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Factors Affecting the Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of Cocoa Flavanols in Humans Tania Cifuentes-Gomez † , Ana Rodriguez-Mateos§ , Isidro Gonzalez-Salvador† , María Elena Alañon† , and Jeremy P. E. Spencer*† † Molecular Nutrition Group, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG26AP, United Kingdom § Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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J. Agric. Food Chem., 2015, 63 (35), pp 7615–7623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00443 Publication Date (Web): February 25, 2015 Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society *(J.P.E.S.) Phone: 004411837868724. Fax: 00441183788709. E-mail:
[email protected].
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This article is part of the 27th ICP and 8th Tannin Conference (Nagoya 2014) special issue.
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Cocoa is rich in a subclass of flavonoids known as flavanols, the cardiovascular health benefits
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of which have been extensively reported. The appearance of flavanol metabolites in the
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systemic circulation after flavanol-rich food consumption is likely to mediate the physiological effects on the vascular system, and these levels are influenced by numerous factors, including
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food matrix, processing, intake, age, gender, or genetic polymorphisms, among others. This
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review will focus on our current understanding of factors affecting the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cocoa flavanols in humans. Second, it will identify gaps in these contributing factors that need to be addressed to conclusively translate our collective knowledge into the
Cifuentes-Gomez, Tania
context of public health, dietary guidelines, and evidence-based dietary recommendations. Keywords: (−)-epicatechin; absorption; cocoa flavanols; excretion; metabolism; pharmacokinetics
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Received 23 January 2015 Date accepted 25 February 2015 Published online 25 February 2015 Published in print 9 September 2015
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