Globalization and its Implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy [PDF]

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Idea Transcript


Globalization and its implications for the

Brazilian Monetary Policy Rafael Santos * and Márcia Leon * * Research Department of the Central Bank of Brazil

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

Outline

1. “Tailwind” and the Related Literature 2. Measurement of Globalization

3. DSGE model 4. The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation 5. How does Monetary Policy change under Globalization? 6. Concluding Remarks 2

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

“Tailwind” and the Related Literature

 Increasing globalization (trade-openness) exerted downward pressure on inflation

has

 Favorable „tailwind‟ allows central banks to keep inflation down without having to squeeze down on growth  Taking it with a grain of salt: “…little basis for concluding that globalization overall has significantly reduced inflation in the United States in recent years; indeed, the opposite may be true”. (Bernanke, 2007, FED Chairman's Speech)

3

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

“Tailwind” and the Related Literature

No consensus on the explanation of the underlying mechanisms of “Tailwind”

4

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

“Tailwind” and the Related Literature

 As countries become more open to international trade the Phillips curve becomes flatter. Inflation is less sensitive to domestic demand and more to global demand conditions.  A given target in terms of output is associated with lower inflation. • Kohn (FED-conference, 2006) • Fisher (Harvard-Lecture, 2005) • Borio and Filardo (BIS-paper, 2007) • IMF (World Economic Outlook, 2006) • Yellen (U.C.Santa.Cruz-Conference, 2006)

5

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

“Tailwind” and the Related Literature

 Globalization has produced a steeper Phillips Curve (more flexible prices)  Country pays the price of monetary expansion more quickly  Central banks in highly open economies will refrain from monetary expansion.  Open economies tend to exhibit less inflationary bias. • Rogoff (FED-conference, 2004) • Romer (QJE,1993) • Dornbusch and Krugman (Brooking Papers, 1976)

6

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

“Tailwind” and the Related Literature

Charles Bean, chief economist of the Bank of England (“Globalization and Inflation” 2006)

 “Beneficial terms of trade shock provides a favorable „tailwind‟, allowing central banks to run the economy at a higher level of activity than would otherwise have been the case, or else to bring inflation down without having to squeeze down on growth.”

7

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

“Tailwind” and the Related Literature

 We formalize the Charles Bean approach by utilizing an

Estimated (Bayesian) DSGE model For the IT period in Brazil  Key Questions:

 Does trade-globalization necessarily improve the terms of trade?  If yes, how does this improvement affect inflation?

 Before introducing the suggested answers based on DSGE  We define briefly the “Measurement of Globalization” implicit in our framework

8

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

Measurement of Globalization • Law of One Price adjusted by trade-cost

S  PUSD  ( 1   m P USD  International P BRL  Local price S Reais  1 USD

 m  Trade Cost

)  P BRL price

• Tax rate reduction causes NER depreciation, all prices fixed

• Tax rate reduction causes local-prices reduction, other prices fixed

• Conversely, export market integration (reduction in x) tends to cause

 NER appreciation and increase in the local-prices

9

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

DSGE model

Domestic Firms demand labor and are subject to monopolistic competition and to price rigidity à la Calvo (with Gali-Gertler approach). Aggregated good can be consumed locally or exported. Households consume local and imported goods, supply labor, pay tax, lend to the government, and borrow from the rest of the world. Government: monetary and trade policy Rest of the world lend money and import/export goods

10

·deZmaximização ¸porrefer  A equação para o cálculo do lucro da …rma constitui-se de três parcelas: a primeira 1(18) doméstica resolve o problema de lucros dado 1¡  = ¡ ¢ (1¡) Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy (1 ¡ ) 0 1 vendas no mercado doméstico; a segunda parcela referente às vendas nomercado externo à   ¡  ¢¤ !   ·Z 1= ¸ ¡1 ¡1  ¡ ¢   Utiliz ta e a demanda por trabalho obtém-se uma equação de equilíbrio para o salário  bens a DSGE terceira equivale aos custos de produção com o emprego intermediários. @ dos A ¡ ¢ max   ¡   +      0   model   1 +    0 f   g  ue quando  [7],=a equação =  = 0,[11] …capode igual a: a hipótese ser reescrita: 





½ ¾A equação para odos E das condições de factibilidade recursos tem-se que: cálculo do lucro da …rma constitui-se de três parcel Domestic 1 ¡Firms   · ¸

