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“It is very hard to be a big important judge and suddenly you lose everything and sit in front of an investigator being accused of taking a bribe.”: was he corrupt? i Rate This

Egypt official accused of corruption ‘kills himself’ 2 January 2017 From the sectionMiddle East (http://www.bbc.com/news/world/middle_east) Share (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38490302#share-tools)

Image copyrightAFP Image captionMr Shalaby had resigned from Egypt’s administrative courts system before his arrest A top Egyptian government official has killed himself in jail after being arrested in connection with a corruption investigation, reports say. Wael Shalaby was a former secretary general of Egypt’s administrative courts system. He resigned on Saturday, a day before his arrest. The public prosecutor said his arrest was part of an inquiry into accusations of officials receiving bribes. A gag order on all media over the corruption case has now been issued. Mr Shalaby’s resignation came after a procurement manager at Egypt’s State Council, the umbrella organisation for the country’s administrative courts, was arrested. Gamal al-Din al-Labban was charged with receiving bribes worth millions of Egyptian pounds. The public prosecutor has referred to the two arrests as part of the same case. Alongside his role in the State Council, Mr Shalaby also served as a deputy chief justice in the administrative courts, according to the Reuters news agency.

‘Terrible psychological state’ Mr Shalaby’s lawyer, Sayed Beheiry, told Reuters that his client hanged himself using a scarf he was wearing. “He was going through a terrible psychological state during his questioning,” he said. “It is very hard to be a big important judge and suddenly you lose everything and sit in front of an investigator being accused of taking a bribe.” The lawyer told the Daily News Egypt newspaper (http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2017/01/02/can-commit-suicide-will-former-state-council-secretary-general-told-lawyer/) that his client was subjected to interrogations that deprived him of sleep for nearly 40 hours. Mr Shalaby, he added, had also said his arrest was illegal, because prosecutors had not issued an arrest warrant.

Gag order The interior ministry, which oversees prisons, has not commented. The public prosecutor has ordered an autopsy, state news agency Mena reports. Shortly after the death was confirmed, Egypt’s Prosecutor-General Nabil Sadek placed a gag order on the case until the investigations are concluded. Local and foreign non-governmental organisations say corruption is rife in Egypt. The country was ranked 88th out of 168 countries (https://www.transparency.org/country/EGY) on Transparency International’s 2015 corruption perceptions index.

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Corruption (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) i Rate This

First published Wed Sep 14, 2005; substantive revision Wed Feb 2, 2011 The causes and effects of corruption, and how to combat corruption, are issues that are increasingly on the national and international agendas of politicians and other policymakers. For example, the World Bank has relatively recently come around to the view that economic development is closely linked to corruption reduction (World Bank 1997) and there have been numerous anti-corruption initiatives in multiple jurisdictions (Heidenheimer and Johnston 2002; Preston and Sampford 2002). Moreover, the very recent Global Financial Crisis has revealed financial corruption, and spurred regulators to consider various anti-corruption measures by way of response. By contrast, the concept of corruption has not received much attention.[1 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#1)] Existing conceptual work on corruption consists in little more than the presentation of brief definitions of corruption as a preliminary to extended accounts of the causes and effects of corruption and the ways to combat it.[2 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#2)] Moreover, most of these definitions of corruption are unsatisfactory in fairly obvious ways.[3 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#3)] 1. Varieties of Corruption (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/#vari) 2. Institutional Corruption (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/#inst) 2.1 Five Hypotheses Concerning the Concept of Institutional Corruption (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/#five) 2.2 Summary of the Concept of Institutional Corruption (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/#summ) 3. Noble Cause Corruption: A Non-standard Case (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/#nobl) 4. Conclusion (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/#conc) Bibliography (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/#Bib) Academic Tools (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/#Aca) Other Internet Resources (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/#Oth) Related Entries (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/#Rel)

1. Varieties of Corruption Consider one of the most popular of these definitions, namely, ‘Corruption is the abuse of power by a public official for private gain.’[4 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#4)] No doubt the abuse of public offices for private gain is paradigmatic of corruption. But when a bettor bribes a boxer to ‘throw’ a fight this is corruption for private gain, but it need not involve any public office holder; the roles of boxer and bettor are usually not public offices. One response to this is to distinguish public corruption from private corruption, and to argue that the above definition is a definition only of public corruption.[5 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#5)] But if ordinary citizens lie when they give testimony in court, this is corruption; it is corruption of the criminal justice system. However, it does not involve abuse of a public office by a public official. And when police fabricate evidence out of a misplaced sense of justice, this is corruption of a public office, but not for private gain. In the light of the failure of such analytical-style definitions it is tempting to try to sidestep the problem of providing a theoretical account of the concept of corruption by simply identifying corruption with specific legal and/or moral offences. However, attempts to identify corruption with specific legal/moral offences are unlikely to succeed. Perhaps the most plausible candidate is bribery; bribery is regarded by some as the quintessential form of corruption (Noonan 1984 and Pritchard 1998). But what of nepotism? Surely it is also a paradigmatic form of corruption, and one that is conceptually distinct from bribery. The person who accepts a bribe is understood as being required to provide a benefit to the briber, otherwise it is not a bribe; but the person who is the beneficiary of an act of nepotism is not necessarily understood as being required to return the favour. In fact, corruption is exemplified by a very wide and diverse array of phenomena of which bribery is only one kind, and nepotism another. Paradigm cases of corruption include the following. The commissioner of taxation channels public monies into his personal bank account, thereby corrupting the public financial system. A political party secures a majority vote by arranging for ballot boxes to be stuffed with false voting papers, thereby corrupting the electoral process. A police officer fabricates evidence in order to secure convictions, thereby corrupting the judicial process. A number of doctors close ranks and refuse to testify against a colleague who they know has been negligent in relation to an unsuccessful surgical operation leading to loss of life; institutional accountability procedures are thereby undermined. A sports trainer provides the athletes he trains with banned substances in order to enhance their performance, thereby subverting the institutional rules laid down to ensure fair competition. It is self-evident that none of these corrupt actions are instances of bribery. Further, it is far from obvious that the way forward at this point is simply to add a few additional offences to the initial ‘list’ consisting of the single offence of bribery. Candidates for being added to the list of offences would include nepotism,[6 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#6)] police fabricating evidence, cheating in sport by using drugs, fraudulent use of travel funds by politicians, and so on. However, there is bound to be disagreement in relation to any such list. For example, law enforcement practitioners often distinguish between fraud on the one hand, and corruption on the other.[7 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#7)] Most important, any such list needs to be justified by recourse to some principle or principles. Ultimately, naming a set of offences that might be regarded as instances of corruption does not obviate the need for a theoretical, or quasi-theoretical, account of the concept of corruption. As it happens, there is at least one further salient strategy for demarcating the boundaries of corrupt acts. Implicit in much of the literature on corruption is the view that corruption is essentially a legal offence, and essentially a legal offence in the economic sphere.[8 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#8)] Accordingly, one could seek to identify corruption with economic crimes, such as bribery, fraud, and insider trading. To some extent this kind of view reflects the dominance of economically focused material in the corpus of academic literature on corruption. It also reflects the preponderance of proposed economic solutions to the problem of corruption. After all, if corruption is essentially an economic phenomenon, is it not plausible that the remedies for corruption will be economic ones?[9 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#9)] But many acts of corruption are not unlawful. That paradigm of corruption, bribery, is a case in point. Prior to 1977 it was not unlawful for US companies to offer bribes to secure foreign contracts; indeed, elsewhere such bribery was not unlawful until much later.[10 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#10)] So corruption is not necessarily unlawful. This is because corruption is not at bottom simply a matter of law; rather it is fundamentally a matter of morality. Secondly, corruption is not necessarily economic in character. An academic who plagiarises the work of others is not committing an economic crime or misdemeanour; and she might be committing plagiarism simply in order to increase her academic status. There might not be any financial benefit sought or gained. Academics are more strongly motivated by status, rather than by wealth. A police officer who fabricates evidence against a person he believes to be guilty of paedophilia is not committing an economic crime; and he might do so because he believes the accused to be guilty, and does not want him to go unpunished. Economics is not necessarily involved as an element of the officer’s crime or as a motivation. When police do wrong they are often motivated by a misplaced sense of justice, rather than by financial reward. Again, a person in authority motivated by sadistic pleasure who abuses her power by meting out cruel and unjust treatment to those subject to her authority, is not engaging in an economic crime; and she is not motivated by economic considerations. Many of those who occupy positions of authority are motivated by a desire to exercise power for its own sake, rather than by a desire for financial reward. Economic corruption is an important form of corruption; however, it is not the only form of corruption. There are non-economic forms of corruption, including many types of police corruption, judicial corruption, political corruption, academic corruption, and so on. Indeed, there are at least as many forms of corruption as there are human institutions that might become corrupted. Further, economic gain is not the only motivation for corruption. There are a variety of different kinds of attractions that motivate corruption. These include status, power, addiction to drugs or gambling, and sexual gratification, as well as economic gain. We can conclude that the various currently influential definitions of corruption, and the recent attempts to circumscribe corruption by listing paradigmatic offences, have failed. They failed in large part because the class of corrupt actions comprises an extremely diverse array of types of moral and legal offences. That said, some progress has been made. At the very least, we have identified corruption as fundamentally a moral, as opposed to legal, phenomenon. Acts can be corrupt even though they are, and even ought to be, legal. Moreover, it is evident that not all acts of immorality are acts of corruption; corruption is only one species of immorality. Consider an otherwise gentle husband who in a fit of anger strikes his adulterous wife and accidentally kills her. The husband has committed an act that is morally wrong; he has committed murder, or perhaps culpable homicide, or at least manslaughter. But his action is not necessarily an act of corruption. Obviously the person who is killed (the wife) is not corrupted in the process of being killed. Moreover, the act of killing does not necessarily corrupt the perpetrator (the husband). Perhaps the person who commits a wrongful killing (the husband) does so just once and in mitigating circumstances, and also suffers remorse. Revulsion at his act of killing might cause such a person to embark thereafter on a life of moral rectitude. If so, the person has not been corrupted as a result of his wrongful act.[11 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#11)] An important distinction in this regard, is the distinction between human rights violations and corruption. Genocide is a profound moral wrong; but it is not corruption. This is not to say that there is not an important relationship between human rights violations and corruption; on the contrary, there is often a close and mutually reinforcing nexus between them (Pearson 2001). Consider the endemic corruption and large-scale human rights abuse that have taken place in authoritarian regimes, such as that of Idi Amin in Uganda and that of Suharto in Indonesia. And there is increasing empirical evidence of an admittedly complex causal connection between corruption and the infringement of subsistence rights; there is evidence, that is, of a causal relation between corruption and poverty. Indeed, some human rights violations are also acts of corruption. For example, wrongfully and unlawfully incarcerating one’s political opponent is a human rights violation; but it is also corrupting the political and judicial processes. Thus far, examples of different types of corrupt action have been presented, and corrupt actions have been distinguished from some other types of immoral action. However, the class of corrupt actions has not been adequately demarcated within the more general class of immoral actions. To do so, a definition of corrupt actions is needed, specifically for actions of corrupt institutions (Miller 2010). To this task we now turn.

2. Institutional Corruption We begin with five hypotheses concerning institutional corruption before providing a summary of the concept.

2.1 Five Hypotheses Concerning the Concept of Institutional Corruption First Hypothesis: The Personal Character of Corruption Persons are relevantly involved in all corruption, and in institutional corruption in particular. Let us assume that there are at least two general forms of corruption, namely institutional corruption and non-institutional personal corruption.[12 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#12)] Non-institutional personal corruption is corruption of persons outside institutional settings. Such corruption pertains to the moral character of persons, and consists in the despoiling of their moral character. If an action has a corrupting effect on a person’s character, it will typically be corrosive of one or more of a person’s virtues. These virtues might be virtues that attach to the person qua human being, e.g. the virtues of compassion and fairness in one’s dealings with other human beings. Alternatively — or in some cases, additionally — these virtues might attach to persons qua occupants of specific institutional roles, e.g. impartiality in a judge or objectivity in a journalist. Our concern here is only with institutional corruption. Nevertheless, it is plausible that corruption in general, including institutional corruption, typically involves the despoiling of the moral character of persons and in particular, in the case of institutional corruption, the despoiling of the moral character of institutional role occupants qua institutional role occupants. To this extent institutional corruption involves personal corruption. Note that personal corruption, i.e., being corrupted, is not the same thing as performing a corrupt action, i.e., being a corruptor. Typically, corruptors are corrupted, but this is not necessarily the case. Note also that corruptors are not simply persons who perform actions that corrupt, they are also morally responsible for this corruption. (As we shall see, there is one important category of corruptors which is an exception to this, namely corruptors who are not morally responsible for being corrupted, yet whose actions are both an expression of their corrupt characters and also have a corrupting effect.) The precise nature of corruptors and their relationship to the corrupted is discussed in more detail below. Note also in relation to personal corruption that there is a distinction to be made between possession of a virtue and possession of a disposition to behave in certain ways. Virtues consist in part in dispositions, but are not wholly constituted by dispositions. A compassionate person, for example, is disposed to help people. But such a person also experiences certain emotional states, and understands other people in a certain light; compassion involves non-dispositional states. Moreover, a compassionate person has actually performed compassionate acts; he or she is not simply disposed to do so. Accordingly, while personal corruption may consist in part in the development or suppression of certain dispositions, e.g., in developing the disposition to accept bribes or in suppressing the disposition to refuse them, the development or suppression of such dispositions would not normally constitute the corruption of persons. Thus a person who has a disposition to accept bribes but who is never offered any is not corrupt, except perhaps in an attenuated sense. Naturally, in the case of institutional corruption typically greater institutional damage is being done than simply the despoiling of the moral character of the institutional role occupants. Specifically, institutional processes are being undermined, and/or institutional purposes subverted. However, the undermining of institutional processes and/or purposes is not a sufficient condition for institutional corruption. Acts of institutional damage that are not performed by a corruptor and also do not corrupt persons are better characterized as acts of institutional corrosion. Consider, for example, funding decisions that gradually reduce public monies allocated to the court system in some large jurisdiction. As a consequence, magistrates might be progressively less well trained and there might be fewer and fewer of them to deal with the gradually increasing workload of cases. This may well lead to a diminution over decades in the quality of the adjudications of these magistrates, and so the judicial processes are to an extent undermined. However, given the size of the jurisdiction and the incremental nature of these changes, neither the magistrates, nor anyone else, might be aware of this process of judicial corrosion, or even able to become aware of it (given heavy workloads, absence of statistical information, etc.). It seems that these judges have not undergone a process of personal corruption, and this is the reason we are disinclined to view this situation as one of institutional corruption. One residual question here is whether or not institutional role corruption could exist in the absence of the undermining of institutional processes and/or institutional purposes. Perhaps it could not for the reason that an institutional role is defined in large part in terms of the institutional purposes that the role serves as well as the institutional processes in which the role occupant participates in the service of those institutional purposes. A possible counterexample might be that of a “sleeper”: an official who accepts regular pay from a foreign spy agency but has not and perhaps never will be asked for any reciprocal service. At any rate, the close relationship between institutional roles on the one hand, and institutional processes and purposes on the other, explains why institutional corruption typically involves both the despoiling of institutional role occupants qua institutional role occupants and the undermining of institutional processes and purposes. Finally, we need to formulate the first hypothesis precisely. The hypothesis is that, to be corrupt, an action must involve a corruptor who performs the action or a person who is corrupted by it. Of course, corruptor and corrupted need not necessarily be the same person, and indeed there need not be both a corruptor and a corrupted; all that is required is that there be a corruptor or a corrupted person.

The first hypothesis expresses a necessary condition for an action being an instance of institutional corruption and, indeed, for its being an instance of corruption at all. This first hypothesis has turned out to be correct.

Second Hypothesis: The Causal Character of Corruption If a serviceable definition of the concept of a corrupt action is to be found — and specifically, one that does not collapse into the more general notion of an immoral action — then attention needs to be focussed on the moral effects that some actions have on persons and institutions. An action is corrupt only if it corrupts something or someone — so corruption is not only a moral concept, but also a causal or quasi-causal concept.[13 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#13)] That is, an action is corrupt by virtue of having a corrupting effect on a person’s moral character or on an institutional process or purpose. If an action has a corrupting effect on an institution, undermining institutional processes or purposes, then typically — but not necessarily — it has a corrupting effect also on persons qua role occupants in the affected institutions. In relation to the concept of institutional corruption, the second hypothesis states (as a necessary condition) that an action is corrupt only if it has the effect of undermining an institutional process or of subverting an institutional purpose or of despoiling the character of some role occupant qua role occupant. This hypothesis asserts the causal character of corruption. In this regard, note that an infringement of a specific law or institutional rule does not in and of itself constitute an act of institutional corruption. In order to do so, any such infringement needs to have an institutional effect, e.g., to defeat the institutional purpose of the rule, to subvert the institutional process governed by the rule, or to contribute to the despoiling of the moral character of a role occupant qua role occupant. In short, we need to distinguish between the offence considered in itself and the institutional effect of committing that offence. Considered in itself the offence of, say, lying is an infringement of a law, rule, and/or a moral principle. However, the offence is only an act of institutional corruption if it has some effect, e.g., it is performed in a courtroom setting and thereby subverts the judicial process.[14 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#14)] A further point to be made here is that an act that has a corrupting effect might not be a moral offence considered in itself. For example, the provision of information by a corporate officer to an investor that will enable the investor to buy shares cheaply before they rise in value might not be a moral offence considered in itself; in general, providing information is an innocuous activity. However, in this corporate setting it might constitute insider trading, and do institutional damage; as such, it may well be an act of corruption. A final point concerns the alleged responsibility for corruption of external non-institutional actors in contexts in which there are mediating internal institutional actors. In general, an act performed by an external non-institutional actor is not an act of institutional corruption if there is a mediating institutional actor who is fully responsible for the institutional harm. Consider an accountant who is besotted with a woman with expensive tastes. His obsession with the woman causes him to spend money on her that he does not have. Accordingly, he embezzles money from the company he works for. There is a causal chain of sorts from her expensive tastes to his act of embezzlement and the consequent institutional harm that his act in turn causes. However, she is not an institutional corruptor; rather he is. For he is fully responsible for his act of embezzlement, and it is this act — and this act alone — that constitutes an act of institutional corruption. It does so by virtue of the institutional harm that it does. It might be argued that while she did not corrupt any institutional process or purpose, she nevertheless corrupted him qua role occupant, e.g., by undermining his disposition to act honestly. But she has done no such thing. Rather his disposition to act honestly has been undermined by himself, and specifically by his desire to please her coupled with his lack of commitment to the ethical and institutional requirements of his institutional role as an accountant. Summing up, the second hypothesis states a necessary condition for an action being an instance of institutional corruption and, indeed, for its being an instance of corruption at all. This second hypothesis has turned out to be correct.

Third Hypothesis: The Moral Responsibility of Corruptors The third hypothesis states that an action is corrupt only if the person who performs it either intends or foresees the harm that it will cause — or, at the very least, could and should have foreseen it. Let us say that this further necessary condition expresses the moral responsibility of corruptors.[15 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#15)] As noted above, there is one important exception to the moral responsibility of corruptors hypothesis. The exception is that sub-class of corruptors who are: (a) corrupt, but not morally responsible for being so, and; (b) whose actions are an expression of their corrupted characters and also have a corrupting effect. We need to invoke our earlier distinction between acts of institutional corruption and acts of institutional corrosion. An act might undermine an institutional process or purpose without the person who performed it intending this effect, foreseeing this effect, or indeed even being in a position such that they could or should have foreseen this effect. Such an act may well be an act of corrosion, but it would not necessarily be an act of corruption. Consider our magistrates example involving a diminution over time in the quality of the adjudications of these magistrates. Neither the government and other officials responsible for resourcing and training the magistracy, nor the magistrates themselves, intend or foresee this institutional harm; indeed, perhaps noone could reasonably have foreseen the harmful effects of these shortcomings in training and failure to respond to increased workloads. This is judicial corrosion, but not judicial corruption. [16 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#16)] Because persons who perform corrupt actions (corruptors) intend or foresee — or at least should have foreseen —the corrupting effect their actions would have, these persons typically are blameworthy, but not necessarily so. For there are cases in which someone knowingly performs a corrupt action but is, say, coerced into so doing, and is therefore not blameworthy. So on this view it is possible to perform an act of corruption, be morally responsible for performing it, and yet remain blameless. Moreover, we earlier distinguished between two species of corruptor. There are those corruptors who are morally responsible for their corrupt actions. And there are those corruptors who are not responsible for their corrupt character, but whose actions are: (a) an expression of their corrupted character, and; (b) actions that have a corrupting effect. Accordingly, we now have a threefold distinction in relation to corruptors: (1) corruptors who are morally responsible for their corrupt action and blameworthy; (2) corruptors who are morally responsible for their corrupt action and blameless; (3) corruptors who are not morally responsible for having a corrupt character, but whose actions are: (a) expressive of their corrupt character, and; (b) actions that have a corrupting effect. The existence of the third category of corruptors demonstrates that the third hypothesis is incorrect.

Fourth Hypothesis: The Asymmetry between Corruptors and Those Corrupted. The fourth hypothesis concerns persons — in the sense of institutional role occupants —who are corrupted. The contrast here is twofold. In the first place, persons are being contrasted withinstitutional processes and purposes that might be subverted. In the second place, those who are corrupted are being contrasted with those who corrupt (the corruptors). Those who are corrupted have to some extent, or in some sense, allowed themselves to be corrupted; they are participants in the process of their corruption. Specifically, they have chosen to perform the actions which ultimately had the corrupting effect on them, and they could have chosen otherwise.[17 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#17)] In this respect, the corrupted are no different from the corruptors. Nevertheless, those who are corrupted and those who corrupt may be different in respect of their intentions and beliefs concerning the corrupting effect of their actions. Specifically, it may not be true of those who allow themselves to be corrupted that they intended or foresaw or should have foreseen this outcome. This is especially likely in the case of the young and other vulnerable groups who allow themselves to be corrupted, but cannot be expected to realise that their actions, or more likely omissions, would have this consequence.[18 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#18)] Consider the case of children recruited into Hitler’s Youth Movement (Hitler Jugend) who were inducted into the practice of spying on their classmates, teachers, and even parents, and reporting to the Nazis any supposedly suspicious or deviant activities. Moreover, even normally endowed adults who are placed in environments in which there are subtle and incremental, but more or less irresistible, inducements to engage in legal or moral offences, can gradually and imperceptibly become corrupted. Consider a young police officer who has just started working in the narcotics area. Keen to ‘fit in’, he foolishly accepts a minor ‘gift’ of money from a senior police officer without knowing what it is for; he has committed a relatively minor legal infraction. Later on at a drunken party he reluctantly agrees to smoke a cannabis joint with some of his new colleagues (another minor legal infraction). Still later he is informed that the payment was his ‘cut’ of an unlawful drug deal. This is done in the context of his being enthusiastically welcomed as ‘one of them’, albeit the dire consequences of ‘ratting’ on one’s fellow police officers are also made clear. Confused and scared he fails to report this unlawful payment; now he has committed a serious offence. The police officer is compromised, and compromised in a corrupt and intimidating police environment. He is on the proverbial slippery slope. A corruptor of other persons or institutional processes can in performing these corrupt actions also and simultaneously be producing corrupting effects on him or herself. That is, acts of corruption can have, and typically do have, a side effect in relation to the corruptor. They not only corrupt the person and/or institutional process that they are intended to corrupt; they also corrupt the corruptor, albeit usually unintentionally. Consider bribery in relation to a tendering process. The bribe corrupts the tendering process; and it will probably have a corrupting effect on the moral character of the bribe-taker. However, in addition, it might well have a corrupting effect on the moral character of the bribe-giver. Here we need to distinguish between a corrupt action that has no effect on an institutional process or on another person, but which contributes to the corruption of the character of the wouldbe corruptor; and a non-corrupt action which is a mere expression of a corrupt moral character but which has no corrupting effect either on the agent or on anyone or anything else. In this connection consider two sorts of would-be bribe-givers whose bribes are rejected. Suppose that in both cases their action has no corrupting effect on an institutional process or other person. Now suppose that in the first case the bribe-giver’s action of offering the bribe weakens his disposition not to offer bribes; so the offer has a corrupting effect on his character. However, suppose that in the case of the second bribe-giver, his failed attempt to bribe generates in him a feeling of shame and a disposition not to offer bribes. So his action has no corrupting effect, either on himself or externally on an institutional process or other person. In both cases, the action is the expression of a partially corrupt moral character. However, in the first, but not the second case the bribe-giver’s action is corrupt by virtue of having a corrupt effect on himself. I have argued that the corrupted are not necessarily morally responsible for being corrupted. I have also argued that typically corruptors are morally responsible for performing their corrupt actions. Accordingly, I have offered the hypothesis of an asymmetry between the corruptors and the corrupted. But what of those corruptors who are not morally responsible for their corrupt characters? Surely, at least in some cases, such people are not morally responsible for their corrupt actions, so strictly speaking — and contrary to our hypothesis — there is no asymmetry between the corrupted and the corruptors. This seems correct so far as it goes. However, some of those who are not morally responsible for having been corrupted are, nevertheless, morally responsible for not now trying to combat their corrupt characters. To that extent they might be held morally responsible for their corrupt actions, even if not for having been corrupted. Further, there is a difference between an action which corrupts and which is an expression of a corrupt character, and an action which has a corrupting effect but which is in no sense under the control of the person who performed it, e.g. they did not intend to perform it or their intention to perform it was caused by some agent external to themselves. For one thing, the former action, but not the latter action, is the action of a corruptor (as we have defined corruptors). Moreover, even if a person has a corrupt character and can do little about this, it does not follow that they have no control over the actions which are an expression of that character. Consider an official who finds it very hard to refuse bribes but who, nevertheless, tries to avoid opportunities in which he will be offered bribes. The upshot of this is that the hypothesis of an asymmetry between all corruptors and the corrupted may not hold up in anything other than an attenuated form. There is an asymmetry between the corrupted and those corruptors who are morally responsible for their actions, viz. the former are not necessarily morally responsible for being corrupted. However, some of those corruptors who are not responsible for being corrupted might not be responsible for their corrupt actions either. Accordingly, the fourth hypothesis is incorrect.

