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This article is about the Malay ethnic group. For the Malay "race", see Malay race (/wiki/Malay_race). For other uses, see Malay (disambiguation) (/wiki/Malay_(disambiguation)). Not to be confused with Malaysians (/wiki/Malaysians). Malays (Malay (/wiki/Malay_language): Orang Melayu, Jawi (/wiki/Jawi_alphabet): ) are an Austronesian (/wiki/Austronesian_peoples) ethnic group (/wiki/Ethnic_group) that predominantly inhabit the Malay Peninsula (/wiki/Malay_Peninsula), eastern Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) and coastal Borneo (/wiki/Borneo), as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations — areas that are collectively known as the Malay world (/wiki/Malay_world). These locations today are part of the modern nations of Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia), Australia (/wiki/Australia), Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia), Brunei (/wiki/Brunei), Singapore (/wiki/Singapore), and southern Thailand (/wiki/Thailand). There is considerable genetic, linguistic, cultural, and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups, mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia (/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia). Historically, the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malayic (/wiki/Malayic_languages)-speaking Austronesians and Austroasiatic (/wiki/Austroasiatic) tribes who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms, notably Brunei (/wiki/History_of_Brunei), Kedah (/wiki/Kedah_Kingdom), Langkasuka (/wiki/Langkasuka), Gangga Negara (/wiki/Gangga_Negara), Chi Tu (/wiki/Chi_Tu), Nakhon Si Thammarat (/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom), Pahang (/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom), Melayu (/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom) and Srivijaya (/wiki/Srivijaya).[11][12] The advent of the Malacca Sultanate (/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate) in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history, the significance of which lies in its farreaching political and cultural legacy. Common definitive markers of a Malayness (/wiki/Malayness) – the religion of Islam (/wiki/Islam), the Malay language (/wiki/Malay_language) and traditions – are thought to have been promulgated during this era, resulting in the ethnogenesis (/wiki/Ethnogenesis) of the Malay as a major ethnoreligious group (/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group) in the region.[13] In literature, architecture, culinary traditions (/wiki/Malay_cuisine), traditional dress, performing arts, martial arts, and royal court traditions, Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated. The golden age of the Malay sultanates (/wiki/Malay_sultanate) in the Malay Peninsula (/wiki/Malay_Peninsula), Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) and Borneo (/wiki/Borneo) saw many of their inhabitants, particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak (/wiki/Batak), Dayak (/wiki/Dayak_people), Orang Asli (/wiki/Orang_Asli) and the Orang laut (/wiki/Orang_laut) become subject to Islamisation (/wiki/Islamisation) and Malayisation (/wiki/Malayisation).[14] Today, some Malays have recent forebears from other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia, termed as anak dagang ("traders") and who predominantly consist of Javanese people (/wiki/Javanese_people), Bugis (/wiki/Bugis), Minangkabau people (/wiki/Minangkabau_people) and Acehnese peoples (/wiki/Acehnese_people), while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other countries.[15] Throughout their history, the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics.[16][17] They absorbed (/wiki/Transcultural_diffusion), shared (/wiki/Intercultural_communication_principles) and transmitted (/wiki/Cultural_learning) numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups, such as those of Minang, Acehnese, and to some degree Javanese culture (/wiki/Javanese_culture); however Malay culture differs by being more overtly Islamic than the multi-religious Javanese culture. Ethnic Malays are also the major source of the ethnocultural development of the related Betawi (/wiki/Betawi_people), Banjar (/wiki/Banjar_people), Cape Malay (/wiki/Cape_Malay), Peranakan (/wiki/Peranakan) and Sri Lankan Malay (/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays) cultures, as well as the development of Malay trade and creole languages like Ambonese Malay (/wiki/Ambonese_Malay), Baba Malay (/wiki/Baba_Malay), the Betawi language (/wiki/Betawi_language) and Manado Malay (/wiki/Manado_Malay).

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Origins 2.1 Proto-Malay models 2.1.1 Deutero-Malays 2.1.2 Expansion from Sundaland model 2.2 Genetic analyses 3 History

Malays Orang Melayu



(/wiki/File:Malay_couple.jpg) A Malay couple in traditional attire after their akad nikah (/wiki/Islamic_marital_practices#The_Malay_Archipelago) (marriage solemnisation) ceremony. The groom is wearing a baju melayu (/wiki/Baju_melayu) paired with songkok (/wiki/Songkok) and songket (/wiki/Songket), while the bride wears baju kurung (/wiki/Baju_kurung) with a tudong (/wiki/Tudong). Total population c. (circa) 23.5 million Regions with significant populations (/wiki/Malaysia) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_Malay): 14,749,378 [1] (/wiki/Brunei) Brunei (/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people): 261,902 [2] Malay world (/wiki/Malay_world) c. (circa) 8 million (/wiki/Indonesia) Indonesia 5,365,399 [3] (/wiki/Malay_Indonesian) (/wiki/Thailand) Thailand 1,964,384 [4] (/wiki/Thai_Malays) (/wiki/Singapore) Singapore 653,449 [5] (/wiki/Malay_Singaporean) Diaspora (/wiki/Overseas_Malays) c. (circa) 300,000– 400,000 (/wiki/South_Africa) South Africa ~200,000 [6] note (/wiki/Cape_Malays) (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) Sri Lanka 40,189 [7] note (/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays) (/wiki/Australia) Australia 33,183 [8] (/wiki/Cocos_Malays) (/wiki/United_Kingdom) United ~33,000 [9] Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) (/wiki/Myanmar) Myanmar ~27,000 [10] (/wiki/Burmese_Malays) Languages Malay (/wiki/Malay_language) (Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesian_language) • Malaysian (/wiki/Malaysian_language)) Malayan languages (/wiki/Malayan_languages): Bangka (/wiki/Bangka_Malay) · Bangkok (/wiki/Bangkok_Malay) · Bengkulu (/wiki/Bengkulu_language) · Berau (/wiki/Berau_Malay_language) · Brunei (/wiki/Brunei_Malay) · Jambi (/wiki/Jambi_Malay) · Kedah (/wiki/Kedah_Malay) · Kelantan-Pattani (/wiki/KelantanPattani_Malay) · Pahang (/wiki/Pahang_Malay) · Palembang (/wiki/Musi_language) · Perak (/wiki/Perak_Malay) · Pontianak (/wiki/Pontianak_Malay) · Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak_Malay) · Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu_Malay) Religion (/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg) Sunni (/wiki/Sunni_Islam)

3.1 Pre-Indian civilisation 3.2 Indian influence

^ note: Highly naturalised population of mixed origins, but using the 'Malay' identity

3.3 Islamisation 3.4 Colonisation 3.5 Malay nationalism 4 Culture 4.1 Language 4.2 Literature 4.3 Religion 4.4 Architecture 4.5 Visual art 4.6 Pottery 4.7 Cuisine 4.8 Performing arts 4.9 Traditional dress 4.10 Festivals and Celebrations 4.11 Martial arts 4.12 Weaponry 4.13 Traditional games 4.14 Names and titles 5 Sub-ethnic groups 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography

Etymology The epic literature, the Malay Annals (/wiki/Malay_Annals), associates the etymological origin of "Melayu" to Sungai Melayu ('Melayu river') in Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra). The term is thought to be derived from the Malay (/wiki/Malay_language) word melaju, a combination of the verbal prefix (/wiki/Prefix) 'me' and the root word (/wiki/Root_word) 'laju', meaning "to accelerate", used to describe the accelerating strong current of the river.[18] The word "Melayu" as an ethnonym (/wiki/Ethnonym), to allude to a clearly different ethnological cluster, is assumed to have been made fashionable throughout the integration of the Malacca Sultanate as a regional power in the 15th century. It was applied to report the social partialities of the Malaccans as opposed to foreigners as of the similar area, especially the Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_people) and Thais (/wiki/Thai_people)[19] This is evidenced from the early 16th century Malay word-list by Antonio Pigafetta (/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta) who joined the Magellan's circumnavigation (/wiki/Timeline_of_Magellan%27s_circumnavigation), that made a reference to how the phrase chiara Malaiu ('Malay ways') was used in the maritime Southeast Asia (/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia), to refer to the al parlare de Malaea (Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) for "to speak of Malacca").[20]

(/wiki/File:JogetUNISEL.jpg) Joget (/wiki/Joget) dance from the Malacca Sultanate (/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate); many aspects of Malay culture are derived from the Malaccan court.

The English term "Malay" was adopted via the Dutch (/wiki/Dutch_language) word Malayo, itself derived from Portuguese (/wiki/Portuguese_language): Malaio, which originates from the original Malay word, Melayu. Prior to the 15th century, the term "Melayu" and its similar-sounding variants appear to apply as an old toponym (/wiki/Toponym) to the Strait of Malacca (/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca) region in general.[21] Malaya Dwipa, "Malaya Dvipa (/wiki/Dvipa)", is described in chapter 48, Vayu Purana (/wiki/Vayu_Purana) as one of the provinces in the eastern sea that was full of gold and silver. Some scholars equate the term with Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra),[22] but several Indian scholars believe the term should refer to the mountainous Malay peninsula (/wiki/Malay_peninsula), while Sumatra is more correctly associated with Suvarnadvipa (/wiki/Suvarnabhumi).[23][24][25][26][27] (/wiki/File:Candi_Tinggi.jpg) Maleu-kolon - a location in the Golden Chersonese (/wiki/Golden_Chersonese), from Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds [28] (/wiki/Muaro_Jambi_Temple_Compounds) Ptolemy (/wiki/Ptolemy)'s work, Geographia (/wiki/Geographia_(Ptolemy)). in Jambi (/wiki/Jambi), historically Mo-lo-yu - mentioned by Yijing (/wiki/I_Ching_(monk)), a Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) linked to the pre-Islamic Melayu Chinese Buddhist (/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism) monk who visited the Southeast Asia in 688– Kingdom (/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom). 695. According to Yijing, the Mo-Lo-Yu kingdom was located at a distance of 15 days sailing from Bogha (Palembang (/wiki/Palembang)), the capital of Sribhoga (Srivijaya (/wiki/Srivijaya)). It took a 15-day sail as well to reach Ka-Cha (Kedah (/wiki/Kedah)) from Mo-lo-yu; therefore, it can be reasoned that Mo-Lo-Yu would lie halfway between the two places.[29] A popular theory relates Mo-Lo-Yu with the Jambi (/wiki/Muaro_Jambi_Temple_Compounds) in Sumatra,[30] however the geographical location of Jambi contradicts with Yi Jing's description of a "half way sail between Ka-Cha (Kedah) and Bogha (Palembang)". In the later Yuan Dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty) (1271–1368) and Ming Dynasty (/wiki/Ming_Dynasty) (1368–1644), the word Ma-La-Yu was mentioned often in Chinese historical texts - with changes in spelling due to the time span between the dynasties - to refer to a nation near the southern sea. Among the terms used was "Bok-layu", "Mok-la-yu" (), Ma-li-yu-er (), Oo-lai-yu () - traced from the written source of monk Xuanzang (/wiki/Xuanzang)), and Wu-lai-yu (). Malayur - inscribed on the south wall of the Brihadeeswarar Temple (/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple) in Tamil Nadu (/wiki/Tamil_Nadu). It was described as a kingdom that had "a strong mountain for its rampart" in Malay peninsula, that fell to the Chola invaders during Rajendra Chola I (/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I)'s campaign in the 11th (/wiki/File:Tengku_Abd_Aziz_Sultan_Sulaiman_Badrul_Alam_Shah.jpg) century. Tengku Abd Aziz, the Prince of Bhūmi Mālayu - (literally "Land of Malayu"), a transcription from Padang Roco Inscription Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu) in a (/wiki/Padang_Roco_Inscription) dated 1286 CE by Slamet Muljana.[31] The term is classical formal Malay attire. (c. 1920) associated with Dharmasraya (/wiki/Dharmasraya) kingdom. Ma-li-yu-er - mentioned in the chronicle of Yuan Dynasty (/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty), referring to a nation of Malay peninsula that faced the southward expansion of Sukhothai Kingdom (/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom), during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng (/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng).[32] The chronicle stated: "..Animosity occurred between Siam (/wiki/Thai_people) and Ma-li-yu-er with both killing each other ...". In response to the Sukhothai's action, a Chinese envoy went to the Ram Khamhaeng's court in 1295 bearing an imperial decree: "Keep your promise and do no evil to Ma-li-yu-er".[33] Malauir - mentioned in Marco Polo (/wiki/Marco_Polo)'s account (/wiki/Travels_of_Marco_Polo) as a kingdom located in the Malay peninsula,[34][35] possibly similar to the one mentioned in Yuan chronicle. Malayapura - (literally "city of Malaya" or "fortress of Malaya"), inscribed on the Amoghapasa inscription (/wiki/Amoghapasa_inscription) dated 1347 CE. The term was used by Adityawarman (/wiki/Adityawarman) to refer to Dharmasraya (/wiki/Dharmasraya).The word Malay refer to Mountain and Pura refer to Country in Pali Language (/wiki/Pali_Language). Other the Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_language) word mlayu (to run) derived from mlaku (to walk or to travel), or the Malay term melaju (to steadily accelerate), to refer the high mobility and migratory nature of its people, however these suggestions remain as popular beliefs without corroborating evidence.

