacca

(/articles/eng/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca) (reigned 1458–1477). [104] According to Sejarah Melayu (/articles/eng/Sejarah_Melayu), the buildi

bay structures on wooden pillars with a seven tiered roof in cooper shingles and decorated with gilded spires and Chinese glass mirrors. [111]

Early reference on Malay architecture in Malay peninsula can be found in several Chinese records. A 7th-century Chinese account tells of B

calling at Langkasuka (/articles/eng/Langkasuka) and mentioned the city as being surrounded by a wall on which towers had been built and

through double gates. [109] Another 7th-century account of a special Chinese envoy to Red Earth Kingdom (/articles/eng/Red_Earth_Kingdo

peninsular, recorded that the capital city had three gates more than hundred paces apart, which were decorated with paintings of Buddhist th spirits. [110]

There is also evidence of Hindu shrines or Candi (/articles/eng/Candi_of_Indonesia) around south Kedah (/articles/eng/Kedah) between the mount Jerai (/articles/eng/Mount_Jerai) and the Muda River (/arti

valley, an area known as Bujang Valley (/articles/eng/Bujang_Valley). Within an area of about 350 square kilometres, 87 early historic religious sites have been reported and there are 12 candis located on m feature which suggests may derive from pre-historic Malay beliefs regarding sanctity of high places. [108]

Candi Muara Takus (/articles/eng/Candi_Muara_Takus) and Candi Muaro Jambi (/articles/eng/Candi_Muaro_Jambi) in Sumatra (/articles/eng/Sumatra) are among the examples that associated with the archi

Srivijaya Empire. However, the most of Srivijayan architecture was represented at Chaiya (/articles/eng/Chaiya) (now a province in Thailand (/articles/eng/Thailand)) in Malay peninsular, which was withou

important centre during the Srivijaya period. [105][106] The type of structure consists of a cell-chamber to house the Buddha image (/articles/eng/Buddha_image) and the summit of structure was erected in th (/articles/eng/Stupa) with successive, superimposed terraces which is the best example at Wat Pra Borom That of Chaiya. [107]

Various cultural influences, notably Chinese (/articles/eng/Culture_of_China), Indian and Europeans, played a major role in forming Malay architecture. [103] Until recent time, wood was the principal mater

traditional buildings. [104] However, numerous stone structures were also discovered particularly the religious complexes from the time of Srivijaya (/articles/eng/Srivijaya) and ancient isthmian (/articles/eng kingdoms.

ARCHITECTURE A majority of modern ethnic Malays are the adherents of Sunni (/articles/eng/Sunni) Islam[102] and the most important Malay festivals are those of Islamic origin (/articles/eng/Muslim_holidays) - Hari Raya Aidilfitri (/articles/eng/Eid_ul-Fitr), Hari Raya Aidiladha (/articles/eng/Eid_al-Adha), Awal Muharram (/articles/eng/Islamic_New_Year), and Maulidur Rasul (/articles/eng/Mawlid). It is considered "apostasy" for Malays to convert out of Islam in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the earlier beliefs having deeper roots, they have maintained themselves against the anathemas of Islam – and indeed Sufism (/articles/eng/Sufism) or the mysticism (/articles/eng/Mysticism) of Shia Islam (/articles/eng/Shia_Islam) have become intertwined among the Malays, with the spirits of the earlier animistic world and some elements of Hinduism. [99] Following the 1970s, Islamic revival (/articles/eng/Islamic_revival) (also referred as re-Islamisation (/articles/eng/Islamisation)[100]) throughout the Muslim world (/articles/eng/Muslim_world), many traditions that contravene the teaching of Islam and contain elements of shirk (/articles/eng/Shirk_(Islam)) were abandoned by the Malays. Among these traditions was the mandi (/articles/eng/Mandi_(bath)) safar festival (Safar (/articles/eng/Safar) bath), a bathing festival to achieve spiritual purity, in which can be discerned features similar to some of those of the Durga Puja (/articles/eng/Durga_Puja) of India. [101] In the 15th century, Islam of the orthodox Sunni (/articles/eng/Sunni) sect flourished in the Malay world under the Malacca Sultanate. In contrast with Hinduism, which transformed early Malay society only superficially, Islam can be said to have really taken root in the hearts and minds of the Malays. [97] Since this era, the Malays have traditionally had a close identification with Islam[98] and they have not changed their religion since. [97] This identity is so strong that it is said to become Muslim was to masuk Melayu (/articles/eng/Malayisation) (to enter Malayness). [56] The early Malay communities were largely animists (/articles/eng/Animist), believing in the existence of semangat (spirits (/articles/eng/Spirit)) in everything. [44] Around the opening of the common era (/articles/eng/Common_era), Hinduism (/articles/eng/Hinduism) and Buddhism (/articles/eng/Buddhism) were introduced by Indian traders to the Malay Archipelago, where they flourished until the 13th century, just before the arrival of Islam brought by Arab, Indian and Chinese Muslim traders.

