Never wish them pain. That's not who you are. If they caused you pain, they must have pain inside. Wish
Idea Transcript
Janmaat 1
Supplementary Material Spatio-temporal complexity of chimpanzee food: How cognitive adaptations can counteract the ephemeral nature of ripe fruit. Karline R. L. Janmaat, Christophe Boesch, Richard Byrne, Colin A. Chapman, Zoro B. Goné Bi, Josephine S. Head, Martha M. Robbins, Richard W. Wrangham, and Leo Polansky
Table S1. The lowest, highest and average monthly percentage of monitored trees that bore ripe fruit per year in Kanyawara, Taï and Loango forest. PERCENTAGE OF CHIMPANZEE FOOD TREES THAT BEARS RIPE FRUIT Kanyawara (East Africa)
Taï South* (West Africa)
Taï North* (West Africa)
Loango (Central Africa)
Year 1990 1991 1992 1993
Mean 1.8 1.3 2.6 3.3
Lowest 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
Highest 10.4 8.0 10.4 10.0
months 12 12 12 12
Year 1997 1998 1999 2000
Mean 4.2 6.5 6.7 12.3
Lowest 0.3 2.0 3.9 3.6
Highest 9.8 10.0 12.9 30.2
months 6 9 12 12
Year 1997 1998 1999 2000
Mean 6.8 6.8 5.7 5.8
Lowest 2.8 2.8 3.7 2.0
Highest 12.5 11.9 8.9 9.7
months 11 12 12 12
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mean 10.9 9.7 12.7 11.3
Lowest 5.0 1.1 4.4 6.0
Highest 14.6 15.2 25.6 16.3
months 6 12 12 12
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
4.7 3.7 4.6 2.8 0.6
0.9 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0
14.0 8.4 25.8 11.8 1.9
12 12 12 12 11
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
13.3 7.0 10.9 9.8 13.4
5.6 2.0 6.5 3.7 5.8
38.8 14.7 20.9 23.2 25.7
10 11 6 11 8
2001 2002 2004 2005 2006
10.3 4.6 7.1 8.3 5.6
7.2 1.2 2.5 2.7 2.2
17.6 12.9 16.0 13.8 11.7
10 10 12 8 12
2010 2011
12.3 9.9
2.9 2.2
20.8 17.4
11 12
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
4.9 5.0 7.0 7.3 7.8
1.3 0.0 2.7 2.7 0.0
12.1 12.0 12.8 13.9 19.9
12 12 12 12 12
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
8.7 5.7 7.1 7.3 12.8
1.8 1.5 0.6 2.4 5.6
20.0 16.8 17.3 13.6 38.3
10 11 11 9 10
2007 2008 2009 2010
11.1 14.0 10.0 12.5
3.1 1.9 2.8 3.9
21.1 28.5 20.6 26.7
12 12 10 9
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
7.4 12.1 5.7 3.4 4.2
1.4 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.0
20.7 29.0 10.3 8.9 10.4
12 12 12 12 12
2009 2010
2.7 5.0
0.6 0.0
7.5 14.2
11 11
total 4.7 0.0 29.0 249 total 9.0 135 total 8.3 1.2 28.5 142 total 11.1 0.0 29.0 65 0.3 38.8 *Separate values for transects walked in the territory of the South and North chimpanzee community. Only years with min 6 months of data collection are included. Means at last row concern weighted means.
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Janmaat 2 Table S2 The lowest, highest and average monthly percentage of monitored trees that bore unripe fruit per year in Kanyawara, Taï and Loango forest PERCENTAGE OF CHIMPANZEE FOOD TREES THAT BEARS UNRIPE FRUIT Kanyawara (East Africa)
Taï South* (West Africa)
Taï North* (West Africa)
Loango (Central Africa)
Year
Mean
Lowest
Highest
months
Year
Mean
Lowest
Highest
months
Year
Mean
Lowest
Highest
months
Year
Mean
Lowest
Highest
months
1990 1991 1992
11.6 12.1 14.9
1.5 3.2 8.3
22.6 24.8 22.5
12 12 12
1997 1998 1999
16.5 11.6 14.8
13.9 3.2 8.2
21.0 23.0 21.6
6 9 12
1997 1998 1999
11.6 12.2 11.3
0.0 4.3 8.2
19.5 24.0 18.6
11 12 12
2006 2007 2008
7.4 11.7 12.9
1.2 4.9 5.5
14.3 19.5 27.4
6 12 12
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
17.4 15.8 15.6 15.2 11.2
3.6 4.5 4.3 1.9 4.9
30.4 22.6 27.2 40.5 18.3
12 12 12 12 12
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
21.1 16.0 15.1 22.4 22.2
5.7 8.3 3.2 13.7 11.4
34.2 24.5 22.1 27.3 34.9
12 10 11 6 11
2000 2001 2002 2004 2005
13.5 15.5 14.0 17.5 14.3
0.0 4.4 4.6 6.3 3.7
31.8 28.2 19.6 33.7 27.3
12 10 10 13 8
2009 2010 2011
13.9 14.3 15.4
9.3 5.5 4.9
21.8 25.6 25.5
12 11 12
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
13.6 21.5 26.6 25.7 19.3
3.1 11.3 20.3 20.4 6.3
28.9 35.6 32.3 30.8 26.4
11 12 12 12 12
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
20.5 19.5 23.0 18.0 20.6
4.4 6.0 8.5 11.1 12.8
32.6 30.3 39.7 28.7 33.0
8 10 11 11 9
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
18.2 24.2 18.6 21.1 16.5
6.1 10.1 8.9 4.3 0.0
33.2 38.4 35.3 37.9 27.1
12 12 12 10 10
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
13.4 12.2 22.2 14.0 11.9
3.5 7.9 15.0 8.0 7.4
20.6 19.4 34.1 21.9 15.7
12 12 12 12 12
2010
17.8
7.3
24.7
11
2008 2009 2010
12.4 8.7 17.7
2.3 6.0 8.5
17.0 11.0 29.1
12 11 11
15.9 1.5 40.5 254 total 18.5 3.2 39.7 137 total 16.1 0.0 38.4 144 total 13.1 1.2 27.4 65 *Separate values for transects walked in the territory of the South and North chimpanzee community. Only years with min 6 months of data collection are included. Means at last row concern weighted means.