Origins Proto-Malay models Further information: History of Austronesian peoples (/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Prehistory_and_history), Homeland of Austronesian languages (/wiki/Austronesian_languages#Homeland) Also known as Melayu asli (aboriginal Malays) or Melayu purba (ancient Malays), the ProtoMalays (/wiki/Proto-Malay) are of Austronesian (/wiki/Austronesian_people) origin and thought to have migrated to the Malay archipelago (/wiki/Malay_archipelago) in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BC.[36] The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History, has pointed out a total of three theories of the origin of Malays: The Yunnan (/wiki/Yunnan) theory, Mekong (/wiki/Mekong) river migration (published in (/wiki/File:Baju_Melayu.jpg) 1889) - The theory of Proto-Malays originating from Yunnan is supported by R.H A group of men in the Cekak Musang type, Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slamet Muljana and Asmah Haji Omar. worn together with the songket Other evidence that supports this theory include: stone tools found in the Malay (/wiki/Songket) (far left) and kain sarong (/wiki/Sarong). Archipelago are analogous to Central Asian tools, the similarity of Malay customs and Assam (/wiki/Assam) customs. The New Guinea (/wiki/New_Guinea) theory (published in 1965) - The proto-Malays are believed to be seafarers knowledgeable in oceanography (/wiki/Oceanography) and possessing agricultural skills. They moved great distances from island to island as far apart as modern day New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand) and Madagascar (/wiki/Madagascar), and they served as navigation guides, crew and labour to Indian, Arab, Persian and Chinese traders for nearly 2000 years. Over the years they settled at various places and adopted various cultures and religions. The Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) theory (published in 1997) - The migration of a group of people from Southern China (/wiki/Southern_China) occurred 6,000 years ago, some moved to Taiwan (today's Taiwanese aborigines (/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines) are their descendants), then to the Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) and later to Borneo (/wiki/Borneo) (roughly 4,500 years ago) (today's Dayak (/wiki/Dayak_people) and other groups). These ancient people also split with some heading to Sulawesi (/wiki/Sulawesi) and others progressing into Java (/wiki/Java), and Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra), all of which now speak languages that belong to the Austronesian Language family. The final migration was to the Malay Peninsula roughly 3,000 years ago. A sub-group from Borneo moved to Champa in modern-day Central and South Vietnam roughly 4,500 years ago. There are also traces of the Dong Son (/wiki/Dong_Son_culture) and Hoabinhian (/wiki/Hoabinhian) migration from Vietnam and Cambodia. All these groups share DNA and linguistic origins traceable to the island that is today Taiwan, and the ancestors of these ancient people are traceable to southern China.[37]

Deutero-Malays The Deutero-Malays are Iron Age (/wiki/Iron_Age) people descended partly from the subsequent Austronesian peoples (/wiki/Austronesian_peoples) who came equipped with more advanced farming techniques and new knowledge of metals.[38] They are kindred but more Mongolised and greatly distinguished from the Proto-Malays which have shorter stature, darker skin, slightly higher frequency of wavy hair, much higher percentage of dolichocephaly (/wiki/Dolichocephaly) and a markedly lower frequency of the epicanthic fold (/wiki/Epicanthic_fold).[38] The Deutero-Malay settlers were not nomadic (/wiki/Nomadic) compared to their predecessors, instead they settled and established kampungs (/wiki/Kampung) which serve as the main units in the society. These kampungs were normally situated on the riverbanks or coastal areas and generally self-sufficient in food and other necessities. By the end of the last century BC, these kampungs beginning to engage in some trade with the outside world.[39] The Deutero-Malays are considered the direct ancestors of present-day Malay people.[40] Notable Proto-Malays (/wiki/Proto-Malay) of today are Moken (/wiki/Moken), Jakun (/wiki/Jakun_people), Orang Kuala (/wiki/Orang_Kuala), Temuan (/wiki/Temuan_people) and Orang Kanaq (/wiki/Orang_Kanaq).[41]

Expansion from Sundaland model A more recent theory holds that rather than being populated by expansion from the mainland, the Ice Age (/wiki/Ice_Age) populations of the Malay peninsula, neighbouring Indonesian archipelago, and the then-exposed continental shelf (Sundaland (/wiki/Sundaland)) instead developed locally from the first human settlers and expanded to the mainland. Proponents of this theory hold that this expansion gives a far more parsimonious explanation of the linguistic, archaeological, and anthropological evidence than earlier models, particularly the Taiwan model.[42] This theory also draws support from recent genetic evidence by Human Genome Organisation (/wiki/Human_Genome_Organisation) suggesting that the primary peopling of Asia occurred in a single migration through Southeast Asia; this route is held to be the modern Malay area and that the diversity in the area developed mainly in-place without requiring major migrations from the mainland. The expansion itself may have been driven by rising sea levels at the end of the Ice Age.[43][44] Proponent Stephen Oppenheimer (/wiki/Stephen_Oppenheimer) has further theorised that the expansion of peoples occurred in three rapid surges due to rising sea levels at the end of the Ice Age, and that this diaspora spread the peoples and their associated cultures, myths, and technologies not just to mainland Southeast Asia, but as far as India, the Near East, and the Mediterranean. Reviewers have found his proposals for the original settlement and dispersal worthy of further study, but have been sceptical of his more diffusionist (/wiki/Diffusionist) claims.[45][46][47]

Genetic analyses Studies on the genetics of modern Malays show a complex history of admixture of human populations. The analyses reveal that the Malays are genetically diverse, and that there are substantial variations between different populations of Malays. The differences may have arisen from geographical isolation and independent admixture that occurred over a long period. The studies indicate that there is no single representative genetic component, rather there are four major ancestral components to the Malay people: Austronesian, ProtoMalay, East Asian and South Asian. The largest components of the genetic makeup of the Malays come from the Austronesian aborigines and Proto-Malays.[48] The Austronesian component is related to the Taiwanese Ami (/wiki/Amis_people) and Atayal (/wiki/Atayal_people) people, and genetic analyses of the Austronesian component in Southeast Asians lent support to the "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis.[49] The Proto-Malays such as the Temuan people (/wiki/Temuan_people), however, show genetic evidence of them having moved out of Yunnan (/wiki/Yunnan), China, thought to be about 4,000–6,000 years ago.[50] The admixture events with South Asians (Indians) may have been ancient (estimate of up to 2,250 years ago in some Indonesian Malays), while the admixture events with East Asians (Chinese) may be more recent (100–200 years ago),[48] although some may have occurred before the 15th century in Java.[50] There are also minor components contributed by other groups such as the Negritos (/wiki/Negritos) (the earliest inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula), Central Asians and Europeans. Most of the admixture events are estimated to have occurred 175 to 1,500 years ago.[48] Within the Malay Peninsula itself, the Malays are differentiated genetically into distinct clusters between the northern part of the Malay Peninsula and the south.[51] SNP (/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism) analyses of five of their sub-ethnic groups show that Melayu Kelantan and Melayu Kedah (both in northern Malay Penisula) are closely related to each other as well as to Thai Pattani, but are distinct from the Melayu Minang (western), Melayu Jawa and Melayu Bugis (both southern).[52] The Melayu Minang, Melayu Jawa and Melayu Bugis show close relationship with the people of Indonesia, evidence of their shared common ancestry with these people.[50] However, the Melayu Minang are closer genetically to the Melayu Kelantan and Melayu Kedah than they are to Melayu Jawa. Among the Melayu Kelantan and Melayu Kedah populations, there are significant Indian components, in particular from the Telugus (/wiki/Telugu_people) and Marathis (/wiki/Marathi_people). The Melayu Kedah and Melayu Kelantan also have closer genetic relationship to the two subgroups of the Orang Asli Semang (/wiki/Semang), Jahai (/wiki/Jahai_people) and Kensiu (/wiki/Kensiu_language), than other Malay groups. Four of the Malay sub-ethnic groups (the exception being the Melayu Bugis who are related to the people of Sulawesi (/wiki/Sulawesi)) also show genetic similarity to the Proto-Malay Temuan people (/wiki/Temuan_people) with possible admixture to the Jawa populations and the Wa people (/wiki/Wa_people) of Yunnan (/wiki/Yunnan), China.[52]

History Pre-Indian civilisation Deep in the pristine estuary of the Merbok River (/wiki/Merbok), lies an abundance of historical relics of the past. Ancient monumental ruins, buildings, temples, harbour and shipwrecks were all cloistered and entombed in the soil for two millenniums.[53] At its zenith, the massive settlement sprawled across a thousand kilometers wide, dominated in the northern plains of Malay Peninsular (/wiki/Malay_Peninsular).[54][55] On contemporary account, the area is known as the lost city of Sungai Batu. Founded in 535 BC, it is the oldest testament of civilisation (/wiki/Civilisation) in Southeast Asia (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) and a potential progenitor of the Kedah Tua (/wiki/Kedah_Tua) kingdom. It was home to a resplendent society, deeply ingrained with culture, philosophy, religion and trade. (/wiki/File:Bujang_valley.jpg) The historical landscape of the area was binded to a flourishing iron industry, with archaeological The remains of an ancient folk temple findings unearthed various historical mines, warehouses, factories, a harbour; together with a in Bujang Valley. It was believed that vibrant plethora of superior-quality ores (/wiki/Ores), furnace (/wiki/Furnace), slag (/wiki/Slag) and the area was home to an early ingots (/wiki/Ingot). Additionally, the peculiar Tuyere (/wiki/Tuyere) iron-smelting (/wiki/Smelting) civilisation dating from 553 BC. technique mobilised in Sungai Batu is hailed as oldest of its kind in the world. The produce was highly sought after and exported to various corners of the Old World (/wiki/Old_World), including ancient India (/wiki/India), China (/wiki/China), Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East), Korea (/wiki/Korea) and Japan (/wiki/Japan). Based on early Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit) reports, the area was known as "the iron bowl".[54][55] The settlement also narrated a glimpse of the ancient religious undertakings prior to the mass Indianisation (/wiki/Greater_India#Indianised_kingdoms) of the region. The early inhabitants of the Malay Archipelago (/wiki/Malay_Archipelago) was chronicled to be the adherence of indigenous animism (/wiki/Animism) and shamanism (/wiki/Shamanism). The ancient folk religion vividly characterised that every elements of nature possessed a spirit, known as semangat. The semangat has the governing power to richly blessed or mercilessly cursed the society, hence the spirit should always be pleased and entertained. In Sungai Batu, archaeological evidence unmasked several ceremonial and religious architectures devoted for the sun and mountain worshiping.[54][55] In addition to Sungai Batu, the early Malay archipelago also witnessed the monumental development of other subsequent ancient large urban settlements and regional polities, driven by a predominantly cosmopolitan agrarian society, thriving skilled craftsmanship, multinational merchants and foreign expatriates. Chinese records noted the names of Akola, P’an P’an (/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)), TunSun, Chieh-ch'a (/wiki/History_of_Kedah), Ch'ih-tu (/wiki/Chi_Tu), among few. Upon the fifth century AD, these settlements had morphed into a sovereign (/wiki/Sovereign) city-states (/wiki/City-states), collectively fashioned by an active participation in the international trade network and hosting diplomatic embassies from China and India.[54][55]

Indian influence Further information: Greater India (/wiki/Greater_India) There is no definite evidence which dates the first Indian (/wiki/India) voyages across the Bay of Bengal (/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal) but conservative estimates place the earliest arrivals on Malay shores at least 2,000 years ago. The discovery of jetty remains, iron smelting sites, and a clay brick monument dating back to 110 CE in the Bujang Valley (/wiki/Bujang_Valley), shows that a maritime trading route with South Indian Tamil kingdoms (/wiki/Tamil_Nadu) was already established since the second century.[56] The growth of trade with India brought coastal people in much of maritime Southeast Asia into contact with the major religions of Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism) and Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism). Throughout this area a most profound in influence has been exerted by India which seems to have introduced into it architecture, sculpture, writing, monarchy, religion, iron, cotton and a host of elements of higher culture. Indian religions, cultural traditions and Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit) began to spread across the land. Hindu temples (/wiki/Hindu_temple) were built in the Indian style, local kings began referring to themselves as "raja (/wiki/Raja)" and more desirable aspects of Indian government were adopted.[57] The beginning of the Common Era saw the rise of Malay states in the coastal areas of the Malay Peninsula (/wiki/Malay_Peninsula) and Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra); Chi Tu (/wiki/Chi_Tu), Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom), Gangga Negara (/wiki/Gangga_Negara), Langkasuka (/wiki/Langkasuka), Kedah (/wiki/Bujang_Valley), Pahang (/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom), the Melayu Kingdom (/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom) and Srivijaya (/wiki/Srivijaya). Between the 7th and 13th centuries, many of these small, often prosperous peninsula and Sumatran maritime trading states, became part of the mandala (/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)) of Srivijaya,[58] a great confederation of city-states centred in Palembang (/wiki/Palembang),[59] Kadaram (/wiki/Kedah),[60] Chaiya (/wiki/Chaiya_District) and Tambralinga (/wiki/Tambralinga).