RELIGION In the 19th century, the Malay literature received some notable additions through writings of Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir

(/articles/eng/Abdullah_bin_Abdul_Kadir), a famous Malacca (/articles/eng/Malacca)-born munshi (/articles/eng/Munshi) of Singapore (/arti

[93] Abdullah is regarded as the most cultured Malay who ever wrote, [93] one of the greatest innovators in Malay letters[82] and the father of

literature. [94] His most important works are the Hikayat Abdullah (/articles/eng/Hikayat_Abdullah) (an autobiography), Kisah Pelayaran Ab

(/articles/eng/Kisah_Pelayaran_Abdullah_ke_Kelantan) (an account of his trip for the government to Kelantan (/articles/eng/Kelantan)), and

Abdullah ke Mekah (/articles/eng/Kisah_Pelayaran_Abdullah_ke_Mekah) (a narrative of his pilgrimage (/articles/eng/Hajj) to Mecca (/articl

His work was an inspiration to future generations of writers and marks an early stage in the transition from classical Malay literature to mod [82]

The most important piece of Malay literary works is perhaps the famed Malay Annals (/articles/eng/Malay_Annals) or Sulalatus Salatin. It w famous, distinctive and best of all Malay literary works" by one of the most prominent scholars in Malay studies, Sir Richard O. Winstedt

(/articles/eng/Richard_Olaf_Winstedt). [95] The exact date of its composition and the identity of its original author are uncertain, but under t

Alauddin Riaayat Shah III (/articles/eng/Alauddin_Riayat_Shah_III) of Johor in 1612, Tun Sri Lanang (/articles/eng/Tun_Sri_Lanang) over compilation process of the Malay Annals. [96]

The era of classical Malay literature started after the arrival of Islam and the invention of Jawi script (/articles/eng/Jawi_script) (Arabic base Since then, Islamic beliefs and concepts began to make its mark on Malay literature. The Terengganu Inscription Stone

(/articles/eng/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone), which is dated to 1303, is the earliest known narrative Malay writing. The stone is inscribed w

history, law, and romance (/articles/eng/Romance_(love)) in Jawi script. [94] At its height, the Malacca Sultanate was not only the center of I

the center of Malay cultural expressions including literature. During this era, notable Middle Eastern literary works (/articles/eng/Islamic_literature) were translated and religious books were written in Mala

famous translated works are Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah (/articles/eng/Hikayat_Muhammad_Hanafiah) and Hikayat Amir Hamzah (/articles/eng/Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah). The rise of Malay literature duri

also penned by other homegrown literary composition coloured by mystical Sufism of the middle-east, the notable works of Hamzah Fansuri (/articles/eng/Hamzah_Fansuri) such as Asrar al-Arifin (/articles

(Rahsia Orang yang Bijaksana; The Secret of the Wise), Sharab al-Asyikin (/articles/eng/Sharab_al-Asyikin) (Minuman Segala Orang yang Berahi; The Drink of All the Passionate) and Zinat al-Muwahid (/articles/eng/Zinat_al-Muwahidin) (Perhiasan Sekalian Orang yang Mengesakan; The Ornament of All the Devoted) can be seen as the magna opera (/articles/eng/Magna_opera) of the era.

When Indian influences made their way to the Malay Archipelago around 2000 years ago, Malay literature began incorporating Indian elements. Literature of this time is mostly translations of Sanskrit liter

(/articles/eng/Sanskrit_literature) and romances, or at least some productions inspired by such, and is full of allusions to Hindu mythology (/articles/eng/Hindu_mythology). Probably to this early time may

as Hikayat Seri Rama (/articles/eng/Hikayat_Seri_Rama) (a free translation of the Ramayana (/articles/eng/Ramayana)), Hikayat Bayan Budiman (/articles/eng/Hikayat_Bayan_Budiman) (an adaptation of (/articles/eng/%C5%9Aukasaptati)) and Hikayat Panca Tanderan (/articles/eng/Hikayat_Panca_Tanderan) (an adaptation of Hitopadesha (/articles/eng/Hitopadesha)). [93]

Considering the softness and mellifluence of the Malay language, which lends itself easily to the requirements of rhyme and rhythm, the originality and beauty in Malay literature can be assessed in its poeti

the forms of poetry in Malay literature are – the Pantun (/articles/eng/Pantun), Syair (/articles/eng/Syair) and Gurindam (/articles/eng/Gurindam). The earliest form of Malay literature was the oral literature

