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fabides Senin, 23 Desember 2013
Promotion
Arsip Blog
Paragraph 1 Promotion is aspect of marketing with increasing sales. Marketing must be considered in making production decisions, and promotion must be considered in the overall marketing process. Promotion attempts to persuade and influence the costumers attitude in various ways. It is oriented toward producing a costumer for the product rather than a product for the costumer. Economists believe price should be determined by supply and demand. Promotion attempts to increase demand for a product and thereby increase sales. It wants to make the demand for a product inelastic when price increase and elastic when prices decrease. In other words, through promotion, companies try to keep demand and sales constant when prices increase. They do not want an increase in the price of their product to result in lower sales; instead they want it to result in an increase in profits. However, if the price decreases, the want demand for the product to increase, hoping that an increase in sales volume will offset the decrease in price. Paragraf 2 Three main promotional activities are advertising, personal selling and sales promotion. Advertising is a nonpersonal presentation of goods, sercices, or ideas aimed at a mass audience. It is particularly sited for products that are widely distributed, such as convenience goods. There are several methods of advertising and several media. The method selected depends upon the product, the distribution og the market, and the type of information which the company wishes to convey about its product. Foe example, television advertising reaches a large audience. It the senses of sight and sound. Television advertisements are expensive to produce and must be repeated thousands of times in order to justify the cost of production. Newspaper advertisements, on the other hand, can appear on a particular day in a aprticular geographic area. A newspaper advertisement can contain a lot of written detail that appeals to the logic if the reader. It explains why he should purchase a particular product or service. Paragraph 3 In general, advertising works best when the demand for a product is increasing. It also works well when there are real differences between two or more similiar products such as the different types of cars. Using advertising, a company can emphasize the differences between its product and that of the competition. Te purpose of advertising is to communicate information that convinces a customer to buy a specific product. Paragraph 4 Personal selling involves a salesperson trying to convince customer directly to buy a product. Personal selling is very effective when there is a concentrated market for a product-in other words, the product is not for general consumption by the public. For example, airplanes just only purchase by airlines, not by general public. There would be little point in advertising them on television. The same is true for many industrial goods. A sales representative usually gets a commission. If the product has a high unit value, in other words each individual item is very expensive, the cost of product justifies the commission paid to the salles representative for his or her work. If the product must be individually tailored to the purchaser, the salesperson must be able to sell exactly what the customer needs.sales staff are also needed to demonstrate a product. This is particularly important for new products which may be unfamiliar to the customer. Finnaly, personal selling is necessary when there negotiation about the price of the product, for example, when a trade-in is involved. Paragraph 5 Sales promotion involves several activuties. It is becoming increasingly important In the self-service environment where there is often no sales staff. Sales promotion activities are of two types: information and stimulation. Examples of information promotion are a pamphlet or booklet about the product, a demonstration, market research infomation telling about the nature of the costemers, and dealer training and managerial advice from producers. Stimulation promotion can be accmoplished by the distribution of free samples, reduced price promotions, premiums, and coupons. A premium is something that the costemer receives as a bonus when he purchases a product. For example, a costomer prurchasing a razor might receive a free package of razor blades. A coupon is a certifiucate which entitles