(/wiki/File:Malay_Kingdoms_en.svg) Early Malayic and pre-Malayicspeaking areas, classical kingdoms and urban settlements preceding the rise of Srivijaya in the 7th century and prior to the eastward Malay cultural expansion (/wiki/Malayisation) to the shores of Borneo. It also can be witnessed that the historical forebears of Minangkabaus (/wiki/Minangkabau_people), eastern Acehnese (/wiki/Acehnese_people) and Southern Thais (/wiki/Thai_people) were of Malay origin during this era.

Srivijaya's influence spread over all the coastal areas of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, western Java (/wiki/Java) and western Borneo (/wiki/Borneo), as well as the rest of the Malay Archipelago (/wiki/Malay_Archipelago). Enjoying both Indian and Chinese patronage, its wealth was gained mostly (/wiki/File:Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg) through trade. At its height, the Old Malay language (/wiki/Old_Malay_language) was used as its Chedi Phra Borommathat, a stupa official language and became the lingua franca (/wiki/Lingua_franca) of the region, replacing (/wiki/Stupa) located in Nakhon Si Sanskrit, the language of Hinduism.[57] The Srivijayan era is considered the golden age of Malay Thammarat culture. (/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat), Thailand (/wiki/Thailand). Once a centre of Buddhist teaching and learning, it was built in the early 13th century and witnessed the rise and fall of Tambralinga (/wiki/Tambralinga), a powerful Buddhist-Malay kingdom that managed to conquer Jaffna kingdom (/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom) in Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka). Constructed as a religious monument for Mahayana (/wiki/Mahayana) Buddhism, which was historically followed by a portion of pre-Islamic Malays, this stupa stands today as a major religious site for Thai (/wiki/Thai_people), Theravada (/wiki/Theravada) Buddhist pilgrims. The temple complex is believed to hold ancient relics of Buddha (/wiki/Buddha) brought from Sri Lanka during the conquest of Jaffna in 1247.

The glory of Srivijaya however began to wane after the series of raids by the Indian Chola dynasty (/wiki/Chola_dynasty) in the 11th century. By the end of the 13th century, the remnants of the Malay empire in Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) was finally destroyed by the Javanese invaders (/wiki/Javanese_people) during the Pamalayu expedition (/wiki/Pamalayu_expedition) (Pamalayu means "war against the Malays"). The complete destruction of Srivijaya caused the diaspora of the Srivijayan princes and nobles. Rebellions against the Javanese rule ensued and attempts were made by the fleeing Malay princes to revive the empire, which left the area of southern Sumatra in chaos and desolation. In 1299, through the support of the loyal servants of the empire, the Orang lauts (/wiki/Orang_laut), a Malay prince of Srivijaya origin, Sang Nila Utama (/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama) established the Kingdom of Singapura (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura) in Temasek (/wiki/Temasek).[61] His dynasty ruled the island kingdom until the end of the 14th century, when the Malay polity once again faced the wrath of Javanese invaders. In 1400, his great great grandson, Parameswara (/wiki/Parameswara_(king)), headed north and established the Malacca Sultanate (/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate).[62] The new kingdom succeeded Srivijaya and inherited much of the royal and cultural traditions, including a large part of the territories of its predecessor.[63][64][65]

The power vacuum left by the collapse of Srivijaya was filled by the growth of the kingdom of Tambralinga (/wiki/Tambralinga) in the 12th century. Between the 13th to early 14th century, the kingdom succeeded to incorporate most of the Malay Peninsula under its mandala. The campaign led by Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja (/wiki/Chandrabhanu_Sridhamaraja) (1230–1263) managed to capture Jaffna kingdom (/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom) in Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka) between 1247 and 1258. He was eventually defeated by the forces of the Pandyan dynasty (/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty) from Tamil Nadu in 1263 and was killed by the brother of Emperor Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I (/wiki/Sadayavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I).[66] The invasion marked an unrivaled feature in the history of Southeast Asia (/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia), it was the only time there was an armed maritime expedition beyond the borders of the region. The cultivation of Malay polity system also diffused beyond the proper Sumatran-Peninsular border during this era. The age avowed by exploration and migration of the Malays to establish kingdoms (/wiki/File:Srivijaya_Empire.svg) beyond the traditional Srivijayan realm. Several exemplification are the enthronement of a Tambralingan prince to reign the Lavo Kingdom (/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom) in present-day Central The Buddhist maritime empire of Thailand (/wiki/Central_Thailand), the foundation of Rajahnate of Cebu (/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu) Srivijaya (/wiki/Srivijaya), the first vast in the Visayas (/wiki/Visayas) and the establishment of the Tanjungpura Kingdom Malay polity in the region (/wiki/Tanjungpura_Kingdom) in what is now West Kalimantan (/wiki/West_Kalimantan), Borneo (/wiki/Borneo). The expansion is also eminent as it shaped the ethnogenesis (/wiki/Ethnogenesis) development of the related Acehnese (/wiki/Acehnese_people) and Banjar people (/wiki/Banjar_people) and further spreading the Indianinfluenced Malay ethos within the regional sphere.

Islamisation Further information: Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia (/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia) and Malayisation (/wiki/Malayisation) The period of the 12th and 15th centuries saw the arrival of Islam (/wiki/Islam) and the rise of the great port-city of Malacca on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula[67] – two major developments that altered the course of Malay history. The Islamic faith arrived on the shores of what are now the states of Kedah (/wiki/Kedah), Perak (/wiki/Perak), Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan) and Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu), from around the 12th century.[68] The earliest archaeological evidence of Islam from the Malay peninsula is the Terengganu Inscription Stone (/wiki/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone) dating from the 14th century found in Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu) state, Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia).[67] By the 15th century, the Malacca Sultanate, whose hegemony reached over much of the western Malay Archipelago (/wiki/Malay_Archipelago), had become the centre of Islamisation (/wiki/Islamisation) in the east. As a Malaccan state religion, Islam brought many great transformation into the Malaccan society and culture, and It became the primary instrument in the evolution of a common Malay identity.The Malaccan era witnessed the close association of Islam with Malay society and how it developed into a definitive marker of Malay identity.[12][69][70][71] Over time, this common Malay cultural idiom came to characterise much of the Malay Archipelago through the Malayisation (/wiki/Malayisation) process. The expansion of Malaccan influence through trade and Dawah (/wiki/Dawah) brought with it together the Classical Malay (/wiki/Classical_Malay) language,[72] the Islamic faith,[73] and the Malay Muslim culture;[74] the three core values of Kemelayuan ("Malayness").[75]

(/wiki/File:Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg) The extent of the powerful Malaccan Sultanate in the 15th century. The emergence of Malacca as a cosmopolitan regional metropolis has monumentally redefined the characteristic of the Malay interpretation of culture, language, religion, philosophy and identity. With Malayness (/wiki/Malayness) and Islam (/wiki/Islam) as the core pillars and strengths, the legacy of the Malaccan court can be strongly witnessed in the construction of the Malay sociocultural (/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution) framework until today.

In 1511, the Malaccan capital fell into the hands of Portuguese (/wiki/Portuguese_people) conquistadors (/wiki/Conquistadors). However, Malacca remained an institutional prototype: a paradigm of statecraft and a point of cultural reference for successor states such as Johor Sultanate (/wiki/Johor_Sultanate) (1528–present), Perak Sultanate (/wiki/Perak) (1528–present), Pahang Sultanate (/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate) (1470–present), Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate (/wiki/Siak_Sri_Indrapura_Sultanate) (1725–1946), Pelalawan Sultanate (1725–1946) and RiauLingga Sultanate (/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate) (1824–1911).[76]

Across the South China Sea (/wiki/South_China_Sea) in the 14th century, another Malay realm, the Bruneian Empire (/wiki/Bruneian_Empire) was on the rise to become the most powerful polity in Borneo (/wiki/Borneo). By the middle of the 15th century, Brunei entered into a close relationship with the Malacca Sultanate. The sultan married a Malaccan princess, adopted Islam as the court religion, and introduced an efficient administration modelled on Malacca.[77] Brunei profited from trade with Malacca but gained even greater prosperity after the great Malay port was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. It reached its golden age in the mid-16th century when it controlled land as far south as present day Kuching (/wiki/Kuching) in Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak), north towards the Philippine Archipelago (/wiki/Philippine_Archipelago).[78] The empire broadened its influence in Luzon (/wiki/Luzon) by defeating Datu Gambang of the Kingdom of Tondo (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tondo) and by founding a satellite (/wiki/Satellite_state) state, Kota Seludong (/wiki/Kota_Seludong) in present-day Manila (/wiki/Manila), setting up the Muslim Rajah, Rajah Sulaiman I (/wiki/Rajah_Sulaiman_I) as a vassal to the Sultanate of Brunei. Brunei also expanded its influence in Mindanao, Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) when Sultan Bolkiah married Leila Macanai, the daughter of the Sultan of Sulu (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu). However, states like the Huangdom of (/wiki/File:Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg) Pangasinan (/wiki/Huangdom_of_Pangasinan), Rajahnate of Cebu (/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu) and Kedatuan of Madja-as (/wiki/Kedatuan_of_Madja-as) tried to resist Brunei's and Islam's spread into Portuguese illustration of Malays of the Philippines. Brunei's fairly loose river based governmental presence in Borneo projected the Malacca, 1540. process of Malayisation (/wiki/Malayisation). Fine Malay Muslim cultures, including the language, dress and single-family dwelling were introduced to the natives primarily from ethnic Dayaks (/wiki/Dayak_people), drawing them into the Sultanate. Dayak chiefs were incorporated into the Malay hierarchy, being given the official titles of Datuk (/wiki/Datuk), Temenggong (/wiki/Temenggong) and Orang Kaya. In West Borneo (/wiki/West_Kalimantan), the development of such sultanates of Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak_Sultanate), Sambas (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sambas), Sukadana (/wiki/Sukadana) and Landak (/wiki/Landak_Regency) tells a similar tale of recruitment among Dayak people.[79] Other significant Malay sultanates were the Kedah Sultanate (/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate) (1136–present), Kelantan Sultanate (/wiki/Kelantan) (1411–present), Patani Sultanate (/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom) (1516–1771), Reman Sultanate (/wiki/Reman_Sultanate) (1785–1909) and Legeh Sultanate (/w/index.php?title=Legeh_Sultanate&action=edit&redlink=1) (1755-1902) that dominated the northern part of the Malay peninsula. Jambi Sultanate (/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate) (1460–1907), Palembang Sultanate (/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate) (1550–1823) and Indragiri Sultanate (/w/index.php?title=Indragiri_Sultanate&action=edit&redlink=1) (1298–1945) controlled much of the southeastern shores of Sumatra. While Deli Sultanate (/wiki/Deli_Sultanate) (1632–1946), Serdang Sultanate (/wiki/Serdang_Sultanate) (1728–1948), Langkat Sultanate (/wiki/Langkat_Sultanate) (1568–1948) and Asahan Sultanate (/wiki/Asahan_Sultanate) (1630–1948) governed eastern Sumatra.