(/articles/eng/Oral_literature) and its central subjects are traditional folklore (/articles/eng/Folklore) relating to nature (/articles/eng/Nature), animals and people. The folklore were memorised and passed fro storytellers to the next. Many of these tales were also written down by penglipur lara (storytellers) for example: Hikayat Malim Dewa (/articles/eng/Hikayat_Malim_Dewa), Hikayat Malim Deman

(/articles/eng/Hikayat_Malim_Deman), Hikayat Raja Donan (/articles/eng/Hikayat_Raja_Donan), Hikayat Anggun Cik Tunggal (/articles/eng/Hikayat_Anggun_Cik_Tunggal), and Hikayat Awang Sulung M (/articles/eng/Hikayat_Awang_Sulung_Merah_Muda).

The rich oral literature and classical literature of the Malays contain a great number of portraits of the people, from the servant (/articles/eng/Servant) to the minister, from the judge to the Rajas (/articles/en ancient to the very contemporary periods, which together form the amorphous identity of the Malays. [92]

LITERATURE The Malay language was historically written in Pallawa (/articles/eng/Pallava_script), Kawi (/articles/eng/Kawi_script) and Rencong (/articles/eng/Rencong_script). After the arrival of Islam, Arabic (/articles/eng/Arabic_script)-based Jawi script (/articles/eng/Jawi_script) was adopted and is still in use today as one of the two official scripts in Brunei and as an alternative script in Malaysia (/articles/eng/Malaysia). [90] Beginning from the 17th century, as a result of British and Dutch colonisation, Jawi was gradually replaced by Rumi script[91] and eventually became the official modern script for Malay language in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia, and co-official script in Brunei. Apart from the standard Malay, developed within the Malacca-Johor sphere, various local Malay dialects (/articles/eng/Malayan_languages) exist. For example, the Bangkanese (/articles/eng/Bangka_language), the Bruneian (/articles/eng/Brunei_Malay), the Jambian (/articles/eng/Jambi_Malay), the Kelantanese (/articles/eng/Kelantanese), the Kedahan (/articles/eng/Kedah_Malay), the Negeri Sembilanese (/articles/eng/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay_language), the Palembangnese (/articles/eng/Musi_language), the Pattanese (/articles/eng/Pattani_Malay), the Sarawakian (/articles/eng/Sarawak_Malay), the Terengganuan (/articles/eng/Terengganu_Malay), and many others. European writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, such as Tavernier (/articles/eng/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier), Thomassin (/articles/eng/Louis_Thomassin) and Werndly (/articles/eng/Anthony_Abraham_Werndly) describe Malay as "language of the learned in all the Indies, like Latin (/articles/eng/Latin_language) in Europe". [85] It is also the most widely used during British and Dutch colonial era in the Malay Archipelago. [86] The dialect of Johor Sultanate (/articles/eng/Johor_Sultanate), the direct successor of Malacca, became the standard speech among Malays in Singapore (/articles/eng/Singapore) and Malaysia (/articles/eng/Malaysia), and it formed the original basis for the standardised Indonesian language (/articles/eng/Indonesian_language). [82][87][88][89] The Malaccan era marked with the transformation of the Malay language into an Islamic language, in similar fashion as the Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Swahili

languages. An adapted Arabic script called Jawi (/articles/eng/Jawi_script) was used replacing the Indian script, Islamic religious and cultural terminologies were abundantly assimilated, discarding many Hi

and Malay became the language of Islamic medium of instruction and dissemination throughout Southeast Asian region. At the height of Malacca's power in the 15th century, the Classical Malay spread bey

Malay speaking world[82] and resulted in a lingua franca (/articles/eng/Lingua_franca) that was called Bahasa Melayu pasar ("Bazaar Malay") or Bahasa Melayu rendah ("Low Malay") as opposed to the B

("High Malay") of Malacca. [83] It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay (/articles/eng/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages) was a pidgin and the most important development, however, has been that pidgin

several new languages such as the Ambonese Malay (/articles/eng/Ambonese_Malay#Ambonese_Malay), Manado Malay (/articles/eng/Manado_Malay) and Betawi language (/articles/eng/Betawi_language). [

The oldest form of Malay is descended from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language (/articles/eng/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language) spoken by the earliest Austronesian (/articles/eng/Austronesian_people

Asia. This form would later evolved into Old Malay (/articles/eng/Old_Malay) when Indian cultures and religions began penetrating the region. Old Malay contained some terms last until today, but remaine

modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Classical Malay (/articles/eng/Classical_Malay), which the oldest form dating back to 1303 CE. [81] Malay evolved exte

Malay through the gradual influx of numerous Arabic and Persian vocabulary, when Islam made its way to the region. Initially, Classical Malay was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins kingdoms of Southeast Asia. One of these dialects that was developed in the literary tradition of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century, eventually became predominant.