the costomer to purchase the product at a reduced price. Sales promotions also involve displays of the products. Displays can increase sales as well. A costomer might make decision to buy a particular product like a convenience item simply on the basis of a display that makes the item easy to. See and reach. Paragraph 6 Basically the are two ways increase sales of product: find new markets and increase marketshare. A companyseeking new markets can expand its geographical sales area or try to sell its product toa different segment of the population. In this case promotion may involve increased advertising to speread information about the product. Personal selling at the wholesale level can encourage additional retailers to carrythe product. Paragraph 7 A differents market situatin requires a different method of promotion.when a market is saturated,it means that here are no new customers to be found.a company then needs to lure customers from the competition and gain a greater share of the total market.to increase market share, the marketing department of a company must design a total program of promotion for a particular product.such a program may involeve increased advertising to remind the customer of the name of the product.a program to increasw market share may also include convincing a retailer to allow more shelf space in the store for product.sales promotions may include contens,coupons,and price discounting.increasing market promotion share involves more stimulation of th buyer's emotions than does finding new markets where simply furnishing information about the product may increase sales. Diposting oleh Fabides96 di 21.28
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Jumat, 22 November 2013
Financial Statements
Paragraph 1 All businesses need to maintain financial records in order to find out if they are making a profit. These records exist in several forms. Ind daily business operations recordings of business transactions are first made in a journal. This journal is sometimes called the book of original entry. In the journal, bookkeepers record sales, uses of raw materials, and purchases. Periodically, bookkeepers transfer figures from the journals to ladgers. This activity is known as posting. The ledger is a book containing all the accounts of a company, an account is a financial record which contains information about a group of similiar transactions. For example, all sales avtivities are recorded in one account. Another account may be a record of all thr cost of raw materials Paragraph 2 Once,bookkeeping served as a good method of determining whether or fot a company was making profit an whether or not it owed any taxes.small business owners could keep their own books and make business decisions based on the informatin found here.nowdays,a more sophisticated system of accounting is needed.the design,maintenance,and interpretation of the information recorded in accounts is referred to as accounting.accountants use the information in accounts to construct financial statements.these statements are analyzed bya management and used as a basis for business decisions such as allccation of financial resources,development of new product,and expansion of operations.the most important of these financial statements are the balance sheet and statement of income and expenses.these statements are also used for different types of business vary greatly.this lesson will discuss only the balance sheet,which is more standard in form. Paragraph 3 The balance sheet is a financial statement which indicates the condition of a company on a specific date. It is called a balance sheet because it expresses the basic accounting formula: assets = liabilities + owners equity. (Owners equity is sometimes referred to as net worth.) the left side of the balance sheet itemizes the firm's assets. Assets are anything of value to a company. On balance sheet the value is always expressed in terms of money. Companies have different types of assets. They are ussualy divided into two groups: current assets and fixed assets Paragraph 4 Current assets are either cash or items which will be returned intocash during the current business period, such as merchandise to be sold and payments to be received. In addition to cash, inventories,and receivable, companies sometimes heve stocks and bonds, these are referred to as securities, all of these assets, such as cash and those readily turned into cash are, known as liquis assets. If a company needs to have more