Colonisation Between 1511 and 1984, numerous Malay kingdoms and sultanates fell under direct colonisation (/wiki/Colonisation) or became the protectorates (/wiki/Protectorate) of different foreign powers, from European colonial powers like Portuguese (/wiki/Portugal), Dutch (/wiki/Netherlands) and British (/wiki/United_Kingdom), to regional powers like Siam (/wiki/Siam) and Japan (/wiki/Japan). In 1511, the Portuguese Empire (/wiki/Portuguese_Empire) captured (/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)) the capital city of the Malacca Sultanate (/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate). The victorious Portuguese however, were unable to extend their political influence beyond the fort of Malacca (/wiki/A_Famosa). The Sultan maintained his overlordship on the lands outside Malacca and established the Johor Sultanate (/wiki/Johor_Sultanate) in 1528 to succeed Malacca. Portuguese Malacca (/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca) faced several unsuccessful retaliation attacks by Johor until 1614, when the combined forces of Johor and the Dutch Empire (/wiki/Dutch_Empire), ousted (/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)) the Portuguese from the peninsula. As per agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch later took control of Malacca.[80]

(/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_ The reigning elite of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate (/wiki/RiauLingga_Sultanate), together with the Sultan (being seated, in the middle) as depicted in this photograph taken in 1867. The administrative class of Riau-Lingga are known to be strict adherents of Sufi (/wiki/Sufi) Tariqa (/wiki/Tariqa), this resulted various laws and legal enactments based on Islamic principles (/wiki/Islamic_law) to be strictly observed throughout the archipelago kingdom. The sultanate would be abolished almost half a century later in 1911 by the Dutch powers, following a strong independence movement manifested in the nation against the colonial government (/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies).

Historically, Malay states (/wiki/Malay_states) of the peninsular had a hostile relation with the Siamese (/wiki/Thai_people). Malacca sultanate herself fought two wars with the Siamese while northern Malay states came intermittently under Siamese dominance for centuries. In 1771, the Kingdom of Siam (/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom) under the new Chakri Dynasty (/wiki/Chakri_Dynasty) abolished the Pattani Sultanate (/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom) and later annexed a large part of Kedah Sultanate (/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate). Earlier, the Siamese under Ayutthaya Kingdom (/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom) have had already absorbed Tambralinga (/wiki/Tambralinga) and overrun the Singgora Sultanate (/wiki/Singgora_Sultanate) in the 17th century. Between 18081813, the Siamese imposed a new administrative structure and created the semi-independent (/wiki/Satellite_state) Malay kingdoms of Patani (/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom), Saiburi (/wiki/Sai_Buri_District), Nongchik (/wiki/Nong_Chik_District), Yaring (/wiki/Yaring_District), Yala (/wiki/Yala_Province), Reman (/wiki/Reman) and Rangae (/wiki/Rangae) from Greater Pattani (/wiki/Patani_(region)) and similarly obtained Rundung (/wiki/Ranong_province), Kupa (/wiki/Takua_Pa_District), Tongkah (/wiki/Phuket_province), Terang (/wiki/Trang_Province) while carving Setul (/wiki/Setul_Kingdom), Langu, Perlis (/wiki/Perlis), Kubang Pasu (/wiki/Kubang_Pasu_Kingdom) from the Kedah Kingdom (/wiki/Kedah_Kingdom) in 1839.[81][82] In 1902, the Siamese stripped the political powers of all the 7 kingdoms of Pattani following a planned revolt for independence against the central government. The coup de grâce (/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce) was cultivated by 1906, when the Siamese redraw (/wiki/Delimitation) the border of the Pattani territories and installed a new governance and administrative system.[83][84][85]

(/wiki/File:Reman.jpg) Tuan Lebeh (seated, in the middle), the Long Raya or Raja Muda (crown prince (/wiki/Crown_prince)) of the Kingdom of Reman (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman) in 1899. A state in the northern Malay Peninsula made wealthy by tin mining (/wiki/Tin_mining), the State of Reman (/wiki/Reman) was abolished by the Rattanakosin Kingdom (/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom) alongside various other Malay kingdoms that revolted for independence in the early 1902 including Pattani (/wiki/Pattani_Sultanate), Saiburi, Nongchik, Yaring, Yala, Legeh and Teluban.

In 1786, the island of Penang (/wiki/Penang) was leased to East India Company (/wiki/East_India_Company) by Kedah Sultanate (/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate) in exchange of military assistance against the Siamese. In 1819, the company also acquired Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) from Johor Empire (/wiki/Johor_Empire), later in 1824, Dutch Malacca (/wiki/Dutch_Malacca) from the Dutch, and followed by Dindings (/wiki/Straits_Settlements#Dindings_and_Province_Wellesley) from Perak (/wiki/Perak) by 1874. All these trading posts officially known as Straits Settlements (/wiki/Straits_Settlements) in 1826 and became the crown colony of British Empire (/wiki/British_Empire) in 1867. British intervention in the affairs of Malay states was formalised in 1895, when Malay rulers (/wiki/Malay_rulers) accepted British Residents (/wiki/British_Resident) in administration, and the Federated Malay States (/wiki/Federated_Malay_States) was formed. In 1909, Kedah (/wiki/Kedah), Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan), Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu) and Perlis (/wiki/Perlis) were handed over (/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909) by Siam to the British. These states along with Johor (/wiki/Johor), later became known as Unfederated Malay States (/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States). During the World War II (/wiki/World_War_II), all these British possessions and protectorates that collectively known as British Malaya (/wiki/British_Malaya) were occupied by the Empire of Japan (/wiki/Empire_of_Japan). The twilight of the vast Bruneian Empire began during the Castille War (/wiki/Castille_War) against the Spanish (/wiki/Spanish_Empire) conquistadors which arrived at the Philippines from Mexico. The war resulted in the end of the empire's dominance in the present-day Philippine archipelago (/wiki/Philippine_archipelago). The decline further culminated in the 19th century, when the Sultanate lost most of its remaining territories in Borneo (/wiki/Borneo) to the White Rajahs (/wiki/White_Rajah) of Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak), North Borneo Chartered Company (/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company) and its lower Borneo (/wiki/Kalimantan) vassals to Dutch East India Company (/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company). Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984.[2] Following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 (/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824) which divided the Malay Archipelago (/wiki/Malay_Archipelago) into a British zone in the north and a Dutch zone in the south, all Malay sultanates in Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) and Southern Borneo (/wiki/Kalimantan) became part of the Dutch East Indies (/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies). Though some of Malay sultans maintain their power under Dutch control,[86] some were abolished by the Dutch government under the accusation of retaliation against the colonial rule, like the case of Palembang Sultanate in 1823, Jambi Sultanate in 1906 and Riau Sultanate (/wiki/Riau_Sultanate) in 1911.

A similar partition of the Peninsular (/wiki/Malay_Peninsular) was also replicated by the British and the Siamese in wake of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 (/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909). This was done after the British alarmed by the growing influence between Siamese government and rivaling German colonial empire (/wiki/German_colonial_empire), especially in the northern Peninsular. The AngloSiamese Treaty attested that the Siamese to control the upper portion (/wiki/Southern_Thailand) of the peninsular while the lower region was to be held under the British dominance (/wiki/British_Empire). The British originally planned for the inclusion of Reman (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman), Legeh and Setul (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul) under their dominion together together with a cluster of northern Malay states. Nonetheless, they only managed to secure Kedah (/wiki/Kedah), Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan), Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu) and Perlis (/wiki/Perlis) under the agreement. The treaty also witnessed the state of Kedah being reduced the most, with Terutao (/wiki/Tarutao_National_Park), Butang islands (/wiki/Tarutao_National_Park) groups, Sendawa (/wiki/Sadao_District), Langgu (/wiki/La-ngu_District) and the principality of Setul (/wiki/Setul_Kingdom) were all being divorced into the Siamese hands, a similar fate was also followed in northeastern coast of Kelantan that was demanded to renounced their right on the Tabal district (/wiki/Tak_Bai_District), including Sungai Golok (/wiki/Su-ngai_Kolok_District) and Sungai Padi (/wiki/Su-ngai_Padi_District); while Perlis (/wiki/Perlis) lost its Pujoh district. ThenBritish controlled Federated Malay State (/wiki/Federated_Malay_States) of Perak (/wiki/Perak) however, saw an enlargement of their land area, with southern territories (/wiki/Hulu_Perak) of Reman (/wiki/Reman) being transferred into the state. The Siamese then abdicated (/wiki/Abdicated) Tunku Baharuddin, the King of Setul (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara), the sole Malay kingdom remained under Siamese territory in 1916. The treaty nonetheless, manage to sealed the fate of the Malay states of Kedah (/wiki/Kedah), Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan), Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu) and Perlis (/wiki/Perlis) to retain a degree of their sovereign (/wiki/Sovereign) powers under the British colonial government (/wiki/British_Malaya).

(/wiki/File:Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg) The Malay Rulers (/wiki/Malay_Rulers) and nobilities of Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak and Selangor with British colonial officers (/wiki/British_Malaya) during the first Durbar (/wiki/Conference_of_Rulers) in Istana Negara, Kuala Kangsar (/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar), Perak (/wiki/Perak), Federated Malay States (/wiki/Federated_Malay_States), 1897.

During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies (/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies), British Malaya (/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya) and Borneo (/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo), the Japanese maintained a favourable relationship with the Sultans and other Malay leaders, this is partially composed to foster the trust of the Malay public that was generally loyal towards the sultan. Nonetheless, in a series of massacres known as Pontianak incidents (/wiki/Pontianak_incidents), the Japanese killed virtually all of the West Kalimantan (/wiki/West_Kalimantan) Malay sultans, including a large numbers of Malay intelligentsias after they have been falsely accused of planning an uprising and coup d'etat (/wiki/Coup_d%27etat) against the Japanese. It was believed that West Kalimantan took two generations to recover from the near-total collapse of the Malay ruling class in the territory.

Malay nationalism Main articles: Malay nationalism (/wiki/Malay_nationalism) and Malay supremacy (/wiki/Malay_supremacy) See also: South Thailand insurgency (/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency) and Early Malay nationalism in Riau (/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism_in_Riau) Despite the widespread distribution of the Malay population throughout the Malay archipelago, modern Malay nationalism was only significantly mobilised in the early twentieth century British Malaya (/wiki/British_Malaya) i. e. the Malay Peninsula (/wiki/Malay_Peninsula). In the Netherlands Indies (/wiki/Netherlands_Indies), the struggle against colonisation was characterised by the transethnic nationalism: the so-called "Indonesian National Awakening (/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening)" united people from the various parts of the Dutch colony in the development of a national consciousness as "Indonesians".[89] In Brunei, despite some attempt made to arouse Malay political consciousness between 1942 and 1945, there was no significant history of ethnic-based nationalism. In Thailand however, Pattani separatism (/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency) against Thai rule is regarded by some historians as a part of the wider sphere of peninsula Malay nationalism. A similar secession movement (/wiki/Secession_movement) can be witnessed in modern-day Indonesia, where both autochthonously-Malay provinces of Riau (/wiki/Riau) and Riau Islands (/wiki/Riau_Islands) sought to gain independence under the name of Republic of Riau. Nevertheless, what follows is specific to the peninsula Malay nationalism that resulted in the formation of the Federation of Malaya (/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya), later reconstituted as Malaysia.

(/wiki/File:TuahNatlHistoryMuseumKL.jpg) The bronze mural of the legendary Malay warrior, Hang Tuah (/wiki/Hang_Tuah) with his renowned quote Ta' Melayu Hilang Di-Dunia (Malay (/wiki/Malay_language) for "Never shall the Malays vanish from the face of the earth") written on the top. The quote is a famous rallying cry for Malay nationalism (/wiki/Malay_nationalism).[87][88]

The earliest and most influential instruments of Malay national awakening were the periodicals (/wiki/Periodical) which politicised the position of the Malays in the face of colonialism and alien immigration of non-Malays. In spite of repressions imposed by the British colonial government, there were no less than 147 journals and newspapers published in Malaya (/wiki/British_Malaya) between 1876 and 1941. Among notable periodicals were Al-Imam (1906), Pengasuh (1920), Majlis (1935) and Utusan Melayu (/wiki/Utusan_Melayu) (1939). The rise of Malay nationalism (/wiki/Malay_nationalism) was largely mobilised by three nationalist factions – the radicals distinguishable into the Malay left and the Islamic group which were both opposed to the conservative elites.[90]

The Malay leftists (/wiki/Leftist) were represented by Kesatuan Melayu Muda (/wiki/Kesatuan_Melayu_Muda), formed in 1938 by a group of Malay intelligentsia primarily educated in Sultan Idris Training College (/wiki/Sultan_Idris_Training_College), with an ideal of Greater Indonesia (/wiki/Greater_Indonesia). In 1945, they reorganised themselves into a political party known as Partai Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM). The Islamists (/wiki/Islamist) were originally represented by Kaum Muda consisted of Middle east –educated scholars with PanIslamic (/wiki/Pan-Islamism) sentiment. The first Islamic political party was Partai Orang Muslimin Malaya (Hizbul Muslimin) formed in March 1948, later succeeded by Pan-Malayan Islamic Party (/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party) in 1951. The third group was the conservatives (/wiki/Conservatism) consisted of the westernised elites who were bureaucrats and members of royal families that shared a common English education mostly at the exclusive Malay College Kuala Kangsar (/wiki/Malay_College_Kuala_Kangsar). They formed voluntary organisations known as Persatuan Melayu ('Malay Associations') in various parts of the country with the primary goals of advancing and protecting the interests of Malays. In March 1946, 41 of these Malay associations formed United Malays National Organisation (/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation) (UMNO), to assert Malay dominance (/wiki/Malay_dominance) over Malaya.[90]

(/wiki/File:Malaya_stamp.png) Federation of Malaya's commemorative stamp issued in 1957. The semi-independent federation was formed in 1948 from nine Malay states (/wiki/Malay_states) and two British Straits Settlements (/wiki/Straits_Settlements). It achieved independence (/wiki/Hari_Merdeka) in 1957.