Z 1 vendasreal Z 1 a segunda parcela referente às vendas n ¡1 ¡1 no mercado doméstico; ¡ ¢  + ¤ +  =      (19)  max   ¡  1 +  de ¡ substituição 1 ¡  entre os bens intermediários. a terceira equivale aos custos de produção 1 é a elasticidade Ao escolher  , a …rma      com o emprego dos bens int  Final Good de maximização fdelucros g dado0 por a resolve o problema a hipótese [7], a equação  [11]0 pode ser reescrita:    

 ¸ + ) = +

medido em tra0 bens locais é crescente 1 na produtividade, à ¡ ¢¤ ! Z na indisposição por ·Z 1 ¸ ·Z 1 ¸ Z 1  1 ¡de ¢primeira ordem deste   ¡ ¢   Da condição problema, apresentada no Apêndice, mais    elo nível de consumo do local, e decrescente troca max medido em  ¡ acond ¢ no¡termo max @   bem ¡  ¡  de (11)  A   +    ¡1 

 ¡1

¡1 

 ¡1

1 +   o preço 0 0 do bem …nal f zero, g fg como 0 0 lucro chega-se a uma expressão para função dos () preços d ² Firmas que produzem bem intermediário intermediários DaZcondição de primeira problema, apresentada no Apê problema dada…rma presençadede dea preços areferente la¸ordem Calvo. Cada oagora para oocálculo do lucro …rmana constitui-se trêsrigidez parcelas: primeira 1 àsdeste · 1 ¡não ¢(1¡) lucrono zero, chega-se a uma1¡ expressão para o preço do bem …nal como f o mercado doméstico; a segunda parcela referente às vendas mercado externo (  ); e  poder nta com uma probabilidade, positiva e igual a , de reajustar os seus  2 [0 1] é produzido por1 uma  = intermediários equivale aos custos de produção com ointermediário empregodos bens intermediários. Utilizando-se Cada bem 

 

·Z 1 ¸ 0 obabilidade (1[11] ¡ )pode os ser preços são reajustados. Utilizando a demanda da …rma ¡  ¢(1¡) e [7], a equação reescrita:  =   de competição monopolística entre bens diferenciados. bem de otimização que resulta na escolha do preço E dasintermediário, condições deo ·problema factibilidade dos recursos tem-se que: 0 ¸ Z 1 Z 1 ¡ ¢ das condições de factibilidade dos recursos tem-se que:  maxGood  como:   ¡ eEutiliza  Intermediated diário pode ser escrito insumos competitivos apenas (12) mão-de-obra   f g 0 0  ¸  +  3)  =  +  2  ¸  +  )  =  +  acordo com a seguinte tecnologia: µ ¶ ção de primeira no Apêndice, mais a condição de 1 ordem deste problema, apresentada 1¡ ¡  ¢ X   6 7  +0 o, chega-se a uma expressão para o preço do bem …nal como função dos preços dos bens 0  que produzem bem (20) intermediário () ² Firmas que¤produzem bem¡intermediário () max  ()  =   +0 4 ³ ² ´Firmas 5 +0     iários   ·Z 1 +0 ¸  0=0 1¡

¡1 

 ¡1

 

¡

¢  (1¡)

1 1¡

Est pa

Cada bem intermediário  2 [0 1] é produzido por uma única …

produzido +0  =   2  Cada bem intermediário [0 1] é por uma(13) única …rma que atua de competição monopolística entre bens diferenciados. Esta no …rmam 0 onde 0    1. de competição monopolística entre bens diferenciados. Esta …rma concorreem insumos apenas mão-de-obra  paramerca a pro ndições de factibilidade dos recursos tem-se que:consumo razão entre as utilidades marginais do em competitivos  + 0 e  ee outiliza termo entre acordo com a seguinte tecnologia: A função lucro da …rma expressa do¡ do bem insumos competitivos e utiliza apenas mão-de-obra   em para termos a produção bemc ¢ seu de     medida para o lucro ótimo da …rma no instante , conforme demonstrado no  =   11 ¸  +  )  =  +  (14) acordo com a seguinte tecnologia: 