cash for one reason, or another, it can liquidate some of its stocks and bonds. On the other hand, merchandise which is not selling quicly because there is not much demand is not very liquid, evan though it is considered as current assets. Paragraph 5 Fixed assets are those that will be kept and used for a long time. Fixed assets are usually itermized according to their use to the firm. New machinery and production equipment are valued at their cost. As the equipment is used, its value decreases. This decrease in value called depreciation. Used equipment is therefore carried on the books at original cost less depreciation. Depreciation is usually calculated on a yearly basis by dividing the total cost of the equipment by the number of years of useful life. Foe example, a taxicab may cost $12,000 when new. The taxicab owner may use it for three years and then he will have to purchase a new one. The depreciation on the taxicab is $4,000 per year. Therefore, after one year the value of the taxicab on the balance sheet would be $12,000 - $4,000 =$8,000. After two years it would be $12,000 - $8,000 = $4,000. There are various formulae and methods used for calculating depreciation. The depreciation schedule may be part of the income tax laws of a country. Paragraph 6 Other fixed assets are furniture and fixtures. Fixtures refer to equipment that is attached to the building. There are light fixtures and plumbing fixtures. Fixtures would alsi include items such as shelves and airconditioning and heating equipment. Buildings are another fixed asset. On the balance sheet the value of fixtures and buildings would also indicate accumulated depreciation. Land is also a fixed asset, but its value does not decline, and so it shows no depreciation. Paragraph 7 The oppsite side of the balance sheet shows the liabilities. These are amounts which the company owes. Companies owe money to banks who supply credit to employees whom they haven't yet paid, to governments for taxes, and to other companies who have sold them goods which they haven't yet paid for. Liabilities, like assets, are divided into two groups. Current liabilities, like assets, are divided into two groups. Current liabilities are debts which must be paid during the current busines cycle. They would include accounts payable, taxes payable, accrued wages payable, and interest on borrowed money, companies also have long term liabilities. These are debts may be in the from of bonds, which are securities sold to banks or other investors, or a mortgage, which is money borrowed from banks for the purpose of purchasing property or equipment. The payment of bonds is usually guaranteed by the reputation of the company. Morgages, on the other hand, are guaranteed by the value of the mortgaged property. Paragraph 8 After company subtracts its debts from its assets, the figure arrived at it is the net worth of the company or its owners’ equity. Depending upon the type of company, there are different types of owners. A corporation is owned by stockholders, and so equity will be shown as the value of the stock. This value is the book value. It may or may not be equal to the value of the stock on the stock exchange or market value. Companies whose stock is selling at princes considerably below book value are likely to be taken over by other companies. The ownwers’ equity of a partner ship is allocated according to the articles of co-partnersihp. For a soleproprietor, there is only one owner and the owner’s equity is the value of the business to him. Diposting oleh Fabides96 di 00.14
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Jumat, 12 Juli 2013
contoh soal PKN kelas XII
1. Pancasila adalah isi jiwa bangsa Indonesia yang turun menurun sekian abad lamanya terpendam bisu oleh kebudayan barat. Merupakan pengertian pancasila menurut… a. Ir. Soekarno b. Muhammad yamin. c. Notonegoro. d. Mr soepomo. e. Mpu prapanca. 2. Mr soepomo pada tanggal 31 mei 1945 mengusulkan lima dasar Negara diantaranya adalah… a. Kebangsaaan Indonesia b. Mufakat atau demokrasi. c. Kesejahteraan social. d. Paham Negara kesatuan. e. Peri kebangsaan. 