The Malay and Malayness (/wiki/Malayness) has been the fundamental basis for Malay ideology and Malay nationalism in Malaysia. All three Malay nationalist factions believed in the idea of a Bangsa Melayu ('Malay Nation') and the position of Malay language, but disagreed over the role of Islam and Malay rulers. The conservatives supported Malay language (/wiki/Malay_language), Islam (/wiki/Malay_Islamic_identity) and Malay monarchy (/wiki/Malay_rulers) as constituting the key pillars of Malayness, but within a secular state that restricted the political role of Islam. The leftists concurred with the secular state (/wiki/Secular_state) but wanted to end feudalism (/wiki/Feudalism), whereas the Islamic group favoured ending royalty but sought a much larger role of Islam (/wiki/Islam).[91]

Since the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia (/wiki/Republic_of_Indonesia) as a unitary state (/wiki/Unitary_state) in 1950, all traditional Malay monarchies in Indonesia were abolished,[92] and the Sultans positions reduced to titular heads (/wiki/Titular_head) or pretenders (/wiki/Pretender). The violent demise of the sultanates of Deli (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli), Langkat (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Langkat), Serdang (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Serdang), Asahan (/wiki/Asahan_Sultanate) and other Malay principalities in East Sumatra (/wiki/East_Sumatra) during the "Social revolution (/wiki/East_Sumatra_revolution)" of 1946, drastically influenced their Malayan counterparts and politically motivating them against the PKMM's ideal of Greater Indonesia (/wiki/Greater_Indonesia) and the Islamists' vision of Islamic Republic (/wiki/Islamic_Republic). In March 1946, UMNO emerged with the full support of the Malay sultans from the Conference of Rulers (/wiki/Conference_of_Rulers). The new movement forged a close political link between rulers and subjects never before achieved. It generated an excited Malay public opinion which, together with the surprising political apathy of the nonMalays, led to Britain's abandonment of the radical Malayan Union (/wiki/Malayan_Union) plan. By July, UMNO succeeded in obtaining an agreement with the British to begin negotiations for a new constitution. Negotiations continued from August to November, between British officials on the one hand, and the Sultans' representatives and UMNO and the other.[93]

(/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Spandoeken_tijdens_het_bezoek_van_de_Wali_Negara_Sum Supporters of Negara Soematra Timoer (State of East Sumatra (/wiki/State_of_East_Sumatra)) that sought to maintain the monarchy system in postWorld War II (/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II#Dutch_East_Indies) Dutch-established territory of East Sumatra. The state was headed by a president, Dr. Tengku Mansur, a member of Asahan royal family (/wiki/Asahan_Sultanate). Both the state and the traditional Malay monarchy institution in East Sumatra dissolved following her merger into the newly formed unitarian (/wiki/Unitary_state) Republic of Indonesia in 1950. (image taken c. 1947–1950)

Two years later the semi independent Federation of Malaya (/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya) was born. The new constitutional arrangement largely reverted to the basic pattern of pre-war colonial rule and built on the supremacy of the individual Malay states. Malay rights and privileges were safeguarded. The traditional Malay rulers (/wiki/Malay_rulers) thus retained their prerogatives, while their Englisheducated descendants came to occupy positions of authority at the centre, which was being progressively decolonised. In August 1957, the Federation of Malaya (/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya), the West's last major dependency in Southeast Asia, attained independence in a peaceful transfer of power.[93] The federation was reconstituted as Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) with the addition in 1963 of Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) (separated in 1965), Sabah (/wiki/Sabah) and Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak).

Culture Language Main articles: Malay language (/wiki/Malay_language) and Malay dialects (/wiki/Malay_dialects) See also: Jawi alphabet (/wiki/Jawi_alphabet) The Malay language is one of the major languages of the world and of the Austronesian (/wiki/Austronesian) family. Variants and dialects of Malay are used as an official language in Brunei (/wiki/Brunei), Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia), Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) and Singapore (/wiki/Singapore). The language is also spoken in Thailand (/wiki/Thailand), Cocos Island (/wiki/Cocos_Island), Christmas Island (/wiki/Christmas_Island), Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka). It is spoken natively by approximately 33 million people throughout the Malay Archipelago (/wiki/Malay_Archipelago) and is used as a second language by an estimated 220 million.[94] (/wiki/File:Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_3.jpg) The oldest form of Malay is descended from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language (/wiki/ProtoMalayo-Polynesian_language) spoken by the earliest Austronesian (/wiki/Austronesian_people) The Kedukan Bukit Inscription settlers in Southeast Asia. This form would later evolved into Old Malay (/wiki/Old_Malay) when (/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_Inscription) Indian cultures and religions began penetrating the region. Old Malay contained some terms last written in Pallava script until today, but remained unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already (/wiki/Vatteluttu). Dating back from largely recognisable in written Classical Malay (/wiki/Classical_Malay), which the oldest form dating 683, it is one of the oldest surviving [95] back to 1303 CE. Malay evolved extensively into Classical Malay through the gradual influx of Malay written artefact. numerous Arabic and Persian vocabulary, when Islam made its way to the region. Initially, Classical Malay was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Malay kingdoms of Southeast Asia. One of these dialects that was developed in the literary tradition of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century, eventually became predominant.

The Malaccan era marked with the transformation of the Malay language into an Islamic language, in similar fashion as the Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Swahili languages. An adapted Arabic script called Jawi (/wiki/Jawi_script) was used replacing the Indian script, Islamic religious and cultural terminologies were abundantly assimilated, discarding many Hindu-Buddhist words, and Malay became the language of Islamic medium of instruction and dissemination throughout Southeast Asian region. At the height of Malacca's power in the 15th century, the Classical Malay spread beyond the traditional Malay speaking world[96] and resulted in a lingua franca (/wiki/Lingua_franca) that was called Bahasa Melayu pasar ("Bazaar Malay") or Bahasa Melayu rendah ("Low Malay") as opposed to the Bahasa Melayu tinggi ("High Malay") of Malacca.[97] It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay (/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages) was a pidgin and the most important development, however, has been that pidgin creolised, creating several new languages such as the Ambonese Malay (/wiki/Ambonese_Malay#Ambonese_Malay), Manado Malay (/wiki/Manado_Malay) and Betawi language (/wiki/Betawi_language).[98] European writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, such as Tavernier (/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier), Thomassin (/wiki/Louis_Thomassin) and Werndly (/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Abraham_Werndly&action=edit&redlink=1) describe Malay as "language of the learned in all the Indies, like Latin (/wiki/Latin_language) in Europe".[99] It is also the most widely used during British and Dutch colonial era in the Malay Archipelago.[100] The reversed were seen in the Spanish East Indies (/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies), where mass latinisation (/wiki/Latinisation) of the archipelago during the colonial years resulted the historical coup de grâce (/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce) of the Malay language in the Philippines. The dialect of Johor Sultanate (/wiki/Johor_Sultanate), the direct successor of Malacca, became the standard speech among Malays in Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) and Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia), and it formed the original basis for the standardised Indonesian language (/wiki/Indonesian_language).[96][101][102][103] Apart from the standard Malay, developed within the Malacca-Johor sphere, various local Malay dialects (/wiki/Malayan_languages) exist. For example, the Bangkanese (/wiki/Bangka_language), the Bruneian (/wiki/Brunei_Malay), the Jambian (/wiki/Jambi_Malay), the Kelantanese (/wiki/Kelantanese), the Kedahan (/wiki/Kedah_Malay), the Negeri Sembilanese (/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay_language), the Palembangnese (/wiki/Musi_language), the Pattanese (/wiki/Pattani_Malay), the Sarawakian (/wiki/Sarawak_Malay), the Terengganuan (/wiki/Terengganu_Malay), and many others. The Malay language was historically written in Pallawa (/wiki/Pallava_script), Kawi (/wiki/Kawi_script) and Rencong (/wiki/Rencong_script). After the arrival of Islam, Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_script)-based Jawi script (/wiki/Jawi_script) was adopted and is still in use today as one of the two official scripts in Brunei and as an alternative script in Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia).[104] Beginning from the 17th century, as a result of British and Dutch colonisation, Jawi was gradually replaced by the Latin-based Rumi script (/wiki/Rumi_script)[105] and eventually became the official modern script for Malay language in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia, and co-official script in Brunei.

Literature Main articles: Malay literature (/wiki/Malay_literature) and Malay folklore (/wiki/Malay_folklore) The rich oral literature and classical literature of the Malays contain a great number of portraits of the people, from the servant (/wiki/Servant) to the minister, from the judge to the Rajas (/wiki/Raja), from the ancient to the very contemporary periods, which together form the amorphous identity of the Malays.[106] Considering the softness and mellifluence of the Malay language, which lends itself easily to the requirements of rhyme and rhythm, the originality and beauty in Malay literature can be assessed in its poetical elements. Among the forms of poetry in Malay literature are – the Pantun (/wiki/Pantun), Syair (/wiki/Syair) and Gurindam (/wiki/Gurindam). The earliest form of Malay literature was the oral literature (/wiki/Oral_literature) and its central subjects are traditional folklore (/wiki/Folklore) relating to nature (/wiki/Nature), animals and people. The folklore were memorised and passed from one generation of storytellers to the next. Many of these tales were also written down by penglipur lara (storytellers) for example: Hikayat Malim Dewa (/wiki/Hikayat_Malim_Dewa), Hikayat Malim Deman, Hikayat Raja Donan, Hikayat Anggun Cik Tunggal, and Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda (/wiki/Hikayat_Awang_Sulung_Merah_Muda). When Indian influences made their way to the Malay Archipelago around 2000 years ago, Malay literature began incorporating Indian elements. Literature of this time is mostly translations of Sanskrit literature (/wiki/Sanskrit_literature) and romances, or at least some productions inspired by such, and is full of allusions to Hindu mythology (/wiki/Hindu_mythology). Probably to this early time may be traced such works as Hikayat Seri Rama (/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama) (a free translation of the Ramayana (/wiki/Ramayana)), Hikayat Bayan Budiman (/wiki/Hikayat_Bayan_Budiman) (an adaptation of Śukasaptati (/wiki/%C5%9Aukasaptati)) and Hikayat Panca Tanderan (/wiki/Hikayat_Panca_Tanderan) (an adaptation of Hitopadesha (/wiki/Hitopadesha)).[107]

(/wiki/File:Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg) Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (/wiki/Hikayat_Merong_Mahawangsa) in Jawi (/wiki/Jawi_script) text. Also known as the Kedah Annals, it is an ancient Malay literature that chronicles the bloodline of Merong Mahawangsa (/wiki/Merong_Mahawangsa) and the foundation of Kedah (/wiki/Early_history_of_Kedah).

The era of classical Malay literature started after the arrival of Islam and the invention of Jawi script (/wiki/Jawi_script) (Arabic based Malay script). Since then, Islamic beliefs and concepts began to make its mark on Malay literature. The Terengganu Inscription Stone (/wiki/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone), which is dated to 1303, is the earliest known narrative Malay writing. The stone is inscribed with an account of history, law, and romance (/wiki/Romance_(love)) in Jawi script.[108] At its height, the Malacca Sultanate was not only the center of Islamisation, but also the center of Malay cultural expressions including literature. During this era, notable Middle Eastern literary works (/wiki/Islamic_literature) were translated and religious books were written in Malay language. Among famous translated works are Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah (/wiki/Hikayat_Muhammad_Hanafiah) and Hikayat Amir Hamzah (/wiki/Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah).