Fifth Hypothesis: Institutional Corruption involves Institutional Actors who Corrupt or are Corrupted. The fifth and final hypothesis to be discussed concerns non-institutional agents who culpably perform acts that undermine legitimate institutional processes or purposes. As concluded above, corruption, even if it involves the abuse of public office, is not necessarily pursued for private gain. Dennis Thompson also makes this point in relation to political corruption (1995: 29). However, Thompson also holds that political corruption, at least, necessarily involves abuse of public office. We have canvassed arguments that contra this view acts of corruption, including acts of political corruption, might be actions performed by persons who do not hold public office. However, we now need to invoke a distinction between persons who hold a public office and persons who have an institutional role. Citizens are not necessarily holders of public offices, but they do have an institutional role qua citizens, e.g., as voters. Consider the case of a citizen and voter who holds no public office but who, nevertheless, breaks into his local electoral office and falsifies the electoral role in order to assist his favored candidate to get elected. This is an act of corruption; specifically, it is corruption of the electoral process. However, it involves no public office holder, either as corruptor or as corrupted. By contrast, consider a fundamentalist Muslim from Saudi Arabia who is opposed to democracy and who breaks into an electoral office in an impoverished African state and falsifies the electoral roll in order to facilitate the election of an extremist right wing candidate who is likely, if elected, to polarise the already deeply divided community and thereby undermine the fledgling democracy. Let us further assume that the fundamentalist does so without the knowledge of the candidate, or indeed of anyone else. We are disinclined to view this as a case of corruption for two reasons: Firstly, the offender is not an occupant of a relevant institutional role; he is not a citizen or even a resident of the state in question. Secondly, while the offender undermined a legitimate institutional process, viz. the electoral process, he did not corrupt or undermine the character of the occupant of an institutional role. Accordingly, we can conclude that acts of institutional corruption necessarily involve a corruptor who performs the corrupt action qua occupant of an institutional role and/or someone who is corrupted qua occupant of an institutional role. This enables us to distinguish not only acts of corruption from acts of corrosion, but also from moral offences that undermine institutional processes and purposes but are, nevertheless, not acts of corruption. The latter are not acts of corruption because no person in their capacity as institutional role occupant either performs an act of corruption or suffers a diminution in their character. There are many legal and moral offences in this latter category. Consider individuals not employed by, or otherwise institutionally connected to, a large corporation who steal from or defraud the corporation. These offences may undermine the institutional processes and purposes of the corporation, but given the non-involvement of any officer, manager or employee of the corporation, these acts are not acts of corruption.

2.2 Summary of the Concept of Institutional Corruption In light of the discussion of the five hypotheses concerning the concept of institutional corruption, the following summary definitional account of institutional corruption is available: An act x performed by an agent A is an act of institutional corruption if and only if: 1. x has an effect, E1, of undermining, or contributing to the undermining of, some institutional process and/or purpose of some institution, I, and/or an effect, Ec, of contributing to the despoiling of the moral character of some role occupant of I, agent B, qua role occupant of I; 2. At least one of (a) or (b) is true: a. A is a role occupant of I, and in performing x, A intended or foresaw E1 and/or Ec, or A should have foreseen E1 and/or Ec; b. There is a role occupant of I, agent B, and B could have avoided Ec, if B had chosen to do so.[19 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#19)] Note that (2)(a) tells us that A is a corruptor and is, therefore, either (straightforwardly) morally responsible for the corrupt action, or A is not morally responsible for A‘s corrupt character and the corrupt action is an expression of A‘s corrupt character. According to the above account, an act of institutional corruption brings about, or contributes to bringing about, a corrupt condition of some institution. But this condition of corruption exists only relative to an uncorrupted condition, which is the condition of being a morally legitimate institution or sub-element thereof. Aside from specific institutional processes and purposes, such sub-elements also include institutional roles and the morally worthy character traits that are associated with the proper acting out of these institutional roles. Consider the uncorrupted judicial process. It consists of the presentation of objective evidence that has been gathered lawfully, of testimony in court being presented truthfully, of the rights of the accused being respected, and so on. This otherwise morally legitimate judicial process may be corrupted, if one or more of its constitutive actions are not performed in accordance with the process as it ought to be. Thus to present fabricated evidence, to lie under oath, and so on, are all corrupt actions. In relation to moral character, consider an honest accountant who begins to ‘doctor the books’ under the twin pressures of a corrupt senior management and a desire to maintain a lifestyle that is only possible if he is funded by the very high salary he receives for doctoring the books. By engaging in such a practice he risks the erosion of his moral character; he is undermining his disposition to act honestly. On this view, the corrupt condition of the institution exists only relative to some moral standards, which are definitional of the uncorrupted condition of that institution, including the moral characters of the persons in institutional roles. The moral standards in question might be minimum moral standards, or they might be moral ideals. Corruption in relation to a tendering process is a matter of a failure in relation to minimum moral standards enshrined in laws or regulations. On the other hand, gradual loss of innocence might be regarded as a process of corruption in relation to an ideal moral state. If the process of corruption proceeds far enough then we no longer have a corrupt official or corruption of an institutional process or institution; we cease to have a person who can properly be described as, say, a judge, or a process that can properly be described as, say, a judicial process — as opposed to proceedings in a kangaroo court. Like a coin that has been bent and defaced beyond recognition, it is no longer a coin; rather it is a piece of scrap metal that can no longer be exchanged for goods. The corruption of an institution does not assume that the institution in fact existed at some past time in a pristine or uncorrupted condition. Rather an action, or set of actions, is corruptive of an institution in so far as the action, or actions, have a negative moral effect on the institution. This notion of a negative moral effect is determined by recourse to the moral standards constitutive of the processes, roles and purposes of the institution as that institution morally ought to be in the socio-historical context in question. Consider a police officer who fabricates evidence, but who is a member of a police service whose members have always fabricated evidence. It remains true that the officer is performing a corrupt action. His action is corrupt by virtue of the negative moral effect it has on the institutional process of evidence gathering and evidence presentation. To be sure in general in this institution this process is not what it ought to be, given the corrupt actions of the other police in that particular police force. But the point is his action contributes to the further undermining of the institutional process; it has a negative moral effect as judged by the yardstick of what that process ought to be in that institution at that time. In relation to institutions, and institutional processes, roles and purposes, I have insisted that if they are to have the potential to be corrupted then they must be morally legitimate, and not merely legitimate in some weaker sense, e.g. lawful. Perhaps there are non-moral senses of the term “corruption”. For example, it is sometimes said that some term in use in a linguistic community is a corrupted form of a given word, or that some modern art is a corruption of traditional aesthetic forms. However, the central meaning of the term “corruption” carries strong moral connotations; to describe someone as a corrupt person, or an action as corrupt, is to ascribe a moral deficiency and to express moral disapproval. Accordingly, if an institutional process is to be corrupted it must suffer some form of moral diminution, and therefore in its uncorrupted state it must be at least morally legitimate. So although marriage across the colour bar was unlawful in apartheid South Africa, a priest, Priest A, who married a black man and a white woman was not engaged in an act of corruption. On the other hand, if another priest, Priest B, married a man and a woman, knowing the man to be already married, the priest may well be engaged in an act of corruption. Why was Priest B’s act corrupt? Because it served to undermine a lawful, and morally legitimate, institutional process, viz. marriage between two consenting adults who are not already married. But Priest A’s act was not corrupt. Why? Because a legally required, but morally unacceptable, institutional procedure — refusing to marry two consenting adults because they are from different race groups — cannot be corrupted. It cannot be corrupted because it was not morally legitimate to start with. Indeed, the legal prohibition on marriage across the colour bar is in itself a corruption of the institution of marriage. So Priest A’s act of marrying the black man and the white woman was not corrupt.[20 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#20)] A further point arising from this example pertains to the possibility of one institution (the apartheid South African government) corrupting another institution (the church in apartheid South Africa). Other things being equal, in so far as the priests (and other relevant institutional actors) in the church acted as Priest A did, i.e., resisted the apartheid laws, the church as an institution would not have been corrupted. Moreover, the apartheid government’s undermining of the institutional processes of the church did not in itself constitute corruption, since the government and its leaders are not per se — at least in a secular state — role occupants of the institution of the church. What of those priests who complied with the apartheid laws and did not marry mixed race couples? Here we need to distinguish mere compliance with the apartheid laws from embracing the laws. A priest might have complied with the apartheid law, but done so only because no mixed race couple ever approached him to marry them. Presumably, such a priest was neither a corruptor nor a person corrupted. What of a priest who actively supported the apartheid law by condemning such mixed-race marriages as not legitimate in the eyes of God, denouncing the priests who performed them, and so forth? Presumably, this priest has been corrupted and — in so far as he is successful in his endeavours — he is a corruptor of the institution of marriage. There are two residual points to be made in conclusion. Firstly, the despoiling of the moral character of a role occupant, or the undermining of institutional processes and purposes, would typically require a pattern of actions — and not merely a single one-off action. So a single free hamburger provided to a police officer on one occasion usually does not corrupt, and is not therefore an act of corruption. Nevertheless, a series of such gifts to a number of police officers might corrupt. They might corrupt, for example, if the hamburger joint in question ended up with (in effect) exclusive, round the clock police protection, and if the owner intended that this be the case.[21 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#21)] Note here the pivotal role of habits. We have just seen that the corruption of persons and institutions typically requires a pattern of corrupt actions. More specifically, corrupt actions are typically habitual. Yet, as noted by Aristotle, one’s habits are in large part constitutive of one’s moral character; habits make the man (and the woman). The coward is someone who habitually takes flight in the face of danger; by contrast, the courageous person has a habit of standing his or her ground. Accordingly, morally bad habits — including corrupt actions — are extremely corrosive of moral character, and therefore of institutional roles and ultimately institutions. However, there are some cases in which a single, one-off action would be sufficient to corrupt an instance of an institutional process. Consider a specific tender. Suppose that one bribe is offered and accepted, and the tendering process is thereby undermined. Suppose that this is the first and only time that the person offering the bribe and the person receiving the bribe are involved in bribery. Is this one-off bribe an instance of corruption? Surely it is, since it corrupted that particular instance of a tendering process. The second residual point is that among instances of corruption there are ones in which corruptors are culpably negligent; they do, or allow to be done, what they reasonably ought to have known should not be done, or should not have been allowed to be done. For example, a safety inspector within an industrial plant who is negligent with respect to his duty to ensure that safety protocols are being complied with, might be guilty of corruption by virtue of contributing to the undermining of those safety protocols.[22 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#22)] There are complexities in relation to corruption involving culpable negligence that are not necessarily to be found in other forms of corruption. Consider a company official who has a habit of allowing industrial waste products to be discharged into a river because this is the cheapest way to get rid of the unwanted products. But now assume that the official does so prior to the availability of any relevant scientific knowledge concerning the pollution which results from such discharges, and prior to the existence of any institutional arrangement for monitoring and controlling pollution. It seems that the official is not necessarily acting in a corrupt manner. However, the same action might well be a case of corporate corruption in a contemporary setting in which this sort of pollution is well and widely understood, and anti-pollution arrangements are known to be in place in many organisations. While those who actively corrupt institutional processes, roles, and purposes are not necessarily themselves the occupants of institutional roles, those who are culpably negligent tend to the occupants of institutional roles who have failed to discharge their institutional obligations.

3. Noble Cause Corruption: A Non-standard Case As we saw earlier, in the paradigm cases corrupt actions are a species of morally wrong, habitual, actions. What of the motive for corrupt actions? We saw above that there are many motives for corrupt actions, including desires for wealth, status, and power. However, there is apparently at least one motive that we might think ought not to be associated with corruption, namely, acting for the sake of good. Here we need to be careful. For sometimes actions that are done for the sake of good are, nevertheless, morally wrong actions. Indeed, some actions that are done out of a desire to achieve good are corrupt actions, namely, acts of so-called noble cause corruption. This is not the place to provide a detailed treatment of the phenomenon of noble cause corruption.[23 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#23)] Rather let us simply note that even in cases of noble cause corruption — contra what the person who performs the action thinks — the ‘corrupt’ action morally ought not to be performed; or at least paradigmatically the ‘corrupt’ action morally ought not to be performed. Accordingly, the person who performs it is either deceiving him or herself, or is simply mistaken when they judge that the action morally ought to be performed. So their motive, i.e., to act for the sake of what is right, has a moral deficiency. They are only acting for the sake of what they believe is morally right, but in fact it is not morally right; their belief is a false belief. So we can conclude that corrupt actions are, at least in the paradigm case, habitual actions that are morally wrong, and therefore not motivated by the true belief that they are morally right. Here there are more complex excuses and justifications available for what might first appear to be an act of noble cause corruption. Perhaps a police officer did not know that some form of evidence was not admissible. The police officer’s false belief that an action is right (putting forward the evidence in a court of law) was rationally dependent on some false non-moral belief (that the evidence was admissible); and the police officer came to hold that non-moral belief as a result of a rational process (he was informed, or at least misinformed, that the evidence was admissible by a senior officer). This would incline us to say that the putative act of noble cause corruption was not really an act of corruption — although it might serve to undermine a morally legitimate institutional process – and therefore not an act of noble cause corruption. This intuition is consistent with our account of corruption. The police officer in question did perform an action that undermined a legitimate criminal justice process. However, his action was not corrupt because he is not a corruptor. He did not intend to undermine the process, he did not foresee that the process would be undermined, and he could not reasonably have been expected to foresee that it would be undermined. Nor is his action the expression of a corrupt character.

Earlier, it was suggested that acts of noble cause corruption are paradigmatically actions that morally ought not to be performed, contra what the actor believes. However, it is conceivable that some acts of noble cause corruption are morally justified. Perhaps the act of noble cause corruption while wrong in itself, nevertheless, was morally justified from an all things considered standpoint. If so, we might conclude either that the action was not an act of corruption (and therefore not an act of noble cause corruption). Alternatively, we might conclude that it was an act of corruption, but one of those few acts of corruption that was justified in the circumstances. Perhaps both options are possibilities. Suppose an undercover police officer offers a ‘bribe’ to a corrupt judge for the purpose, supposedly, of getting the judge to pass a lenient sentence on a known mafia crime boss. The police officer is actually engaged in a so-called sting operation as part of an anti-corruption strategy. The judge accepts the bribe and is duly convicted of a criminal offence and jailed. (Let us also assume that the judge is already so corrupt that he will not be further corrupted by being offered the bribe.) The police officer offers the bribe for the purpose of achieving a moral good, i.e. convicting a corrupt official. However, we are disinclined to call this a case of corruption. Presumably the reason for this is that in this context the ‘bribe’ does not have a corrupting effect; in particular, it does not succeed in undermining the judicial process of sentencing the crime boss. So this is a case in which a putative act of noble cause corruption turns out not be an act of corruption, and therefore not an act of noble cause corruption.[24 (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/corruption/notes.html#24)] On the other hand, suppose someone bribes an immigration official in order to ensure that his friend — who is ineligible to enter Australia — can in fact enter Australia, and thereby have access to life-saving hospital treatment. This act of bribery is evidently an act of institutional corruption; a legitimate institutional process has been subverted. However, the person acted for the sake of doing what he believed to be morally right; his action was an instance of noble cause corruption. Moreover, from an all things considered standpoint — and in particular, in the light of the strength of the moral obligations owed to close friends when their lives are at risk — his action may well be morally justified. Accordingly, his act of corruption may well not have a corrupting effect on himself. Plausibly, this explains any tendency we might have not to describe his action as an action of corruption. But from the fact that the person was not corrupted it does not follow that the act did not corrupt. Moreover, it does not even follow that some person or other was not corrupted. Clearly, in our example, the immigration official was corrupted. Now consider a police officer in India whose meagre wages are insufficient to enable him to feed, clothe, and educate his family, and who is prohibited by law from having a second job. Accordingly, he supplements his income by accepting bribes from certain households in a wealthy area in return for providing additional surveillance and thus greater protection from theft; this has the consequence that other wealthy households tend to suffer a somewhat higher level of theft than otherwise would be the case. The police officer is engaged in corruption, and his corruption has a noble cause, viz. to provide for the minimal wellbeing of his family. Moreover, arguably his noble cause corruption is morally justified by virtue of the moral obligations he has to provide for the basic needs of his family. In this section the following propositions have been advanced: (a) the phenomenon of noble cause corruption is a species of corruption, and it is seen to be so by the lights of this account of corruption; (b) conceivably, some acts of noble cause corruption are morally justified.

4. Conclusion

In the light of the diverse range of corrupt actions, and the generic nature of the concept of corruption, it is unlikely that any precise and detailed definition of institutional corruption is possible. Nor is it likely that the field of corrupt actions can be neatly circumscribed by recourse to a set of self-evident criteria. Rather we should content ourselves with the somewhat vague and highly generic definition of institutional corruption provided above; and then proceed in a relatively informal and piecemeal manner to try to identify a range of moral and/or legal offences that are known to contribute under certain conditions to the undermining of morally legitimate institutions. Such offences obviously include bribery, nepotism, and some — but not all — cases of fraud. But under certain circumstances they might also include breaches of confidentiality that compromise investigations, the making of false statements that undermines court proceedings or selection committee processes, selective enforcement of laws or rules by those in authority, and so on and so forth. The wide diversity of corrupt actions has at least two further implications. Firstly, it implies that acts of institutional corruption as a class display a correspondingly large set of moral deficiencies. Certainly, most corrupt actions will be morally wrong, and morally wrong at least in part because they undermine morally legitimate institutions. However, since there are many and diverse offences at the core of corrupt actions, there will also be many and diverse moral deficiencies associated with different forms of corruption. Some acts of corruption will be moral deficient by virtue of involving deception, others by virtue of infringing a moral right to property, still others by virtue of infringing a principle of impartiality, and so on. Secondly, the wide diversity of corrupt actions implies that there may well need to be a correspondingly wide and diverse range of anti-corruption measures to combat corruption in its different forms, and indeed in its possibly very different contexts.

Bibliography Abed, George T. and Sanjeev Gupta (eds.), 2003, Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performance, Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. Anechiarico, Frank and James B. Jacobs, 1998, The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How Corruption Control Makes Government Ineffective, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Baker, Raymond, 2005, Capitalism’s Achilles Heel: Dirty Money and How to Renew the Free-Market System, Indianapolis: Wiley. Bellow, Adam, 2003, In Praise of Nepotism, New York: Doubleday. Crank, John and Michael Caldero, 2004, Police Ethics: The Corruption of Noble Cause, Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing. Heidenheimer, Arnold J. and Michael Johnston (eds.), 2002, Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, 3rd ed. London: Transaction Publishers. Hindess, Barry, 2001, “Good Government and Corruption”, in Larmour and Wolanin 2001. Hopkins, Jonathan, 2002, “States, Markets and Corruption: A Review of some Recent Literature”, Review of International Political Economy, 9(3): 574–90. Klitgaard, Robert, 1991, Controlling Corruption, Berkeley: University of California Press. Klitgaard, Robert, Ronald Maclean-Abaroa, and H. Lindsey Parris, 2000, Corrupt Cities: A Practical Guide to Cure and Prevention, Oakland, CA: ICS Press. Lambsdorff, Johann, Graf, 2007, The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: Theory, Evidence and Reform, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Langford, John and Allan Tupper (eds.), 1994, Corruption, Character and Conduct, Toronto: Oxford University Press. Larmour, Peter and Nick Wolanin (eds.), 2001, Corruption and Anti-Corruption, Canberra: Asia Pacific Press. Miller, Seumas and John Blackler, 2005, Ethical Issues in Policing, Aldershot: Ashgate. Miller, Seumas, Peter Roberts, and Edward Spence, 2005, Corruption and Anti-Corruption: An Applied Philosophical Approach, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Miller, Seumas, 2010, The Moral Foundations of Social Institutions: A Philosophical Study, New York: Cambridge University Press. Noonan, John T., 1984, Bribes, New York: Macmillan. Nye, Joseph, 1967, “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-benefit Analysis”, American Political Science Review, 61(2): 417–27. Pearson, Zoe, 2001, “An International Human Rights Approach to Corruption”, in Larmour and Wolanin 2001. Preston, Noel, and Sampford, Charles (eds.), 2002, Encouraging Ethics and Challenging Corruption, Sydney: Federation Press. Pritchard, Michael S., 1998, “Bribery: the Concept”, Science and Engineering Ethics, 4(3): 281–86. Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 1999, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rossouw, G. J., 2000, “Defining and Understanding Fraud: A South African Case Study”, Business Ethics Quarterly 10(4): 885–895. Thompson, Dennis, 1995, Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption, Washington DC: Brookings Institute. World Bank, 1997, Helping Countries Combat Corruption: The Role of the World Bank, Washington DC: World Bank.