3. Proses pembentukan BPUPKI dilaksanakan tanggal… a. 10 September 1994 b. 29 Mei 1995 c. 22 Juni 1945 d. 29 April 1945 e. 1 Juli 1945 4. Sebelum di bentuknya MPR/DPR berdasrkan hasil pemilu, pelaksanaan badan legislative di pegang oleh… a. PPKI d. KNIP b. MPRS e. DPRS c. BPUPKI 5. Nilai yang bersumber dari akal manusia adalah… a. nilai kebaikan b. nilai kebenaran c. nilai keindahan d. nilai religius e. nilai material 6. Nilai yang berguna bagi unsur manusia adalah nilai… a. nilai kebenaran b. nilai material c. nilai keindahan d. nilai kebaikan e. nilai vital 7. Di bawah ini merupakan prosedur untuk mengubah UUD, kecuali… a. melalui referendum b. musyawarah khusus c. melalui plebisit d. rapat paripurna e. ketentuan MA 8. Tambahan naskah yang terpisah dengan naskah asli UUD dinamakan… a. addendum d. charter b. covenan e. plebisit c. facta 9. Anggapan- anggapan dasar yang membentuk kerangka keyakinan adalah… a. nilai instrumental b. nilai praksis c. nilai operasional d. nilai dasar e. paradigm 10. Sebagai ideologi terbuka,pancasila sebaiknya… a. ideoogi milik Negara b. ideologi mengenai bagaimana bernegara c. ideologi yang di susun Negara d. ideologi milik Negara e. ideologi untuk pegawai negri 11. suatu ideologi yang di dasarkan atas paham mutlak adalah… a. komunis b. sosialis c. liberalis d. monodualistis e. pancasila 12. Pancasila yang tercantum dalam pembukaan UUD 1945 bersumber pada… a. kemajuan iptek b. tata nilai budaya klasik c. tata nilai budaya maju d. tata nilai budaya bangsa Indonesia e. budaya barat 13.Di bawah ini yang merupakan rumusan pancasila yang di kemukakan ir soekarno padasidang BPUPKI tanggal 1 Juni 1945 adalah… a. sistem badan badan permusyawaratan b mufakat atau demokrasi c. hubungan antar bangsa d. ketuhanan yang berkebudayaan e. paham Negara kesatuan 14.Sikap keikhlasan dan kejujuran seorang pemimpin yang berjiwa pancasila adalah… a. Disegani masyarakat banyak b. Dapat dipercaya dan bertanggung jawab c. Melaksanakan tugas dengan baik d. Dapat dijadikan panutan dalam tugasnya e. Berwibawa dihadapan bawahan 15. Sikap kita terhadap pengaruh budaya asing jika dihubungkan dengan nilai pancasila adalah… a. menolak keras b. menerima penuh c. menyerahkan ke pemerintah d. bersikap apatis e. menerima dengan filter pancasila 16. Nilai yang terkandung dalam pancasila sila ke dua adalah… a. demokrasi b. menjunjung tinggi HAM c. kekeluargaan d. bhineka Tunggal Ika e. taqwa terhadap Tuhan YME 17. Ilmu pengetahuan tentang ide-ide atau ajaran disebut… a. pandangan hidup b. sistem c. falsafah d. nilai e. ideology 18. Suatu ideology yang didasarkan atas paham sama rata sama rasa, system ekonomi tersebut adalah… a. pancasila b. komunis c. liberalisme d. individualism e. monoteisme 19. Pancasila merupakan kepribadian bangsa indonesia, maksudnya… a. semua rakyat berperilaku baik b. diwariskan dari nenek moyang c. memberikan corak khas bangsa indonesia d. mengenal kepribadian bangsa e. semangat rela berkorban untuk kepentingan umum 20. Contoh perbatan yang dapat merendahkan nilai kemanusian, misalnya… a. membantu yatim piatu b. merendahkan orang miskin c. berbakti social d. membela nama baik keluarga e. memperhatikan lingkungan 21. Asas yang mengutamakan keahlian yang berlandaskan kode etik dan ketentuan peraturan perundang undangan adalah asas… a. akuntabilitas b. proporsionalitas c. profesionalitas d. keterbukaan e. kepentingan umum 22. Asas mendahulukan kesejahteraan umum dengan cara yang aspiratif, akomodatif, dan selektif adalah asas… a. kepastian hokum b. tertib penyelenggaraan Negara c. keterbukaan d. kepentingan umum e. profesionalitas 23. Sikap positif terhadap nilai pancasila salah satunya adalah.. a.berprinsip individualis b. bersikap tertutup c. tidak mendukung kebijakan pemerintah d. apatis e. mengembangkan prinsip toleransi 24. Dalam sikap terbuka diperlukan kondisi yang dapat menumbuhkan sikap tersebut, kecuali… a. pemerintahan yang bersih b. terwujudnya persatuan bangsa c. demokrasi yang menjamin HAM d. persatuan bagi bangsa e. nilai agama dan budaya 25. Pancasila sebagai dasar Negara tercantum dalam pembukaan UUD 1945 alinea… a. kesatu b. kedua c. ketiga d. keempat e. kelima 26. Yang dimaksud pemerintahan adalah… a. suatu proses kesatuan negara b. proses penyelenggaraan kenegaraan c. alat tujuan organisasi negara d. suatu wujud kegiatan pemerintah e. proses pelaksanaan ketatanegaraan dalam negara 27. Dalam pengertian sistem pemerintahan, kata sistem berasal dari asal kata “synistani” yang berarti… a. ketatanegaraan b. menempatkan bersama c. bentuk kesatuan d. penyelenggaraan e. kesejahteraan 28. Pemerintah dalam arti luas adalah golongan badan kenegaraan yang berkuasa di suatu Negara. Yang meliputi badan… a. legislatif,yudikatif,fakultatif b. yudikatif,konstitutif, federatif c. fakultatif,legislatif,eksekutif d. konstitutif,federatif, eksekutif e. legislatif,yudikatif,eksekutif 