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

DSGE model Households Preferences

1 h ³ ´i X  ¤   max 0 X  (   ) ¡   1 h   ³ ´i ¤   ¤    ¤  f+1 +1   ( )g  max =0  (   ) ¡   0    ¤   ¤   f+1 +1   ( )g =0 ão orçamentária Budget Constraint a à ¤restrição orçamentária ¡ ¢ ¤      ¤ ¤   +  +   + 1 +     ·  +    ¡1           +1 ¡ ¢ ¢  ¤ ¤ ¡    +  ¤ L + ¤¡1  ¤ +   + 1 +     ·  +    + +1  ¸ 0   +1 + 1 ¡   L ; 8 ¡  ¤ L¢  +  +  +1 + 1 ¡  L ; 8 ¸ 0 eito desta restrição se constitui dos seguintes termos: transferên  verno,  ; salário obtido pelo produto de horas de trabalho,   o lado direito desta restrição se constitui dos seguintes termos: transferênciasl , do pagamento advindo dopelo governo denominado das  ; salário obtido produtodedeportfolio horas de trabalho,  , e em o  ; governo, retorno pós  ; advindo recebimento de montante emprestado 12 rabalhada,  ;…xado pagamento do governo de portfolio denominado emdo moe

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

arcela de juros. No lado esquerdo,  corresponde ao custo de integração do mercado local com DSGE model s mercados internacionais, medido em unidades de bens domésticos. Note que, por conveniência, seGovernment custo é agregado no governo, de modo que as transferências feitas às famílias,  , representam devolução dos impostos cobrados, líquida do custo de integração e do custo de …nanciamento a dívidaBudget pública. constraint " forma aproximada (em primeira # escrita de ordem) e levando  ¡ ¢ L  ¤ ¤  ¤ ¡     =  L +     +            para a in‡ação, exógena e igual à1 + ¢ 8 :¡  ¡ (  ¡ +1 )

de Taylor, já escrita (em primeira ordem) e lev h ³de forma aproximada ´ i 8 do governo  e das famílias minada para a in‡ação, exógena e  igual à  : omando asmeta restrições orçamentárias obtém-se a restrição agregada da  Taylor Rule + (1 ¡  )   ¡  +  +   ( ¡1     h ³ ´   i conomia:     =   + (1 ¡  )   ¡  +   ¡1       +    ¡

 ¡1 ¡¤ ¡   ¡  ¤ ¡ L +  +  +   ¤ ¤ ¡     ¤  ¡1       +1  

=   ¡1 ¡ 

gração sãoa restrição descritas por: tilizando (7), tax …ca Trade

olítica de integração são descritas por: 



¢¤

 ¡  ¢ = 0 1 + 



¤ ¤     b ¡ L +   +   ¡   +    ¡  ¤¡1 ¤ ¡= ¤+1 ¡   b +                = 0  b =   b +  ¡1 

   ¡1      dab escrevendo de modo que o produto total economia,  b =   +     ¡1   , …que igualado a soma das rendas    ¡1 

 b

=  b 

+

(

(

(

o trabalho mais a enviada para o exterior: tegração que depende de variáveis do resto do mu · comportamento ¸ do · comportamento ¸ depende do de variáveis do resto do mundo 13e ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢ L   ¤  equação:  ¤ ¤ ¤ no nãocontrola é descrito pela = + +  1 + ¡   ¡   ¡ ¡

locais da política de integração e da política monetária dependem and its implications for thecontribuição Brazilian Monetary desprezível Policy ueGlobalization a economia brasileira tem para o PIB descrevem o comportamento dos preços no resto do mundo. Assim, também variações na taxa real. DSGE model e câmbio, conclui-se que a trajetória de preços relativo economia as exportações é negativamente correlacionada com oda preço que

Rest dólares, of the world pelo bem produzido localmente, e positivamente em      ¤ ndial: Export =  + ¢b  ¡  (29) Demand +1  +1 +1  µ1 +¤ ¶¡{ de  juros para captação em dólares, em relação ao ¤ os desvios da taxa  =  ¤   o positivamente correlacionados com os desvios correntes da relação

com aproximação o valor da taxa juros livre de risco praticada no mercado , eapós emdeprimeira ordem, como: Risk Premium    ¡ ¤==¤¡+{( ) ¡ ¤   o ( + 

 )

(31) (30)

   2  da na primeira versão do modelo Samba, apresentado no décimo "Seminário de dahttp://www.bcb.gov.br/?SMETAS10 taxa de juros ao endividamento,. de modo que, quanto mais el em

or é o prêmio de risco pago. ível, bem como 15 a contribuição de ¤  para a in‡ação mundial agrede que a economia brasileira tem contribuição desprezível para o PIB mede também variações na taxa real. 14

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

Reduced form Results and Channels

15

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

Globalization

Reduction in the CPI inflation

Terms of trade improvement (appreciation)

Fail under high substitutability (not the Brazilian Case)

Robust

16

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

1. Estimated Phillips Curve

cpi  tcpi  0.54 tcpi  0 . 45 E  t t 1  0.36 t 1

  0.19 g (q m )   or  0.19 g (ToT ) 

g ' (.)  0 , t ( wtreal , yt , at )

17

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

WHY DOES HIGHER TERMS OF TRADE REDUCE INFLATION?