The Malay language is one of the major languages of the world and of the Austronesian (/articles/eng/Austronesian) family. Variants and dialects of Malay are used as an official language in Brunei (/article

Malaysia (/articles/eng/Malaysia), Indonesia (/articles/eng/Indonesia) and Singapore (/articles/eng/Singapore). The language is also spoken in Thailand (/articles/eng/Thailand), Cocos Island (/articles/eng/Co

Christmas Island (/articles/eng/Christmas_Island), Sri Lanka (/articles/eng/Sri_Lanka). It is spoken natively by approximately 33 million people throughout the Malay Archipelago (/articles/eng/Malay_Arch as a second language by an estimated 220 million. [80]

LANGUAGE

CULTURE

In Indonesian Kalimantan during the Fall of Suharto (/articles/eng/Fall_of_Suharto), there was a resurgence in Malay nationalism and identity and ethnic Malays and Dayaks (/articles/eng/Dayak_people) in Madurese (/articles/eng/Madurese_people) during the Sambas riots (/articles/eng/Sambas_riots).

Two years later the semi independent Federation of Malaya (/articles/eng/Federation_of_Malaya) was born. The new constitutional arrangement largely reverted to the basic pattern of pre-war colonial rule

supremacy of the individual Malay states. Malay rights and privileges were safeguarded. The traditional Malay rulers (/articles/eng/Malay_rulers) thus retained their prerogatives, while their English-educate

to occupy positions of authority at the centre, which was being progressively decolonised. In August 1957, the Federation of Malaya (/articles/eng/Federation_of_Malaya), the West’s last major dependency

attained independence in a peaceful transfer of power. [79] The federation was reconstituted as Malaysia (/articles/eng/Malaysia) with the addition in 1963 of Singapore (/articles/eng/Singapore) (separated in (/articles/eng/Sabah) and Sarawak (/articles/eng/Sarawak).

In March 1946, UMNO emerged with the full support of the Malay sultans from the Malayan Union plan. By July, UMNO succeeded in obtaining an agreement with the British to begin negotiations for a n Negotiations continued from August to November, between British officials on the one hand, and the Sultans' representatives and UMNO and the other. [79]

Since the foundation of Republic of Indonesia (/articles/eng/Republic_of_Indonesia) as a unitary state (/articles/eng/Unitary_state) in 1950, all traditional Malay monarchies in Indonesia were abolished, [78] positions reduced to titular heads (/articles/eng/Titular_head) or pretenders (/articles/eng/Pretender). The violent demise of the Malay sultanates of Deli (/articles/eng/Sultanate_of_Deli), Langkat (/articles/eng/Sultanate_of_Langkat), Serdang (/articles/eng/Sultanate_of_Serdang) and Asahan (/articles/eng/Asahan_Sultanate) in East Sumatra (/articles/eng/East_Sumatra) during the "Social revolution

(/articles/eng/Indonesian_National_Revolution#Social_revolutions)" of 1946, drastically influenced their Malayan counterparts and politically motivating them against the PKMM's ideal of Greater Indonesi (/articles/eng/Greater_Indonesia) and the Islamists' vision of Islamic Republic (/articles/eng/Islamic_Republic).

The Malay and Malayness has been a fundamental basis for Malay ideology and Malay nationalism in Malaysia. All three Malay nationalist factions believed in the idea of a "Malay Nation" (Bangsa Melayu

Malay language, but disagreed over the role of Islam and Malay rulers. The conservatives supported Malay language (/articles/eng/Malay_language), Islam (/articles/eng/Malay_Islamic_identity) and Malay

(/articles/eng/Malay_rulers) as constituting the key pillars of Malayness, but within a secular state that restricted the political role of Islam. The leftists concurred with the secular state (/articles/eng/Secular_ end feudalism (/articles/eng/Feudalism), whereas the Islamic group favoured ending royalty but sought a much larger role of Islam (/articles/eng/Islam). [77] The Malay Malay dominance over Malaya. [76]

The earliest and most influential instruments of Malay national awakening were the periodicals (/articles/eng/Periodical) which politicised the position of the Malays in the face of colonialism and alien imm

Malays. In spite of repressions imposed by the British colonial government, there were no less than 147 journals and newspapers published in Malaya (/articles/eng/British_Malaya) between 1876 and 1941.

periodicals were Al-Imam (1906), Pengasuh (1920), Majlis (1935) and Utusan Melayu (/articles/eng/Utusan_Melayu) (1939). The rise of Malay nationalism (/articles/eng/Malay_nationalism) was largely m nationalist factions – the radicals distinguishable into the Malay left and the Islamic group which were both opposed to the conservative elites. [76] Despite the widespread distribution of the Malay population throughout the Malay archipelago, modern Malay nationalism was only significantly mobilised in the early twentieth century British Malaya

