Idea Transcript
Faculty of Engineering
DEVELOPMENT OF IN-STREAM CROSS FLOW MICRO HYDRO TURBINE
Siti Mas Arena binti Liakbar
Master of Engineering (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 2013
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS Judul:
DEVELOPMENT OF IN-STREAM CROSS FLOW MICRO HYDRO TURBINE SESI PENGAJIAN: 2011/2012
Saya
SITI MAS ARENA BINTI LIAKBAR__
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. 2.
Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. **Sila tandakan ( √ )di kotak yang berkenaan:
3. 4. 5.
√
SULIT
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan dimana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) Alamat Tetap:
No 17, Lot 3744, Blok 26 Taman Univista 94300 Kota Samarahan Sarawak.
Tarikh:
CATATAN:
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Assoc. Prof Dr. M. Shahidul Islam
Tarikh:
* **
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda. Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
APPROVAL SHEET This Master Thesis, which entitled “Development of In-Stream Cross Flow Micro Hydro Turbine”, was prepared by Siti Mas Arena binti Liakbar as
a partial fulfillment for Master of Engineering (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) is hereby read and approved by:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Shahidul Islam
Signature: _____________________
Project Supervisor
Date
Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
: _____________________
DEVELOPMENT OF IN-STREAM CROSS FLOW MICRO HYDRO TURBINE
SITI MAS ARENA BINTI LIAKBAR
This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Master of Engineering (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering)
Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2013
Specially dedicate to my loving family, who has supported and encouraged me through good time and hard time
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful
Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah for the strengths and His blessing in completing this thesis. Special appreciation goes to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr M Shahidul Islam, for his supervision and constant support. He inspired me greatly to work in this project. Not forgotten, my appreciation to my co-supervisor, Dr. Syed Tarmizi Syed Shazali and Dr Thelaha Masri for their support and knowledge regarding to this project.
I would like to express my appreciation to financial support given by Research & Innovation Section, JKR Malaysia Training & Research Division and Faculty of Engineering, UNIMAS.
Many thanks go to my lecturer Abg Mohd Nizam Abg Kamaruddin and all technician staff of the Mechanical Engineering Department and Chemical Engineering Department for their advice, opinion and help throughout this project. Sincere thanks to all my friends especially Hafiza and Akmal for their kindness and moral support during my study.
Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved parents; Mr. Liakbar Matusin and Mrs. Jeriah Ali Hassan and also to my sisters for their endless love, prayers and encouragement. To those who indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. ii
ABSTRACT
The advancement of present world is largely depending on fossil fuel which is a proven cause of global warming. This research has been undertaken to develop an in-stream low velocity water turbine by extracting green energy in order to reduce burning of fossil fuel and to uphold the concept of sustainable environment. This research aims to develop a laboratory scale (LST) and prototype cross flow micro hydro turbine (CFMHT) by extracting kinetic energy from in-stream water. Ducting system and flywheel concept have been incorporated into structure of CFMHT for increasing energy extraction and to maintain uniform speed in turbine operations. The results reported in this thesis have shown that at duct angle 45o both in inletoutlet, LST has extracted 2.3 Watt at water velocity 0.5 m/s which contributed to generate turbine speed 70 RPM. On the other hand, prototype turbine test at duct angle 45o both in inlet-outlet have shown that at water velocity 0.3 m/s, energy extraction was 5.42 Watt which contributed to turbine speed 18 RPM. Development of micro hydro turbine has huge used in off grid areas for providing clean energy. This energy will contribute to grow small scale agriculture projects and SME which will create employment opportunities. This study suggests for further study by improving its energy extraction efficiency and developing a feasible installation system in in-stream water for continuous operations.