When cheaper imports are available, we know they directly reduce consumer price-index through import price….

Proxy for the CPI (as Gali and Monacelli, RES - 2005) : ptcpi  ptlocal  

ptimp ptlocal

 ptlocal  ToTt

  (0,1)

18

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

… moreover, as long as local goods tend to be replaced by the imported goods, there is an additional downward pressure on local prices…

2. Local good - relative demand

c t  ct  f (ToTt , )  f ' (ToTt , )  0 *

19

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

…when the terms of trade improve, local good turn to be more expensive abroad. Demand for our exports becomes lower and the increase in the local good supply puts more downward pressure on local prices.

3. Export Demand

xt  yt*  h(ToTt , )  h' (ToTt , )  0

20

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

… ambiguous effect of ToT on consumption

4. Consumption: Euler equation

ct  (1 )ct 1  ( 2 ) Et ct 1  (3 ) Et [rt 1   cpi  z (ToTt 1, )] t 1 sign{ z ' (ToTt 1, ) } Depends on the elasticity of substitution on consumption

21

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

• Robust model-based result:  CPI-Inflation is negatively affected by an improvement in the Terms of Trade

22

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

But, how does globalization affect the Terms of Trade?

23

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

M (NER depreciation)

X (NER appreciation)

c*t  ct  f (ToTt , )  f ' (ToTt , )  0

xt  yt*  h(ToTt , )  h' (ToTt , )  0

correl(ToTt , Globt | c*  c)  0

correl(ToTt , Globt | x  y* )  0

24

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

… back to consumption Euler equation

ct  (1 )ct 1  ( 2 ) Et ct 1  (3 ) Et [rt 1   cpi  z (ToTt 1,  t 1 )] t 1 sign { correl ( E t ToTt 1 , Et Globt 1 | c, r ' ' ) } Depends on the elasticity of substitution on consumption. INTUITION: •

Very-Low (left-shoe, right-shoe*): more imports means more local consumption



More local demand means pressure on the local “relative price”



ToT tends to appreciate 25

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

… cheaper imports will also have impact on the labor supply… 5. Labor Market Equilibrium Globalization means more exports, and then more labor is required…

s ld ( wt  ptlocal ,...)  s ls ( wt  ptlocal , ToTt ,...) … Improvement in the ToT tends to increase the labor supply. By this channel, ToT and Globalization tend to go in the same direction. 26

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

…and by the UIP…

6. UIP

Et [rt 1  rt* ]  Et st 1  Et ( cpi  7 ToTt 1 ) t 1 Increase in the expected real interest rate has positive impact on the current ToT. The higher the expected inflation, the lower the E[R-], and the lower is the current ToT.

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Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

The Impact of the Globalization on the CPI inflation

Globalization

Reduction in the CPI inflation

Terms of trade improvement (appreciation)

Fail under high substitutability (not the Brazilian Case)

Robust

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Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

How does Monetary-Policy change under Globalization ?

Suppose a Persistent Globalization Shock (m and x) 50%

29

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

How does Monetary-Policy change under Globalization ?

30

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

How does Monetary-Policy change under Globalization ?

ToT and CPI inflation can also go in the same direction

31

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

How does Monetary-Policy change under Globalization ?

Suppose an abrupt change in the world income (-2%)

32

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

How does Monetary-Policy change under Globalization ?

33

Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

How does Monetary-Policy change under Globalization ?

Under Globalization

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Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

Concluding Remarks

 “Beneficial terms of trade shock provides a favorable „tailwind‟, allowing central banks to run the economy at a higher level of activity …” Bean (2006)  Globalization implies beneficial terms of trade shock under the assumption that local and external goods are complementary. Traditional argument regularly used to explain long run gains in the ToT is not required.  We do not need to rely on time-varying parameters in the Phillips Curve.

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Globalization and its implications for the Brazilian Monetary Policy

Concluding Remarks

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