(/articles/eng/British_Malaya) i. e. the Malay Peninsula (/articles/eng/Malay_Peninsula). In the Netherlands Indies (/articles/eng/Netherlands_Indies), the struggle against colonisation was characterised by th

nationalism: the so-called "Indonesian National Awakening (/articles/eng/Indonesian_National_Awakening)" united people from the various parts of the Dutch colony in the development of a national consc

"Indonesians". [75] In Brunei, despite some attempt made to arouse Malay political consciousness between 1942 and 1945, there was no significant history of ethnic-based nationalism. In Thailand however,

(/articles/eng/South_Thailand_insurgency) against Thai rule is regarded by some historians as a part of the wider sphere of peninsula Malay nationalism. Nevertheless, what follows is specific to the peninsu that resulted in the formation of the Federation of Malaya (/articles/eng/Federation_of_Malaya), later reconstituted as Malaysia.

MALAY NATIONALISM In the Pontianak incidents (/articles/eng/Pontianak_incidents) during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies

(/articles/eng/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies), the Japanese massacred most of the Kalimantan Malay elite and beheaded all Malay Sultans. Following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 (/articles/eng/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824) which divided the Malay Archipelago

(/articles/eng/Malay_Archipelago) into a British zone in the north and a Dutch zone in the south, all Malay sultanates in Sumatra (/articles/e

Southern Borneo (/articles/eng/Kalimantan) became part of the Dutch East Indies (/articles/eng/Dutch_East_Indies). Though some of Malay

power under Dutch control, [72] some were abolished by the Dutch colonial government, like the case of Riau Sultanate (/articles/eng/Riau_S

The twilight of the vast Bruneian Empire began after the Castille War (/articles/eng/Castille_War) against the Spanish (/articles/eng/Spanish

conquistadors, resulting in the end of the empire's dominance in the present-day Philippine archipelago (/articles/eng/Philippine_archipelago

culminated in the 19th century, when the kingdom lost most of its remaining territories in Borneo (/articles/eng/Borneo) to the White Rajah

(/articles/eng/White_Rajah) of Sarawak (/articles/eng/Sarawak) and North Borneo Chartered Company (/articles/eng/North_Borneo_Charter was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984. [2]

In 1786, the island of Penang (/articles/eng/Penang) was leased to East India Company (/articles/eng/East_India_Company) by Kedah Sultan

(/articles/eng/Kedah_Sultanate) in exchange of military assistance against the Siamese. In 1819, the company also acquired Singapore (/artic

from Johor Empire (/articles/eng/Johor_Empire), later in 1824, Dutch Malacca (/articles/eng/Dutch_Malacca) from the Dutch, and followed

(/articles/eng/Straits_Settlements#Dindings_and_Province_Wellesley) from Perak (/articles/eng/Perak) by 1874. All these trading posts offic

Settlements (/articles/eng/Straits_Settlements) in 1826 and became the crown colony of British Empire (/articles/eng/British_Empire) in 1867. British intervention in the affairs of Malay states was formalis

Malay rulers (/articles/eng/Malay_rulers) accepted British Residents (/articles/eng/British_Resident) in administration, and the Federated Malay States (/articles/eng/Federated_Malay_States) was formed. In

(/articles/eng/Kedah), Kelantan (/articles/eng/Kelantan), Terengganu (/articles/eng/Terengganu) and Perlis (/articles/eng/Perlis) were handed over (/articles/eng/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909) by Siam to

states along with Johor (/articles/eng/Johor), later became known as Unfederated Malay States (/articles/eng/Unfederated_Malay_States). During the World War II (/articles/eng/World_War_II), all these Br protectorates that collectively known as British Malaya (/articles/eng/British_Malaya) were occupied by the Empire of Japan (/articles/eng/Empire_of_Japan).

Historically, Malay states (/articles/eng/Malay_states) of the peninsular had a hostile relation with the Siamese (/articles/eng/Thai_people). Malacca sultanate herself fought two wars with the Siamese while

came intermittently under Siamese dominance for centuries. In 1771, the Kingdom of Siam (/articles/eng/Thonburi_Kingdom) under the new Chakri Dynasty (/articles/eng/Chakri_Dynasty) abolished the P

(/articles/eng/Pattani_Kingdom) and later annexed a large part of Kedah Sultanate (/articles/eng/Kedah_Sultanate). Earlier, the Siamese under Ayutthaya Kingdom (/articles/eng/Ayutthaya_Kingdom) have h