iii
ABSTRAK
Kemajuan dunia sekarang sangat bergantung kepada bahan api fosil yang merupakan punca pemanasan global. Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk membangunkan turbin dalam aliran air perlahan dengan mengekstrak tenaga hijau dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan pembakaran bahan api fosil dan untuk menegakkan konsep persekitaran mampan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membangunkan skala makmal (LST) dan prototaip aliran silang mikro hidro turbin (CFMHT) dengan mengekstrak tenaga kinetik daripada air dalam aliran. Menyalurkan konsep sistem dan roda tenaga telah dimasukkan ke dalam struktur CFMHT untuk pengekstrakan tenaga yang semakin meningkat dan untuk mengekalkan kelajuan seragam dalam operasi turbin. Keputusan yang dilaporkan dalam tesis ini telah menunjukkan bahawa pada sudut 45o di kedua-dua masuk keluar saluran, LST telah diekstrak 2.3 Watt pada halaju air 0.5 m/s yang menyumbang untuk menjana kelajuan turbin 70 RPM. Selain itu, ujian prototaip turbin pada 45o di kedua-dua masuk keluar saluran telah menunjukkan bahawa pada halaju air 0.3 m/s, pengekstrakan tenaga adalah 5.42 Watt yang menyumbang kepada turbin RPM kelajuan 18. Pembangunan mikro hidro turbin banyak digunakan di kawasan grid off untuk menyediakan tenaga bersih. Tenaga ini akan menyumbang untuk mengembangkan projek pertanian berskala kecil dan PKS yang akan mewujudkan peluang pekerjaan. Kajian ini mencadangkan untuk kajian selanjutnya dengan meningkatkan kecekapan pengeluaran tenaga dan membangun satu sistem pemasangan dilaksanakan dalam air untuk operasi berterusan.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
ABSTRACT
iii
ABSTRAK
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
v
LIST OF TABLES
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
NOMENCLATURE
xii
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION 1.0
Background of Study
1
1.1
Research Problem Statements
3
1.2
Objectives of Research
4
1.3
Research Novelty
5
1.4
Thesis Outline
5
LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0
Introduction
7
2.1
Energy Supply and Power Generation
8
2.2
Green Energy
11
2.3
Components of Micro Hydro Schemes
14
2.4
Micro Hydro Turbine
17
2.5
Overview on Micro Hydro Project
23
2.6
Research and Development on Micro Hydro in
29
Malaysia 2.7
Development of Energy Transmission for Micro
34
Hydro Turbine 2.8
Mathematical Models of Micro Hydro
43
2.9
Findings of Literature Review
45
2.10
Scope of Study under this Research Project
46
v
2.11
CHAPTER 3
Conclusion
47
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0
Introduction
48
3.1
Research Framework
49
3.2
Simulation of Energy Extraction and Shaft
50
Power 3.3
Simulation of Energy Flow
50
3.4
Procedure of Developing Laboratory Scale and
50
Prototype CFMHT 3.5
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
Conclusion
57
DEVELOPMENT OF CFMHT 4.0
Introduction
58
4.1
Designing Laboratory Scale CFMHT
60
4.2
Fabrication of Laboratory Scale CFMHT
61
4.3
Experiment Setup of Laboratory Scale CFMHT
62
4.4
Test Run of Laboratory Scale CFMHT
64
4.5
Designing Prototype CFMHT
65
4.6
Fabrication of Prototype CFMHT
67
4.7
Experiment Setup for Prototype CFMHT
72
4.8
Test Run of Prototype CFMHT
74
4.9
Conclusion
75
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5.0
Introduction
76
5.1
Simulation and Findings
76
5.1.1 Simulation of Energy Extraction and
76
Shaft Power
5.2
5.1.2 Simulation of Energy Flow
80
Test Result and Analysis of Operating Behaviour
83
of LST 5.3
Data Analysis and Evaluation of Operating
vi
93
Behaviour of Prototype Turbine 5.4
Comparative Statement on Findings of
99
Laboratory Scale and Prototype CFMHT 5.5
Evaluation on LST and Prototype Turbine
101
Performance
CHAPTER 6
5.6
Research Findings
102
5.7
Conclusion
104
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS 6.0
Summary of Research
105
6.1
Constraints in Research
107
6.2
Contribution of Research
108
6.3
Social Implications of Research
108
6.4
Environmental Implications of Research
109
6.5
Conclusion
109
6.6
Recommendations
110
REFERENCES
114
APPENDIX I
120
APPENDIX II
125
APPENDIX III
137
APPENDIX IV
145
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
PAGE
2.1
Water current turbine (WCT) device comparison
42
5.1
Effect of flywheel in RPM
83
5.2
Laboratory scale turbine test without ducting result
84
5.3
Effect of duct angle on energy extraction
87
5.4
Prototype turbine test result
93
5.5
Comparison between laboratory scale and prototype
100
turbine test result
viii
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE
PAGE
2.1
Strategy for literature review
7
2.2
Major components of a micro hydro scheme
15