The rise of Malay literature during the period was also penned by other homegrown literary composition coloured by mystical Sufism (/wiki/Sufi) of the middle-east, the notable works of Hamzah Fansuri (/wiki/Hamzah_Fansuri) such as Asrar al-Arifin (Rahsia Orang yang Bijaksana; The Secret of the Wise), Sharab al-Asyikin (Minuman Segala Orang yang Berahi; The Drink of All the Passionate) and Zinat alMuwahidin (Perhiasan Sekalian Orang yang Mengesakan; The Ornament of All the Devoted) can be seen as the magna opera (/wiki/Masterpiece) of the era. The most important piece of Malay literary works is perhaps the famed Malay Annals (/wiki/Malay_Annals) or Sulalatus Salatin. It was called "the most famous, distinctive and best of all Malay literary works" by one of the most prominent scholars in Malay studies, Sir Richard O. Winstedt (/wiki/Richard_Olaf_Winstedt).[109] The exact date of its composition and the identity of its original author are uncertain, but under the order of Sultan Alauddin Riaayat Shah III (/wiki/Alauddin_Riayat_Shah_III) of Johor in 1612, Tun Sri Lanang (/wiki/Tun_Sri_Lanang) oversaw the editorial and compilation process of the Malay Annals.[110] In the 19th century, the Malay literature received some notable additions, including Kitab Ilmu Bedil (Book of Traditional Weaponry) that provides valuable details of traditional Malay ammunition and weaponry. The work is indeed important as it serves as a reference to the Malay knowledge and technology during the classical era.[111] The same century also witnessed a monumental shift in the Malay literature through writings of Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir (/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Abdul_Kadir), a famous Malacca (/wiki/Malacca)-born munshi (/wiki/Munshi) of Singapore (/wiki/Singapore).[107] Abdullah is regarded as the most cultured Malay who ever wrote,[107] one of the greatest innovators in Malay letters[96] and the father of modern Malay literature.[108] His most important works are the Hikayat Abdullah (/wiki/Hikayat_Abdullah) (an autobiography), Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan (/wiki/Kisah_Pelayaran_Abdullah_ke_Kelantan) (an account of his trip for the government to Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan)), and Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah (/wiki/Kisah_Pelayaran_Abdullah_ke_Mekah) (a narrative of his pilgrimage (/wiki/Hajj) to Mecca (/wiki/Mecca) 1854). His work was an inspiration to future generations of writers and marks an early stage in the transition from classical Malay literature to modern Malay literature.[96]

Religion See also: Malay Islamic identity (/wiki/Malay_Islamic_identity) The early Malay communities were largely animists (/wiki/Animist), believing in the existence of semangat (spirits (/wiki/Spirit)) in everything.[57] Around the opening of the common era (/wiki/Common_era), Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism) and Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism) were introduced by South Asian traders to the Malay Archipelago, where they flourished until the 13th century, just before the arrival of Islam brought by Arab, South Asian and Chinese Muslim traders. In the 15th century, Islam of the orthodox Sunni (/wiki/Sunni) sect flourished in the Malay world under the Malacca Sultanate. In contrast with Hinduism, which transformed early Malay society only superficially, Islam can be said to have really taken root in the hearts and minds of the Malays.[112] Since this era, the Malays have traditionally had a close identification with Islam [113] and they have not changed their religion since.[112] This identity is so strong that it is said to become Muslim was to masuk Melayu (/wiki/Malayisation) (to enter Malayness).[69]

(/wiki/File:Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg) Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque (/wiki/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque) in Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) on the eve of Ramadhan (/wiki/Ramadhan). The wealthy kingdom adopted Melayu Islam Beraja (/wiki/Melayu_Islam_Beraja) (Malay Islamic Monarchy) as the national philosophy since its independence in 1984.

Nevertheless, the earlier beliefs having deeper roots, they have maintained themselves against the anathemas of Islam – and indeed Sufism (/wiki/Sufism) or the mysticism (/wiki/Mysticism) of Shia Islam (/wiki/Shia_Islam) have become intertwined among the Malays, with the spirits of the earlier animistic world and some elements of Hinduism.[114] Following the 1970s, Islamic revival (/wiki/Islamic_revival) (also referred as re-Islamisation (/wiki/Islamisation)[115]) throughout the Muslim world (/wiki/Muslim_world), many traditions that contravene the teaching of Islam and contain elements of shirk (/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)) were abandoned by the Malays. Among these traditions was the mandi (/wiki/Mandi_(bath)) safar festival (Safar (/wiki/Safar) bath), a bathing festival to achieve spiritual purity, in which can be discerned features similar to some of those of the Durga Puja (/wiki/Durga_Puja) of India.[116]

A vast majority of modern ethnic Malays are the adherents of Sunni (/wiki/Sunni) Islam [117] and the most important Malay festivals are those of Islamic origin (/wiki/Muslim_holidays) - Hari Raya Aidilfitri (/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr), Hari Raya Aidiladha (/wiki/Eid_al-Adha), Awal Muharram (/wiki/Islamic_New_Year), and Maulidur Rasul (/wiki/Mawlid). It is considered "apostasy" for Malays to convert out of Islam in Malaysia and Brunei. However, a few ethnic Malays living outside of these countries have also embraced other religions.

Architecture See also: Rumah Melayu (/wiki/Rumah_Melayu) Various cultural influences, notably Chinese (/wiki/Culture_of_China), Indian and Europeans, played a major role in forming Malay architecture.[118] Until recent time, wood was the principal material used for all Malay traditional buildings.[119] However, numerous stone structures were also discovered particularly the religious complexes from the time of Srivijaya (/wiki/Srivijaya) and ancient isthmian (/wiki/Kra_Isthmus) Malay kingdoms. Candi Muara Takus (/wiki/Candi_Muara_Takus) and Candi Muaro Jambi (/wiki/Candi_Muaro_Jambi) in Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) are among the examples that associated with the architectural elements of Srivijaya Empire. However, the most of Srivijayan architecture was represented at Chaiya (/wiki/Chaiya) (now a province in Thailand (/wiki/Thailand)) in Malay peninsular, which was without doubt a very important centre during the Srivijaya period.[120][121] The type of structure consists of a cell-chamber to house the Buddha image (/wiki/Buddha_image) and the summit of structure was erected in the form of stupa (/wiki/Stupa) with successive, superimposed terraces which is the best example at Wat Pra Borom That of Chaiya.[122]

(/wiki/File:Malacca_Sultanate_Palace_Museum_1.jpg) Replica of the Malacca Sultanate (/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate)'s Imperial Palace, which was built from information and data obtained from the Malay Annals (/wiki/Malay_Annals). This historical document had references to the construction and the architecture of palaces during the era of Sultan Mansur Shah (/wiki/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca), who ruled from 1458 to 1477.

There is also evidence of Hindu shrines or Candi (/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia) around south Kedah (/wiki/Kedah) between the mount Jerai (/wiki/Mount_Jerai) and the Muda River (/wiki/Muda_River) valley, an area known as Bujang Valley (/wiki/Bujang_Valley). Within an area of about 350 square kilometres, 87 early historic religious sites have been reported and there are 12 candis located on mountain tops, a feature which suggests may derive from pre-historic Malay beliefs regarding sanctity of high places.[123]

Early reference on Malay architecture in Malay peninsula can be found in several Chinese records. A 7th-century Chinese account tells of Buddhist pilgrims calling at Langkasuka (/wiki/Langkasuka) and mentioned the city as being surrounded by a wall on which towers had been built and was approached through double gates.[124] Another 7th-century account of a special Chinese envoy to Red Earth Kingdom (/wiki/Red_Earth_Kingdom) in Malay peninsular, recorded that the capital city had three gates more than hundred paces apart, which were decorated with paintings of Buddhist themes and female spirits.[125] The first detailed description of Malay architecture was on the great wooden Istana (/wiki/Istana) of Mansur Shah of Malacca (/wiki/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca) (reigned 1458–1477).[119] According to Sejarah Melayu (/wiki/Sejarah_Melayu), the building had a raised seven bay structures on wooden pillars with a seven tiered roof in cooper shingles and decorated with gilded spires and Chinese glass mirrors.[126] The traditional Malay houses (/wiki/Malay_houses) are built using simple timber-frame (/wiki/Timber_framing) structure. They have pitched roofs, porches (/wiki/Porch) in the front, high ceilings, many openings on the walls for ventilation (/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)),[127] and are often embellished with elaborate wood carvings (/wiki/Wood_carvings). The beauty and quality of Malay wood carvings were meant to serve as visual indicators of the social rank and status of the owners themselves.[128] Throughout many decades, the traditional Malay architecture has been influenced by Bugis (/wiki/Bugis) and Java (/wiki/Joglo) from the south, Siamese (/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand), British (/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom), Arab (/wiki/Islamic_architecture) and Indian (/wiki/Architecture_of_India) from the north, Portuguese (/wiki/Architecture_of_Portugal), Dutch (/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands), Aceh (/wiki/Rumah_Aceh) and Minangkabau (/wiki/Rumah_Gadang) from the west and Southern Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_architecture) from the east.[129]

Visual art Wood carving is a part of classical Malay visual arts (/wiki/Visual_arts). The Malays had traditionally adorned their monuments, boats, weapons, tombs, musical instrument, and utensils by motives of flora, calligraphy, geometry and cosmic feature. The art is done by partially removing the wood using sharp tools and following specific patterns, composition and orders. The art form, known as ukir, is hailed as an act of devotion of the craftsmen to the creator and a gift to his fellowmen.[130] The art form is mainly contributed due to the abundance of timber on the Malay Archipelago (/wiki/Malay_Archipelago) and also by the skilfulness of the woodcarvers that have allowed the Malays to practice woodcarving as a craft. The natural tropical settings where flora and fauna and cosmic forces is abundant has inspired the motives to be depict in abstract or styled form into the timber board. With the coming of Islam, geometric and Islamic calligraphy (/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy) form were introduced in the wood carving. The woods used are typically from tropical hardwood species which is known to be durable and can resist the attacks of the fungi, power-boots beetles and termites.[131]

(/wiki/File:Burung_Petala_Indera_I.png) Burung Petala Indra (/wiki/Burung_Petala_Indra), a giant mythical bird constructed for the grand circumcision (/wiki/Circumcision) parade of the Kelantanese (/wiki/Kelantan) prince.

A typical Malay traditional houses or mosque would have been adorned with more than 20 carved components The carving on the walls and the panels allow the air breeze to circulate effectively in and out of the building and can let the sunlight to light the interior of the structure. At the same time, the shadow cast by the panels would also create a shadow based on the motives adding the beauty on the floor. Thus, the carved components performed in both functional and aesthetic purposes.

Pottery Under the Malay culture, pottery (/wiki/Pottery) is not solely witnessed as a mere household utensil (/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils). It is perceived as a work of art (/wiki/Art), a paradigm of talent, embroidered with aesthetic, legacy, perseverance and religious devotion. The Malay earthen is usually unglazed, with the ornamental designs were carved when the pottery is semi-dried during its construction process.[132] According to several studies,[133] the native Malay pottery industry has developed indigenously from the period of great antiquity and has since encapsulates a high-level of culture sophistication. It also has been noted that the design features of the Malay pottery suggested the absence of the foreign influence (/wiki/Globalisation) prior to the 19th century, a paradox considering the vast cultural contact between the Malays and the outside world.[133] Among the renowned traditional Malay pottery includes Mambong of Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan), molded from clay and identified with the colour of terracotta (/wiki/Terracotta). It is usually assumed the form as cooking utensils. In the west coast, the raven-coloured Labu Sayung of Kuala Kangsar (/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar) is honourned for gourd-formed jars. There are also several variants of Labu, including Labu Tela, Labu Kepala, Labu Gelugor Tela and Labu Gelugor Kepala.[132] Other forms of Malay traditional pottery are: The Belanga, commonly in a wide rim and a round base, the pot usually mobilised to cook curries (/wiki/Curries). It is held that the structure of the earthen would aid the heat to be evenly distributed, correlating to its round base. A smaller version of the Belanga is called periok, used for rice (/wiki/Rice)-preparation; The Buyong, commonly defined by a straight collar and a spherical body, oftentime used as a water jar; The Terenang, the angular Terenang is used as a canister, especially in the coastal Malay regions of Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan), Pattani (/wiki/Pattani) and Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu); The Bekas Bara, a small container, usually crafted for the use of incense (/wiki/Incense); The Jambangan, a traditional Malay vase (/wiki/Vase), usually for aesthetic purposes and Geluk, a small water storage.[134]

(/wiki/File:Sayong.jpg) An ebony-coloured Labu Sayong, a classic Malay jar (/wiki/Jar) from Kuala Kangsar (/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar), Perak (/wiki/Perak), Malaysia.