Tambralinga (/articles/eng/Tambralinga) and overrun the Singgora Sultanate (/articles/eng/Singgora_Sultanate) in the 17th century. In the early 19th century, the Siamese imposed a new administrative stru semi-independent (/articles/eng/Satellite_state) Malay kingdoms of Patani (/articles/eng/Pattani_Kingdom), Saiburi (/articles/eng/Sai_Buri_District), Nongchik (/articles/eng/Nong_Chik_District), Yaring

(/articles/eng/Yaring_District), Yala (/articles/eng/Yala_Province), Reman (/articles/eng/Raman_District) and Rangae (/articles/eng/Rangae) from Greater Pattani (/articles/eng/Patani_(region))[68][69] and ca (/articles/eng/Satun), Perlis (/articles/eng/Perlis), Kubang Pasu (/articles/eng/Kubang_Pasu) from the Kedah Kingdom (/articles/eng/Kedah_Kingdom). [70][71]

Between 1511 and 1984, numerous Malay kingdoms and sultanates fell under direct colonisation (/articles/eng/Colonisation) or became the protectorates (/articles/eng/Protectorate) of different foreign powe

colonial powers like Portuguese (/articles/eng/Portugal), Dutch (/articles/eng/Netherlands) and British (/articles/eng/United_Kingdom), to regional powers like Aceh (/articles/eng/Aceh_Sultanate), Siam (/ar

Japan (/articles/eng/Japan). In 1511, the Portuguese Empire (/articles/eng/Portuguese_Empire) captured (/articles/eng/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)) the capital city of Malacca Sultanate (/articles/eng/Malacc

victorious Portuguese however, were unable to extend their political influence beyond the fort of Malacca (/articles/eng/A_Famosa). The Sultan maintained his overlordship on the lands outside Malacca and

Sultanate (/articles/eng/Johor_Sultanate) in 1528 to succeed Malacca. The Portuguese Malacca (/articles/eng/Portuguese_Malacca) faced several unsuccessful retaliation attacks by Johor until 1614, when the

Johor and the Dutch Empire (/articles/eng/Dutch_Empire), ousted (/articles/eng/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)) the Portuguese from the peninsular. As per agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch later took co

COLONISATION Other significant Malay sultanates were the Kedah Sultanate (/articles/eng/Kedah_Sultanate) (1136–present), Kelantan Sultanate (/articles/eng/Kelantan) (1411– present) and Patani Sultanate (/articles/eng/Pattani_Kingdom) (1516–1771) that dominated the northern part of the Malay peninsula. Jambi Sultanate (/articles/eng/Jambi_Sultanate) (1460–1907), Palembang Sultanate (/articles/eng/Palembang_Sultanate) (1550–1823) and Indragiri Sultanate (/articles/eng/Indragiri_Sultanate) (1298-1945) controlled much of the southeastern shores of Sumatra. While Deli Sultanate (/articles/eng/Deli_Sultanate) (1632– 1946), Serdang Sultanate (/articles/eng/Serdang_Sultanate) (1728-1948), Langkat Sultanate (/articles/eng/Langkat_Sultanate) (1568-1948) and Asahan Sultanate (/articles/eng/Asahan_Sultanate) (1630-1948) governed eastern Sumatra. Across the South China Sea (/articles/eng/South_China_Sea) in the 14th century, another Malay realm, the Bruneian Empire (/articles/eng/Bruneian_Empire) was on the rise to become the most powerful polity in Borneo (/articles/eng/Borneo). By the middle of the 15th century, Brunei entered into a close relationship with Malacca Sultanate. The sultan married a Malaccan princess, adopted Islam as the court religion, and introduced an efficient administration modelled on Malacca. [64] Brunei profited from trade with Malacca but gained even greater prosperity after the great Malay port was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. It reached

its golden age in the mid-16th century when it controlled land as far south as present day Kuching (/articles/eng/Kuching) in Sarawak (/articles/eng/Sarawak), north towards the Philippine Archipelago (/articles/eng/Philippine_Archipelago). [65] The empire broaden its influence in Luzon (/articles/eng/Luzon) by establishing an alliance with the Kingdom of Tondo (/articles/eng/Kingdom_of_Tondo) and founded a satellite (/articles/eng/Satellite_state) state, Kota Seludong (/articles/eng/Kota_Seludong) in present-day Manila (/articles/eng/Manila). Brunei's fairly loose river based governmental presence in Borneo projected the process of Malayisation (/articles/eng/Malayisation). Fine Malay Muslim cultures, including the language, dress and single-family dwelling were introduced to the natives primarily from ethnic Dayaks (/articles/eng/Dayak_people), drawing them into the Sultanate. Dayak chiefs were incorporated into the Malay hierarchy, being given the official titles of Datuk (/articles/eng/Datuk), Temenggong (/articles/eng/Temenggong) and Orang Kaya. In West Kalimantan

