Globalization and Information Systems Richard T. Watson University of Georgia
[email protected]
Monday, February 2, 2009
Outline
• • • • •
Globalization Fundamental enterprise & individual issues Global information exchange Information drivers looking forward
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Globalization
A synergy of Trade & Technology
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Globalization • •
Skin boats downstream
•
Grain, cloth
Donkeys upstream
•
Skins
Bernstein, W. J. (2008). A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Atlantic Monthly Press.
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Globalization
Bernstein, W. J. (2008). A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Atlantic Monthly Press.
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Globalization
Bernstein, W. J. (2008). A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Atlantic Monthly Press.
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Globalization Today •
Synonymous with the fall of Berlin Wall (1989)
•
Technologies
•
free-market capitalism
•
Information and communication technologies
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Globalization
•
Today’s trade is highly dependent on Information Systems
•
Information is the most globalized of goods & services
• •
Low cost to transport information Information work is readily traded
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Fundamental enterprise issues High Global
Transnational
Global coordination International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
Monday, February 2, 2009
Fundamental enterprise issues High Global
Transnational
Global coordination International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
Monday, February 2, 2009
Fundamental enterprise issues High Global
Transnational
Global coordination International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
Monday, February 2, 2009
Fundamental enterprise issues High Global
Transnational
Global coordination International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
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Definition •
A global information system supports the operations and decision making of an enterprise’s multi-country strategy High Global
Transnational
Global coordination International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
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High Global
Transnational
Global coordination International
Multinational
Low Low
Strategies & Systems
High National di!erentiation Remembering the past (Databases )
Transactions
Data People & technology
Handling the present (Transaction Processing)
Preparing for the future (Business Intelligence) New business systems
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Global • • • • •
Efficiency Highly centralized Economies of scale The “right” information for each employee to enable global coordination
High Global
Transnational
Global coordination
Use IS for coordination
International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
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Global • • • • •
Efficiency Highly centralized Economies of scale The “right” information for each employee to enable global coordination
High Global
Transnational
Global coordination
Use IS for coordination
International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
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Multinational • •
Effectiveness
•
The “right” product or service for each market
•
The “right” information in the “right” format for each customer and employee in each market
• •
Regional units are relatively autonomous
Adapt to culture, economy, infrastructure, language Use IS to support national differentiation
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High Global
Transnational
Global coordination International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
Multinational • •
Effectiveness
•
The “right” product or service for each market
•
The “right” information in the “right” format for each customer and employee in each market
• •
Regional units are relatively autonomous
Adapt to culture, economy, infrastructure, language Use IS to support national differentiation
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High Global
Transnational
Global coordination International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
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Transnational •
Effectiveness & efficiency cojointly
•
Perform functions in the right place for a particular market
•
Localization around global platforms
• •
IS to coordinate and respond IS for sharing knowledge
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High Global
Transnational
Global coordination International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
Transnational •
Effectiveness & efficiency cojointly
•
Perform functions in the right place for a particular market
•
Localization around global platforms
• •
IS to coordinate and respond IS for sharing knowledge
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High Global
Transnational
Global coordination International
Multinational
Low Low
High National di!erentiation
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Fundamental Individual Issues •
Bounded rationality
•
•
Limited capacity to process information
Attention Deficit society
•
Conscious attention is a scarce resource
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Amplify
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Attenuate
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Definition •
A global information system supports the operations and decision making of a person over space and time
•
Amplify & attenuate information exchanges to free up conscious attention
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The core goal of an IS Knowledge
Request
Data
Conversion
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Information
Interpretation
Decision
Data
• •
Data exchange
• •
Standards XML
Data conversion
• •
SQL Business Intelligence software
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Information & Knowledge
•
Dependencies
• • • •
Language Culture Education Context
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Language • •
• •
A local information system English is a global information system
• • •
The language of opportunity The corporate language The language of science
Production and consumption disparity English writers have a comparative advantage
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Native Language
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Native Language
873
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Native Language
Mandarin 873
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Native Language
Mandarin 873
366
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Native Language
873
366
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Mandarin Hindustani
Native Language
873
322
366
Monday, February 2, 2009
Mandarin Hindustani
Native Language
873
322
366
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Mandarin Hindustani Spanish
Native Language
309 873
322
366
Monday, February 2, 2009
Mandarin Hindustani Spanish
Native Language
309 873
322
366
Monday, February 2, 2009
Mandarin Hindustani Spanish English
Native Language
206
309 873
322
366
Monday, February 2, 2009
Mandarin Hindustani Spanish English
Native Language
206
309 873
322
366
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Mandarin Hindustani Spanish English Arabic
Machine translation 1. Substitution via a bilingual dictionary
•
Naive
2. Lexical analysis
•
Analyze the source language and transfer structure to the target language
• • •
Requires expensive linguistic knowledge Ambiguity Computing intensive
3. Machine learning
•
Google translate
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Special English •
Developed by Voice of America in 1959
•
About 1500 words
•
Describe objects, actions, and emotions
•
Short, simple sentences with one idea
• •
Active voice No idioms
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Books are a high cost of higher education. But the Global Text Project hopes to create a free library of one thousand electronic textbooks for students in developing countries. The Global Text Project aims to fill a Webbased library with 1,000 books The aim is to offer subjects that students may take in their first few years at a university. The books could be printed or read on a computer or copied onto a CD or DVD. Two professors in the United States are leading the Global Text Project.