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Pope admits corruption at the Vatican in wide-ranging talk to men religious: IRS, please audit all religious groups! i Rate This

Pope Francis greets the crowd as he leads the Angelus from his studio overlooking St. Peter’s Square at the Vatican Jan. 29. (CNS/L’Osservatore Romano, handout) Joshua J. McElwee (https://www.ncronline.org/authors/joshua-j-mcelwee) | Feb. 9, 2017 Print (https://www.ncronline.org/print/news/vatican/pope-admits-corruption-vatican-wide-ranging-talk-men-religious)email (https://www.ncronline.org/printmail/news/vatican/pope-admitscorruption-vatican-wide-ranging-talk-men-religious)PDF (https://www.ncronline.org/printpdf/140536) ROME (https://www.ncronline.org/locations/rome) Pope Francis admitted to the leaders of the world’s Catholic male religious orders in a meeting last fall that the Vatican is a corrupt place, but said he is at peace in his work reforming the church’s command structures. “There is corruption in the Vatican,” the pontiff told members of the Union of Superiors General Nov. 26, according to a report of the meeting released for the first time Thursday by the Italian Jesuit magazine La Civilta Cattolica. The pope made the admission after being asked by one of the religious leaders how he maintains serenity in his work. “I do not take tranquilizers!” Francis joked, before adding: “The Italians offer good advice: to live in peace you need a healthy dose of not caring.” “I am at peace,” said the pontiff, explaining that he has a small statue of a sleeping St. Joseph on his desk and that he places notes identifying problems he needs Joseph to help with under the statue. NCR pledges to publish unrelenting, independent journalism. Stand with us. Subscribe (https://www.ncronline.org/subscribe/new/ncr?bl) orDonate (https://donatenow.networkforgood.org/ncr?bl) now. “Now he is sleeping under a mattress of notes!” he joked again. “That is why I sleep well: it is a grace of God.” Francis was speaking in November to about 140 male superior generals, who were meeting in Rome for the 88th general assembly of their umbrella group. Thursday’s report of the encounter was written by Jesuit Fr. Antonio Spadaro, the chief editor of Civilta Cattolica and a papal confidant. Release of the report of the November meeting comes as the Jesuit magazine is celebrating is 4,000th issue since its founding in 1850, and as the outlet is beginning to publish editions in four additional languages: English, Spanish, French and Korean. In Thursday’s report, Spadaro says the meeting between the pope and the religious leaders lasted three full hours and was not broadcast originally because it “had to be free and fraternal, made up of unfiltered questions and answers.” Besides mentioning corruption in the Vatican, Francis also speaks at length about how he sees the work of the church, how religious leaders can prevent sexual abuse of minors, and what community life should look like. Discernment a ‘great problem’ in priestly formation The meeting began with a question about the reason why Francis chose that the next session of the Synod of Bishops, to take place in 2018, would focus on young people. The pope explains that at the end of the 2015 Synod, all the participants were asked to make three suggestions for the next meeting. Those suggestions, he said, were also joined by suggestions from bishops’ conferences, which were then discussed by the council of bishops that oversees the Synod. Francis says he was part of that discussion. “I was present,” states the pope. “I always go, but I do not speak. For me it is important to truly listen. It is important that I might listen, but let them do their work freely. In this way I understand how problems emerge, what the proposals are, and how to confront them.” The pope says he hopes the next Synod would focus most on helping young people discern God’s will for their lives. He says the issue of discernment “is one of the greatest problems we have with priestly formation at the moment.” “In formation we are used to formulas, black and white, but not to the gray of daily life,” says the pontiff. “And what counts is life, not the formulas.” “We must grow in discernment,” he continues. “The logic of black and white can lead to caustic abstraction. Instead, discernment means going beyond the gray of life according to the will of God.” “And you look for the will of God following the true doctrine of the Gospel and not in the fixations of an abstract doctrine,” says Francis. A fear of ‘rigid’ religious orders Francis is also asked about the diminishing numbers of people joining religious orders in the Western world, as compared to the large numbers that used to join in the past. The pontiff says he has some concerns about that but he is also concerned some of the newer religious orders that have sprung up in recent decades. While the pope says some of those orders “are really good and do things seriously,” others “are born not from a charism of the Holy Spirit, but human charisma, from charismatic people who attract others by their alluring human skills.” “Some are, I could say, ‘restorationists,'” says Francis. “They seem to provide safety and instead they offer only rigidity.” “When I am told that there is a Congregation that attracts many vocations, I confess, I am worried,” says the pope. “The Spirit does not work with the logic of human success: the Spirit has another way. But they say to me: there are many young people committing themselves, praying much, they are very faithful.” “I say to myself: ‘Very well: we’ll see if it is the Lord!'” Francis states. “Do not put your hope in the sudden and powerful flowering of these Institutes,” the pope advises the religious leaders. “Seek instead the humble path of Jesus, that of evangelical witness. Benedict XVI told us well: the Church does not grow by proselytizing but by attraction.” The pope also exhorts the leaders against inappropriate forms of adoration of Mary, saying he hopes they pray to the “true Madonna” and “not the postmistress who sends out a letter every day saying, ‘My child, do this and then the next day do that.'” “The true Madonna is the one who generates Jesus in our hearts, as a Mother,” says Francis. “The trend of the Madonna superstar, who puts herself at the center as a protagonist, is not Catholic.” Not only cardinals act as princes The religious leaders also asked Francis about how they can better structure their lives in their communities. “Community life?” the pope retorts. “Some saints defined this as a continual penance.” “There are communities where people are at each other’s throats!” says the pontiff. “If mercy does not enter into the community, that is not good.” “For religious, the ability to forgive often has to begin within the community,” Francis continues. “And this is prophetic. You begin with listening: let everybody feel they are being heard.” “Superiors need to be listening and persuading,” says the pope. “If superiors are continuously rebuking, it does not help create the radical prophecy of religious life. I am convinced that religious have an advantage in giving a contribution to the renewal of the structures and the mentality of the Church.” “A climate of worldliness and of little princes can enter into the structures of the church, and religious have to contribute to destroying this evil climate,” says Francis. “You don’t need to become a cardinal to think of yourself as a prince!” he exhorts. “It is enough to be clerical. This is what is worst in the organization of the Church. Religious can give witness as an upside-down iceberg, where the tip, that is the top, is at the base.” Preventing sexual abuse Asked about how to prevent sexual abuse in religious orders, Francis says there is not time in their meeting for a “very articulated response” to the question. But he tells the religious to “be careful in receiving formation candidates to the religious life without evaluating well their sufficient affective maturity.” “Never receive to the religious life or to a diocese candidates that have been rejected from another seminary or from another Institute without asking for clear and detailed information on the motivations for their moving away,” the pontiff advises. Francis also tells the religious that God wants religious orders to be poor, joking: “When they are not poor, the Lord sends a finance officer to send the institute into bankruptcy!” The pope ends the encounter by returning to his frequent exhortation that the church should be going forth into the world. “The Church was born going forth,” says Francis. “She was closed in the Upper Room and then she went out. And she must continue to go out. She shouldn’t go back to hiding in the Upper Room. This is what Jesus wanted.” The pontiff recommends that the religious re-read his apostolic exhortation Evangelii Gaudium (“The Joy of the Gospel”), which he says “matured in the light of” Paul VI’s 1975 exhortation Evangelii Nuntiandi (“Evangelization in the Modern World”) and the 2007 meeting of the Latin American bishops in Aparecida, Brazil. “Go on with courage and without fear of erring!” says Francis. “Those who never make mistakes are those who never do anything. We have to go forward! We will get things wrong sometimes, yes, but there is always the mercy of God on our side!” COMMENTS Leave a Comment CATEGORIES Uncategorized

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Tablitele cerate. Roșia Montană, Alba. Enigma Tablitelor cerate. Falsuri, afaceri dubioase, furt de artefacte unice! http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=https://romaniamegalitica.blogspot.com/2011/05/rosia-montana-alba-enigmatablitelor.html&layout=standard&show_faces=false&width=450&action=like&font=verdana&colorscheme=light&height=25 (http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php? href=https://romaniamegalitica.blogspot.com/2011/05/rosia-montana-alba-enigmatablitelor.html&layout=standard&show_faces=false&width=450&action=like&font=verdana&colorscheme=light&height=25)

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/a5080-rosia2.jpg) Roșia Montană (în germană Goldbach, în maghiară Verespatak, în latină Alburnus Maior) este o localitate minieră din Munţii Apuseni, judeţul Alba, Transilvania, România. Este situată în Valea Roșiei, străbătută de râul Roșia. Râul Roșia este bogat în minerale, în special fier care îi dă o culoare roșiatică, de unde și denumirea comunei în română și maghiară. Culoarea roșiatică a apei se datorează mineritului excesiv ce durează de peste 2000 de ani ce a dus la distrugerea pânzei freatice; conţinutul apei depășește de 110 ori limita legală la zinc, de 64 de ori la fier și de 4 ori la arsenic, ceea ce o face nepotabilă.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/27822-rosia_montana.jpg) Localitatea are o existenţă milenară, fiind cunoscută încă dinaintea cuceririi Daciei, amintită de Herodot, Pliniu, Titus Liviu și este una din cele mai vechi localităţi cu tradiţie în exploatarea metalelor preţioase din Europa. A fost înfiinţată de către romani în timpul domniei lui Traian ca oraș minier cu coloniști din Iliria.Era cunoscută sub numele de Alburnus Maior. Arheologii au descoperit locuinţe, morminte, galerii miniere, unelte pentru minerit, multe inscripţii în limba greacă și latină și … 25 de table de ceară.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/69600-img_3383.jpg) Deasupra galeriei principale „Sf. Cruce” din Orlea, cota +714 m, a fost identificat un grup de lucrări miniere romane inundate cu apă şi umplute cu nămol. În perioada anilor 1973–1975, s-au executat amenajări în subteran şi la suprafaţă care au fost terminate în anul 1976, când lucrările miniere romane din masivul Orlea au devenit accesibile publicului, prin incinta complexului muzeal.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/f9a01-image18.jpg) La suprafaţă este zidit un portal din bolţari de beton, prin care se face accesul în subteran. Deasupra intrării este săpată în beton inscripţia ALBURNUS MAIOR – denumirea în limba latină a localităţii ROŞIA MONTANĂ. În stânga intrării este redat conţinutul original al tăbliţei cerate nr. 18, datată 6 februarie 131 e.n., iar în dreapta, pe scurt, conţinutul acesteia. În această tăbliţă cerată, care este un contract, se menţionează denumirea localităţii ALBURNUS MAIOR ceea ce reprezintă prima atestare scrisă a localităţii Roşia Montană.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/c9e1d-104891-129636_2.jpg) După deschiderea uşii metalice, se intră într-o galerie de 3 m lungime iar în continuare, se coboară pe un plan înclinat de 330, amenajat cu 157 de trepte, în lungime de 53 m, prevăzut cu „mână curentă”. Pe verticală, la baza planului înclinat, se coboară 25 m, iar în continuare, până la capătul lucrărilor, diferenţa creşte până la 100 m.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/4252f-image19.jpg) Cu această galerie au fost intersectate mai multe filoane aurifere, marcate pe pereţii acesteia cu mici scobituri, unele au fost deschise, pregătite şi exploatate în funcţie de conţinutul în aur.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/d7b23-harta-rosia-montana.jpg)

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/99276-tablita252520cerata.jpg) Tablitele cerate de la Roșia Montană, Alba . Roșia Montană constituie o comoară nu numai în aur, dar și pentru istoria Europei. Atât de puţin mediatizate, tăbliţele cerate găsite întâmplător în galeriile de mine reprezintă o pagină de istorie care răstoarnă teoriile ilogice ale celor care susţin că romanii au venit în Dacia aducând germenii culturii latine din care a luat fiinţă poporul român, sau că dacii nu exploatau aurul în galerii și nu știau să-l prelucreze, deci niciun tezaur găsit pe aceste meleaguri, nici faimoasele brăţări de aur, nu pot fi dacice.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/39a79-image11.jpg) Tăbliţele cerate demonstrează că minerii peregrini iliro-dalmatini, din marele neam al tracilor, ca și ”autohtonii”, adică dacii, se înţelegeau foarte bine cu romanii în limba latină priscă sau ”vulgară”. În tăbliţe se stipulează clar că, deși aproape nimeni ” quia se litteras scire negavit” – ”nu știa a scrie literele” -, ei se înţelegeau verbal asupra obiectului contractului. Și asta în anul 131 (după cum este datat în scris cel mai vechi triptic), ceea ce naște o întrebare legitimă: când anume învăţase neamul trac limba latină priscă? Cât despre vechimea exploatării în subteran, datările cu C14 au adus dovezi indubitabile că dacii extrăgeau aurul cu 300 de ani înainte de a fi parţial cuceriţi de romani și că aceștia nu au făcut altceva decât să intre în galeriile săpate de daci. Roșia Montană, după explorări care durează din 1999, încă este o sursă inepuizabilă de istorie adevărată, nefalsificată, care supără pe mulţi academicieni. Și încă rezervă surprize ca cea de la Neagra, unde, într-o neînsemnată vâlcea şi într-un mic pârâiaş, s-a descoperit aurul cel mai fin poate din toată lumea cunoscută, aur de 24 carate.Istoria tripticelelor ( cărţi cu trei foi de lemn cerat legate între ele) de la Roșia Montană a fost povestită în detalii în cartea ”Romanica”, de G. Popa-Lisseanu, editată în 1926 la tipografia Ion C. Văcărescu.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/e4826-image05.jpg) Contracte în limba latină vulgară S-au găsit 50 de piese, dintre care jumătate au fost distruse integral sau parţial, din nepricepere, ignoranţă, sau rea-credinţă, păstrându-se întregi sau părţi doar 25. Cele mai multe au fost scoase din ţară și se află la Budapesta, Viena, Berlin. Prin conţinutul şi destinaţia lor, tripticele reprezintă contracte între ”proprietari” de mine romani și ”arendași”- băieşi pricepuţi -, un edict de dizolvare a unui colegiu funerar – cel mai important document despre colegiile funerare din antichitate – o listă de bucate pentru un ospăţ al unui colegiu de meseriași, contracte de vânzare – cumpărare de sclavi și asocieri în vederea exploatării unor ”găuri de mină”. Am pus în ghilimele ”proprietari”, pentru că în tăbliţe, formularea este deosebit de interesantă. Dăm un exemplu: ”Ulpius Valerius, neștiutor de carte, închiriază o groapă de aur, despre care zice că e a sa, lui Socratio Socrationes, de asemenea neștiutor de carte”. Este cel puţin ciudat că Ulpius nu este trecut ca proprietar categoric, ci doar ca unul care pretinde că aurofodina era a sa!

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/c857e-image13.jpg) În anul 1873, cele 25 de tăbliţe au fost publicate integral cu comentarii și ilustraţie grafică de către eruditul german Teodor Mommsen. Ceea ce susţin toţi cei care le-au studiat este faptul că tripticele sunt documente extrem de rare şi de o foarte mare importanţă, ele constituind o dovadă despre răspândirea limbii latine vulgare în secolul II d. Chr., despre scrierea cursivă în această limbă, până la descoperirea tăbliţelor de la Roșia Montană cu totul necunoscută în lume. Iar faptul că aceste triptice au fost descoperite accidental, existând posibilitatea să existe multe altele ascunse în galeriile dacice, ar trebui să constituie un argument fundamental pentru oprirea proiectelor de exploatare care ar distruge orice vestigiu de o asemenea importanţă culturală. Scrisul pe tăbliţe cerate este socotit o invenţie grecească. Aristofan pomenea că atenienii își scriau contractele pe ceară, la fel ca în tăbliţele cerate de la Roșia Montană.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/450eb-image12.jpg) Ascunse în subterane Tripticele au fost semnalate prima oară în anul 1835, la Munchen, ca fiind găsite în minele de aur de la Roşia. Ele au fost descoperite accidental, uneori prin surparea unor galerii, în: minele numite Lărnic, unde, pe lângă tăbliţe, s-a găsit şi un stil, pe care oamenii din zonă îl numesc condeiu și pe care astăzi îl folosesc ca instrument pentru a încondeia ouăle de Paşti; în minele din Letea, unde, lângă triptice, a fost găsit și cadavrul unui bărbat cu barbă lungă, cu vârsta apreciată la 40 de ani; într-o mină din Cârnicul Mare, într-o odaie subterană, care era mobilată cu o masă și mai multe scaune, având și o vatră (11 triptice); lângă Roşia Abrudului, în mina numită Sf. Ecaterina, la o adâncime de 277 metri, unde au fost găsite cele mai multe, împreună cu obiecte casnice.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/72f74-image15.jpg) Povestea celor descoperite în minele Letea s-a păstrat în detalii. În anul 1788, un băieş căruia nu i s-a păstrat numele a găsit trei triptice într-una din minele de aur restaurate de către Societatea Sf. Iosif , al cărei conducător (magister) era Paul Laurenţiu Kovacs din Abrud. Unul din triptice a ajuns la Kovacs, iar despre celelalte două nu se mai ştie nimic. Kovacs a dăruit tripticul cumnatului său Ștefan Lazăr, superintendentul Unitarilor din Cluj, scriindu-i că s-a găsit împreună cu o mulţiume de alte obiecte casnice. Ştefan Lazăr, cunoscând valoarea tripticului, l-a dăruit la rândul său Colegiului Unitarilor din Cluj, unde s-a păstrat ca o curiozitate până la 1811, când a murit Ştefan Lazăr. Fiul său, Samuel, colecţionar de antichităţi, l-a cerut înapoi și i-a fost returnat, apoi fiul lui l-a vândut în anul 1834 librarului anticar Samuel Nemeș. Se pare că la acest anticar au ajuns și unele tăbliţe în limba greacă, pe care a încercat să le falsifice. Unul dintre acestea a ajuns și la Muzeului Naţional din Pesta, care l-a achiziţionat cu preţul de 1000 florini.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/de60d-image14.jpg) Falsificarea grosolană G. Popa-Lisseanu scria în ”Romanica” despre încercarea grosolană de falsificare a unor tăbliţe: “Pe alocuri, ceara fusese topită atât cât să se șteargă literele iniţiale și, pe lângă unele vorbe barbare fără de niciun înţeles, scrise cu litere pseudo-scitice şi cursive neo-greceşti rău formate, au apărut numele mai multor eroi din migraţiunea huno-ungarică”, așa-ziși sclavi aduşi de romani pentru a munci în mine!. Timotheiu Cipariu, membru al Comsiei pentru Conservarea Monumentelor Vechi ale Transilvaniei, a avut două exemplare de astfel de tabliţe falsficate, unul în original, altul în copie, amândouă comunicate de un profesor din Craiova. Din cauza acestor falsuri care au circulat în mediile europene de profil, doi paleografi francezi, Natalis de Wailly şi Letronne au publicat, pe bună dreptate, în Journal des Savants, nişte dizertaţii total nefavorabile despre tăbliţele cerate, pronunţându-se în contra autenticităţii lor. Partea bună este că cei doi au devenit curioși cu privire la modelele ce au stat la baza falsurilor studiate de ei. Mai ales după ce, în 1875, tăbliţe asemănătoare au mai fost descoperite într-un cufăr din casa bancherului Cecilius Jucundus din Pompei, fiind toate chitanţe sub formă de diptice și triptice scrise cu acelaşi fel de litere, cursive, în latina vulgară . Acestea sunt anterioare tăbliţelor de la Roșia Montană cu aproape un secol, dar împreună constituie singura dovadă a vechimii scrierii cursive în latina priscă, iar cele de la Roșia Montană sunt mult mai valoroase, pentru că ele nu sunt simple chitanţe, ci documente care oferă indicii nepreţuite despre relaţiile sociale dintre oamenii de rând, care constituiau o clasă aparte faţă de conducătorii vorbitori de limbă latină cultă.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/8ec7a-image16.jpg) Ciudăţeniile lingvistice Textul documentului în astfel de table cerate se scria de două ori, iar numărul sigiliilor martorilor numai într-un singur contract nu atinge cifra de şapte. În toate celelalte se pare că cei șapte martori erau obligatorii. Scopul dublei transcrieri era să se poată şti cuprinsul textului intern, fără a se desface sigiliile, iar scopul contactului era, după cum stipula cel ce le scria, să se fixeze şi în scris obligaţiunea verbală. Fiecare triptic este scris de aceeaşi mână de la cap la coadă, inclusiv semnăturile celor șapte martori obligatorii, deoarece, este specificat în contract, nici cei care susţineau că sunt proprietari, nici băieșii arendași, nici martorii ”quia se litteras scire negavit” (nu știau să scrie literele). O ”ciudăţenie” a limbii latine vulgare utilizate în contracte o constituie folosirea ”oltenismelor”, pe care lingviștii le consideră tipic românești. De exemplu, un martor la un contract de vânzare al unei femei, se subscrie cu formula segnai, în loc de signavi, adică perfectul simplu românesc sau ”oltenismul” semnai. În alte părţi, găsim iarăși o formă ”autohtonă”, ”sieși”, scrisă ”sies” sau ”sues”. Și aici trebuie să amintim de toporul găsit pe Valea Mozacului, care poartă inscripţia în limba latină priscă ”SVI MI PIE”, ”al meu, patriarhul”! Datarea acestui topor este uimitoare: 1500-1375 î.Chr. Și atunci, cine pe cine a ”latinizat”? Printre monumentele epigrafice de la Roșia

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/a3821-janus-vatican.jpg) Montană se află și o stelă închinată zeului Ianus, cel cu două capete, considerat patriarhul latinilor. Acesta este încadrat de cuvintele ”IM” și ”PIO”, ”patriarhul imortales, nemuritor”. Acest zeu misterios cu două capete a fost adorat din timpuri străvechi la Tărtăria, sub numele de Șu, sau Șaue, fiind o divinitate al cărui simbol era soarele. El apare și pe monede dacice sub denumirea de Ianus. Isidor, în lucrarea sa ”Origini”, ne spune că ”limba priscă, adica limba bătrână, a fost aceea pe care au folosit-o locuitorii cei mai vechi ai Italiei, în timpul lui Ianus”. Iar limba latină cultă, folosită de pătura conducătoare, îl supăra pe Catilina : “Isprăviţi cu atâtea grecisme în limbă, că nu ne mai putem înţelege cu poporul!”. Iată de ce tăbliţele cerate descoperite și poate multe altele rămase prin galeriile din Roșia Montană sunt dovezi nepreţuite că latina priscă se vorbea cursiv de către neamul trac, probabil cu diferenţe mici de pronunţie, după cum demonstrează ”greșelile gramaticale” din texte.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/0aa6etabliteleceratedelarosiamontana.jpg) Protagoniștii contractelor Dintre semnatarii contractelor, vreo sută de nume sunt de origine romană, aceia care pretindeau că ”găurile de mină” pe care le închiriau erau ale lor. Cei mai mulţi dintre ”arendași” erau băieși din tribul dalmat al Piruștilor, așezat în Roșia Montană în ”vicus Pirustarum”. Dintr-un contract aflăm că o sclavă Passima a fost cumpărată de ”Dasius Verzonis”, care ”pirusta e”. În Munţii Apuseni trăia un alt trib, al piruștilor daci. Se poate presupune că cele două ”neamuri” se aflau în bune relaţii. Alţi băieși, vreo cincisprezece, au nume grecești și nu este exclus ca și aceștia să se fi avut bine cu dacii, așa cum s-au avut întotdeauna. Vreo patruzeci de nume pomenite de tăbliţe sunt ”barbare”, originare Daciei , dar și altor neamuri de traci, iliri îndeosebi. Este important să aflăm cine erau arendașii și cei care scriau contractele pentru romanii neștiutori de carte pentru a înţelege de ce documentele n-au fost ţinute la centrul tuturor minelor stăpânite de romani, la Zlatna, acolo unde se ţineau socotelile referitoare la toate exploatările aurifere!

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/4ff77-tablita.jpg) Afaceri dubioase Istoricii susţin că minele ”romane” erau exploatate direct de către împărat, prin ”procuratori aurari”. Tăbliţele ne spun că majoritatea procuratorilor erau doar niște liberţi, dar de condiţie mai bună. În afară de aceștia, exista o mulţime de ”particulari” romani, tot liberţi, care pretindeau că stăpânesc ”gropi de aur”. Întregul personal al minelor era format din liberţi în funcţiile superioare, din sclavi în cele inferioare şi din băieși pricepuţi, colonizaţi în ţinutul aurifer în număr relativ mic. Contractele scrise pe tăbliţe par cel puţin dubioase, pentru că cei care le încheiau erau în afara organizării exploatărilor de către procuratori, iar cei care le scriau cursiv în latina vulgară nu erau funcţionari romani, pentru că aceștia foloseau latina oficială, cultă. Și de ce au fost ”îngropate” în galeriile miniere greu accesibile? S-a spus că din cauza atacurilor triburilor germanice ale marcomanilor, aliate cu triburile sarmate, fraţii dacilor, și ale dacilor liberi. Cu atât mai mult acestea ar fi trebuit să fie puse la adăpost la centru, pentru că erau niște acte pe care proprietarii n-ar fi vrut să le piardă! Se poate presupune fie că erau ”furtișaguri”, făcute pe la spatele comenduirii romane, nefiind vorba de minele mari, ci doar de “gropi” aurifere, fie că ”scribii” erau în bune relaţii cu dacii și nu au vrut ca romanii să fugă cu astfel de acte de proprietate.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/0a19d-rosia-montana.jpg) Artefacte unice Din cele 25 de tăbliţe cerate, nouă dintre documente au fost redactate la Alburnus Maior, două în cazărmile Legiuniii a XIII Gemina de la Apulum, iar restul în localităţile neidentificate pe teren deocamdată: vicus Deusara, Immenosum Maius, Anssium, Resculum, Baridustarum, toate, în afară de Immenosum, purtând denumiri autohtone. Începând cu 1999, la Roșia Montană cercetează o echipă de arheologi și specialiști francezi de la Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, de la Unite Toulousaine d’Archeologie et d’ Histoire (UTAH) și de la Universitatea ”Le Mirail”, plus geologi de la Universitatea Tehnică Babeș Bolyai din Cluj și de la Universitatea Tehnică din Munchen. La UTAH există un departament de arheologie minieră, foarte avansat ca metode de cercetare. La început, misiunea știinţifică a fost sponsorizată de statul francez, apoi 40 % din cheltuieli au fost preluate de SC Roșia Montană Gold Corporation. Rezultatele cercetărilor laborioase au fost publicate în volumele ”Alburnus Maior” I și II. Conform acestor specialiști, Alburnus Maior era o ”structură de sine stătătoare, cu un statut juridic incert, deocamdată, în cadrul municipalităţii romane, iar toponimele amintite ori reprezintă cartiere, ori așezări pe criterii etnice, de tip vicus și castella”. Aceste așezări, locuite de liberţi romani și de mineri peregrini iliro – dalmaţi, au fost părăsite simultan, undeva în sec. III. ”Stilul monumentelor epigrafice este unic, specific pentru Roșia Montană: banda superioară decorată la colţuri cu două spirale și un fronton triunghiular la mijloc”. Este vorba de simboluri străvechi, folosite de populaţia autohtonă din cele mai vechi timpuri, pe ceramică și încă păstrate ca motiv decorativ pe costumele populare. Un opaiţ, catalogat ca ”ceramică romană atipică”, este decorat central cu un frumos simbol solar, la fel de vechi pe aceste meleaguri ca și spirala și triunghiul.