(/articles/eng/West_Kalimantan), the development of such sultanates of Sambas (/articles/eng/Sultanate_of_Sambas), Sukadana (/articles/eng/Sukadana) and Landak (/articles/eng/Landak_Regency) tells a si recruitment among Dayak people. [66]

In 1511, the Malaccan capital fell into the hands of Portuguese (/articles/eng/Portuguese_people) conquistadors (/articles/eng/Conquistadors). However, Malacca remained an institutional prototype: a paradi

point of cultural reference for successor states such as Johor Sultanate (/articles/eng/Johor_Sultanate) (1528–present), Perak Sultanate (/articles/eng/Perak) (1528–present), Pahang Sultanate (/articles/eng/Pa

Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate (/articles/eng/Siak_Sri_Indrapura_Sultanate) (1725–1946), Pelalawan Sultanate (/articles/eng/Pelalawan_Sultanate) (1725–1946) and Riau-Lingga Sultanate (/articles/eng/Riau(1528-1911). [63]

By the 15th century, the Malacca Sultanate, whose hegemony reached over much of the western Malay Archipelago (/articles/eng/Malay_Archipelago), had become the centre of Islamisation (/articles/eng/Is

east. As a Malaccan state religion, Islam brought many great transformation into the Malaccan society and culture, and It became the primary instrument in the evolution of a common Malay identity.The M

the close association of Islam with Malay society and how it developed into a definitive marker of Malay identity. [7][56][57][58] Over time, this common Malay cultural idiom came to characterise much of t

through the Malayisation (/articles/eng/Malayisation) process. The expansion of Malaccan influence through trade and Dawah (/articles/eng/Dawah) brought with it together the Classical Malay (/articles/eng language, [59] the Islamic faith, [60] and the Malay Muslim culture;[61] the three core values of Kemelayuan ("Malayness"). [62]

The Islamic faith arrived on the shores of what are now the states of Kedah (/articles/eng/Kedah), Perak (/articles/eng/Perak), Kelantan (/articles/eng/Kelantan) and Terengganu (/articles/eng/Terengganu), f

century. [55] The earliest archaeological evidence of Islam from the Malay peninsula is the Terengganu Inscription Stone (/articles/eng/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone) dating from the 14th century found in (/articles/eng/Terengganu) state, Malaysia (/articles/eng/Malaysia). [54]

The period of the 12th and 15th centuries saw the arrival of Islam (/articles/eng/Islam) and the rise of the great port-city of the Malacca Sultanate on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula[54] — tw that altered the course of Malay history.

ISLAMISATION

The cultivation of Malay polity system also diffused beyond the proper Sumatran-Peninsular border during this era. The age avowed by exp

migration of the Malays to establish kingdoms beyond the traditional Srivijayan realm. Several exemplification are the enthronement of a T

reign the Lavo Kingdom (/articles/eng/Lavo_Kingdom) in present-day Bangkok (/articles/eng/Bangkok), the foundation of Rajahnate of Ceb

(/articles/eng/Rajahnate_of_Cebu) in the Visayas (/articles/eng/Visayas) and the establishment of the Tanjungpura Kingdom (/articles/eng/Ta

in what is now West Kalimantan (/articles/eng/West_Kalimantan), Borneo (/articles/eng/Borneo). The expansion is also eminent as it shaped

(/articles/eng/Ethnoreligious_group) development of the related Acehnese (/articles/eng/Acehnese_people) and Banjar people (/articles/eng/B further spread the Indian-influenced Malay ethos within the regional sphere.

Chandrabhanu was eventually defeated by the forces of the Pandyan dynasty (/articles/eng/Pandyan_dynasty) from Tamil Nadu in 1263 and brother of Emperor Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I (/articles/eng/Sadayavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I). [53]

Another mighty Malay kingdom during this period is Tambralinga (/articles/eng/Tambralinga), once a subordinate of Srivijaya, the kingdom

the regression of the Srivijayan empire in the 12th century. Between the 13th to early 14th century, the kingdom managed to conquer most

Peninsula under its rule. The growth of the kingdom intensified under the reign of Chandrabhanu (/articles/eng/Chandrabhanu) (1230–1263

succeeded in capturing the Jaffna kingdom (/articles/eng/Jaffna_kingdom) in Sri Lanka (/articles/eng/Sri_Lanka) between 1247-58. The inv

unrivaled feature in the history of Southeast Asia (/articles/eng/History_of_Southeast_Asia) as it was the only time there was an armed mari beyond the borders of the region.