Culture • •
An information system for defining behavior The software of the mind
• • •
National
•
Childhood
Professional
•
University education
Corporate
•
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What gets rewarded
National culture Cultural dimension Performance orientation
Improvement and excellence
Assertiveness
Aggressiveness in relationships
Future orientation
Planning and investing for the longer term
High score
Mid score
Low score
Anglo Confucian Asia
Middle East
Latin America
Anglo Germanic Europe Confucian Asia
Germanic Europe
Humane orientation
Fairness, generosity, and caring
Institutional collectivism
Collective distribution of rewards
Confucian Asia
In-group collectivism
Pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in organizations or families
Confucian Asia
Gender egalitarianism
lack of gender inequality
Power distance
Southern Asia
Nordic Europe
Germanic Europe
Middle East
Anglo Confucian Asia Germanic Europe Anglo
Germanic Europe
Anglo
Germanic Europe
Anglo Confucian Asia
Middle East
Anglo Confucian Asia
Distribution of power
on rules and norms to Uncertainty avoidance Reliance alleviate unpredictable events
Anglo Confucian Asia
Nordic Europe
Anglo Confucian Asia
Nordic Europe
Middle East
Source: Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., Luque, M. S., & House, R. J. (2006). In the Eye of the Beholder: Cross Cultural Lessons in Leadership from Project GLOBE. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 67-90.
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National culture
Behavior & Decisions
Professional culture
Behavior & Decisions
National IS
Corporate Global IS
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Corporate culture
The Informational & Physical Drivers of Global IS
Ubiquity Uniqueness Unison Universality
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Ubiquity
• •
Informational
•
Access to information unconstrained by time and space
Physical
•
The ready availability of the desired resource
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Uniqueness •
•
Informational
•
Knowing precisely the characteristics and location of a person or entity
Physical
•
The capability to tailor precisely a physical resource to one’s particular needs
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Unison
• •
Informational
•
Information consistency
Physical
•
Procedural consistency
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Universality
• •
Informational
•
Reduce the friction of information systems’ incompatibilities
Physical
•
Reduce the friction of physical differences
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U-space (extends/enhances awareness) Ultra-conscious/Amplify
Hyper-real
Post-human
Ubiquitous (time-space independent)
Unique (time-space dependent)
Node
Matrix
Unconscious/Attenuate (behind or out of conscious awareness)
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Hyper-real
• • •
Ultra-conscious & unique Remote monitoring
•
Enhance interaction
Extraordinary experience
•
Teleimmersion
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Post-human • •
•
Ultra-conscious & ubiquitous Permanent enhancement
• • • •
Cell phone Advanced prosthetics Genetic enhancement Body change
The network is always on
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Matrix
• • •
Unconscious & ubiquitous Move tasks from conscious to unconscious Automated consumption
• • •
Congestion pricing Smart cards Wireless metering
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Node
• •
Unconscious & unique
• •
Subscription services
reduce the necessity to consciously interact in specific contexts
Google alerts
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The Critical Global problems High CO2 emissions Degradation of the oceans Declining fresh water supplies Loss of biodiversity
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Green IS The design and implementation of information systems that contribute to sustainable business processes
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Energy informatics Energy + Information < Energy
•
Analyzing, designing, and implementing systems to increase energy efficiency
•
Collection and analysis of energy data sets
•
Optimization of energy distribution networks
•
Optimization of energy consumption systems
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Green IS •
IS has been the driver of productivity change for half a century
• • • •
Fleet management Wireless measurement Building management Measuring to manage
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Global IS •
•
Global information systems
• • • •
Ubiquitous networks International standards English Professional & corporate cultures
Local information systems
•
Culture
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Globalization and Information Systems • •
Success
•
Global information systems furnish goods & services to the developed economies
Unsolved problem
•
Sustainability
•
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“… meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
How do we create global information systems that propel the world to sustainability?
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Questions Monday, February 2, 2009