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/a41c9-rosia4.jpg) Dacii, iniţiatorii exploatării în subteran Cităm în continuare din concluziile francezilor, pentru că sună altfel când o spun ei: ”În opinia noastră, este foarte posibil ca Roșia Montană să fi cunoscut o activitate minieră chiar din epoca bronzului. Filoanele bogate au fost cu siguranţă exploatate iniţial la suprafaţă, apoi în subteran. În campania din 2000, a fost descoperită o susţinere minieră din lemn in situ în reţeaua de galerii Ţarina, datată cu C14 la mijlocul sec.I î.Chr. sfârșitul sec.I d.Chr. Nimic nu ne împiedică să credem că exploatarea minieră a fost iniţiată de daci. Campania din 2002 a furnizat noi datări dacice.”

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/5ca37-web-harta-ariesul-mare.jpg) În capitolul ”Reţelele miniere antice” din volumul I ”Alburnus Maior” se propune în repetate rânduri deschiderea unor galerii foarte vechi, zidite nu se știe de către cine, pe care cercetătorii francezi le bănuiau ”și mai interesante” decât cele cercetate. ”Sectorul Hăbad este renumit că găzduiește lucrări foarte vechi. Mai multe intrări apar relativ ușor de redeschis manual sau cu excavatorul. Dacă sectorul este ameninţat de extinderea exploatării de suprafaţă, s-ar impune demararea acestor investigaţii”. Aveau și de ce să recomande acest lucru. ”Datarea dacică obţinută cu C14 are o cronologie între 265 și 90 î.Chr. pe șantierul Cârnic I. De fapt, după diferitele faze de săpare observate în plan și topografia lucrărilor acestei reţele, nu este posibil să se distingă importante schimbări în tehnica minieră. Singura noutate pe care o aduce romanizarea se pare că rezidă în introducerea opaiţului, pentru care sunt săpate nișe în pereţi. Înainte se foloseau beţe de lemn pentru iluminat. Toate acestea ne duc la ideea că activitatea minieră dacică era bine dezvoltată în subteran la Roșia Montană, atât la Ţarina, cât și la Cârnic, în cursul celor trei secole care preced cucerirea romană. Apoi, după cucerirea și relansarea activităţii miniere, s-au reluat lucrările deja săpate în epoca preromană și vor fi fost date în utilizarea probabilă a acelorași familii de mineri indigeni. Acești ultimi păstrători ai unui meșteșug ancestral vor continua să-și deschidă șantierele lor în aceeași manieră de abataj atât de caracteristică, cu proporţii regulate, calibrate și foarte geometrice, probabil o tehnică minieră dacică”. Recomadăm aceste volume și ”academicienilor” care susţin că dacii nu extrăgeau aurul din subteran și nu îl prelucrau! Sursa text: formula-as.ro COMMENTS Leave a Comment CATEGORIES Uncategorized

Who invented writing? i Rate This

History of writing Proto-writing

(http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Tartaria_tablets.png)









Before vs. today:

The Tărtăria tablets discovered in Romania (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Romania), Alba County, with inscriptions believed to be from the Vinča culture. The early writing systems of the late fourth millennium B.C.E. were not a sudden invention. They were rather based on ancient traditions of symbol systems that cannot be classified as writing proper, but have many characteristics strikingly reminiscent of writing, so that they may be described as “proto-writing.” They may have been systems of ideographic and/or early mnemonic symbols that allowed to convey certain information, but they are probably devoid of linguistic information. These systems emerge from the early Neolithic (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Neolithic), as early as the seventh millennium B.C.E., if not earlier. Notably the Vinca script shows an evolution of simple symbols beginning in the seventh millennium, gradually increasing in complexity throughout the sixth millennium and culminating in the Tărtăria tablets of the fifth millennium with their rows of symbols carefully aligned, evoking the impression of a “text.” The hieroglyphic scripts of the Ancient Near East (Egyptian, Sumerian proto-Cuneiform, and Cretan) seamlessly emerge from such symbol systems, so that it is difficult to say, already because very little is known about the symbols’ meanings, at what point precisely writing emerges from proto-writing.

In 2003, seventh millennium B.C.E. radiocarbon dated symbols Jiahu Script carved into tortoise (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Tortoise) shells were discovered in China. The shells were found buried with human remains in 24 Neolithic graves unearthed at Jiahu, Henan (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Henan) province, northern China. According to some archaeologists, the writing on the shells had similarities to the second millennium B.C.E. Oracle bone script (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Oracle_bone_script).[3] (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Writing#cite_note-China-2) The fourth millennium B.C.E. Indus script may similarly constitute proto-writing, possibly already influenced by the emergence of writing in Mesopotamia.

Cuneiform script

(http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:B028ellst.png) (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:B028ellst.png) Cuneiform symbol

The original Sumerian (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Sumerian) writing system was derived from a system of clay tokens used to represent commodities. By the end of the fourth millennium B.C.E., this had evolved into a method of keeping accounts, using a round-shaped stylus impressed into soft clay at different angles for recording numbers. This was gradually augmented with pictographic (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pictograph) writing using a sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted. Round-stylus and sharpstylus writing was gradually replaced about 2700-2500 B.C.E. by writing using a wedge-shaped stylus (hence the term cuneiform (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Cuneiform_script)), at first only for logograms (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Logogram), but developed to include phonetic elements by the twenty-ninth century B.C.E. About 2600 B.C.E. cuneiform began to represent syllables of the Sumerian language.[4] (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Writing#cite_note-3) Finally, cuneiform writing became a general purpose writing system for logograms, syllables, and numbers. From the twenty-sixth century B.C.E., this script was adapted to the Akkadian language, and from there to others such as Hurrian and Hittite. Scripts similar in appearance to this writing system include those for Ugaritic and Old Persian.

Egyptian hieroglyphs

(http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Funerary_stele_of_Maaty_and_Dedari.jpg) (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Funerary_stele_of_Maaty_and_Dedari.jpg) Hieroglyphs written on an Egyptian Stele (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Stele) The earliest known hieroglyphic (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Egyptian_hieroglyph) inscriptions date to c. 3200 B.C.E., on such as the Narmer Palette, though the glyphs were based on a much older artistic tradition. The hieroglyphic script was logographic (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Logogram) with phonetic adjuncts that included an effective alphabet (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Alphabet). Writing was very important in maintaining the Egyptian empire, and literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of scribes. Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple, pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph system was always difficult to learn, but in later centuries was purposely made even more so, as this preserved the scribes’ status. The world’s oldest known alphabet was developed in central Egypt (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Egypt) around 2000 B.C.E. from a hieroglyphic (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Hieroglyph) prototype, and over the next 500 years spread to Canaan (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Canaan) and eventually to the rest of the world.

Chinese writing

(http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:China-writing.png) (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:China-writing.png) Writings on tortoise (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Tortoise) shells discovered in modern China were dated ca 6600 B.C.E. In China the early Chinese dynasties left behind many written documents. From the Shang Dynasty (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Shang_Dynasty) most of this writing has survived on bones (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Bone) or bronze (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Bronze) implements. Markings on turtle (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Turtle) shells, or jiaguwen, have been carbon-dated to around 1500 B.C.E.Historians have found that the type of media used had an effect on what the writing was documenting and how it was used. There have been discoveries of tortoise-shell carvings dating back to c. 6000 B.C.E., like Jiahu Script, Banpo Script, but whether or not the carvings are of sufficient complexity to qualify as writing is under debate.[3] (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Writing#cite_note-China-2) If it is deemed to be a written language, writing in China will predate Mesopotamian cuneiform, long acknowledged as the first appearance of writing, by some 2000 years, however it is more likely that the inscriptions are rather a form of proto-writing, similar to the contemporary European Vinca script. Undisputed evidence of writing in China dates from ca. 1600 B.C.E.

Indus script

(http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:The%27Ten_Indus_Scripts%27_discavered_near_the_northen_gateway_of_the_citadel,Dholavira.JPG) (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:The%27Ten_Indus_Scripts%27_discavered_near_the_northen_gateway_of_the_citadel,Dholavira.JPG) Indus Script The Middle Bronze Age Indus script dates back to the early Harrapan phase of around 3000 B.C.E.[5] (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Writing#cite_note-4)It is unclear whether it should be considered an example of proto-writing (a system of symbols or similar), or if it is actual writing of the logographic-syllabic type of the other Bronze Age writing systems.

Early Semitic alphabets The first pure alphabets (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Alphabet) (properly, “abjads,” mapping single symbols to single phonemes, but not necessarily each phoneme to a symbol) emerged around 1800 B.C.E. in Ancient Egypt (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ancient_Egypt), as a representation of language developed by Semitic workers in Egypt. These early abjads remained of marginal importance for several centuries, and it is only towards the end of the Bronze Age that the Proto-Sinaitic script splits into the Proto-Canaanite alphabet (ca. 1400 B.C.E.) Byblos syllabary and the South Arabian alphabet (ca. 1200 B.C.E.).[6] (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Writing#cite_note-5) The Proto-Canaanite was probably somehow influenced by the un-deciphered Byblos syllabary and in turn inspired the Ugaritic alphabet (ca. 1300 B.C.E.).

The rise of alphabetic writing Main article: Alphabet (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Alphabet) The Phoenician (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Phoenician) writing system was adapted from the Proto-Caananite script in around the eleventh century B.C.E., which in turn borrowed ideas from Egyptian hieroglyphics. This writing system was an abjad—that is, a writing system in which only consonants are represented. This script was adapted by the Greeks, who adapted certain consonantal signs to represent their vowels. This alphabet in turn was adapted by various peoples to write their own language, resulting in the Etruscan alphabet, and its own descendants, such as the Latin alphabet and Runes. Other descendants from the Greek alphabet include the Cyrillic alphabet, used to write Russian (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Russian_language), among others. The Phoenician system was also adapted into the Aramaic script, from which the Hebrew script and also that of Arabic are descended.

Mesoamerica

(http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:De_Landa_alphabet.jpg) (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:De_Landa_alphabet.jpg) Early Maya script interpreted into Spanish,from Diego de Landa’s 16thC. manuscript, Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán Of several pre-Colombian scripts in Mesoamerica, the one that appears to have been best developed, and the only one to be deciphered, is the Maya script. The earliest inscriptions which are identifiably Maya date to the third century B.C.E., and writing was in continuous use until shortly after the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores in the sixteenth century C.E.[7] (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Writing#cite_note-6) Maya writing used logograms complemented by a set of syllabic glyphs, somewhat similar in function to modern Japanese writing. == A:

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(http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:WritingSystemsoftheWorld4.png) http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Writing (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Writing) ==



The Cucuteni culture has been called the first urban culture in Europe.



== Decrypting of Tartaria inscription. Part-2. (Rectangular amulet). | Historia

Chapter 1. Preamble. The tablet (Fig. 1, 2 & 3), the object of present study is one of the three tablets discovered by Romanian archeologist Nicolae Vlassa in Tartaria village, county of Alba, Romania. The tablets are dated around 5.300 B.C. The skeleton of a woman was also discovered in the same neolithic tomb. The woman is supposed to have been the owner of the tablets and the author of the hieroglyphic texts found on them. She may have been a shaman and a priestess hence the texts may contain magic formulae with a religious content. In order to decrypt this text information resulting from the decryption of the hieroglyphic text on the Tartaria round tablet was used (B1). The tablet in Fig. 2 has a rectangular shape of 6.2 cm per 3.0 cm, with a hole in the middle. The tablet is divided in three boxes by two vertical lines located on both sides of the hole (Fig. 3). The middle box contains two hieroglyphs separated by a vertical segment of line. The left side box contains four hieroglyphs separated by segments of line (Fig. 3). The segments of line, used by the author of the text to separate the hieroglyphs, were ignored when decrypting the text. The hieroglyphs were numbered starting on the left side and were interpreted from left to right (Fig. 2). Hieroglyphs 2 and 7 contain two symbols each. All astronomic maps used for the decryption of the hieroglyphs point to the north, unless otherwise stated. The stars on the astronomic maps have magnitudes between zero and six that is they are visible to the naked eye. As sources of information Sanskrit – English dictionaries (B4, B6, B7, B8), an English – Romanian dictionary (B5), information found in Vedic astrology, astronomy, mythology, religion and language (old Sanskrit), as well as in the Indo – European history, were used. For the decryption of hieroglyphs, the same method that was applied for decryption of the round Tartaria tablet (B1) was used. The hieroglyphs were associated with known constellations or parts of them. The author of this study formulates the hypothesis that the language used in the hieroglyphic text of the rectangular tablet is Vedic (B1). Chapter 2. Decryption of hieroglyph no. 1. Hieroglyph no. 1 (Fig. 2) consists in a horizontal segment of line with branches of a fir tree, leading to the Lyra constellation (Fig. 4). By connecting the eta, zeta and beta stars, the theta, delta and gamma stars as well as the iota, delta and zeta stars respectively the configuration of the Lyra constellation is obtained (Fig. 5), perfectly superposing hieroglyph no. 1. The stars alpha, epsilon and zeta of the Lyra constellation belong to a cluster of stars, an astronomic asterism, known as “Abhijit” in the Vedic astrology. This asterism is associated with the twenty-eighth mansion of the Vedic lunar zodiac, the “Brahmi” or “Abhijit” mansion (B3). In the old Sanskrit language “Abhijit” is the name of Vega star. Taking into consideration the information at hand, hieroglyph no. 1 was interpreted as being synonym to “Abhijit”. In modern India “Abhijit” is a male name; thus “Abhijit” may be interpreted as the name of the owner of the inscription. Considering the hypothesis that the owner of the tablet was a woman, a priestess, the term “Abhijit” may be as well interpreted as a female name. When decrypting the hieroglyph, the context as well as the results obtained from decryption of the other hieroglyphs were taken into consideration. Chapter 3. Decryption of hieroglyph no. 2. Hieroglyph no. 2 (Fig.2) consists of two symbols interpreted together since they are not separated by a segment of line. The upper symbol consists of three arcs of circle with the concavities directed leftward. The lower symbol of hieroglyph no. 2, located on the lower row, consists of a small arc of circle with the concavity towards left and a larger arc of circle, oriented in the same direction, intersected by a horizontal segment that enters the arc of circle. By connecting the stars eta, zeta and beta, the stars theta, delta and gamma, and the stars 3124 Cyg, iota and the star BSC 7237 respectively by means of arcs of circle, three almost equal and equidistant semicircles are obtained. They will form an ensemble looking very much like the upper symbol of hieroglyph no. 2 (Fig. 6). An arc of circle with its center in the zeta star and a radius equal to the distance between stars zeta and 5387 was drawn (Fig. 7). This arc is located between stars alpha and zeta. By connecting stars Kappa, mu (5363) and star 5372 a larger arc of circle is obtained (Fig. 7). While connecting star alpha (Vega) with star 5377 the segment intersecting the arc is obtained (Fig. 7). The two arcs of circle represented in Fig. 7 form the lower symbol of hieroglyph no. 2. The configuration of the Lyra constellation in Fig. 8 perfectly resembles the shape of hieroglyph no. 2, when the upper and lower symbols are united in the same row. The stars alpha, epsilon and zeta make up a cluster known as “Abhijit” in the Vedic astrology. “Abhijit” cluster is associated with the twenty-eighth lunar mansion, the “Brahmi” or “Abhijit” mansion (B 3). The deity governing this mansion is the Brahma itself, the supreme God. For reasons that will be explained further on, the significance “tuvibrahmana” was chosen for the hieroglyph no.2, with the meaning “very devoted priest to God Brahma”. See the explanation at chapter 8. Chapter 4. Decryption of hieroglyph no. 3. This hieroglyph is the shape of capital upsilon (Y) (Fig.2). Above the hieroglyph there are two small segments, slightly tilted to the left. The surface of the tablet corresponding to this box was damaged; accordingly the two segments are not very clear. However, the two segments are less important and do not influence the decrypting solution of hieroglyph no. 3. The shape of the hieroglyph leads directly to the Cancer constellation which in the solar Vedic zodiac is known as “Karka” (Fig. 9). By rotating the Cancer constellation with 180 degrees the perfect image of hieroglyph no. 3 is obtained (Fig. 10). By connecting stars 1236 and 1248 and stars 1247 and 1237 respectively, the two segments and an image identical to hieroglyph no. 3 are obtained. The author of inscription represented the two segments above hieroglyph no. 3 in order to locate the hieroglyph exactly within the Cancer constellation. Whenever the author of the hieroglyphic text found it necessary, she used supplementary reference points in order to locate the hieroglyphs within the corresponding constellation, based on lunar mansions. The Sanskrit language dictionary gives the translation “bright” for the term “karka”. Chapter 5. Decryption of hieroglyph no. 4. The hieroglyph is the shape an hourglass (Fig. 2) which suggests directly the Orion constellation (Fig. 11). According to an ancient Vedic myth, the Orion constellation is the body of God Brahma who was killed by God Shiva with a three headed arrow. The three stars in the belt of Orion constellation, zeta, epsilon and delta respectively represent the three points where God Brahma was hit by arrow. The star lambda located in the north of the Orion constellation, known as “the stag head”, represents the head of God Brahma. Consequently, the significance of hieroglyph no. 4 is “God Brahma”. Chapter 6. Decryption of hieroglyph no. 5. Hieroglyph no. 5 is the shape of a cross with rays (Fig. 2). Several scholars have remarked this shape. On basis of the information resulting from the decryption of hieroglyph no. 8, the “brahmanadhinam” hieroglyph of Tartaria inscription on the round tablet (B 1), the author of this study has concluded that the “cross” symbol leads directly to the Aquila constellation (Fig. 12), where the word “brahman” has been translated as “priest”. Hence, the decryption is as follows: In the Sanskrit language dictionary (B6) the synonyms “atmabhu” and “ireza”, both meaning “the name of Vishnu”, have been found for the word “brahman”. These are two of the 108 names of God Vishnu. The God Vishnu is the God patron of the twenty first lunar mansion, the “Shravana” mansion. The stars associated to this mansion are alpha, beta and gamma in the Aquila constellation (Fig. 12). By connecting the stars gamma, delta and star 444, and the stars theta and epsilon respectively a cross pointing to north – west is obtained (Fig. 13). From the above decryption we can conclude that the significance of hieroglyph no. 5 “cross” is “brahman”, that is “priest”. By connecting stars eta and upsilon, sigma and 502, iota and 461, alpha and 501, beta and mu, and the stars 463 and 480 the rays of the cross will be obtained (Fig. 14). The configuration of Aquila constellation as shown in Fig. 14 is perfectly similar to hieroglyph no. 5. In this case the rays of the cross obtained by connecting stars in Lyra constellation, precisely locate the cross in Lyra constellation. Consequently, hieroglyph no. 5 signifies “barman” that is “priest”. Chapter 7. Decryption of hieroglyph no. 6. This hieroglyph is the shape of the head of donkey (Fig. 2). The translation into Sanskrit of the word “donkey” is “smasmarya” (B4, B6, B7, B8). The Sanskrit word “smasmarya” means “to be remembered by Kama”, where “Kama” is one of the many names of God Vishnu. Taking into consideration the meaning of the previous hieroglyph no. 5, that is “priest”, the two hieroglyphs no. 5 and no. 6 can be interpreted together as “priest remarked by God Vishnu”, or “priest of God Vishnu”. Chapter 8. Decryption of hieroglyph no. 7. The box on the right of the tablet contains two symbols that together form hieroglyph no. 7 (Fig. 2), because they are not separated by a segment of line. The lower symbol is the shape of an hourglass, respectively the Orion constellation (Fig. 11). The upper symbol is the shape of a “stag head”. It is evident that this symbol represents the head of an animal belonging to the “chamois” species to be found in Romania and in Europe respectively. The shape of the horns is particular to this species of chamois. The lambda star in Orion constellation, together with stars phi-1 and phi-2, make up a cluster (Fig. 11) that is an astronomic asterism known as “Mrigasira” (stag head) in the Vedic astrology. The synonyms of the word “mriga” (“stag”, “doe”) are “harina” (“stag”) and “harini” (“doe”). The word “harini” is one of the 108 names of Goddess Aditi. Hence, we can come to the conclusion that the two symbols together form a hieroglyph whose decrypted meaning is “Goddess Aditi”. The author of the inscription symbolically represented Orion constellation, “the hourglass”, together with the ”stag head” in order to place the “stag head” within the Orion constellation avoiding any confusion, since similar symbols belonging to other constellations can be found in the Vedic astrology. Remark. Considering the signification of hieroglyphs 3 – 7, the following decrypting solution has been chosen: “…..of radiant God Brahma, priest of God Vishnu and Goddess Aditi”. It has been concluded that hieroglyph no. 2 should be given an interpretation that is compatible with the significance of the above text that is “priest” or “brahmana”. This meaning can be inferred from Aquila constellation. However, hieroglyph no. 2 leads to Lyra constellation, namely God Brahma. On basis of these considerations the term “tuvibrahmana”, that is “very devoted priest of God Brahma”, or “priest of God Brahma” was adopted, so that the connection between hieroglyph no. 2 and Lyra constellation could be used. The phrase “priest of God Brahma” can be inferred from Lyra constellation, the constellation of God Brahma. Chapter 9. Conclusions. Taking in consideration the decrypting results of the seven hieroglyphs, the inscription on the Tartaria rectangular tablet with middle hole, could be as follows: “(I am) Abhijit, very devoted priest of Radiant God Brahma, priest of God Vishnu and Goddess Aditi”. The sentence is elliptical of subject and predicate. The translation of the hieroglyphic text into Vedic language could be as follows: “Abhijit, tuvibrahmana karka Brahma, brahmana smarasmarya Aditi”. The owner and quite possible the author of the inscription on the tablet gives some personal information: The name Abhijit, the position as priest in the community, and dedicated priest of Gods Brahma, Vishnu and Aditi. The Tartaria rectangular tablet with a middle hole looks very much like the tablets used by Buddhist and Indian priests. The tablets may be 900 years old (Fig. 15) and are made of papyrus obtained from palm-lives. This type of tablets may have been copied from the Vedic priests. Although no written documents of the Vedic period of India have been discovered, it is well known that writing was used in the schools of Vedic priests. Tree leaves and bark, as well as papyrus were used as writing support. The Buddhist tablets have a rectangular shape, a hole in the middle and two boxes on both sides of the hole, containing the sacred texts. The tablets are generally kept together, tied on a piece of rope. It is possible that the origin of the Buddhist and Vedic tablets derives from the clay tablets, having a shape similar to the tablet described in this paper, and belonging to the Indo-European priests that lived in the Carpatho-Danubian area 7.300 years ago. The middle box of the tablet contains two small hieroglyphs in the upper corners. They are small, undecipherable and damaged, therefore they were ignored in this study. Bibliography. B1. Decryption of Tartaria inscription. http//:www.historia.ro/exclusive_web/general/articol/decriptarea-inscriptiei-Ta… (http://www.historia.ro/exclusive_web/general/articol/decriptareainscriptiei-Tartaria). B2. Tartaria Tablets. www.google.ro (http://www.google.ro/). B3. Vedic astrology. Moon nakshatras. www.google.ro (http://www.google.ro/). B4. Old- Sanskrit English Dictionary. www.google.ro/spokensanscrit/de (http://www.google.ro/spokensanscrit/de). B5. Dictionar englez – roman.ro. (English – Romanian Dictionary.) B6. Sanskrit Dictionary. www.sanskritdictionary.com (http://www.sanskritdictionary.com/). B7. APTE Sanskrit – English Dictionary.com. www.aa.tufs.ac.jp (http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/). B8. Sanskrit – English Dictionary. Monier – Wiliams.www.sanskrit.lexicon.uni.koelen.de (http://www.sanskrit.lexicon.uni.koelen.de/). B9. Lyra constellation. www.google.ro/dibonsmith.com (http://www.google.ro/dibonsmith.com). B10. Cancer constellation. IAU SKY & TELESCOPE. B11. Orion constellation. IAU SKY & TELESCOPE. B12. Aquila constellation. IAU SKY & TELESCOPE.