29. Berbeda dengan sistem parlementer, dalam sistem presidensial hubungan antara badan legislatif dan eksekutif bersifat… a. federal b. rasional c. konstitusi d. fungsional e. sosial 30. Berikut ini, yang bukan merupakan ciri-ciri pemerintahan presidensial adalah…. a. presiden dan legislatif tidak dapat saling menjatuhkan b. presiden berkedudukan sebagai kepala Negara c. presiden dibantu oleh menteri negara d. presiden tidak bertanggungjawab kepada DPR e. presiden dapat membubarkan DPR 31. Bentuk negara diagi menjadi 3 kategori yaitu,… a. serikat,kesatuan, monarki b. monarki,tirani,konfederasi c. federal,tirani,kesatuan d.konfederasi,tirani,serikat e. federal, kesatuan,konfederasi 32. Pengertian bentuk Negara adalah pengelompokkan… a. negara berdasar cara pengisian jabatan kepalanegara b. negara berdasar kriteria secara resmi di dalam suatu negara c. negara yang jabatan kepala Negara diisi melalui sistem warisan d. negara berdasar letak kekuasaan tertinggi e. Negara berdasar asas-asas kenegaraan 33. Yang bukan merupakan kemungkinan bentuk pemerintahan menurut Aristoteles adalah… a. monarki b. politi c. tirani d. federal e. demokrasi 34. Yang bukan wewenang senat bersama pemerintah dan DPR adalah… a.mengubah konstitusi RIS b. membubarkan anggota parlemen c. menetapan undang-undang federal yang menyangkut satu d. menetapkan undang-undang federal untuk anggaran biaya RIS e. memberikan nasihat kepada 35. Pemerintah RIS menganut sistem perwakilan bicameral terdiri atas senat dan DPR. Senat adalah… a. dewan keamanan b. perwakilan rakyat c. menteri d. anggota kepresidenan e. perwakilan daerah-daerah 36. Yang bukan termasuk alat perlengakapan federal RIS adalah… a. presiden b. Senat c. DPR d. Menteri e. kabinet 37. UUD sementara 1950 selain presiden terdapat wakil presiden adalah pemegang… a. kekuasaan yudikatif b. kekuasaan eksekutif c. kekuasaan legislatif d. kekuasaan federal e. kekuasaan konsitatif 38. Pada pasal 45, UUD sementara menyatakan bahwa… a. kedudukan tertinggi adalah presiden b. DPR membantu presiden dalam melaksanakan tugasnya c. presiden dibantu wakil dalam melaksanakan kewajibannya d. tugas presiden dikerjakan oleh wakil presiden e. wakil presiden menggantikan presiden setelah berhenti 39. Berdasarkan UUD 1945 masa orde baru menganut sistem pemerintahan.. a. parlementer b. presidensial c. konstitusional d. federal e. fungsional 40. Dibawah ini, termasuk tujuh kunci pokok sistem pemerintahan Indonesia. Kecuali, … a. Indonesia Negara berdasar atas hukum b. sistem konstitusional c. presiden ialah penyelenggara pemerintahan negara d. presiden bertanggungjawab kepada DPR e. menteri Negara ialah pembantu presiden 41. Yang bukan merupakan alat-alat kelengkapan Negara masa orde baru adalah… a. presiden b. DPR c. MA d. MPR e. MK 42. Dibawah ini contoh upaya di lembaga MPR adalah… a. mayoritas anggota merupakan hasil rapat b. jumlah anggota tidak boleh dikurangi c. pimpinan DPR tergabung dari MPR d. penggunaan hak presiden harus diminimalkan e.pimpinan MPR terpisah dari pimpinan DPR 43. Yang menjelaskan tentang pembatasan masa jabatan presiden dan wakil presiden adalah TAP MPR no… a. X/MPR/1998 b. XIII/MPR/1998 c.XII /MPR/1998 d. XI/MPR/1998 e. XV/MPR/1998 44. Yang menjelaskan sumber hukum dan tata peraturan RI adalah Tap MPR no… a.VI/MPR/2000 b. V/MPR/2000 c.IV/MPR/2000 d. III/MPR/2000 e. VII/MPR/2000
45. Kekuasaan eksekutif dijalankan oleh presiden dibantu oleh wakil presiden dan menteri Negara diatur dalam… a. pasal 4 dan 10 b. pasal 2 dan 14 c. pasal 2 dan 17 d. pasal 4 dan 17 e. pasal 4 dan 14 46. Badan eksekutif di Amerika Serikat terdiri dari… a. cabinet dan menteri b. presiden dan menteri c. presiden dan kabinet d. senat dan perwakilan rakyat e. presiden dan mahkamah agung 47. Di Negara Inggris, badan eksekutif dipegang oleh… a. raja dan menteri b. raja dan kabinet c. perwakilan rakyat dan raja d. cabinet dan menteri e. raja dan mahkamah agung 48. Sedangkan badan yudikatif AS dikepalai oleh… a. perwakilan rakyat b. presiden c. wakil presiden d. menteri e. Mahkamah Agung 49. Di jepang,kaisar hanya sebagai simbol dan melimpahkan kekuasaan ke tangan Diet . yang dimaksud dengan “Diet” adalah… a. badan eksekutif b. badan yudikatif c. badan federatif d. badan legislatif e. badan konstitutif 50. Pada tingkat pemerintah daerah Cina,terdapat Kongres Rakyat Daerah dan Dewan Rakyat Daerah yang masing masing dipilih oleh… a. menteri b. wakil daerah c. wakil presiden d. presiden e. rakyat
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