2.3
Typical system efficiencies for a scheme running at full design
16
flow 2.4 (a)
Francis turbine
18
2.4 (b)
Kaplan turbine
18
2.5
Pelton turbine
19
2.6
Turgo turbine
19
2.7
Crossflow (Banki/Mitchell) turbine
20
2.8
Axial flow turbine
21
2.9
Classification of cross flow turbine
23
2.10
AHS turbine blade
24
2.11
Power versus velocity for various combinations of diameter and
25
height 2.12
Kobold turbine
26
2.13
EnCurrent hydro turbine
27
2.14
Gorlov helical turbine
28
2.15
30kW of turbine generator arrangement
30
2.16
Final setup of the 30kW turbine generator
30
2.17
Arrangement of 3 kW of turbine generator
31
2.18
Micro hydro system
32
2.19
UTP’s propeller turbine
33
2.20
Direct horizontal coupled drive system
35
2.21
Belt drive horizontal system
36
2.22
Belt drive horizontal system with coupling and extra bearings
37
2.23
Gearbox drive horizontal system
38
2.24
EnCurrent turbine with drive system
39
2.25
Example of belt drive vertical system
40
ix
2.26
Helical turbine
40
2.27
Belt drive vertical system mounted at a boat
41
2.28
Combination of horizontal and vertical transmission system
42
2.29
Mechanism of extraction and transmission
43
3.1
Strategic research frame work
49
3.2
Components of energy transmission of micro hydro turbine
51
3.3
Arrangement of turbine blade
53
4.1
Workflow of the chapter
59
4.2
Design of laboratory scale CFMHT
61
4.3
Laboratory scale CFMHT
63
4.4
Water channel
63
4.5
Top view of experiment set up for laboratory scale turbine
63
4.6
Water channel component
64
4.7
Design of prototype CFMHT with frame
66
4.8
Dimension of prototype CFMHT
67
4.9 (a)
Blades cutting process
68
4.9 (b)
Fabrication of blades
68
4.10(a)
Flywheel
69
4.10(b)
Turbine assembly
69
4.10(c)
Turbine painting process
69
4.11(a)
Lathe process
70
4.11(b)
Shaft joining process
70
4.12
Prototype CFMHT frame
71
4.13
Prototype turbine assembly
72
4.14
Location of prototype turbine testing
73
4.15
Tachometer
74
4.16
Water velocity meter
74
5.1
Power extraction by blade for small area about 0.02m2 -0.1m2
77
5.2
Power Extraction by blade for area 0.2m2 – 1.2m2
77
5.3
Shaft power of turbine for torque 0.1 – 2.0 Nm
70
5.4
Shaft power of turbine for torque 1 – 6 Nm
71
5.5
Energy flow without duct
81
x
5.6
Energy flow with one duct
82
5.7
Energy extraction with two ducts
83
5.8
Effect of inlet water velocity on energy extraction without duct
85
5.9
Effect of velocity drop on energy extraction without duct
86
5.10
Effect of 45o duct angle on energy extraction
87
5.11
Effect of water velocity on turbine rotation
89
5.12
Effect of velocity drop on turbine rotation
90
5.13
Effect of turbine rotation on shaft power with different duct
91
angle 5.14
Effect of inlet water velocity and velocity drop on energy
91
extraction 5.15
Effect of inlet water velocity and turbine rotation on energy
92
extraction 5.16
Effect of inlet water velocity on energy extraction
93
5.17
Effect of velocity drop across blades on energy extraction
94
5.18
Effect of inlet water velocity on turbine rotation
95
5.19
Effect of velocity drop across blades on turbine rotation
96
5.20
Effect of turbine rotation on shaft power
97
5.21
Effect of inlet water velocity and velocity drop on energy
98
extraction 5.22
Effect of inlet water velocity and turbine rotation on energy
99
extraction 6.1
Side view of single phase
111
6.2
Top view of multiple phase
112
6.3
Floating method
113
5.4
Bottom view of floating method
113
xi
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE
PAGE
2.1
Strategy for literature review
7
2.2
Major components of a micro hydro scheme
15
2.3
Typical system efficiencies for a scheme running at full design
16
flow 2.4 (a)
Francis turbine
18
2.4 (b)
Kaplan turbine
18
2.5
Pelton turbine
19
2.6
Turgo turbine
19
2.7
Crossflow (Banki/Mitchell) turbine
20
2.8
Axial flow turbine
21
2.9
Classification of cross flow turbine
23
2.10
AHS turbine blade
24
2.11
Power versus velocity for various combinations of diameter and
25
height 2.12
Kobold turbine
26
2.13
EnCurrent hydro turbine
27
2.14
Gorlov helical turbine
28
2.15
30kW of turbine generator arrangement
30
2.16
Final setup of the 30kW turbine generator
30
2.17
Arrangement of 3 kW of turbine generator
31
2.18
Micro hydro system
32
2.19
UTP’s propeller turbine
33
2.20
Direct horizontal coupled drive system
35
2.21
Belt drive horizontal system
36
2.22
Belt drive horizontal system with coupling and extra bearings
37
2.23
Gearbox drive horizontal system
38
2.24
EnCurrent turbine with drive system
39
2.25
Example of belt drive vertical system
40
ix
2.26
Helical turbine
40
2.27
Belt drive vertical system mounted at a boat
41
2.28
Combination of horizontal and vertical transmission system
42
2.29