clipboard01.jpg Fig.1. Tartaria tablets, Fig.2. Rectangular tablet with a middle hole.

clipboard02.jpg Fig.3. Separation segments between hieroglyphs.

clipboard03.jpg Fig.4. Lyra constellation.

clipboard04.jpg Fig. 5. Reprezentarea hieriglifei nr. 1 în constelatia Lira. Fig.5. Representation of hieroglyph no.1 in the Lyra constellation.

clipboard05.jpg Fig. 6. Simbolul din partea superioară a hieroglifei nr. 2. Reprezentare în constelaţia Lira. Fig.6. Representation of the symbol in the upper part of hieroglyph no. 2 in Lyra constellation.

clipboard06.jpg Fig. 7. Simbolul din partea inferioară a hieroglifei 2. Reprezentare în constelaţia Lira. Notă. Steaua 5387 (BSC 7043) are magnitudinea 6,01 și este vizibilă cu ochiul liber, chiar dacă depășește cu 0,01 limita de vizibilitate convenţională. Fig.7. Representation of the symbol in the lower part of hieroglyph no. 2 in Lyra constellation. Remark: Star 5387 (BSC 7043) has a magnitude of 6.01. It is visible with the naked eye, although it is 0.01 higher than the conventional visibility limit.

clipboard07.jpg Fig. 8. Reprezentarea hieroglifei nr. 2 în constelaţia Lira. Fig.8. Representation of hieroglyph no. 2 in Lyra constellation.

clipboard08.jpg Fig. 9. Constelatia Cancerului. Fig.9. Cancer constellation.

clipboard09.jpg Fig. 10. Reprezentarea hieroglifei nr. 3 în constelaţia Cancerului. Fig.10. Representation of hieroglyph no. 3 in Cancer constellation.

clipboard10.jpg Fig. 11. Constelaţia Orion. Fig.11. Orion Constellation.

clipboard11.jpg Fig. 12. Constelaţia Acvila. Fig.12. Aquila constellation

clipboard12.jpg Fig.13. Representation of the word “brahma” in Aquila constellation

clipboard13.jpg Fig. 14. Reprezentarea hieroglifei nr. 5 în constelaţia Acvila. Fig.14. Representation of hieroglyph no. 5 in Aquila constellation

clipboard14.jpg FIG. 15. Manuscris indian sau nepalez pe frunze de palmier cu forma tăbliţei de la Tărtăria. Fig.15. An Indian or Nepalese, Bhuddist manuscript on palm-leaf, having the shape of the Tartaria tablet. —

Decrypting of Tartaria inscription. Part. 1. http://www.voceavalcii.ro/39786-decrypting-of-tartaria-inscription-part-1.html (http://www.voceavalcii.ro/39786-decrypting-of-tartaria-inscription-part-1.html) 28 Noi 2016 Redactia (http://www.voceavalcii.ro/autor/128-redactia.html) Dezvăluiri (http://www.voceavalcii.ro/dezvaluiri.html)

(http://www.voceavalcii.ro/media/k2/items/cache/86ccf395eb039beda6167ecf5433b4a6_XL.jpg)Fig. 1. Hierogliphs 1 & 2 = devadhinam = the power of god; Hieroglifph 3 = jagat = dominates. Hieroglifphs 4 & 5 = sarvam = univers. Hierogliph 6 = mantradhinam = the power of mantras. Hierogliph 7 = ta devata = the god. Hierogliph 8 = brahmanadhinam = the power of brahmanas. Hierogliph 9 = tan = such. Hierogliph 10 = mantram = mantras. Hierogliph 11 = Brahmana = Brahmana. Hierogliph 12 = devata = god. Chapter 1. Introduction. The Tartaria tablet, Fig. 1, was descovered in 1961 in the village of Tartaria, Alba county, Roamania. The tablet is round, 6 cm (2.5 in) in diameter, was made by unbaked cley with a peripherial hole drilled through it. The tablet has symbols inscribed only on one face, was dated to around 5300 BC and have been the subject of controversy among archeologists, some of them claim that the symbols represent the earliest known writing in the world. The discovery was made in a neolitical tomb containing a woman skeleton. It has been suggested that the body was of a shaman, even if was a woman, and the text represents a magical formula. To decrypt an unknown inscription are necesary two conditions: to know the language of the inscription and to know the phonetic values of the symbols: hierogliphs, syllables or letters. The author of decrypting supposed that the language of Tartaria inscription is vedic language, the language of vedic arians setlled down in north-west of India around 1500 B.C. The specialists concluded that the vedic language is very closed to proto-indo-european language and even is this ancient language. A modern hipothesis sugests that the indo-european civilisation has begun a few thousend of years ago in the north and south sides of lower Danube, including Roamania. As a conclusion, the language of Tartaria inscription is indo-european language, that is vedic language. The author of decrypting found in religious vedic literature an incantation, a „mantra”, used in situation when a vedic priest was recognised as a third grade priest, the higher position as a vedic priest and supposed that this mantra is the solution for Tartaria inscription decrypting. By comparison of mantra’s words and inscription’s hierogliphs the author of decripting concluded that the two texts matches perfecty. Using information from vedic astrology, vedic astronomy, vedic mithology, vedic religion and vedic language, (old sanskrit) were found connections between mantra’s words and important constellations or parts of them. Each hierogliph is a representation of a known constellation or a part of a constellation. All stars used in this study in order to find hierogliphs inside constellation maps have magnitudes between zero and six, that is they are visible with the naked eye. Exceptions will be explained. The vedic mantra is: Devadhinam jagat sarvam, Mantradhinam ta devata, Tan mantram brahmanadhinam. Brahmana mama devata. The translation is: The univers is under power of god, The god is under power of mantras, Such mantras are under power of brahmanas. Brahmana is my god. „Brahma”, „Brahman” or „Brahmana” is the supreme vedic god, „brahma”, „brahman” or „brahmana” is a vedic priest, „mantra” is a sacred expression, spiritual sound, a syllable, an word or a group of words that is supposed to have a spiritual power. This power may exist when the mantras are present in audible or written form or present in mind. The decrypting method started from the vedic mantra, considered as the final solution, traversing the decrypting process until the hierogliphic text, using information from the five mentionated domains of vedic culture. The written side of the tablet is split by two diameters in four quarters that were treated in clockwise direction, the first quarter is on the right, up. The hierogliphs were treated from left to right and all astronomic charts are oriented to north, if not otherwise is specified. Order numbers of the hierogliphs are specified in Fig. 1, where each hierogliph was assigned with a word. There were used Sanskrit-English dictonaries. The words „devadhinam”, „mantradhinam” and „brahmanadhinam” contain the component „dhinam”. The hierogliphs assigned with these words contain the same symbol, a „semicircle”. According to this notice, a semicircle, in any position, has the meaning of the word „dhinam”, that is „power”. This conclusion was supported by the ideea that the bow was a powerful weapon used by vedic fighters in theyrs struggles. The semicircle symbol is found in hierogliphs No. 1, 2, 6 & 8. Chapter 2. Decrypting of hierogliphs 1 & 2 The hierogliphs 1 & 2 were treated together, both of them having a „D” shape, Fig. 1. According to the oldest vedic mith, Orion constellation is the body of the supreme god Brahma, killed by god Shiva and the star lambda is the head of Brahma. The three stars from Orion belt are the places where the god Brahma received the finishing stroke. In Fig. 2 can be noticed two bows drawn by connections between a few stars located in the east of Orion and west of Taurus constellations. The two bows can have the mening „the power of Brahma”. Comparing the two bows in Fig. 2 and the group of 1 & 2 hierogliphs in Fig. 1, it can be seen a perfect match, regarding direction, sizes and relative position. The conclusion is that the meaning of the two hierogliphs „DD” is „the power of Brahma”. Chapter 3. Decrypting of hierogliph 3 This hierogliph consists of a horizontal segment crossed by five small segments, and has a comb shape, Fig. 1. Tartaria inscription author has used a complex method to create the hierogliphs, making conections between mantra’s words, vedic lunar mansions, associated stars of the these zodiacal mansions and the constellations that contain associated stars. The word „jagat” has no connection with vedic lunar zodiac, but its synonym „aditi”, found in dictionaries, leads to the Aditi godes, the ruler of the seven’s lunar mansion, or mansion Punarvasu. The associated stars of this mansion are: Castor A, Castor B, Castor C, Pollux and sigma, Fig. 3. Castor is a triple star. This group of stras, called Punarvasu asterism, belongs to Gemini constellation. Is very easy to notice near Punarvasu asterism the five stars kappa, upsilon, iota, tau and teta contained in the arms of the twin brothers. The hierogliph „jagat”, the comb, was found in Gemini constellation. The group of these five stars looks like hierogliph 3, that has the meaning „jagat” or „to dominate”. Chapter 4. Decrypting of hierogliphs 4 & 5 These hierogliphs were decrypted together. At first sight this group seems to be two circles with diferent diameters. After a closer analysis results the biger circle is an ellipse and the smaller one is an arrow pointed to north. At the basis of this arrow there is a small arc of circle, Fig. 1. The word „sarva” is a synonym of the word „jagat”, that is „univers”. This information leads to Gemini constellation, Fig 4. By conections between stars alpha, beta, kappa, lambda, zeta, omega, tau and again alpha was drawn an heptagon that can be positionated perfecly in an ellipse. The long axis of the ellipse contains the stars lambda, iota and ro. Conecting the stars niu, gama, epsilon, teta, Propus via M35 nebula and miu, was drawn an arrow pointed to north. Conecting the stars alpha (Betelgeuse) and miu from Orion constellation and star ksi from Gemini constellation was drawn a small arc of circle. Comparing carefuly the image in Fig. 4 and the group of hierogliphs 4 & 5 can be concluded they matches perffectly. The group of hierogliphs 4 &5 was found in Gemini and Orion constellations. As a conclusion this group of hierogliphs has the meaning „sarva” or „univers”. Chapter 5. Decrypting of hierogliph 6 This hierogliph consist of two symbols, Fig. 1. The lower symbol is a semicircle, and the upper symbol is a triangle pointed down and three parallel arrows pointed up, perpendicular on the triangle base. The semicircle has the mening „power”, as was decided before. The word „mantra” has the meaning „the fifth lunar mansion”, that is the mansion Mrigasira, associated with Mrigasira asterism, consisting of three stars, lambda, phi-1 and phi-2, belonging to Orion Constellation, Fig. 5. Using the base of the triangle alpha, gama, lambda, which contains Mrigasira asterism, were drawn three arrows perpendicular on triangle base that point the three big stars from Orion belt, zeta, epsilon and delta, Fig. 5. Rotating this triangle with 180 degrees, the three arrows will point the north. This new figure is very closed to upper symbol of the hierogliph 6, Fig 1, that has the mening „mantra”. The whole hierogliph has the mening „mantradhinam” or „the power of mantras”. Inscription author has drawn the three arrows to indicate location in cosmic space of Mrigasira triangle in Orion constellation, in order to be identified precisely in this place. This cosmic configuration is unic in the canopy of heaven Chapter 6. Decrypting of hierogliph 7 This hierogliph consist of two symbols, Fig. 1. The upper symbol is a point inside a semiellipse, the simbol „point-semiellipse”. The lower symbol is a triangle with a horizontal base and a perpedicular segment on the triangle axis of symmetry, at the top of the triangle. This segment have bent extremities. The translation of the word „devata” is „the deity”, an important god, and the meanings of the word „ta” are: jewel, fighter and virtue. The expression asigned to this hierogliph, „ta devata”, has the meaning „the bright, unconquerable and virtuos deity” that is „the supreme god Brahma”. This meaning leads to the twenty-eighth lunar mansion, Abhijit mansion, ruled by the lord Brahma. The associated stars of this mansion are: alpha, epsilon and zeta, belonging to Abhijit asterism, in Lyra constellation, Fig. 6. Conecting the stars: zeta, delta, iota, gama and again zeta, was drawn the triangle zeta, iota, gama. Conecting the stars 93808, 7146, 6997 and 90781 has been drawn the transverse segment with bent extremities, that is parallel with the triangle basis, the segment iota-gama. The stars 93808 and 90781 have magnitudes biger than six (smaller luminosity), magnitudes of 6.49 and 7.37, respectively. It is supposed that these stars were seen by ancient astronomers having high visual acuity. Using the star Vega as the center, the line zeta-Vega as the small axis and the star epsilon a point belonging to an ellipse, it can be drawn an ellipse. In Fig. 6, it has been drawn a semiellipse around the star Vega, very closed to the semiellipse existed in the hierogliph 7. It is supposed that the hierogliph’s author had information about circle and ellipse construction. After a closer analysis of the hierogliph 7 results a point marked clearly on left side of the semiellipse. This point is the star epsilon marked by hierogliph’s author in order to locate precisely the point-semiellipse symbol in Lira constellation. By conection between stars Vega and zeta has been completed the image of priest, or god, wearing a long robe, with both arms raised at the shoulders level and bent forearms, upwards and downwards, respectively. This is the image of the god Brahma, where the star Vega is the head of Brahma. It is possible to conclude that the decrypting of the hierogliph 7 is „the god Brahma”. Chapter 7. Decrypting of hierogliph 8 This hierogliph consist of two symbols. Fig. 1. The left side symbol is a semicircle and has the meaning „power”, as specified before. The right side symbol is a cross in horizontal position, part of the cross is placed inside the semicircle. The word „brahmana” has no connection with vedic lunar zodiac. Using the dictionaries, has been found two meanings of the word „brahmana”: „atmabhu” and „ireza”. Both of them have a second meaning „the name of Vishnu”, a vedic god, the lord of the twenty-first lunar mansion, the mansion Shravana. The associated stars of this mansion are: alpha (Altair), beta and gama, belonging to Shravana asterism, in Aquila constellation, Fig. 7. Conecting the stars teta-zeta and gama-delta was drawn a cross, that in conection with the segment delta-star 444 formed the perfect cross ensemble of the hierogliph 8. That means the whole cross can be decypt as „brahmana” and the hierogliph 8 has the meaning „brahmanadhinam” or „the power of brahmanas”. Chapter 8. Decrypting of hierogliph 9 The hierogliph 9 consist of two identical symbols, two parallel arrows with top angle of 90 degrees, pointing east, Fig. 1. The word „tan” has no connection with vedic lunar zodiac, as well. A relative of the word „tan” is „tanugrha”, a word with the same root, „tanu”. The word’s „tanugrha” translation is „the first lunar mansion” or mansion Ashvayuja. The associated stars of this mansion are, beta and gama, belonging to Aries constellation, Fig. 8. Conecting the stars epsilon, star 41 and alpha and the stars sigma, niu and iota has been found an image of two parallel arrows with the top angle of 90 degrees, pointing the north direction, Fig. 8. By rotation of the Fig. 8 with 90 degrees to east, was found the image of the hierogliph 9. The most convenable translation for the word „tan” is „uninterrupted succession”. Chapter 9. Decrypting of hierogliph 10 This hierogliph consist of two horizontal, parallel segments crossed by an oblique segment with two discontinuities in the upper and lower sides of the two parallel segments, Fig. 1. The part of the oblique segment located between the two parallel segments is placed on the right side of the upper and lower parts of the oblique line. The translation of the word „mantra” is „the fifth lunar mansion” or the mansion Mrigasira. This information leads direcly to Orion constellation, Fig.9. Conecting the stars: upsilon-star 6074, alpha-kappa, epsilon-zeta and delta (Mintaka)star gama of the Monoceros constellation was found the image from Fig. 9, which is identical with hierogliph 10. For identification , the Orion constellation was rotated with 90 degrees to west. As a conclusion, the significance of the hierogliph 10 is „mantra”. Taking in consideration decrypting of the hierogliphs 8, 9 and 10, the third verse of vedic mantra can be: „the power of brahmanas (dominates) the uninterrupted succession of mantras”. The „uninterrupted succession of mantras” is supposed to be continuous mantras in audible form coming from brahmans during the religious service. Chapter 10. Decrypting of hierogliph 11 This hierogliph has the form of a royal throne, Fig. 1. The word „Brahmana” leads directy to the twenty-eighth lunar mansion, „Brahmi” or Abhijit. The associated stars of this mansion are: alpha, epsilon and zeta, in Lyra constellation, Fig. 10. Has been conected the folowing stars: alpha-zeta, zeta-delta, delta-iota, beta-gama, gama-M56 nebula, delta-gama, iota-star 19 and the star 7237-star 13. The image in Fig. 10 is the royal throne of the supreme god Brahma, where the star Vega is the head of Brahma. The image in Fig.10 is very closed to hierogliph 11. Conclusion is: decrypting of the hierogliph 11 is „Brahma”. Chapter 11. Decrypting of hierogliph 12 This hierogliph has a „D” shape, but not an usual one, not the same shape like hierogliphs 1 and 2, Fig. 1. It is visible that the semicircle of „D” passes in the left side of „D”, in both corners of the symbol „D”. The diameter of „D” outruns the lower limit of the symbol „D” in the left lower corner of the symbol. The words „devata” and „deva” are synonyms. For the word „devata” was found the meaning „the deity”, that is an important god and for word „deva” was found the meaning „supreme spirit”. These meanings lead diretly to the meaning „Brahma”, or „supreme god” and to the twety-eighth lunar mansion „Brahmi” or Abhijit, in Lyra constellation, Fig.11. There is a group of eight visible stars located in the south-east of Lyra constellation, with magnitudes lower than six, four of them belonging to Hercules constellation. This group of stars has the pefect shape of the symbol „D”, containing the star kappa and the star 99. Diameter of the this cosmic „D” is limited by the distance between stars alpha and beta of Lyra constellation. The arows originated in the „D” shaped symbol points the stars alpha and beta. The arrow originated in the lower corner of „D” oriented to south-west points the star 8991, located in the Vulpecula constellation. The arrows originated in the corners of the cosmic „D” locate precisely this group of stars, in the cosmic space, near the stars alpha and beta in Lyra constellation, related with the location of the star 8991 from Vulpecula constellation. This cosmic configuration is unic in the canopy of heaven. The extensions existing in the corners of hierogliph 12, Fig. 1 are identical to the three arrows originated in the corners of cosmic „D”, Fig. 11. Image in Fig. 11 is identical to hierogliph 12, Fig. 1. The cosmic „D” is connected directly with Lyra constellation, dominated by god Brahma. The conclusion is that the decrypting of hierogliph 12 is „supreme god”. Taking in consideration the decrypting results of the 12 hierogliphs of Tartaria inscription, the correct translation may be: The power of Brahma dominates the univers, The power of mantras (dominates) the god Brahma, The power of brahmanas (dominates) the uniterrupted succession of mantras. Brahma (is my) supreme god. Chapter 12. Conclusions 1. In order to decrypt Tartaria inscription the study author made the hypothesis that the vedic language is the language of Tartaria inscription. The hypothesis was right. 2. The second hypothesis was that the decripting solution is the vedic mantra specified in chapter 1. The hypothesis was right. 3. As a result of decrypting was found an important conclusion: the sacred chandra-bindu (moon-point or point-semicircle) symbol of Hinduism, Fig. 12, is very closed to the point-semiellipse symbol from Tartaria inscription of hierogliph 7. In Hiduism, bindu is the god Brahma itself, but in carpato-danubian religion, the point of the point-semiellipse symbol is the head of god Brahma, the star Vega. That means the origin of chandra-bindu was found in the religion of carpato-danubian indo-europeans who have lived in Transilvania 7,300 years ago. Chandra-bindu symbol is part of a more complex symbol, „Aum” symbol, the most important symbol of Hindu religion, Fig. 13. In Hinduism, the „Aum” symbol is an oral and of view representation of the god Brahma. 4. Successfully decripting of Tartaria inscription may prove the existence of indo-europeans in carpato-danubian space 7,300 years ago. 5. The shaman of Tartaria was a third grade vedic priest and the magic formula is the vedic mantra presented in Chapter 1 or the version of this mantra presented above. —

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== View page: romaniamegalitica.blogspot.com (http://romaniamegalitica.blogspot.com/2011/05/tablitele-de-la-tartariatartaria.html)1600 x 1045 · jpeg (https://www.bing.com/images/search? q=Tartaria+Tablets&cbir=ms&rxc=12&sbirxc=0&mid=FEAE6FF3DD72FC45A28F9891969FE75A2B411A51&simid=608012085924595910&form=IDBBMS&first=1)Image may be subject to copyright. (http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/legal/Copyright/Default.aspx) Proto-Indo-European (https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Proto-Indo-European&FORM=IDBBCQ) speaking herders from Yamna zone have expanded themselves to Late CucuteniTrypillian area.