total
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Janmaat 3
Table S3 The lowest, highest and average monthly percentage of monitored trees that bore young leaves per year in Kanyawara, Taï and Loango forest PERCENTAGE OF CHIMPANZEE FOOD TREES THAT BEARS YOUNG LEAVES Kanyawara (East Africa)
Taï South* (West Africa)
Taï North* (West Africa)
Loango (Central Africa)
Year
Mean
Lowest
Highest
months
Year
Mean
Lowest
Highest
months
Year
Mean
Lowest
Highest
months
Year
Mean
Lowest
Highest
months
1990 1991 1992
80.4 95.8 96.9
31.4 90.5 91.8
99.1 99.1 99.6
12 12 12
1997 1998 1999
97.0 68.4 49.4
95.9 49.0 35.9
99.2 93.5 67.4
6 9 12
1997 1998 1999
80.2 62.7 55.9
14.3 54.7 37.1
99.3 75.4 70.8
11 12 12
2006 2007 2008
21.7 20.6 15.7
2.8 0.0 7.9
79.8 67.9 29.6
6 12 12
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
96.9 97.1 95.8 97.2 98.7
89.4 84.1 84.6 91.9 96.6
99.7 99.8 99.7 100.0 100.0
12 12 12 12 12
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
59.2 51.5 42.6 47.4 52.8
49.6 35.1 29.0 33.9 32.7
78.9 69.8 68.6 63.3 67.7
12 10 11 6 11
2000 2001 2002 2004 2005
54.8 55.1 47.0 50.8 40.7
4.2 35.8 33.7 22.7 30.2
78.9 83.5 74.2 81.7 54.8
12 10 10 12 8
2009 2010 2011
13.5 18.6 34.7
3.0 5.1 18.3
26.3 37.7 50.4
12 11 12
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
97.3 90.7 92.8 94.8 88.8
90.2 65.5 81.0 89.9 80.6
100.0 99.3 100.0 99.4 96.6
11 12 12 12 12
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
55.7 56.0 46.4 42.1 49.9
45.6 42.3 31.5 26.6 34.4
65.8 65.4 75.0 63.1 66.5
8 10 11 11 9
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
58.9 57.4 61.9 53.4 42.1
30.8 36.1 51.4 41.0 0.0
78.3 74.9 76.0 69.1 57.7
12 12 12 10 11
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
82.1 84.9 86.3 84.1 89.5
71.4 70.9 76.1 65.4 78.7
90.8 94.3 94.2 94.9 97.0
12 12 12 12 12
2010
50.5
37.1
57.8
10
2008 2009 2010
88.1 93.2 94.2
77.0 88.1 90.9
98.5 98.2 98.1
12 11 11
total 91.7 31.4 100.0 249 total 53.5 26.6 99.2 136 total 55.9 0.0 99.3 144 total 20.7 0.0 79.8 65 *Separate values for transects walked in the territory of the South and North chimpanzee community. Only years with min 6 months of data collection are included. Means at last row concern weighted means.
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Janmaat 4 Fig. S1. The encounter rates of ripe and unripe fruit crops in an old growth rain forest. The open and filled squares represent the average number of trees found along one km of transect in the old growth forest of the Kanyawara chimpanzee community that bore ripe or unripe fruit crop, respectively.
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Janmaat 5 Fig. S2. Intra-specific unripe fruit synchrony levels by species at each of the three sites.
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Janmaat 6 Fig. S3 Intra-specific young leaf synchrony levels by species at each of the three sites.
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Janmaat 7 Fig. S4. Fluctuating synchrony levels across years. The Y-axis represents the fruiting records of the same tree individuals that were monitored monthly for periods of up to 13 years in the Kanyawara and Taï forest. Black and grey dots represent ripe fruit presence and absence, respectively; no dot represents missing data. The size of the dots are propotional to the fruit production scores; blank white spaces denote no data collected.
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Janmaat 8 Fig. S5. Species can exhibit different temporal patterns of fruit availability. Fruiting seasons can occur at different frequencies a) bi-annual, (Nauclea diderrichii), b) annual (Xylia evansii) and c) supraannual (Heriteria utilis). The Y-axis represents the fruiting records of the same tree individuals that were monitored monthly for periods of up to 13 years in the Taï forest. Black and grey dots represent ripe fruit presence and absence, respectively; no dot represents missing data. The size of the dots are propotional to the fruit production scores; blank white spaces denote no data collected.
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Janmaat 9 Fig. S6 Fruiting frequencies differ between individual trees. The Y-axis represents the fruiting records of the same tree individuals that were monitored monthly for periods of up to 13 years in the Kanyawara and Taï forest. Black and grey dots represent ripe fruit presence and absence, respectively; no dot represents missing data. The size of the dots are propotional to the fruit production scores; blank white spaces denote no data collected.