Mechanism of extraction and transmission
43
3.1
Strategic research frame work
49
3.2
Components of energy transmission of micro hydro turbine
51
3.3
Arrangement of turbine blade
53
4.1
Workflow of the chapter
59
4.2
Design of laboratory scale CFMHT
61
4.3
Laboratory scale CFMHT
63
4.4
Water channel
63
4.5
Top view of experiment set up for laboratory scale turbine
63
4.6
Water channel component
64
4.7
Design of prototype CFMHT with frame
66
4.8
Dimension of prototype CFMHT
67
4.9 (a)
Blades cutting process
68
4.9 (b)
Fabrication of blades
68
4.10(a)
Flywheel
69
4.10(b)
Turbine assembly
69
4.10(c)
Turbine painting process
69
4.11(a)
Lathe process
70
4.11(b)
Shaft joining process
70
4.12
Prototype CFMHT frame
71
4.13
Prototype turbine assembly
72
4.14
Location of prototype turbine testing
73
4.15
Tachometer
74
4.16
Water velocity meter
74
5.1
Power extraction by blade for small area about 0.02m2 -0.1m2
77
5.2
Power Extraction by blade for area 0.2m2 – 1.2m2
77
5.3
Shaft power of turbine for torque 0.1 – 2.0 Nm
70
5.4
Shaft power of turbine for torque 1 – 6 Nm
71
5.5
Energy flow without duct
81
x
5.6
Energy flow with one duct
82
5.7
Energy extraction with two ducts
83
5.8
Effect of inlet water velocity on energy extraction without duct
85
5.9
Effect of velocity drop on energy extraction without duct
86
5.10
Effect of 45o duct angle on energy extraction
87
5.11
Effect of water velocity on turbine rotation
89
5.12
Effect of velocity drop on turbine rotation
90
5.13
Effect of turbine rotation on shaft power with different duct
91
angle 5.14
Effect of inlet water velocity and velocity drop on energy
91
extraction 5.15
Effect of inlet water velocity and turbine rotation on energy
92
extraction 5.16
Effect of inlet water velocity on energy extraction
93
5.17
Effect of velocity drop across blades on energy extraction
94
5.18
Effect of inlet water velocity on turbine rotation
95
5.19
Effect of velocity drop across blades on turbine rotation
96
5.20
Effect of turbine rotation on shaft power
97
5.21
Effect of inlet water velocity and velocity drop on energy
98
extraction 5.22
Effect of inlet water velocity and turbine rotation on energy
99
extraction 6.1
Side view of single phase
111
6.2
Top view of multiple phase
112
6.3
Floating method
113
5.4
Bottom view of floating method
113
xi
NOMENCLATURE
V
- Water velocity (m/s)
Vi
- Inlet water velocity (m/s)
Vo
- Outlet water velocity (m/s)
ΔV
- Velocity drop (%)
Pb
- Energy extraction (W)
T
- Torque (Nm)
Ps
- Shaft power (W)
LST
- Laboratory scale turbine
CFMHT
- Cross flow micro hydro turbine
RPM
-Revolution per minute
Subscripts i
- inlet
o
- outlet
b
- blade
s
- shaft
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of Study Malaysia is well endowed with both conventional and renewable sources of energy; and these energy sources have been contributing significantly to rapid growth of Malaysian economy. Among the conventional energy sources fossil fuel is the component which composed of gas, oil and coal; on the other hand, in Malaysia, the main part of renewable energy is hydroelectricity; however, the share of fossil fuel in Malaysian fuel mix is about 93% (Penny et al., 2010).
It has been recorded that the burning of fossil fuel is the main cause of global warming (Ong et al., 2011) and by products of this fuel such as CO2, SO2 and NOx are the threatening factors to environment. Indeed, these gases are also known to be greenhouse gas. Eventually, these gases are contributing to increase pollution density in air and makes ecosystem unbalance (Cowan & Harmon, 2007). The current estimated emission, due to burning of fossil fuel in Malaysia in the year 2010, is about 56,643,906 ton; and the significant part is coming from manufacturing industries. Nowadays, Malaysia is moving toward industrial economy; obviously, which will create more electricity demand. This information indicates that Malaysian economy is going to be highly depending on energy. If this country continue to grow with fossil fuel energy; the present ecosystem will be unbalanced; which may lead towards unsustainable economic development. In order to maintain a sustainable 1
industrial growth and economy, pollution free energy production is essential. To address this sensitive issue, R&D on energy sector is essential. Indeed, the current research project has been undertaken to meet this challenge; with a target for developing a technically and economically feasible water turbine suitable for Malaysian environment. It is obvious to state that this research project was served a small part of the requirement for developing micro hydro turbine for producing electricity from green energy sources.