The complete destruction of Srivijaya caused the diaspora of the Srivijayan princes and nobles. Rebellions against the Javanese rule ensued a made by the fleeing Malay princes to revive the empire, which left the area of southern Sumatra in chaos and desolation. In 1299, through the support of the loyal servants of the empire, the Orang lauts (/articles/eng/Orang_laut), a Malay prince of Srivijaya origin, Sang Nila Utama (/articles/eng/Sang_Nila_Utama) established the Kingdom of Singapura (/articles/eng/Kingdom_of_Singapura) in Temasek

(/articles/eng/Temasek). [48] His dynasty ruled the island kingdom until the end of the 14th century, when the Malay polity once again faced the wrath of Javanese invaders. In 1400, his great great grandson

(/articles/eng/Parameswara_(king)), headed north and established the Malacca Sultanate (/articles/eng/Malacca_Sultanate). [49] The new kingdom succeeded Srivijaya and inherited much of the royal and cult including a large part of the territories of its predecessor. [50][51][52]

The glory of Srivijaya however began to wane after the series of raids by the Indian Chola dynasty (/articles/eng/Chola_dynasty) in the 11th century. By the end of the 13th century, the remnants of the Mal

(/articles/eng/Sumatra) was finally destroyed by the Javanese invaders (/articles/eng/Javanese_people) during the Pamalayu expedition (/articles/eng/Pamalayu_expedition) (Pamalayu means "war against the

Srivijaya’s influence spread over all the coastal areas of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, western Java (/articles/eng/Java) and western Borneo (/articles/eng/Borneo), as well as the rest of the Malay Archip

(/articles/eng/Malay_Archipelago). Enjoying both Indian and Chinese patronage, its wealth was gained mostly through trade. At its height, the Old Malay language (/articles/eng/Old_Malay_language) was u

language and became the lingua franca (/articles/eng/Lingua_franca) of the region, replacing Sanskrit, the language of Hinduism and Buddhism. [44] The Srivijayan era is considered the golden age of Malay

The growth of trade with India brought coastal people in much of maritime Southeast Asia into contact with the major religions of Hinduism (/articles/eng/Hinduism) and Buddhism (/articles/eng/Buddhism

religions, cultural traditions and Sanskrit (/articles/eng/Sanskrit) began to spread across the land. Hindu temples (/articles/eng/Hindu_temple) were built in the Indian style, local kings began referring to the

(/articles/eng/Raja)" and more desirable aspects of Indian government were adopted. [44] The beginning of the Common Era saw the rise of Malay states in the coastal areas of the Malay Peninsula (/articles/e

and Sumatra (/articles/eng/Sumatra); Chi Tu (/articles/eng/Chi_Tu), Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (/articles/eng/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom), Gangga Negara (/articles/eng/Gangga_Negara), Lang

(/articles/eng/Langkasuka), Kedah (/articles/eng/Bujang_Valley), the Melayu Kingdom (/articles/eng/Melayu_Kingdom) and Srivijaya (/articles/eng/Srivijaya). Between the 7th and 13th centuries, many of t

prosperous peninsula and sumatran maritime trading states, became part of the mandala (/articles/eng/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)) of Srivijaya, [45] a great confederation of city-states centre (/articles/eng/Palembang), [46] Kadaram (/articles/eng/Kedah), [47] Chaiya (/articles/eng/Chaiya_District) and Tambralinga (/articles/eng/Tambralinga).

There is no definite evidence which dates the first Indian (/articles/eng/India) voyages across the Bay of Bengal (/articles/eng/Bay_of_Bengal) but conservative estimates place the earliest arrivals on Malay s

years ago. The discovery of jetty remains, iron smelting sites, and a clay brick monument dating back to 110 CE in the Bujang Valley (/articles/eng/Bujang_Valley), shows that a maritime trading route with kingdoms (/articles/eng/Tamil_Nadu) was already established since the second century. [43]

INDIAN INFLUENCE Proponent Stephen Oppenheimer (/articles/eng/Stephen_Oppenheimer) has further theorised that the expansion of peoples occurred in three rapid surges due to rising sea levels at the end of the Ice Age, and that this diaspora spread the peoples and their associated cultures, myths, and technologies not just to mainland Southeast Asia, but as far as India, the Near East, and the Mediterranean. Reviewers have found his proposals for the original settlement and dispersal worthy of further study, but have been sceptical of his more diffusionist (/articles/eng/Diffusionist) claims. [40][41][42] [39] [38]

Symbols in Literature Flowers

“Flowers are the friends of all, and we look with amazement at the person who cannot find some amount of pleasure in their study,” begins Hilderic Friend’s book Flowers and Flower Lore. Indeed, flowers have always held a special place in the heart of humanity. They have remained evocative and highly symbolic for many different reasons to peoples throughout the ages.

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