Cuisine Main article: Malay cuisine (/wiki/Malay_cuisine) Different Malay regions are all known for their unique or signature dishes – Pattani (/wiki/Pattani), Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan) and Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu) for their Nasi dagang (/wiki/Nasi_dagang), Nasi kerabu (/wiki/Kelantan#Cuisine) and Keropok lekor (/wiki/Lekor); Jambi (/wiki/Jambi), Pahang (/wiki/Pahang), and Perak (/wiki/Perak) for their Durian-based cuisine especially gulai tempoyak (/wiki/Tempoyak); South Sumatra (/wiki/South_Sumatra), Kedah (/wiki/Kedah), and Penang (/wiki/Penang) for their northern-style Asam laksa (/wiki/Asam_laksa) and rojak (/wiki/Rojak); Perlis (/wiki/Perlis) and Satun (/wiki/Satun_Province) for their Bunga kuda desserts; Negeri Sembilan (/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan) for its lemak-based dishes, West Sumatra (/wiki/West_Sumatra), Riau (/wiki/Riau), Melaka (/wiki/Melaka), and Johor (/wiki/Johor) for their spicy Asam Pedas (/wiki/Asam_Pedas); Riau (/wiki/Riau) and Pahang (/wiki/Pahang) for their ikan patin (Pangasius (/wiki/Pangasius) fish) dishes; Melayu Deli of Medan (/wiki/Medan), North Sumatra (/wiki/North_Sumatra) for their Nasi goreng (/wiki/Nasi_goreng) teri Medan (Medan anchovy fried rice) and Gulai (/wiki/Gulai) Ketam (crab gulai);[135] Jambi (/wiki/Jambi) for its Panggang Ikan Mas; Palembang (/wiki/Palembang) for its Mie celor (/wiki/Mie_celor) and Pempek (/wiki/Pempek); Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak) and Sambas (/wiki/Sambas_Regency) for their Bubur pedas (/wiki/Bubur_pedas) and laksa (/wiki/Laksa); Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) for its unique Ambuyat (/wiki/Ambuyat) dish. The main characteristic in traditional Malay cuisine is undoubtedly the generous use of spices. The coconut milk (/wiki/Coconut_milk) is also important in giving the Malay dishes their rich, creamy character. The other foundation is belacan (/wiki/Belacan) (shrimp paste), which is used as a base for sambal, a rich sauce or condiment made from belacan, chillies (/wiki/Chili_pepper), onions and garlic. Malay cooking also makes plentiful use of lemongrass (/wiki/Lemongrass) and galangal (/wiki/Galangal).[136]

(/wiki/File:Bubur_1006184100_sbs.jpg) Bubur pedas (/wiki/Bubur_pedas), a variant of richly spiced congee (/wiki/Congee) that can be found among the Bornean (/wiki/Borneo) Malay communities in Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak) and West Kalimantan (/wiki/West_Kalimantan), served together with Pisang goreng (/wiki/Pisang_goreng) and a cup of coffee.

Nearly every Malay meal is served with rice, the staple food (/wiki/Staple_food) in many other East Asian cultures. Although there are various type of dishes in a Malay meal, all are served at once, not in courses. Food is eaten delicately with the fingers of right hand, never with the left which is used for personal ablutions, and Malays rarely use utensils.[137] Because most of Malay people are Muslims, Malay cuisine follows Islamic halal (/wiki/Halal) dietary law rigorously. Protein intake are mostly taken from beef, water buffalo, goat, and lamb meat, and also includes poultry and fishes. Pork and any non-halal meats, also alcohol is prohibited and absent from Malay daily diet. Nasi lemak (/wiki/Nasi_lemak), rice cooked in rich coconut milk (/wiki/Coconut_milk) probably is the most popular dish ubiquitous in Malay town and villages. Nasi lemak is considered as Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia)'s national dish (/wiki/National_dish).[138] Another example is Ketupat (/wiki/Ketupat) or nasi himpit, glutinous compressed rice cooked in palm leafes, is popular especially during Idul Fitri or Hari Raya or Eid ul-Fitr (/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr). Various meats and vegetables could be made into Gulai (/wiki/Gulai) or Kari (/wiki/Curry), a type of curry dish with variations of spices mixtures that clearly display Indian influence already adopted by Malay people since ancient times. Laksa (/wiki/Laksa), a hybrid of Malay and Peranakan Chinese cuisine is also a popular dish. Malay cuisine also adopted some their neighbours' cuisine traditions, such as rendang (/wiki/Rendang) adopted from Minangkabau (/wiki/Minangkabau_people) in Pagaruyung Highlands (/wiki/West_Sumatra), and satay (/wiki/Satay) from Java, however Malay people has developed their own distinctive taste and recipes.

Performing arts The Malays have diverse kinds of music and dance which are fusions of different cultural influences. Typical genres range from traditional Malay folk dances dramas like Mak Yong (/wiki/Mak_Yong) to the Arab-influenced Zapin (/wiki/Zapin) dances. Choreographed movements also vary from simple steps and tunes in Dikir barat (/wiki/Dikir_barat) to the complicated moves in Joget (/wiki/Joget) Gamelan (/wiki/Gamelan). Traditional Malay music is basically percussive. Various kinds of gongs (/wiki/Gongs) provide the beat for many dances. There are also drums of various sizes, ranging from the large rebana ubi used to punctuate important events to the small jingled-rebana (frame drum (/wiki/Frame_drum)) used as an accompaniment to vocal recitations in religious ceremonies.[139] Nobat (/wiki/Royal_Regalia_of_Malaysia#Nobat) music became part of the Royal Regalia (/wiki/Royal_Regalia) of Malay courts since the arrival of Islam in the 12th century and only performed in important court ceremonies. Its orchestra includes the sacred and highly revered instruments of nehara (kettledrums (/wiki/Kettledrums)), gendang (double-headed drums), nafiri (trumpet), serunai (oboe (/wiki/Oboe)), and sometimes a knobbed gong (/wiki/Gong) and a pair of cymbals (/wiki/Cymbals).[140] Indian influences are strong in a traditional shadow play (/wiki/Shadow_play) known as Wayang Kulit (/wiki/Wayang_Kulit) where stories from Hindu epics; Ramayana (/wiki/Ramayana) & Mahabharata (/wiki/Mahabharata) form the main repertoire. There are four distinctive types of shadow puppet theatre that can be found in Malay peninsula; Wayang Gedek, Wayang Purwa, Wayang Melayu and Wayang Siam.[141][142][143]

(/wiki/File:ShowMakyonginRama5.jpg) A troupe of Siamese Malay (/wiki/Thai_Malays) dancers performing the Mak Yong (/wiki/Mak_Yong) during the reign of King Rama V of Siam (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (c. 19th century), a dance theatre that owes its origin from the Pattani (/wiki/Pattani) and Kelantanese (/wiki/Kelantanese) palace courts. In 2005, it received recognition as being among the masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity (/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) by UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO).

Other well-known Malay performing arts are; Bangsawan (/wiki/Bangsawan) theatre, Dondang Sayang (/wiki/Dondang_Sayang) love ballad and Mak Inang (/wiki/Mak_Inang) dance from Malacca Sultanate, Jikey (/wiki/Jikey) and Mek Mulung (/wiki/Mek_Mulung) theatre from Kedah (/wiki/Kedah), Asyik (/wiki/Asyik) dance and Menora (/wiki/Menora_(dance)) dance drama from Patani (/wiki/Pattani_(region)) and Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan), Ulek mayang (/wiki/Ulek_mayang) and Rodat (/wiki/Rodat_(dance)) dance from Terengganu, Boria (/wiki/Boria_(theatre)) theatre from Penang (/wiki/Penang), Canggung dance from Perlis (/wiki/Perlis), Mukun warble from Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) and Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak),[144][145][146] Gending Sriwijaya (/wiki/Gending_Sriwijaya) from Palembang (/wiki/Palembang),Serampang Dua Belas dance from Serdang (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Serdang).[146] and Zapin Api firedance (/wiki/Zapin_Api) from Riau (/wiki/Riau).

Traditional dress Main articles: Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) and Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) In Malay culture, clothes and textiles are revered as symbols of beauty, power and status. Numerous accounts in Malay hikayats (/wiki/List_of_Hikayat) stressed the special place occupied by textiles.[147] The Malay handloom industry can be traced its origin since the 13th century when the eastern trade route flourished under Song dynasty (/wiki/Song_dynasty). Mention of locally made textiles as well as the predominance of weaving in Malay peninsular (/wiki/Malay_peninsular) was made in various Chinese and Arab accounts.[148] Among well-known Malay textiles are Songket (/wiki/Songket), Batik (/wiki/Malaysian_batik) and Telepok. Common classical Malay attire for men consists of a baju (shirt) or tekua (a type of a long sleeve shirt), baju rompi (vest), kancing (button), a small leg celana (trousers), a sarong (/wiki/Sarong) worn around the waist, capal (sandal), and a tanjak or tengkolok (headgear (/wiki/Headgear)); for the aristocrats, the baju sikap or baju layang (a type of coat) and pending (ornamental belt buckle) are also synonymous to be worn as a formal attire. It was also common for a pendekar (Malay warrior) to have a Kris (/wiki/Kris) tucked into the front fold of sarong. Traditional Malay dress varies between different regions but the most popular traditional dress in modern-day are Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) (for women) and Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) (for men), which both recognised as the national dress for Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) and Brunei (/wiki/Brunei),[149][150] and also worn by Malay communities in Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand. In contrast to Baju Melayu which continued to be worn as ceremonial dress only, Baju Kurung is worn daily throughout the year by a majority of Malay women. Sighting of female civil servants, professional workers and students wearing Baju Kurung is common in Malaysia and Brunei.

(/wiki/File:HariRayaMalaykids.jpg) Malay children wearing traditional dress during Eid al-Fitr (/wiki/Eid_alFitr).

Festivals and Celebrations The rise of Islam (/wiki/Islam) managed to redefine (/wiki/Ethnogenesis) the Malay identity (/wiki/Malayness) by the 15th century. Thus, resulting most of the Malay festivals and celebrations to run parallel with the Islamic calendar (/wiki/Islamic_calendar), albeit deeply ingrained with a strong sense of Malay character (/wiki/Malayisation). The biannual Hari Raya (/wiki/Hari_Raya) (lit "the Great Day") observance of Aildifitri (/wiki/Aildifitri) and Aidiladha (/wiki/Aidiladha) are hailed as the grand celebrations universally across the Malay community. The two holidays are instrumental to commentate two major events and philosophy in the Islamic teaching and beliefs. The former signifies the triumph as a Muslim after a month of fasting (/wiki/Fasting) and patience in Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan), while the latter is to observe the sacrifice made by Ibrahim (/wiki/Ibrahim) (Abraham) under the name of Allah (/wiki/Allah). The Raya holidays usually commenced during the homecoming (/wiki/Homecoming) event known as Balik Kampung (/wiki/Balik_Kampung) which occurred a few days before the festival. During the Hari Raya, the Malays would celebrated by holding a grand feast and visiting friends, relatives and neighbours. A visit to the grave of the departed loved ones is also essential, as a sign of respect, love and honour. Other major religious ceremonies celebrated by the Malays include Ramadhan (/wiki/Ramadhan), a month-long holy month devoted by daytime fasting and various religious activities; Maulidur Rasul (/wiki/Maulidur_Rasul), a special grand procession to honour the birth of Prophet Muhammad (/wiki/Muhammad); Ashura (/wiki/Ashura), remembrance of Muharram where the Malays would solemnly prepared a special dish, known as Bubur Ashura; Nisfu Syaaban (/wiki/Nisfu_Syaaban), the Mid-Sha'ban (/wiki/Sha%27ban) observance, a special day of fasting (/wiki/Fasting) for forgiveness; Nuzul Quran (/wiki/Nuzul_Quran), the first the revelation of the Quran (/wiki/Quran); Israk dan Mikraj (/wiki/Israk_dan_Mikraj), the ascension Prophet Muhammed to the heavens and Awal Muharram (/wiki/Awal_Muharram), the Islamic New Year; the latter three celebrations are usually observed by holding a special sunat prayers, religious lectures and Islamic discussions in the mosque (/wiki/Mosque). There are also a plethora of domestic regional cultural festivals within different the Malay spheres. The coastal areas were historically known to observed the Mandi Safar or Puja Pantai ceremony, a purifying bath during the Islamic month (/wiki/Islamic_calendar) of Safar (/wiki/Safar), originally emulated from the ancient pre-Islamic Malay holy cleansing rituals; and Pesta Menuai, a harvest festival (/wiki/Harvest_festival) celebrated by the inland and agrarian Malay communities by traditional games, theatre, Joget (/wiki/Joget) and other repertoire of dance-play. However, both of the practice is gradually extinct owing from various social and economic revolution engineered in the Malay community in the 20th century. Additionally, many Malays are also known to participate in the imperial celebrations to honour the royal courts of their respective kingdoms. (/wiki/File:Majlis_Tujuh_Likor_Pasang_Pelita.jpg) The Islamic features also strongly embroidered the Malay celebrations in the individual level, a Rows of Pelita (oil lamps juxtaposition bonded to the spiritual rite of passage (/wiki/Rite_of_passage) as a Muslim. The (/wiki/Oil_lamps)) lighted during Malays would usually organised kenduri, a religious ceremonial banquet to celebrate or to seek Malam Tujuh Likur (the 27th night of blessing for an event. There are several philosophical variations of kenduri, raging from Doa Ramadhan (/wiki/Ramadhan)), the oil Selamat (asking for divine favour and protection), Kesyukuran (for thanksgiving and gratitude), lamps are traditionally used to Aqiqah and Cukur Jambul (newborn ceremony, for celebrating a new life), Khatam (a graduation illuminate homes and the streets ceremony, after a child's first full-reading of the Quran (/wiki/Quran)), Khatan (circumcision during the Ramadhan. Seen here in (/wiki/Circumcision)), Kahwin (wedding (/wiki/Wedding)), Arwah or Tahlil (prayers for a deceased Muar (/wiki/Muar_town), Johor, person), among few. The event is usually organised by the family and was traditionally aided by the Malaysia community in a social gathering known as Rewang. In Rewang, the whole family would be assisted by the their neighbours and relatives, delegating various tasks raging from food preparations, venue management, logistic assembly and other technical control. Nevertheless, following the rise of urbanism (/wiki/Urbanism) in the contemporary Malay community, the practice of Rewang is gradually superseded by hired-caterer (/wiki/Catering) services by the family.