Recently, micro-hydro projects are becoming popular to society for generating electricity due to no fuel cost for them. Micro hydro converts the kinetic and potential energy of flowing water through water turbine shaft to generator for producing electricity. Most large scale hydro usually install with dam to ensure maximum power output. In contrast, most in-stream micro hydro water flow is used in turbine blade, after which it is returned to main stream. The efficiency of most micro hydro generators founds in a range of 30 to 70%. The micro hydro system is suitable for “run-of-the-river” installations because it is not connected to the grid and also suitable for remote rural areas. As dam is not required to operate in-stream micro hydro systems, the capital cost of this type of turbine is less compare to the large scale hydro systems (Hislop, 1992). Latest studies on micro hydro system suggest that this source is reliable and friendly to environment compare to other sources of energy. It also provides solution with energy supply for remote and hilly areas where the extension of grid system is not economically and technically feasible (Nathan et al., 2009). But the main constrain in operations of this type of turbine are; insufficient water flow and in case of water velocity less than 1 m/s (V < 1 m/s). In these two cases this turbine is fully inefficient.
2
1.1 Research Problem Statements Malaysian electricity generation is heavily dependent on fossil fuels and the share of renewable energy in the electricity generation is insignificant. Although it is a commonly known fact that the fossil fuel sources in Malaysia are finite and gradually depleting and at the same time burning of fossil fuels is the main sources of emission of greenhouse gases. For that reason, research project of green energy should be taken to develop a green and economically electricity generation system suitable for Malaysian economy.
Indeed, energy extraction by turbine blades is the main issue of this research project but the optimization of energy extraction is key factor of success of this research project. The flow direction of water stream at inlet and outlet points of turbine could play a vital role in releasing its inherent kinetic energy to turbine blades. Hence controlling water flow direction need consider for optimizing energy extraction.
On the other hand, most of commercial available micro hydro turbine are suitable operate at water velocity more than or equal 1m/s. However, major percentages of people are living in rural area where water velocity is about 1m/s or less. This is a constraint of using commercial available micro hydro turbine. Hence, developing a micro hydro turbine which is suitable to operate at low water velocity is key analytical factor needs to address carefully in order to design efficient micro hydro turbine.
3
1.2 Objectives of Research The main objective of this study is to develop an in-stream low velocity CFMHT and test for characterizing operating performance. In order to achieve research objective, this research is focused on the following specific objectives: 1. To simulate: i.
Energy flow through turbine
ii.
Energy extraction and shaft power
2. To develop laboratory scale CFMHT for studying operating behaviour of turbine 3. To develop prototype CFMHT for studying operating behaviour of turbine
The operating behaviour of turbine is focused on: i.
Effect of flywheel on Turbine RPM
ii.
Effect of inlet water velocity on energy extraction
iii.
Effect of velocity drop on energy extraction
iv.
Effect of duct angle on energy extraction
v.
Effect of water velocity on turbine rotation
vi.
Effect of velocity drop on turbine rotation
vii.
Effect of turbine RPM on shaft power
viii.
Combine effect of inlet velocity and velocity drop on energy extraction
ix.
Combine effect of inlet water velocity and turbine rotation on energy extraction
4
1.3 Research Novelty The theoretical aspect of this research provides a novel approach in operating turbine at low speed water current with higher extraction energy. The practical aspect of this research has managed to address the issue of global warming by producing green electricity where can be applied at rural area. The turbine has produced electricity without fuel which gives a sense of low cost electricity without pollution. The invented turbine has a wide use in off-grid area especially in remote location. Furthermore it has power to support rural economy by proving energy for processing small scale agro products and domestic use.
1.4 Thesis Outline This report contains five chapters which include introduction, literature review, research methodology, result and discussion, and conclusion.
Chapter 1 describes the introduction of project which includes background of the study, energy supply and power generation, Malaysia energy policy, effect of fossil fuel on environment, green energy, source of renewable energy, problem statements, research objectives, research novelty and these outline.
Chapter 2 focuses on the literature review that referred to turbine classification, overview on micro hydro project, research and development of micro hydro in Malaysia, and development of energy transmission for micro hydro turbine.
Chapter 3 elaborates more on the research method of developing micro hydro turbine system. Simulation, procedure of developing and testing laboratory scale and prototype cross flow micro hydro turbine, data analysis method and data processing method also describes in this chapter. 5