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Vinca Alphabet Symbols The latter signs are characteristic script signs and many of them occur on the Tartaria tablets (https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=T%c4%83rt%c4%83ria+tablets&FORM=IDBBCQ) and the Lepenski Vir (https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Lepenski+Vir&FORM=IDBBCQ) stone.prehistory.it (http://www.prehistory.it/ftp/winn3.htm)

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Clay Anthropomorphic Figures The noted archaeologist Marija Gimbutas based at least part of her famous Kurgan Hypothesis and Old European culture theories on these Cucuteni-Trypillian clay figurines.quickiwiki.com (http://quickiwiki.com/en/cucuteni-trypillian_culture)

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Finnish Shaman Drum The drum depicted and exhibited at Museum Europäischer Kulturen, Berlin, in Germany is a replica of a real Sami drum or runebomme.tumblr.com (https://tumblr.com/search/shaman+drum)

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Movable Type in Chinese Writing ==

Vinca Culture History Other examples are Tordos-Vinca culture in the Carpathian Basin, Aegean Islands (https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Aegean+Islands&FORM=IDBBCQ), Tepe-Yahya in Iran, writings from Troy and Egypt.aleximreh.wordpress.com (https://aleximreh.wordpress.com/2011/01/05/similarity-between-vinca-hungarian-runic-signs-and-signs-found-inside-the-bosnianpyramids-older-than-egypt-pyramids)

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Ancient Slavic Culture Symbol

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http://www2.uned.es/geo-1-historia-antigua-universal/ESCRITURAS_ANTIGUA/Escrituras_1__antiguas_europa.htm (http://www2.uned.es/geo-1-historia-antiguauniversal/ESCRITURAS_ANTIGUA/Escrituras_1__antiguas_europa.htm) ==

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== Banatean ‘Sphinx’ in the Cerna Valley, Topleţ, Romania A mysterious megalith, forgotten by all! Can this be the result of the vagaries of weather? It’s doubtful, given the perfection of form. Viewed from one angle, we conclude that we are dealing with an anthropomorphic representation. It’s hard to imagine that the wind and rain have tried to sculpture a rock to represent a human head. And not just any head. But a majestic, mysterious, emitting a power and authority

== ” Immortality Land ” Bucegi We learn about the first research done in Bucegi, since 1927, specifically in the eastern part of the massif, Ialomita Valley, in an area known as the “seven springs. ” It is said that there “Zamolxe”, god of the Dacians,was drinking water. Dacians called the place “the immortality land”. Seven Springs was the encrusted symbol not only on the shieldsof the Dacians, but is found on Trajan’s Column. Even in this place in the Bucegi there is a source of water that is the purest in the world. In the period 1927-1935, there were studies done by both the Romanian researchers, and by the French. Scientists have shown that the bacterial load of the spring water is zero, a unique event in the world. Other research has been done in 80 years. Scientists have found that the source is feed from a huge underground lake. This legend reminds us of the underground passageway in the mountains! The fact is that the spring flow is 4,000 gallons per second. All the information was classified by the Communist authorities. http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread661940/pg13&mem= (http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread661940/pg13&mem=) == Harald Harmann, cercetator la ,,Research Centre on Multilingualism” din Bruxelles, afirma: “Tablitele de la Tartaria sunt primele semne de scriere incizata, care preced pictogramele mesopotamiene (3500-3300 i.Hr.), ieroglifele egiptene (3200-3300 i.Hr.), pictogramele cu inscriptii de pe Valea Indului (2500 i.Hr.), sau pe cele din China (1500-1200 i.Hr.), ca si enigmaticile mesaje ale zapotecilor mexicani (600 i.Hr.). == Solar Mystery — What Happened to the Sun in 5480 BC? (http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1159612/pg1) Fragile Earth (http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/31/pg1/srtpgs) Feb 7 143 107 rss (http://feeds.abovetopsecret.com/31.xml) Methuselah, a nearly 5,000 year old bristlecone pine, the second oldest known. . br /> An international team of researchers from universities in Japan, the US and Switzerland have discovered evidence that indicates a heretofore unknown solar phenomenon having taken place in 5480 BC. The evidence comes from anaylsis of… == Corabii neolitice “Au fost case aici, acum sase-sapte mii de ani”, imi spunea profesorul Ciugudean. “O intreaga asezare stabila. Case mari, din lemn “muruit” cu lut, toate cu doua camere si cu acareturi. Oameni “sedentari”, adica legati de pamant, care traiau multe generatii in acelasi loc, crescand animale, cultivand pamantul cu niste tehnici agricole pe care le mai folosesc si azi taranii nostri. La acea vreme, asa ceva nu exista in restul Europei, decat in spatiul carpato-danubian. Foloseau razboiul de tesut vertical, cu greutati. Cunosteau mestesugul modelarii si pictarii lutului, plamadind adevarate opere de arta. Ba mai mult, stapaneau si arta… navigatiei! Pe fundurile unor vase au fost gasite incizii cu reproducerile exacte ale unor ambarcatiuni cu panze. Chiar Vlassa a gasit o asemenea “corabie”.” O alta a gasit-o Horia Ciugudean, la sapaturile din 89. “Da, nu trebuie sa ne surprinda. La nivelul bronzului timpuriu, aurul transilvanean circula chiar pe cale maritima, existau legaturi pe ape intre asezarile si comunitatile respective. Cel care a desenat aceste corabii e sigur ca le-a si vazut. Le-a vazut in realitate, cu ochii lui!…” O lumina stranie, portocalie, invaluie ogorul gol, accentuand parca si mai mult adancimea straturilor scormonite de plug. Soarele apune, umbre fantastice joaca peste intinderea de pamant milenar. In fata, e lunca intinsa si verde a Muresului. Abia vezi raul, ondulandu-se pierdut in mijlocul unei vai imense, de cativa kilometri. “Se zice ca altadata pe-aici au fost corabii? Nu-i de mirare”, zice parintele Marin. “Altadata Muresul a fost mare, incalcit, se revarsa mereu, intre malurile astea indepartate. Ca o mare. Uitati-va acolo, vedeti ceva, ca doua scobituri in tarm? Acolo au fost doua “valaie” mari, adica un fel de ecluze adanci, sapate de mana omului, in vremuri preistorice. De sus, dinspre Pianu, coborau carele cu minereu de aur, pana la muchia tarmului. Descarcau pe ambarcatiunile care apoi se lansau pe apele crescute ale Muresului, ajungand pana la Arad si chiar mai departe. N-o spun eu, o spun istoricii. Aici, in lunca asta, a fost odinioara o asezare fantastica, un furnicar de oameni traind laolalta, facand agricultura, minerit, negot. Ceva mai incolo, tot pe Mures, au fost asezarile neolitice de la Turdas, Daia Romana, Alba-Iulia… Iar in mijlocul acestui spatiu magnific, Tartaria…” …

(https://valespa1.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/4410e-42-buletin-1.jpg) *** Opinii internationale despre tablitele de la Tartaria Anul 1969. “The Scientific American Journal” prezinta tablitele de la Tartaria ca fiind “similare cu cele din Mesopotamia, dar cu 1000 de ani mai vechi”. Academicianul bulgar, prof. dr. Vladimir I. Gheorghiev: “Tablitele de la Tartaria sunt mai vechi cu un mileniu decat monumentele scrierii sumeriene.(…) Scrierea, sub forma pictogramelor, a aparut in sud-estul Europei, si nu in Mesopotamia, cum se credea pana atunci, desenele si semnele de pe cele trei tablite reprezentand “cea mai veche scriere din lume”!” Haral Harmann, cercetator la “Research Centre on Multilingualism” din Bruxelles, in cadrul simpozionului stiintific “Originile scrierii”, tinut in perioada 23-29 octombrie 2000, la Milano, afirma: “Tablitele de la Tartaria sunt primele semne de scriere incizata, care preced pictogramele mesopotamiene (3500-3300 i.Cr.), hieroglifele egiptene (3200-3000 i.Cr.), pictogramele cu inscriptii de pe Valea Indului (2500 i.Cr.) sau pe cele din China (1500-1200 i.Cr.), ca si enigmaticele mesaje ale zapotecilor mexicani (600 i.Cr.)”. Sumerologul american John A. Halloran: “Cum se poate explica faptul ca intr-o regiune din vestul Romaniei, inconjurata cu nume sumeriene ca Urastie (Orastie, n.n.), Simeria, Kugir (Cugir, n.n.), s-au gasit trei tablite din lut local, cu pictograme sumeriene, dar mai vechi cu 1.000 de ani decat cele din Mesopotamia?(…) Asumandu-ne o origine triviala, recenta, romana, sigur ca acestea nu ne mai apartin.” Cercetatorul american Milton McChesney Winn: teza sa de doctorat la Ucla, din 1973, se intitula “Aparitia scrisului, tablitele de la Tartaria”. Cercetatorul italian Marco Merlini (director al Prehistory Knowledge Project si membru al World Rock Art Academy, Roma), unul dintre cei mai prestigiosi arheologi ai Europei de azi, este cel care a testat tablitele si osemintele de la Tartaria, la Universitatea din Roma, confirmandu-le vechimea. “In 1961, in Romania a avut loc o descoperire foarte importanta, pentru ca a schimbat intreaga cronologie a istoriei in Europa. Prin ea, s-a schimbat geografia legendei unde au inceput civilizatiile. Acum, este randul sa gandim ca scrierea a inceput in Europa, cu 2000 de ani inaintea Sumerului, ca de-a lungul Dunarii a inceput o civilizatie importanta, cu aproape opt mii de ani in urma, o societate nu mai putin importanta ca aceea din Egipt sau Mesopotamia.” COMMENTS Leave a Comment CATEGORIES Uncategorized

Prisons in Austria are like hospitals; that’s how they should be in all countries to heal the sick people not make them sicker! i Rate This COMMENTS Leave a Comment CATEGORIES Uncategorized

Dragoș Constantinescu: Armata trăgea ca la spectacol – “Interviuri după Revoluţie” i Rate This

Dragoş Constantinescu, fiul fostului preşedinte Emil Constantinescu, participant la Revoluţia din 1989 Continuăm prezentarea, în serial, a lucrării „Interviuri după Revoluţie“ a reputatului istoric și scriitor Alex Mihai Stoenescu. Parte componentă a unui serial dedicat loviturilor de stat care au zguduit România de-a lungul vremii, această nouă carte este continuarea firească a volumului IV al acestei lucrări monumentale, intitulat „Revoluţia din Decembrie 1989 – o tragedie românească“. În episodul de astăzi, prezentăm relatările revoluţionarului Dragoș Constantinescu, nimeni altul decât fiul fostului președinte Emil Constantinescu. (V.S.) Dragoş Constantinescu: Trebuie să vă spun la început că este pentru prima oară când vorbesc despre întâmplările acestea. Am refuzat, am tăcut, chiar şi atunci când în jurul meu se povesteau întâmplări de la Revoluţie. De ce? De jenă. Mi-era ruşine pentru diferenţa între ceea ce trăisem eu acolo şi povestea evenimentelor. Ce eraţi, cu ce vă ocupaţi în decembrie 1989? Student la Geologie, la Universitatea Bucureşti. Când aţi aflat prima oară că se întâmplă ceva la Timişoara? Acasă, împreună cu tatăl meu şi cu mama, ascultam Vocea Americii. Ştiam că se mişcă toată Europa de Est şi urmăream cum se prăbuşesc regimurile comuniste. Discutaţi asupra acestor evenimente și în grupul dvs de studenţi? Da, discutam foarte mult și cu colegii mei și consideram că trebuie să facem şi noi ceva. Ce să faceţi? Noi, fiind în Pajura şi cel mai aproape de noi fiind Casa Scânteii, ne gândeam să dăm foc la statuia lui Lenin. Arsese deja Arcul deTriumf din faţa Palatului Expoziţional… Ne bătuse gândul la el, dar ne-o luaseră alţii înainte. În orice caz, vreau să fiu corect, mari ambiţii nu aveam. În după-amiaza de 22 decembrie 1989, situaţia din București devenise deosebit de complicată. Protestele populare escaladau, dar și forţele represive își făceau simţită prezenţa. Cum era strada? Strada era plină de oameni, care însă umblau normal, impasibili. Am ajuns în Romană şi atunci am auzit o vâjâială, nişte urlete, n-am înţeles ce se întâmpla, dar la un moment dat lumea fugea spre Romană. Pe stradă sau pe trotuare? Pe trotuare. Încă circulau maşini. (…) Am traversat pe colţul cu Hotelul Dorobanţi şi în locul acela am întrebat: „Ce se întâmplă, dom’ne?“, „Păi, au venit nişte dube şi îi iau pe unii de la Romană“. Lângă mine, imediat, aud pe unul strigând: „Jos Ceauşescu!“. (…) Erau de la sala Dalles, era grupul de la Dalles. În grupul ăsta am stat şi am continuat să strigăm. (…) Atunci l-am văzut acolo pe Petre Roman. Nu-l cunoşteam, l-am identificat după aceea ca prim-ministru. Cred că pe la 15.30 s-a deschis focul. Baricada de la Intercontinental Deschiderea focului, dar și apariţia primelor victime, i-a determinat pe protestatari să ridice o baricadă care să-i protejeze. Așa a apărut „Baricada de la Inter“. Cum s-a deschis focul? Nouă ni se părea clar că trag în noi şi că vor mai trage în noi. Oricum, manifestaţia durase mult mai mult decât ne-am imaginat noi şi era deja cunoscută, filmată de cei de la Inter. Practic, ne atinseserăm scopul. Spuneam: „De acum se trage. Ei pregătesc probabil acum dispozitivele şi vor trage, ne omoară“. (…) După asta s-a format baricada. A venit un camion mare, care a oprit de-a curmezişul, şi oamenii au spus: „Hai să facem o baricadă“. Evident, ideea era să se construiască un baraj, un obstacol, pentru cazul că se va trage. Au intrat la restaurantul Dunărea şi au luat mesele acelea albe, metalice, apoi au spart geamurile la Pescarul şi au scos totul afară. (…) De pe la 8.30-9.00 seara, lumea era tot mai puţină. Rămăseseră doar cei de la baricadă. Acolo lucrurile evoluau tot mai dur, cu discuţii și ameninţări de ambele părţi. Era o incitare evidentă, aşa că a început să-mi fie frică să mă mai duc, pentru că, practic, la baricadă se provoca focul, îi instigau pe ăia să tragă. Motiv pentru care am pornit prin oraş, să anunţăm fuga lui Ceauşescu. A trecut ceva timp, cam o oră, după care ne-am întors în piaţă. Deja la balconul de la CC vorbeau revoluţionarii. Trebuie să vă spun: am început să ne simţim manipulaţi. Senzaţia apăruse mai devreme, pe la Piaţa Victoriei, când am observat că oamenii nu erau de genul celor de la baricadă. Totul părea jucat, un entuziasm fabricat, după ce trecuse pericolul şi după ce muriseră cei de la Inter. „Ceauşescu a fost trădat“ Ce amănunt v-a frapat? Lipsa fricii. Eu trăisem normal, ca un om obişnuit, sub teroarea focului, a gloanţelor. Şi mi-era frică. Mi-a fost frică tot timpul. A existat eroism doar la câţiva de pe baricadă, despre care nu ştiu ce să vă spun, pentru că de murit, au murit dintre noi, cei de la Universitate și Arhitectură. (…) Chestia asta mi-a dat sentimentul de manipulare, în sensul că vine acum un puhoi de entuziasm, care şterge totul, şi întregul popor devine erou, deşi fusese laş, mai laş ca niciodată. Era clar în mintea mea, era clar că Ceauşescu a fost trădat. Formidabil! Da, am avut acest sentiment că Ceauşescu este trădat de populaţie, de cei care nu se mişcaseră pe 21 decembrie și aşteptaseră să vadă cum se înclină balanţa, trădat de toţi. De-aia nu trăgea armata, au dispărut miliţienii şi au ieşit comuniştii şi necomuniştii pe stradă. Senzaţia mea a fost atunci că oamenii aceştia au fost aduşi, iar de acum începe susţinerea cuiva, a celui care va veni după Ceauşescu. Dar parcă bucuria celor din 22 era cam nepotrivită. Pe 21, în Piaţa Universităţii strigam: „Vom muri şi vom fi liberi!“. Eu am strigat asta până am răguşit. Atunci, starea noastră era autentică: dacă apărea unul cu puşca acolo şi striga: „Fugiţi, că vă împuşc!“, o luam la fugă. Toţi. Acolo nu cred că era vreunul care credea că Ceauşescu va cădea. Diversiunea TVR Continuaţi. Ajung acasă, deschid televizorul şi îl văd pe individul ăla… Rateş, Brateş… „Veniţi să apăraţi Televiziunea!“ Îl iau pe Bogdan, ne furişăm, ne ducem acolo, se trăgea iarăşi aiurea, şi acolo ni se spune: „Aici suntem destui, duceţi-vă la Radio. Se trage la Radio“. Am luat-o pe străzi şi, când am ajuns la Radio, zona era plină de tipi în uniforme de gărzi patriotice. Deja acolo vedeai tot felul de lideri. De exemplu, erau şefii taximetriştilor, cărau răniţi, morţi. Apărea unul cu steagul, care se impunea. „Să mergem încolo, să mergem dincolo…“ (…) Dimineaţa ne-am dus la Universitate, să apărăm Universitatea de terorişti. Erau terorişti peste tot, aşa ni se spunea. Ne-am organizat în grupuri şi imediat au început zvonurile: „Sunt în subsol“. Ne duceam… nimic! „Sunt în pod“. Ne-am dus în pod… nimic. Afară erau rafale, se trăgea, deşi era ziuă. Noaptea, deci 23 spre 24, am stins luminile, să nu ne ochească prin ferestre. Inexistenţii terorişti Ne-am întors în piaţă şi acolo am găsit o situaţie neaşteptată. Se zvonea că au apărut teroriştii. Dintre noi, din mulţime, au apărut unii care şoşoteau: „Sunt terorişti!“. „Unde sunt, dom’ne, terorişti?“. Zice: „Sunt terorişti în Palat“. „Unde, dom’ne, unde?“. „Sunt în Palat. Palatul este plin de terorişti şi trebuie să-i scoatem de acolo“. Cam câţi eraţi în grupul care a intrat în Palat? Douăzeci şi ceva de oameni. Se spunea că teroriştii sunt acolo, în Palat! Da, păi noi am intrat să-i prindem pe terorişti. Am ieșit apoi pe trotuar şi… se trăgea. De unde se trăgea? De undeva din stânga, nu vedeam, dar se auzea din piaţă. Între timp s-a înserat şi a vorbit din balcon Iliescu. Mai întâi a strigat cineva, nu ştiu, parcă Mircea Diaconu: „Opriţi focul!“. S-a oprit focul, a vorbit Iliescu. Se opreşte şi vorbeşte, după care se trage din nou. Deci se strigă „Opriţi focul!“ din balcon, erau oameni care stăteau acolo, în picioare, cei mai expuşi, care strigau „Opriţi focul!“, a vorbit Iliescu şi militarii au reînceput să tragă. Am întrebat pe unul dintre ei: „Unde sunt teroriştii?“. „În Palat“. Mă uit că trăgeau cu trasoare, se vedea foarte clar traiectoria de la gura ţevii până în palat. Măcinau zidul. Îl întreb: „Dumneata nu vezi că tragi în zid?“. „Aşa mi s-a dat ordin“. Adică i s-a dat ordin să tragă în zid?! Li s-a dat ordin să tragă încolo şi li s-a spus să ferească geamurile. Era clar că nu se putea respecta. Era un soldat în dreptul meu, ascuns după tanc, îi făcea semn ofiţerul şi ăla începea să tragă în cer. În momentul acela mi-era foarte clar. Lumea stătea pe stradă, iar tot ce era armată, blindate trăgeau la spectacol. Era un spectacol de foc al Clădirii BCU şi de foc automat. Dar nu făceaţi legătura între apariţia lui Iliescu şi ce făcea Armata jos, în stradă? Nu, atunci nu făceam această legătură. Repet, nu am vorbit cu nimeni până acum despre aceste lucruri: mi-e ruşine să vorbesc despre Revoluţie. Gândiţi-vă că tatăl meu a ajuns preşedinte al României şi că în jurul nostru au mişunat în permanenţă revoluţionari. Niciodată nu le-am spus ce v-am spus dvs acum. Mi-era ruşine că sunt român, pentru că au distrus, absolut fără niciun motiv, Palatul şi Biblioteca. Aveam în faţă imaginea românilor care îşi distrug istoria cu bună ştiinţă pentru că sunt tâmpiţi. (Alex Mihai Stoenescu) „Editura RAO a observat interesul major pentru aceste interviuri și a trimis mai multe tiraje pe piaţa cărţii. Restul interviurilor, ca și un număr de documente, au fost atunci predate de mine Bibliotecii Institutului «Nicolae Iorga» pentru a putea fi la dispoziţia cercetătorilor și istoricilor.“ Alex Mihai Stoenescu Comentarii: Emile -3 Nu înţeleg parea cu: rușinea că sunt român pentru că au distrus absolut fără niciun motiv, Palatul şi Biblioteca. Există de-a lungul istoriei revoluţie autentică și revoluţie sau bătălie fără distugeri inutile dar emoţionale. Cezar n-a distrus Biblioteca din Alexandria? Francezii la revoluţia din 1789-1799 în 1793 au ars aproape in intregime și aruncat în Sena cinstitele Moaste ale Sfintei Genoveva ocrotitoarea Parisului, sau 1848 au turanat var nestins peste mormintele regilor care au făcut măreţia Franţei. Intrebaţi-i dacă le este rușine că sunt francezi. Rușii la Revoluţia din 1917 au facut nenumărate grozăvii culminând cu executarea familiei regale. Creedeţi că le este rușine că sunt ruși? Sigur vor aniversa 100 de ani de la revoluţia lui Lenin finanţată de popularii nemţi. Credeţi că la nemţi le este rușine că au finanţat ascensiune comunismului? COMMENTS Leave a Comment CATEGORIES Uncategorized

The best country and why i Rate This We all know which country claims to be the best in the world: the United States of America. But is really? They did bring us to the moon, do a lot of awesome science and are policing the world at their own expense. The US gets a lot of criticism for the latter one, but honestly, somebody has to do it, and I would rather it be them than China or Russia. But does the power or relevance of your country really matter if your looking for the ‘best’ country in the world to live in? I would say, hardly. What I think matters most is very simple: the happiness of it’s citizens. So what country wins? Denmark. Here are the results from the World Happiness Report, an annual measure of happiness (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness) per country published by the United Nations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations). The results are mainly gathered by surveys. This might seem as a sketchy way to measure happiness, but as Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman showed; reported happiness strongly correlates with actual happiness.

World Happiness Report (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Happiness_Report) But this isn’t the only measure of country ‘bestness’. Let’s look at some other country ranking lists to get a more clear idea. The Human Development Index

Human Development Index (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) The good country index A measure what each country on earth contributes to the common good of humanity, and what it takes away.

The Good Country Index (http://www.goodcountry.org/) COMMENTS Leave a Comment CATEGORIES Uncategorized

Florida gets D- grade in 2015 State Integrity Investigation | Center for Public Integrity. How does your state rank for integrity? i Rate This



Florida: GRADE:D-(61) RANK:30TH Assessing the systems in place to deter corruption in state government Click on each category for more detail OUR METHODOLOGY (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18316/how-we-investigated-state-integrity) Public Access to Information GRADE:F(51) RANK: 17th Political Financing GRADE:F(59) RANK: 28th Electoral Oversight GRADE:F(50) RANK: 46th Executive Accountability GRADE:D+(67) RANK: 16th Legislative Accountability GRADE:C+(77) RANK: 2nd Judicial Accountability GRADE:F(51) RANK: 38th State Budget Processes GRADE:F(57) RANK: 48th State Civil Service Management GRADE:F(50) RANK: 50th Procurement GRADE:D+(69) RANK: 25th Internal Auditing GRADE:B(85) RANK: 10th Lobbying Disclosure GRADE:F(55) RANK: 38th Ethics Enforcement Agencies GRADE:D-(62) RANK: 17th State Pension Fund Management GRADE:D(65) RANK: 22nd Corrections

Tell your legislators about their grade Provide us with your street address and Zip code and we will find your state representatives so you can tell them how your state ranked. Street address: Zip: Find my legislators We will not save or share the personal information after using it to send emails on your behalf. See our privacy policy and terms of use (http://www.publicintegrity.org/about/privacy-policy). … Since 1909, Florida has had strict laws that declare nearly all government documents — including police reports — public records. The Florida Sunshine Law, as open records and meetings regulations have come to be known, has long been a source of chest-thumping in Tallahassee. “Florida is proud to lead the nation in providing public access to government meetings and records,” brags the Office of the Attorney General on its website. But for some, the law seems not to apply. Over the past several years, the rich and powerful in Florida have seemed far less accountable to open government laws than the drug-addled and hapless. So while the public is welcome to read about how a spring breaker bit off a hamster’s head (http://www.wtsp.com/story/news/weird/2015/03/31/spring-breaker-bites-head-off-hamster/70711756/), nobody was supposed to learn about how Gov. Rick Scott ousted a top law enforcement official behind closed doors (http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/lawsuit-alleges-gov-rick-scott-and-floridacabinet-violated-sunshine-law/2216337), potentially violating the state’s open meetings law. When somebody got stabbed during confusion involving harmonicas (http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20120227/BREAKING/120229568/2627?Title=Sarasota-Sheriff-Man-stabbed-inconfusion-over-harmonicas), it was everyone’s business. Meanwhile, public figures are free to hide hundreds of millions of dollars in blind trusts (http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/appeals-court-rejects-challenge-to-floridas-blind-trust-law/2218744) and dodge public scrutiny over conflicts of interest. https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18362/florida-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18362/florida-gets-d-grade-2015-stateintegrity-investigation) — In 2013, the director of the Idaho Racing Commission told state lawmakers that controversial “instant racing” machines could help save the state’s dying betting industry. He did not tell them he was also registered as a lobbyist in Wyoming on behalf of a company that operates the machines there. That detail didn’t come to light until January, when a reporter at the Idaho Statesman unearthed the potential conflict. The official resigned within days, but apparently broke no laws or rules because he had told his superiors (http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/community/boise/article40840461.html) about his employment. That’s right. A state official worked for a company in an industry he oversaw. Lawmakers apparently didn’t know about the relationship. And technically, there was nothing wrong with that. This situation is not as rare as you might think. Across the country, state lawmakers and agency officials operate with glaring conflicts of interest and engage in brazenly cozy relationships with lobbyists. Ethics and open records laws are riddled with loopholes, while the watchdogs meant to enforce them face crippling shortages of cash and staff. Those are the findings of the new State Integrity Investigation (https://www.publicintegrity.org/accountability/state-integrity-investigation/state-integrity-2015), a data-driven ranking and assessment of state government accountability and transparency by the Center for Public Integrity and Global Integrity.

Alaska (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18327/alaska-gets-c-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation) received the top grade, earning a C. Only two others — California (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18342/california-gets-c-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation) and Connecticut (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18352/connecticutgets-c-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation) — earned better than a D+; 11 states received failing grades, with Michigan (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18427/michigan-getsf-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation) coming in last. The rankings and grades are based on detailed answers to 245 questions that were researched by experienced reporters (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/10/14/18317/state-integrity-2015-reporters) in each state. The queries are divided into 13 categories — from public access to information to campaign finance to ethics enforcement — and deal not only with the laws but also how well they’re enforced or implemented. The results (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/03/18822/how-does-your-state-rank-integrity) are deeply troubling. In most states, entire branches of government or agencies claim exemptions from open records laws. In two-thirds of all states, ethics oversight entities regularly fail to initiate investigations or impose sanctions. The laws or rules that govern when lawmakers should abstain from voting based on conflicts of interest are often hopelessly vague, and legislators sometimes ignore them anyway. “Many of these laws are out of date, they need to be revised,” said Robert Stern, who was president of the Center for Governmental Studies, which worked with state and local governments on ethics and disclosure laws until it closed in 2011. Stern is now helping draft a ballot measure in California to update the state’s campaign finance and ethics laws. “It’s very, very difficult for legislatures to focus on these things and improve them because they don’t want these laws, they don’t want to enforce them and they don’t want to fund people enforcing them.” It may be tempting to write off corruption in state government as small-time, little more than fodder for racy headlines and tasteless jokes. But in fact, state legislatures pass thousands of bills a year and collect and disburse more than $1 trillion. Indeed, gridlock and partisanship in Washington D.C. have pushed a majority of Americans to turn to state and local government for solutions to the country’s problems, according to a recent poll (http://www.nationaljournal.com/next-economy/big-questions/americans-give-up-washington). Given the findings of the State Integrity Investigation, that’s a worrisome prospect. At the same time, newspaper coverage of statehouses is shrinking, with full-time statehouse staff suffering a 35 percent drop between 2003 and 2014, according to the Pew Research Center (http://www.journalism.org/2014/07/10/americas-shifting-statehouse-press/). Newswires, nonprofit news organizations and other unconventional outlets are trying to fill the gap, but they haven’t made up for the loss of newspaper reporters in the halls of state capitols. With fewer prying eyes snooping into their business, perhaps it’s no surprise that state officials regularly engage in such dubious behavior. In 36 states (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/03/18822/how-does-your-state-rank-integrity), the State Integrity Investigation found, lawmakers at least occasionally vote on bills that may present a conflict of interest. Take the lawmaker in Missouri (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18442/missouri-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation) who introduced a bill this year to prohibit cities from banning plastic bags in grocery stores. It just so happens he’s also state director of the Missouri Grocers Association. Or his peers in real estate and ranching who sponsored bills to help landlords and cattlemen. And those are just the ones we know about. “We would love to be able to do more comprehensive audits,” said Carol Williams, executive director of Kansas (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18397/kansas-gets-f-grade2015-state-integrity-investigation)’ Governmental Ethics Commission. Williams told the investigation’s Kansas reporter that her staff is unable to audit the financial disclosure forms submitted to her office. Instead, all they can do is make sure officials are filling them out. “Whether they are correct or not, we don’t know,” she said. She’s not alone. Only two states initiate comprehensive, independent audits of lawmakers’ financial disclosures on an annual basis. In 3-in-5 states, the project found, inadequate funding causes ethics oversight staff to be overloaded with work and, occasionally, forces them to delay their investigations. Delaware (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18357/delaware-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)‘s Public Integrity Commission, which oversees lobbying and ethics laws for the executive branch there, has just two full-time employees. A 2013 report by a special state prosecutor found that the agency was unable “to undertake any serious inquiry or investigation into potential wrongdoing.” Where states scored the worst, however, was in handling public access to information. Only six states escaped a failing grade in that category. Open records laws have been bogged down with lengthy lists of exemptions. Executive agencies regularly charge exorbitant fees — thousands or even millions of dollars in the case of the Massachusetts (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18422/massachusetts-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation) State Police. Citizens whose requests are rejected often have no recourse other than legal action, a lengthy and expensive prospect. The general attitude was summed up best in 2013 by one New Mexico representative, who defended a rule the Legislature passed that declared lawmakers’ emails exempt from open records laws. “I think it’s up to me to decide if you can have my record,” he said. Since the beginning of 2012, at least 12 states have seen their legislative leaders or top cabinet-level officials charged, convicted or resign as a result of ethics or corruption-related scandals. Five house or assembly leaders have fallen. No state has outdone New York (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18477/new-york-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation), where 14 lawmakers have left office (http://www.citizensunion.org/www/cu/site/hosting/Research%20Documents/CU_Turnover_Research_Ethical_Misconduct_Updated_July_24_2015.pdf) since the beginning of 2012 due to ethical or criminal issues, according to a count by Citizen’s Union, an advocacy group. That does not include the former leaders of both the Assembly and the Senate, who were charged in unrelated corruption schemes earlier this year but remain in office without their leadership roles. Together, they comprised two of the “three men in a room” who, along with the governor, essentially decide how to spend the Empire State’s $140 billion annual budget. Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis famously wrote that states are the laboratories of democracy, and that sunlight is the best disinfectant. If this sorry litany of corruption cases is what happens when the labs have no windows, what are we left to think about their experiments? — Each wheel shows the state’s score by category. Click on a section of the wheel to sort by that category. Click on a state to see the report. Alabama42Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18322/alabama-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Alaska88Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18327/alaska-gets-c-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Arizona61Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18332/arizona-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Arkansas55Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18337/arkansas-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)California71Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18342/california-gets-c-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Colorado66Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18347/colorado-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Connecticut72Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18352/connecticut-gets-c-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Delaware59Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18357/delaware-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Florida59Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18362/florida-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Georgia45Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18367/georgia-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Hawaii71Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18372/hawaii-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Idaho67Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18377/idahogets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Illinois74Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18382/illinois-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrityinvestigation)Indiana38Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18387/indiana-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Iowa62Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18392/iowa-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Kansas75Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18397/kansas-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Kentucky82Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18402/kentucky-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Louisiana64Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18407/louisiana-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Maine66Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18412/maine-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Maryland63Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18417/maryland-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Massachusetts92Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18422/massachusetts-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Michigan52Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18427/michigan-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Minnesota67Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18432/minnesota-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Mississippi34Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18437/mississippi-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Missouri41Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18442/missouri-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Montana67Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18447/montana-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Nebraska45Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18452/nebraska-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Nevada50Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18462/nevada-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)New Hampshire51Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18467/new-hampshire-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)New Jersey68Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18457/new-jersey-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)New Mexico48Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18472/new-mexico-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)New York62Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18477/new-york-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)North Carolina75Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18482/north-carolina-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)North Dakota40Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18487/north-dakota-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Ohio67Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18492/ohio-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Oklahoma69Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18497/oklahoma-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Oregon37Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18502/oregon-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Pennsylvania41Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18507/pennsylvania-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Rhode Island72Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18512/rhode-island-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)South Carolina48Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18517/south-carolina-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)South Dakota49Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18522/south-dakota-gets-f-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Tennessee65Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18527/tennessee-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Texas43Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18532/texas-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Utah44Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18537/utahgets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation)Vermont84Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18542/vermont-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrityinvestigation)Virginia39Political Financing (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18547/virginia-gets-d-grade-2015-state-integrity-investigation) https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18822/how-does-your-state-rank-integrity (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18822/how-does-your-state-rank-integrity) — Grading the nation: How accountable is your state? | Center for Public Integrity https://www.publicintegrity.org/2012/03/19/8423/grading-nation-how-accountable-your-state (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2012/03/19/8423/grading-nation-how-accountable-your-state) Gift bans seek to prevent lobbyists from wining-and-dining legislators to influence policy. Some states, like Missouri (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2012/03/19/18194/missouri-gets-cgrade-2012-state-integrity-investigation), place no restrictions on dollar amounts of gifts, as long as all gifts are disclosed. Other states have much more stringent rules, like in Florida, where lobbyists are banned from buying lawmakers even a cup of coffee. But even when the laws have been retooled and seem airtight, lobbyists find ways around them. In Oregon (https://www.publicintegrity.org/2012/03/19/18212/oregon-gets-c-grade-2012state-integrity-investigation), where the gift laws were reformed in 2007 and again in 2009, the language of the law has become so specific in noting exemptions that it’s easy to skirt: entertainment excursions can technically be billed as “fact-finding” missions, for example, which is acceptable under the law. In 2006 North Carolina passed a ban on lobbyists buying meals for individual legislators. So instead, lobbyists bankroll receptions for groups of lawmakers. Florida has a strict ban on lobbyist gift giving, but the state’s definition of lobbyist allows for gaps — not everyone who lobbies is considered a lobbyist under the law — and much of the spending can go unreported.

The lobbyist-lawmaker relationship is a close one in many states, where part-time legislators who meet for short sessions often rely on outside expertise to guide their policy decisions. Those relationships become even stronger when ex-legislators move almost immediately into the private sector, exerting influence over their former colleagues. “Cooling off” periods — the length of time between when a legislator leaves office and when he can register as a lobbyist — aim to diffuse those relationships. But in some states, there’s no such waiting time. In Idaho, a former legislator, after losing her reelection campaign, was quickly hired as the lobbyist for a property developer — a move not only accepted, but recommended by the House Speaker. The same holds true in Nebraska, where at least 16 former lawmakers are now registered lobbyists. There, as in other states, term limits push lawmakers out into the private sector, so it is not unusual for former legislators to represent special interests like Big Tobacco and health insurance companies. ==

It’s time to end corruption.

The American Anti-Corruption Act makes it illegal to purchase political influence and puts power back in the hands of the people. The American Anti-Corruption Act is model policy that sets a framework for city, state and federal laws to fix our broken political system. It fundamentally reshapes the rules of American politics and restores the people as the most important stakeholders in our political system. An Anti-Corruption Act has three primary goals: Stop political bribery so special interests can’t use job offers and donations to influence politicians. End secret money so people know who’s buying political power. Fix our broken elections so the people, not the political establishment, are the ones in control. Represent.Us members are passing sweeping Anti-Corruption Acts in cities and states across the nation. Find out where we’ve won. (https://represent.us/our-wins/)





COMMENTS Leave a Comment CATEGORIES Uncategorized

Compare anti corruption laws by country or state i Rate This







Money: learn to live decently with very little and be part of your community to give and receive help when needed; Sex: learn more about relationship to have all you need/want/is healthy; Power: study ethics to avoid abuses because they will turn against you and destroy you in the end. I would add Food: study nutrition and stay healthy.

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To date, Global Integrity has conducted six rounds of research on the United States — including three rounds of the Global Integrity Report, two Local Integrity Initiatives, and one round on Money, Politics, and Transparency.

Global Integrity Report The Global Integrity Report (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/global-integrity-report/) is an essential guide to anti-corruption institutions and mechanisms around the world, intended to help policymakers, advocates, journalists and citizens identify and anticipate the areas where corruption is more likely to occur within the public sector. The Report evaluates both anti-corruption legal frameworks and the practical implementation and enforcement of those frameworks, and takes a close look at whether citizen can effectively access and use anticorruption safeguards. GIR 2006 (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/global-integrity-report/global-integrity-report-2006/gir-scorecard-2006-united-states/) GIR 2009 (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/global-integrity-report/global-integrity-report-2009/gir-scorecard-2009-united-states/) GIR 2011 (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/global-integrity-report/global-integrity-report-2011/gir-scorecard-2011-united-states/)

Local Integrity Initiative While most of Global Integrity’s assessments are national in nature, for some projects research is conducted at sub-national levels. The State Integrity Investigation is a collaboration with the Center for Public Integrity that assesses corruption risks in all fifty US states. State Integrity Investigation 2012 (http://www.publicintegrity.org/accountability/state-integrity-investigation/state-integrity-2012) State Integrity Investigation 2015 (http://www.publicintegrity.org/accountability/state-integrity-investigation/state-integrity-2015)

Money, Politics and Transparency The Money, Politics and Transparency (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/) research was conducted on a set of “Campaign Finance Indicators” designed to assess the current state of political finance transparency and regulation in 54 countries. The MPT research was undertaken to provide fresh data for understanding the relative strengths and weaknesses in global practices around political finance regulation, transparency and enforcement. MPT 2014 (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/) ->

United States of America In law 71 In practice 67 In the United States, direct public funding is available only for presidential candidates, and only if they pledge to abide by spending caps and eschew the collection of other sources of funding. As such, during the 2012 elections, state funds were disbursed only to minor party candidates, as the major party candidates chose to raise and spend more money than they would have received by retaining their eligibility for public funding. No indirect funding or subsidized access to advertising exists. The use of non-financial state resources in campaigns is prohibited, but in at least a few cases, such resources were abused for electoral purposes during recent campaigns. Various restrictions on direct contributions are specified in law, but campaign spending remains unrestricted. This leads to hugely expensive elections in which parties and candidates rely heavily on private donations, many of which come from large individual donors and political action committees. The US system has rigorous reporting requirements. Both candidates and parties must, by law, report regularly on their finances. In practice, the reports filed with the Federal Elections Commission (FEC) include all direct contributions received. All filed reports are available online in machine readable formats, and are easily accessible to the public. Some third party actors are required to submit detailed financial reports to the FEC. Others, however, including are under no such obligations (see indicator #34 for a complete explanation). This means that, in practice, some information on the independent political activities of third party actors is available to the public, but much of their expenditures, and the donors who finance them, remain dark. The FEC is in charge of regulating political finance. Its members, in practice, are appointed on a partisan basis, and their independence is not guaranteed. The FEC carried out a number of audits after the 2012 elections, and imposed sanctions, some of which were complied with. Most sanctions, however, are relatively light, and are imposed well after the violation occurred, which diminishes their impact. To impose sanctions or initiate an investigation, the FEC needs a quorum of 4 of its 6 members. Three of the commissioners are Republicans and three are left-leaning. As such, they often gridlock, which means that a good deal of potential violations go without investigation. Serious concerns about the FEC’s ability to meaningfully regulate political finance exist, and dark money appears to play an increasing role in American politics. Indicators (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#indicators) Electoral System Summary (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#summary) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-1)

Direct and Indirect Public Funding MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/1/) COMPOSITE 56 expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-1-1)

Direct Public Funding MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/1/1/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-ind1) 1 Score MODERATE In law, there is direct public funding for electoral campaigns.MORE ABOUT INDICATOR (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/indicators/1/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-ind2) 2 Score MODERATE In law, there is a transparent and equitable mechanism to determine direct public funding for electoral campaigns.MORE ABOUT INDICATOR (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/indicators/2/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-ind3) 3 Score 75 In practice, to what extent is the mechanism to determine direct public funding for electoral campaigns transparent, equitable and consistently applied? MORE ABOUT INDICATOR (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/indicators/3/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-ind4) 4 Score 75 In practice, to what extent does the entity in charge of public funding make disbursement information publicly available?MORE ABOUT INDICATOR (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/indicators/4/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-1-2)

Indirect Public Funding MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/1/2/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-2)

Contribution and Expenditure Restrictions MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/2/) COMPOSITE 72 expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-3)

Reporting and Public Disclosure MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/3/) COMPOSITE 85 expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-4)

Third Party Actors MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/4/) COMPOSITE 50 expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/US/#panel-5)

Monitoring and Enforcement MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/5/) COMPOSITE 71 —











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Money: learn to live decently with very little and be part of your community to give and receive help when needed; Sex: learn more about relationship to have all you need/want/is healthy; Power: study ethics to avoid abuses because they will turn against you and destroy you in the end. I would add Food: study nutrition and stay healthy.

— To date, Global Integrity has conducted five rounds of research on Romania — including four rounds of the Global Integrity Report and one round on Money, Politics, and Transparency.

Global Integrity Report The Global Integrity Report (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/global-integrity-report/) is an essential guide to anti-corruption institutions and mechanisms around the world, intended to help policymakers, advocates, journalists and citizens identify and anticipate the areas where corruption is more likely to occur within the public sector. The Report evaluates both anti-corruption legal frameworks and the practical implementation and enforcement of those frameworks, and takes a close look at whether citizen can effectively access and use anticorruption safeguards. GIR 2006 (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/global-integrity-report/global-integrity-report-2006/gir-scorecard-2006-romania/) GIR 2007 (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/global-integrity-report/global-integrity-report-2007/gir-scorecard-2007-romania/) GIR 2008 (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/global-integrity-report/global-integrity-report-2008/gir-scorecard-2008-romania/) GIR 2010 (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/global-integrity-report/global-integrity-report-2010/gir-scorecard-2010-romania/)

Money, Politics and Transparency The Money, Politics and Transparency (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/) research was conducted on a set of “Campaign Finance Indicators” designed to assess the current state of political finance transparency and regulation in 54 countries. The MPT research was undertaken to provide fresh data for understanding the relative strengths and weaknesses in global practices around political finance regulation, transparency and enforcement. MPT 2014 (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/) ->

Romania In law 78 In practice 43 In Romania, parties, in law and in practice, receive direct public funding. Indirect funding, in the form of free access to advertising on public media, is granted to both parties and candidates. Other, non-financial state resources, however, are frequently abused for campaign purposes in Romania. Contributions to both candidates and parties are highly regulated, and electoral spending is capped for both actors as well. Despite the extensive legal framework in this regard, parties elude the legally specified limits on contribution and expenditure in various ways. Reporting requirements in Romania mandate that all parties and candidates file financial reports during campaigns; only parties must report outside of campaigns. Despite legal requirements, in practice, the names of contributors are regularly excluded from reports. All submitted financial information, however, is made available online in pdf formats. Third party actors, especially NGOs that are closely tied to particular parties, are involved in election campaigns, but their independent political activities are not subject to any regulation. The Electoral Permanent Authority (AEP) oversees political finance. Its appointees are highly politicized, but there are some in practice guarantees in place to protect their independence. The AEP is active in its oversight role, as it carries out investigations and imposes sanctions, despite having some budgeting and staffing constraints. Offenders usually comply with the sanctions imposed, but repeat offenders occasionally appear. Indicators (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#indicators) Electoral System Summary (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#summary) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-1)

Direct and Indirect Public Funding MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/1/) COMPOSITE 68 expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-1-1)

Direct Public Funding MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/1/1/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-ind1) 1 Score MODERATE In law, there is direct public funding for electoral campaigns.MORE ABOUT INDICATOR (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/indicators/1/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-ind2) 2 Score MODERATE In law, there is a transparent and equitable mechanism to determine direct public funding for electoral campaigns.MORE ABOUT INDICATOR (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/indicators/2/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-ind3) 3 Score 75 In practice, to what extent is the mechanism to determine direct public funding for electoral campaigns transparent, equitable and consistently applied?MORE ABOUT INDICATOR (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/indicators/3/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-ind4) 4 Score 75 In practice, to what extent does the entity in charge of public funding make disbursement information publicly available?MORE ABOUT INDICATOR (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/indicators/4/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-1-2)

Indirect Public Funding MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/1/2/) expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-2)

Contribution and Expenditure Restrictions MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/2/) COMPOSITE 87 expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-3)

Reporting and Public Disclosure MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/3/) COMPOSITE 48 expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-4)

Third Party Actors MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/4/) COMPOSITE 0 expand button! (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/countries/RO/#panel-5)

Monitoring and Enforcement MORE ABOUT CATEGORY (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/sections/5/) COMPOSITE 71 —



True?:









— Since 2006, Global Integrity has conducted research on the following countries or territories. Select a country to review the list of research and reports we have released. Albania (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/albania) Argentina (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/argentina) Austria (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/austria) Algeria (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/algeria) Armenia (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/armenia) Azerbaijan (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/azerbaijan) Angola (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/angola) Australia (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/australia/) Bangladesh (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/bangladesh) Benin (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/benin) Botswana (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/botswana/) Burkina Faso (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/burkina-faso) Belarus (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/belarus) Bolivia (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/bolivia) Brazil (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/brazil/) Burundi (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/burundi/) Belgium 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(https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/qatar) Republic of the Congo (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/republic-of-congo/) Rwanda (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/rwanda) Romania (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/romania) Russian Federation (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/russian-federation/) Sao Tome and Principe (http://www.globalintegrity.org/research/sao-tom-and-principe/) Seychelles (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/seychelles) Slovenia (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/slovenia) South Africa (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/south-africa) Spain (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/spain/) Swaziland (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/swaziland/) Senegal (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/senegal) Sierra Leone (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/sierra-leone) Solomon Islands (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/solomon-islands) South Korea (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/south-korea) Sri Lanka (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/sri-lanka/) Sweden (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/sweden/) Serbia (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/serbia) Slovak Republic (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/slovak-republic/) Somalia (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/somalia) South Sudan (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/south-sudan) Sudan (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/sudan/) Syrian Arab Republic (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/syrian-arab-republic/) Tajikistan (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/tajikistan) Timor Leste (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/timor-leste) Trinidad and Tobago (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/trinidad-and-tobago/) Tanzania (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/tanzania) Togo (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/togo) Tunisia (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/tunisia) Thailand (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/thailand) Tonga (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/tonga) Turkey (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/turkey) Uganda (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/uganda) United Kingdom (UK) (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/united-kingdom) Ukraine (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/ukraine) United States (US) (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/united-states) United Arab Emirates (UAE) (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/united-arab-emirates/) Uruguay (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/uruguay) Vanuatu (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/vanuatu) Venezuela (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/venezuela) Vietnam (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/vietnam) West Bank (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/west-bank) Yemen (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/yemen) Zambia (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/zambia) Zimbabwe (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/zimbabwe) Countries & Territories covered – http://www.globalintegrity.org (http://www.globalintegrity.org) — Looking to create your own chart or map? We recommend visiting the World Bank’s Actionable Governance Indicators (AGI) Data Portal (http://www.agidata.org/), where you can use a variety of sophisticated interfaces to crunch some of our national-level (Global Integrity Report) numbers.

International Datasets Learning to Open Government Case studies and comparative analysis examining how the Open Government Partnership is playing out, in practice, in five countries. Comparative Analysis – Learning to Open Government (brief (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Learning-to-Open-Government-brief.pdf)) – Learning to Open Government (full (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Learning-to-Open-Government-full.pdf)) Case Studies – Albania (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Albania-final.pdf) – Costa Rica (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Costa-Rica-final.pdf) – Mexico (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Mexico-final.pdf) – The Philippines (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/The-Philippines-final.pdf) – Tanzania (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Tanzania-final.pdf) Money, Politics & Transparency – Campaign Finance Indicators The complete dataset, findings methods and practices for the Money, Politics & Transparency report. See full report… (https://data.moneypoliticstransparency.org/) Report Data 2014 (XLS (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/mpt-cfi_2014.xls))(CSV (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/mptcfi_2014.csv)) Key Findings 2014 Brief (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/MPT-CFI-2014-Brief.pdf) (PDF) Key Findings 2014 (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/MPT-CFI-2014-Key-Findings.pdf) (PDF) Methodology White Paper 2014 (PDF) Africa Integrity Indicators The complete dataset, findings methods and practices for the Money, Politics & Transparency report. See full report… (http://aii.globalintegrity.org/) AII Data 2013 (XLS (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/AII-2013.xlsx)) 2014 (XLS (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/AII-2014.xlsx)) 2015 (XLS (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/AII-2015.xlsx)) 2016 (XLS (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/AII-2016.xlsx)) 2014-2016 Combined (XLS (http://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/AII-Combined-2014-2016.xlsx)) AII Project & Methodology description (PDF) (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/AII-Project-and-Methodology.pdf) (PDF)

Sub-National and Sector Datasets U.S. State Integrity Investigation. See full report… (http://www.stateintegrity.org/) 2015 Data Site (http://www.publicintegrity.org/accountability/state-integrity-investigation/state-integrity-2015) Methodology (http://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/11/09/18316/how-we-investigated-state-integrity) 2012 Data (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/SII_data.xls) (XLS) Methodology (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/State_Integrity_Investigation_methodology.pdf) (PDF) Philippines Local Government Assessments. See full report… (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/local-integrity-initiative/philippines-local-governance-2011/) 2011 Data (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Philippines_Sub-National_Governance.xlsx) (XLS) Papua New Guinea Provincial Healthcare. See full report… (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/local-integrity-initiative/papua-new-guinea-healthcare-2011/) 2011 Data (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ScorecardExport_PNG_Scorecard-2.xls) (XLS) Kenya City Integrity Report. See full report… (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/local-integrity-initiative/kenya-city-integrity-2011/) 2011 Data (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Kenya-City-Integrity-Report-final-data.xls) (XLS) Methodology (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Kenya-City-Integrity-Project-Methodology-Whitepaper.pdf) (PDF) Guatemala Justice Sector Assessment. See full report… (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/local-integrity-initiative/) 2010 Data (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Guatemala-Justice-Indicators.xls) (XLS) Methodology (Spanish) (http://www.transparenciajudicial-gt.org/metodologia/) (PDF) Liberia Local Governance Toolkit. See full report… (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/local-integrity-initiative/local-integrity-liberia-2008/) 2008 Data (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/liberia_toolkits.xls) (XLS) Methodology (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Liberial-Local-Governance-Toolkit-Methodology.pdf) (PDF) Sub-National Governance: Argentina, Ecuador, Peru. See full report… (https://www.globalintegrity.org/research/reports/local-integrity-initiative/) Methodology (https://www.globalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/latinamerica_methodology.pdf) (PDF)

Downloads – http://www.globalintegrity.org (http://www.globalintegrity.org) —











True:? Is Iran walking the talk:?

==

A Comparison Of Anti–Corruption Laws In US, UK, Brazil … https://http://www.law360.com (http://www.law360.com)/articles/638561/a-comparison-of-anti… A Comparison Of Anti–Corruption Laws In US, UK … The Brazilian anti–corruption law, … written laws and regulations of the foreign official’s country may be …

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act … under the FCPA if the payments are permitted under the written laws of the host country. … Anti-Bribery/Anti–Corruption … asked to compare the two … Provisions and scope (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act#Provisions_and_scope) · History (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act#History) · Enforcement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act#Enforcement) · Requirements (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act#Requirements) · Application (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act#Application)

Major Money Laundering Countries – state.gov https://http://www.state.gov (http://www.state.gov)/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184112.htm … can have comprehensive anti-money laundering laws on its books … a comparison of elements that … in a country, for example, heads of state; …

Home – The American Anti–Corruption Act anticorruptionact.org The American Anti–Corruption Act makes it illegal to purchase political influence and puts power back in the … state and federal laws to fix our broken political …

2013 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR) https://http://www.state.gov (http://www.state.gov)/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2013/vol1/204050.htm The police Anti–Corruption … but the country’s weak law enforcement … enforcement police officers in that state. Also, some Mexican law enforcement entities …

Transparency International – Official Site https://www.transparency.org (https://www.transparency.org) Trump’s gold-plated son-in-law and other potential … International Anti–Corruption … Explanation of how individual country scores of the Corruption …

Corruption in Russia – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia By upgrading the Anti–Corruption Law with … “In our country, a National Anti–Corruption … declarations to fight corruption and address state institutions with … The spread of … (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia#The_spread_of_corruption_in_contemporary_Russia) · Fight against … (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia#Fight_against_corruption_and_the_new_anti-corruption_legislation) · The anti-Money … (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia#The_anti-Money_Laundering_Initiative)

Bribery and Corruption Law – HG.org http://www.hg.org (http://www.hg.org)/bribery.html Bribery and corruption law consists of the criminal rules … Modern Law. Modern statutes, state and … but also the explosion of anti–corruption sentiments and …

State Integrity Investigation | Center for Public Integrity https://www.publicintegrity.org/…/ (https://www.publicintegrity.org/…/)state-integrity-investigation The State Integrity Investigation is an unprecedented, … How do each state‘s laws and practices deter corruption, promote transparency and enforce accountability?

Essay for anti corruption laws – mspmlaw.com mspmlaw.com/641-anti-corruption–laws-essay-for Criminal Defense State … Corruption Essay for laws anti … doctoral level research papers ecc83 tubes comparison essay osu admissions essay for suny … == Countries/Jurisdictions of Primary Concern

Countries/Jurisdictions of Concern

Other Countries/Jurisdictions Monitored

Afghanistan

Latvia

Albania

Marshall Islands

Andorra

Maldives

Antigua and Barbuda

Lebanon

Algeria

Moldova

Anguilla

Mali

Argentina

Liechtenstein

Angola

Monaco

Armenia

Malta

Australia

Luxembourg

Aruba

Mongolia

Benin

Mauritania

Austria

Macau

Azerbaijan

Montenegro

Bermuda

Mauritius

Bahamas

Mexico

Bahrain

Morocco

Botswana

Micronesia FS

Belize

Netherlands

Bangladesh

Nicaragua

Brunei

Montserrat

Bolivia

Nigeria

Barbados

Peru

Burkina Faso

Mozambique

Brazil

Pakistan

Belarus

Poland

Burundi

Namibia

British Virgin Islands

Panama

Belgium

Portugal

Cameroon

Nauru

Burma

Paraguay

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Qatar

Cape Verde

Nepal

Cambodia

Philippines

Bulgaria

Romania

Central African Republic

New Zealand

Canada

Russia

Chile

Saudi Arabia

Chad

Niger

Cayman Islands

Singapore

Comoros

Senegal

Congo, Dem Rep of

Niue

China, People Rep

Somalia

Cook Islands

Serbia

Congo, Rep of

Norway

Colombia

Spain

Cote d’Ivoire

Seychelles

Croatia

Oman

Costa Rica

St. Maarten

Czech Republic

Sierra Leone

Cuba

Palau

Curacao

Switzerland

Djibouti

Slovakia

Denmark

Papua New Guinea

Cyprus

Taiwan

Ecuador

South Africa

Dominica

Rwanda

Dominican Republic

Thailand

Egypt

St. Kitts and Nevis

Equatorial Guinea

Samoa

France

Turkey

El Salvador

St. Lucia

Eritrea

San Marino

Germany

Ukraine

Ghana

St. Vincent

Estonia

Sao Tome & Principe

Greece

United Arab Emirates

Gibraltar

Suriname

Ethiopia

Slovenia

Guatemala

United Kingdom

Grenada

Syria

Fiji

Solomon Islands

Guernsey

United States

Guyana

Tanzania

Finland

South Sudan

Guinea Bissau

Uruguay

Holy See

Trinidad and Tobago

Gabon

Sri Lanka

Haiti

Venezuela

Honduras

Turks and Caicos

Gambia

Sudan

Hong Kong

Zimbabwe

Hungary

Vanuatu

Georgia

Swaziland

India

Ireland

Vietnam

Guinea

Sweden

Indonesia

Jamaica

Yemen

Iceland

Tajikistan

Iran

Jordan

Kyrgyz Republic

Timor-Leste

Iraq

Kazakhstan

Lesotho

Togo

Isle of Man

Korea, North

Liberia

Tonga

Israel

Korea, South

Libya

Tunisia

Italy

Kosovo

Lithuania

Turkmenistan

Japan

Kuwait

Macedonia

Uganda

Jersey

Laos

Madagascar

Uzbekistan

Kenya

Malaysia

Malawi

Zambia

https://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184112.htm (https://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184112.htm) — https://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm (https://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm) “Y” is meant to indicate that appropriate legislation has been enacted to address the captioned items. It does not imply full compliance with international standards. Please see the individual country reports for information on any deficiencies in the adopted laws/regulations. -Actions by Governments Criminalized Drug Money Laundering Criminalized ML Beyond Drugs Know-Your-Customer Provisions Report Large Transactions Report Suspicious Transactions (YPN) Maintain Records Over Time Disclosure Protection – “Safe Harbor” Criminalize “Tipping Off” Cross-Border Transportation of Currency Financial Intelligence Unit (*) Intl Law Enforcement Cooperation System for Identifying/Forfeiting Assets Arrangements for Asset Sharing Criminalized Financing of Terrorism Report Suspected Terrorist Financing Ability to Freeze Terrorist Assets w/o Delay States Party to 1988 UN Drug Convention States Party to Intl. Terror Finance Conv. States Party to UNTOC States Party to UNCAC US or Intl Org Sanctions/Penalties -Country/Jurisdiction Afghanistan Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Albania Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Algeria Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Andorra Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Angola Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y* N N N N N N Y Y Y Y N Anguilla[1] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note1) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Antigua andBarbuda Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Argentina Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N Y N N Y Y Y Y N Armenia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Aruba[2] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note2) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Austria Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Australia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Azerbaijan Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Bahamas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Bahrain Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Bangladesh Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Barbados Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Belarus Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Belgium Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Belize Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Benin Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y N Bermuda[1] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note1) Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Bolivia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Bosnia &Herzegovina Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Botswana Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y N N N N N Y Y Y Y N Brazil Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y N British Virgin Islands[1] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note1) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y N Brunei Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y Y N Bulgaria Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Burkina Faso Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y* Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Burma Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N N N N Y Y Y N Y Burundi Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Y* Y Y N Y Y N Y N N Y N Cambodia Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y N N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Cameroon Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Canada Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Cape Verde Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y* Y Y N N N N Y Y Y Y N Cayman Islands[1] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note1) Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Central African Rep. Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N N Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Chad Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y* Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Chile Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N China Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* N N N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Colombia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Comoros Y Y N N N N Y Y Y Y* Y N N Y Y N Y Y Y N N Congo, Dem Rep. of Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Congo, Rep. of Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y N N N Y Y Y Y N Y N Cook Islands Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Costa Rica Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Cote d’Ivoire Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Croatia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Cuba Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Curacao[2] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note2) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Cyprus[3] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note3) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Czech Republic Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Denmark Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Djibouti Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Dominica Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Dominican Republic Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Ecuador Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Egypt Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y El Salvador Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N Equatorial Guinea Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Y N Y Y Y N Y Y N N Eritrea N N N Y Y Y N N Y Y* N N N N N N Y N N N Y Estonia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Ethiopia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Fiji Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Finland Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N France Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Gabon Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N Y* Y N N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Gambia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y N N Georgia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Germany Y Y Y N Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Ghana Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y N Y Y N Y N Gibraltar[1] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note1) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y N N Greece Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Grenada Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N N N Guatemala Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Guernsey[1] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note1) Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Guinea Y N N N N N N N Y N N N N N N N Y Y Y N N Guinea-Bissau Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N Y Guyana Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Haiti Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y* Y Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y N Holy See Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N Honduras Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Hong Kong[4] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note4) Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Hungary Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Iceland Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N India Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Indonesia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Iran Y Y Y N Y Y N N N Y* N N N N N N Y N N Y Y Iraq Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Ireland Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Isle of Man[1] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note1) Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Israel Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Italy Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Jamaica Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Japan Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y N N N Jersey[1] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note1) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Jordan Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Kazakhstan Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Kenya Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y N Kosovo Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N N N N Kuwait Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y N N N Y N Y Y N Kyrgyz Republic Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Laos Y Y Y N Y Y N N Y Y* Y N N N N N Y Y Y Y N Latvia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Lebanon Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Lesotho Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Liberia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y N Libya Y Y Y N Y Y N N N Y* N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Liechtenstein Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Lithuania Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Luxembourg Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Macau[4] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note4) Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Macedonia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Madagascar Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N N N N Y Y Y Y N Malawi Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Malaysia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Maldives Y N Y N Y N N N N Y* Y Y N Y Y N Y Y N Y N Mali Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Malta Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Marshall Islands Y Y N N Y N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Mauritania Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Mauritius Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Mexico Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Micronesia, FS Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N N N Y Y Y Y N N Moldova Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Monaco Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Mongolia Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y N N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Montenegro Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Montserrat[1] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note1) Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Morocco Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Mozambique Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Nauru Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* N Y N Y Y Y N Y N N N Nepal Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y* N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Netherlands Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N New Zealand Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Nicaragua Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y N Niger Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Y* N Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Nigeria Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Niue Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y N N N N N N N N N North Korea Y Y N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Y N N N Y Norway Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Oman Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Pakistan Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y* Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Palau Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y N N Y Y Y N Y N N N Panama Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Papua New Guinea Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y* Y Y N N N N N Y N Y N Paraguay Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Peru Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Philippines Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y N Y Y Y Y N Poland Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Portugal Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Qatar Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Romania Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Russia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Rwanda Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N St. Kitts & Nevis Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N St. Lucia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N N St. Maarten Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N St. Vincent & the Grenadines Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Samoa Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N N N San Marino Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Sao Tome & Principe Y N N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Saudi Arabia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Senegal Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Serbia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Seychelles Y Y N N Y Y Y Y N Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Sierra Leone Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N N N N Y Y N Y Y Singapore Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Slovak Republic Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Slovenia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Solomon Islands Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N Y N Y N Somalia N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N South Africa Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N South Korea Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N South Sudan N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Spain Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Sri Lanka Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Sudan Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Suriname Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Swaziland Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Sweden Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Switzerland Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Syria Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y Y N Y Taiwan Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N Tajikistan Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y* Y N N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Tanzania Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y* Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Thailand Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y N Y N Timor-Leste N N Y N Y N N N Y N N N N N N N N N Y Y N Togo Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y* Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y N Tonga Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N N N Trinidad and Tobago Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Tunisia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Turkey Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Turkmenistan Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y* Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Turks & Caicos[1] (http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2012/vol2/184113.htm#note1) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Uganda N N Y Y Y Y N N N N Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Ukraine Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N UAE Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N United Kingdom Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Uruguay Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Uzbekistan Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Vanuatu Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Venezuela Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y N Vietnam Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y* N N N Y N N Y Y N Y N Yemen Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y N N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Zambia Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N Zimbabwe Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y ==

Bribery Law – US 18 U.S.C. § 201 – Bribery of Public Officials and Witnesses (http://www.usoge.gov/laws_regs/statutes.aspx) Bribery – Definition (http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Bribery)The offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of something of value for the purpose of influencing the action of an official in the discharge of his or her public or legal duties. Bribery – Modern Law (http://law.jrank.org/pages/573/Bribery-Modern-law.html)Modern statutes, state and federal, have four common characteristics. (1) They apply equally to receivers and givers. (2) They are comprehensive, including as officials all employees of government and those acting in a government capacity, such as jurors and legislators. More recent statutes include party officials and even party employees. (3) They treat bribery as a crime that can be committed by the briber even though the bribee is not influenced. (4) They treat bribery as a felony. OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (http://www.oecd.org/document/21/0,3343,en_2649_34859_2017813_1_1_1_1,00.html)The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention establishes legally binding standards to criminalise bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions and provides for a host of related measures that make this effective. The 30 OECD member countries and eight nonmember countries – Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Estonia, Israel, the Slovenia and South Africa – have adopted this Convention (Entry into force and Status of ratification). Office of Government Ethics (OGE) (http://www.usoge.gov/)The Office of Government Ethics (OGE), a small agency within the executive branch, was established by the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. Originally part of the Office of Personnel Management, OGE became a separate agency on October 1, 1989 as part of the Office of Government Ethics Reauthorization Act of 1988. The Office of Government Ethics exercises leadership in the executive branch to prevent conflicts of interest on the part of Government employees, and to resolve those conflicts of interest that do occur. In partnership with executive branch agencies and departments, OGE fosters high ethical standards for employees and strengthens the public’s confidence that the Government’s business is conducted with impartiality and integrity. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act – Department of Justice (http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/)The Department of Justice is responsible for all criminal enforcement and for civil enforcement of the antibribery provisions with respect to domestic concerns and foreign companies and nationals. The SEC is responsible for civil enforcement of the antibribery provisions with respect to issuers.

Bribery Law – Europe Bribery Bill – UK (http://www.commonsleader.gov.uk/output/page2670.asp)The purpose of the Bill is to: Reform the criminal law to provide a new, modern and comprehensive scheme of bribery offences that will enable the courts and prosecutors to provide a more effective response to bribery in the 21st century at home and abroad. Criminal Law Convention on Corruption – Council of Europe (http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/173.htm)The Council of Europe has developed a number of multifaceted legal instruments dealing with matters such as the criminalisation of corruption in the public and private sectors, liability and compensation for damage caused by corruption, conduct of public officials and the financing of political parties. These instruments are aimed at improving the capacity of States to fight corruption domestically as well as at international level. The monitoring of compliance with these standards is entrusted to the Group of States against Corruption, GRECO. Law on Bribery – UK (http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/bribery.htm)On 20 November 2008 we published our final report on bribery. Our recommendations include replacing the existing law with two general offences of bribery and one specific offence of bribing a foreign public official. We also recommend a new corporate offence of negligently failing to prevent bribery. OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions – Europe (http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/sectoral/export_cred/bribery.htm)In recognition of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Revised Recommendation (OECD Convention), the Members of the OECD Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees (ECG) agreed in November 2000 on the Action Statement on Bribery and officially supported Export Credits (Action Statement).

Bribery Law – International Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA) – Canada (http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/dept-min/pub/cfpoa-lcape/index.html)Within Canada, the federal government seeks to prevent and prohibit potential domestic corruption by a combination of federal statutes, parliamentary rules and administrative provisions. The Criminal Code includes offences which prohibit bribery, frauds on the government and influence peddling, fraud or a breach of trust in connection with duties of office, municipal corruption, selling or purchasing office, influencing or negotiating appointments or dealing in offices, possession of property or proceeds obtained by crime, fraud, laundering proceeds of crime and secret commissions. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) – UHY Advisors (http://www.uhyadvisors-us.com/uhy/Default.aspx?tabid=391)As international trade has increased, so too has the importance of complying with laws governing international business. Combating corruption has become an international priority with all governments maintaining a vigilant stance to weed out the corruption that has historically been endemic in international business practice. In the past, a company was able to shield itself from prosecution because bad actors were merely contractors or other indirect agents of the company. However, amplified enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act makes that approach no longer viable. United Nations Convention against Corruption (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/index.html)In its resolution 55/61 of 4 December 2000, the General Assembly recognized No Bribes that an effective international legal instrument against corruption, independent of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (resolution 55/25, annex I) was desirable. As a result, it decided to establish an ad hoc committee for the negotiation of such an instrument in Vienna, which is where UNODC headquarters are located.

Organizations Related to Bribery Law BRIBEline: Business Registry for International Bribery and Extortion (https://www.bribeline.org/bribeline.jsp?langRequested=0)BRIBEline’s purpose is to collect information about the official or quasi-official entities – governments, international organizations, security forces, state-owned enterprises, etc. – around the world that solicit bribes. BRIBEline focuses on demand-side bribery only; we do not request or collect information about those who pay, or offer to pay, bribes. Council of Europe – Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) (http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/general/1.%20The%20Fight%20against%20Corruption%20%20A%20Priority%20for%20the%20CoE_en.asp)Ever since antiquity, corruption has been one of the most widespread and insidious of social evils. When it involves public officials and elected representatives, it is inimical to the administration of public affairs. Since the end of the 19th century, it has also been seen as a major threat in the private sphere, undermining the trust and confidence which are necessary for the maintenance and development of sustainable economic and social relations. It is estimated that hundreds of billions of Euros are paid in bribes every year. Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) (http://www.icac.nsw.gov.au/go/the-icac)The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) was created by the ICAC Act 1988. Its aims are to protect the public interest, prevent breaches of public trust and guide the conduct of public officials. TRACE International, Inc. (TRACE) (https://secure.traceinternational.org/)TRACE International, Inc. (TRACE) is a non-profit membership association that pools resources to provide practical and cost-effective anti-bribery compliance solutions for multinational companies and their commercial intermediaries (sales agents and representatives, consultants, distributors, suppliers, etc.). Transparency International (http://www.transparency.org/)Transparency International, the global civil society organisation leading the fight against corruption, brings people together in a powerful worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact of corruption on men, women and children around the world. TI’s mission is to create change towards a world free of corruption. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (http://www.sec.gov/)The mission of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation. As more and more first-time investors turn to the markets to help secure their futures, pay for homes, and send children to college, our investor protection mission is more compelling than ever. As our nation’s securities exchanges mature into global for-profit competitors, there is even greater need for sound market regulation. United Nations Action against Corruption and Bribery (http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/corrupt.htm)Several questions arise in connection with the increased interest in action against corruption at both the national and international levels. In such interest due to the higher occurrence of corrupt practices, higher detection rates or lower levels of (public, official and business) tolerance? The available evidence suggests that the answer may lie in a combination of these explanations. If each of them is examined separately, it will be easier to understand not only the eruption of scandals, but also the explosion of anti-corruption sentiments and how the two can be mutually reinforcing.

Publications Related to Bribery Law Business Link – Ethical Trading – Avoid Corruption and Bribery Overseas (http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCES&itemId=1074300562)An essential element of corporate social responsibility is honest and transparent trading. Bribery and corruption create a disincentive to trade as well as uneven trading conditions that can damage economic systems and the individuals within them. Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) – Publications (http://www.icac.nsw.gov.au/go/publications-and-resources)The Independent Commission Against Corruption publishes investigation reports and corruption prevention resource materials on a variety of topics. ICAC publications and other resource materials are available on this site and can be downloaded free of charge. For information on the outcome of ICAC investigations, including recommendations relating to prosecution, disciplinary action and corruption prevention, go to Investigation outcomes.

Articles on HG.org Related to Bribery Law What Is Blackmail? (http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=37721) Blackmail is characterized as a crime and in some cases a tort that involves revealing personal information about someone as a threat or threatening other conduct to get the person to do something that the offender wants completed. Like extortion, blackmail seeks to remove a person’s free will to conduct some action. Committing black mail can carry significant criminal and civil consequences. Hiring Children of Foreign Officials May Expose Bank to Bribery Charges (http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=31177) America’s largest banking institution is facing charges under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act for a practice of hiring the children of foreign officials. The case will test how broadly the federal law can be applied to practices as common as hiring an influential person’s children in order to gain a small advantage in negotiations. What Do I Do If There Is A Warrant Out For My Arrest? (http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=31975) It may seem as though you are standing at the edge of a cliff and are getting ready to fall off, or maybe the feeling you are getting is one of claustrophobia, or something much worse. When the biggest concern on your mind is “what do I do if I have a warrant of arrest” issued for me, the first response should be to find a good lawyer and get some help. What are White Collar Crimes? (http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=29219) A question we get asked on our website all the time is, what are white collar crimes? With the rise in today’s technology it’s highly likely that you or someone you know has been a victim of a white collar crime from counterfeit currency to identity theft. Continue reading this article to understand more about the most popular forms of white collar crimes. Hiring a Kansas City Criminal Defense Lawyer – What You Should Expect (http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=24000) If you have been charged with or accused of a crime, it is important that you consult with a talented Kansas City criminal defense lawyer right away. An effective, skilled attorney can have a substantial impact on the outcome of your case. When Does Your Desire for Revenge Become Blackmail (http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=19935) Often, after a bad breakup, people react badly and may engage in behavior that is not in their best interests. They may attempt to “seek revenge” against the ex they believe has caused them pain and/or harm. This is especially prevalent when you or your ex believes that there is a debt owed. The wronged party may try to use personal information about the other party to illicit the money or reciprocity for their perceived wrong. It is important to realize that this can be classified as blackmail. Criminal Defense in Illinois (http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=6254) For those who have never before faced criminal charges, an arrest can be a frightening experience. The stress and anxiety of an arrest may cause you, your family members or friends to overlook important factors, such as the right to remain silent and the right to consult with a lawyer. Drug Charges and Their Defense (http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=5417) Drug offenses come in many varieties with one common factor, the penalties for a conviction are severe and may result in lengthy prison sentences and fines. An aggressive defense is necessary. Review this article related to drug charges and their defense. DWI Laws: Do they violate the Constitution’s Protections Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure? (http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=5415) Can you be compelled to provide a sample of blood breath or urine for testing or rbe charged with a crime for a refusal? Why are the DWI laws allowed to skirt constitutional protections against unreasonable search and seizure by requiring a warrantless search? Review this article to see how the laws have come under attack. DWI: The Wizard, the Oracle and the Intoxilyzer Source Code (http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=5414) In 2008, challenges to the DWI laws are louting. Now more than ever, there a re viable defenses to basic substance of DWI law. With regard to breath testing, increasingly, the Intoxilyzer 5000 and it s source code have come under attack. Review this article regarding that defense. All Criminal Law Articles (http://www.hg.org/law-articles-criminal-law.asp)Articles written by attorneys and experts worldwide discussing legal aspects related to Criminal Law including: arson, assault, battery, bribery, burglary, child abuse, child pornography, computer crime, controlled substances, credit card fraud, criminal defense, criminal law, drugs and narcotics, DUI, DWI, embezzlement, fraud, expungements, felonies, homicide, identity theft, manslaughter, money laundering, murder, perjury, prostitution, rape, RICO, robbery, sex crimes, shoplifting, theft, weapons, white collar crime and wire fraud. ==

Money: learn to live decently with very little and be part of your community to give and receive help when needed; Sex: learn more about relationship to have all you need/want/is healthy; Power: study ethics to avoid abuses because they will turn against you and destroy you in the end. I would add Food: study nutrition and stay healthy. COMMENTS Leave a Comment CATEGORIES Uncategorized Older posts BLOG AT WORDPRESS.COM.