Martial arts Main articles: Silat (/wiki/Silat) and Silat Melayu (/wiki/Silat_Melayu) Silat and its variants can be found throughout the Malay world: the Malay peninsula (/wiki/Malay_peninsula) (including Singapore (/wiki/Singapore)), the Riau Islands (/wiki/Riau_Islands), Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) and coastal areas of Borneo (/wiki/Borneo). Archaeological evidence reveals that, by the 6th century, formalised combat arts were being practised in the Malay peninsular and Sumatra.[151] The earliest forms of Silat are believed to have been developed and used in the armed forces of the ancient Malay kingdoms of Langkasuka (/wiki/Langkasuka) (2nd century)[152][153] and Srivijaya (7th century). (/wiki/File:Silat_Melayu_Keris_Lok_9.jpg) The influence of the Malay sultanates of Malacca, Johor (/wiki/Johor_Sultanate), Pattani (/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom) and Brunei (/wiki/Brunei_Sultanate) has contributed to the spread of this A Silat Melayu (/wiki/Silat_Melayu) martial art in the Malay Archipelago. Through a complex maze of sea channels and river capillaries performance on a stage. that facilitated exchange and trade throughout the region, Silat wound its way into the dense rainforest and up into the mountains. The legendary Laksamana (/wiki/Laksamana) Hang Tuah (/wiki/Hang_Tuah) of Malacca is one of the most renowned pesilat (Silat practitioners) in history[154] and even considered by some as the father of Malay silat.[155] Since the classical era, Silat Melayu (/wiki/Silat_Melayu) underwent great diversification and formed what is today traditionally recognised as the source of Indonesian Pencak Silat (/wiki/Pencak_Silat) and other forms of Silat in Southeast Asia.[156][157]

Apart from Silat, Tomoi (/wiki/Tomoi) is also practised by Malays, mainly in the northern region of the Malay peninsula. It is a variant of Indo-Chinese (/wiki/Indo-Chinese) forms of kickboxing (/wiki/Kickboxing) which is believed to have been spread in the Southeast Asian mainland since the time of Funan Empire (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan) (68 AD).

Weaponry See also: Taming Sari (/wiki/Taming_Sari) Keris (/wiki/Keris) is hailed as one of the most revered items in the Malay weaponry. Originally developed by the Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_people) down south, the armament gradually emulated and assumed a Malay identity after entering the Srivijayan (/wiki/Srivijaya) court, thus giving rise to the defined characteristic distinct from its Javanese Keris forebears.[158] By the time of Malacca (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca) in 15th century, the ethnogenesis evolution of the Malay Keris is believed to be perfected. The possession of Keris is regarded as part-and-parcel with the Malay culture, bridging a philosophical symbol, juxtapositioned in prestige, craftsmanship, masculinity and honour.[159][160][161] During the classical era, a Malay man was not be seen without a Keris outside (/wiki/Outdoor) of his house, the absence of Keris on a man was frowned upon, perceived as if he were parading naked to the public. Traditionally, a man of Malay extraction would own three types of Keris, Keris Pusaka (The Dynasty Keris, inherited from one generation to another), Keris Pangkat (The Status Keris, awarded in line of his position in the Malay society) and Keris Perjuangan Dirinya (The Struggle Keris, literary defined as his personal Keris). There are many strict rules, regulations and taboos to be adhered in owning a Keris.[161] The dagger of Kris is usually inundated in a venomous arsenic, thus crafting an excruciatingly lethal blade for its prey.[160] Traditionally, each Keris is also regarded to possessed a spirit (/wiki/Spirit), known as semangat, special rituals were to be conducted aiming to nurture, preserve and guarding the "soul" of the said weapon.[162] The spiritual approach is usually held every Malam Jumaat (Thursday night), with the blade is being purified with lime (/wiki/Lime_(fruit)) and smoked with incense (/wiki/Incense), dedicated prayers and devoted mantras would be also recited upon to compliment the mystic ritual.[163]

(/wiki/File:Malay_Keris.jpg) A Malay Keris, with its sheath on the left. The dagger was historically belonged to a Malay aristocrat from Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra).

The Malays and Javanese are abided by contrasting philosophical values (/wiki/Values) pertaining to Keris-wearing. Traditionally, a Malay would embedded his Keris from the front, an honour that the weapon is more paramount compared to the wearer and a constant reminder that one is always equipped to combat the nemesis. The Javanese however, adhered to the principle that he should be more cautious and the Keris may solely be exercised during the time of need, thus cladding their Keris from behind. The Javanese also believed that by mobilising their weapon that position, it would confused the enemy.[161] Paradoxically, both groups shared a similar ideology addressing the hilt (/wiki/Kris#Hilt) of the Keris. If the hilt faced up front, it serves as a testament that the man is prepared for a fight. Nevertheless, if the hilt is turned behind, it is an oath that the person is embracing for a reconciliation (/wiki/Conflict_resolution).[161]

(/wiki/File:Rentaka_Melayu.jpg) The Rentaka (/wiki/Lantaka), a type of indigenous Malay artillery (/wiki/Artillery), smaller than a Lela and Meriam (medium and large cannon (/wiki/Cannon) respectively). Upon the Fall of Malacca (/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)) in 1511, it was recorded by Tomé Pires (/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires) that the Portuguese conquistadors (/wiki/Conquistador) managed to seized 3000 bronze and iron cannons and thousands of Istinggar Malay guns from the capital.

There are also a plethora of other forms of weaponry in the Malay arsenal, all were nevertheless equally revered in a correlating manner as the Keris. The Malays would classified the traditional weapons under 7 different structures: Tuju ("Direct", the large and heavy artillery, including the Malay cannons (/wiki/Cannons) of Meriam, Ekor Lontong, Lela and Rentaka), Bidik ("Gun (/wiki/Gun)", a weapon with metal tube propelled by an ammunition (/wiki/Ammunition), with the Malay forms of Terakor and Istingar), Setubuh ("A body", weapon in the similar dimension of a human body (/wiki/Human_body), referred to the Malay spears (/wiki/Spears) of Tongkat Panjang and Lembing), Selengan ("An arm", a large saber (/wiki/Saber) from the length of the shoulders to the tips of the fingers, constituting the Malay saber of Pedang and Sundang), Setangan ("A hand", a sword with the diameter measured from the elbow to the 3 fingers, including Badik Panjang and Tekpi), Sepegang ("A hold", smaller than the Setangan, a dagger (/wiki/Dagger) with Keris and Badik in the category) and Segenggam ("A grab", the smallest in the category, the hand-sized blade (/wiki/Blade), including Lawi Ayam, Kerambit, Kuku Macan and Kapak Binjai).[164] Other items in the traditional Malay weaponry includes sumpit (Blowpipe (/wiki/Blowgun)) and Busur dan Panah (Bow and Arrow (/wiki/Bow_and_Arrow)), which are distinct from the seven class of armaments. Additionally, the Malays also would deploy Zirah, a type of Baju Besi (armour (/wiki/Armour)) and Perisai (shield (/wiki/Shield)) as defense mechanisms during the armed conflict (/wiki/Armed_conflict).

Traditional games Traditional Malay games usually require craft skills and manual dexterity and can be traced their origins since the days of Malacca Sultanate. Sepak Raga (/wiki/Sepak_Raga) and kite flying (/wiki/Kite_flying) are among traditional games that were mentioned in the Malay Annals (/wiki/Malay_Annals) being played by nobilities and royalties of the Malay sultanate.[165][166][167] Sepak Raga (/wiki/Sepak_Raga) is one of the most popular Malay games and has been played for centuries. Traditionally, Sepak raga was played in circle by kicking and keeps aloft the rattan ball using any part of the body except the arms and hands. It is now recognised as Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia)'s national sport[168][169] and played in the international sporting events such as Asian Games (/wiki/Asian_Games) and Southeast Asian Games (/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games). Other popular game is Gasing spinning (/wiki/Top) which usually played after the harvest (/wiki/Harvest) season. A great skill of craftsmanship (/wiki/Artisan) is required to produce the most competitive Gasing (top), some of which spin for two hours at a time.[170] Possibly the most popular Malay games is the Wau (/wiki/Wau_bulan) (a unique kind of kite from east coast of Malay peninsular) or kite flying. Wau-flying competitions take place with judges awarding points for craftsmanship (Wau are beautiful, colourful objects set on bamboo frames), sound (all Malay kites (/wiki/Malay_kite) are designed to create a specific sound as they are buffeted about in the wind) and altitude.[170]

(/wiki/File:Finished_wau_and_wau_frame.JPG) A Wau (/wiki/Wau_bulan)-maker's workshop in Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan), Malaysia. This peculiar type of kite can be found in the northeast coast of Malay Peninsular.

The Malays also have a variant of Mancala (/wiki/Mancala) board game known as Congkak (/wiki/Congkak). The game is played by moving stones, marbles, beads or shells around a wooden board consisting of twelve or more holes. Mancala is acknowledged as the oldest game in the world and can be traced its origin since Ancient Egypt (/wiki/Ancient_Egypt). As the game dispersed around the globe, every culture has invented its own variation including the Malays.[171]

Names and titles Main articles: Malay names (/wiki/Malay_names) and Malay styles and titles (/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles)

(/wiki/File:Gasing.jpg) A close-up to two Malay style Gasings (/wiki/Top).

Malay personal names are complex, reflecting the hierarchical nature of the society, and titles are considered important. It has undergone tremendous change, evolving with the times to reflect the different influences that the Malays been subjected over the ages. Although some Malay names still retain parts of its indigenous Malay (/wiki/Malay_language) and Sanskrit (/wiki/Sanskrit_language) influences, as Muslims, Malays have long favoured Arabic names (/wiki/Arabic_names) as marks of their religion.

Malay names are patronymic (/wiki/Patronymic) and can be consisted of up to four parts; a title, a given name, the family name, and a description of the individual's male parentage. Some given names and father's names can be composed of double names and even triple names, therefore generating a longer name. For example, one of the Malaysian national footballer has the full name Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak (/wiki/Mohd_Zaquan_Adha_Abdul_Radzak), where 'Mohd Zaquan Adha' is his triple given name and 'Abdul Radzak' is his father's double given name. In addition to naming system, the Malay language (/wiki/Malay_language) also has a complex system of titles (/wiki/Titles) and honorifics (/wiki/Honorifics), which are still extensively used in Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) and Brunei (/wiki/Brunei). By applying these Malay titles (/wiki/Malay_titles) to a normal Malay name, a more complex name is produced. The current Prime Minister of Malaysia (/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia) has the full name Dato' Seri Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak (/wiki/Najib_Tun_Razak), where 'Dato' Seri' is a Malay title of honour, 'Mohd Najib' is his personal name, 'bin' is derived from an Arabic word Ibnu meaning "son of" if in case of daughter it is replaced with binti, an Arabic word "bintun" meaning "daughter of", introduces his father's titles and names, 'Tun' is a higher honour, 'Haji' denotes his father's Hajj (/wiki/Hajj) pilgrimage to Mecca (/wiki/Mecca), and 'Abdul Razak' is his father's personal name. The more extremely complex Malay names however, belong to the Malay royalties. The reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong (/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong) of Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) has the full regnal name (/wiki/Regnal_name) Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Muhammad V lbni Sultan lsmail Petra (/wiki/Muhammad_V_of_Kelantan), while the reigning Sultan of Brunei (/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei) officially known as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien (/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah).

Sub-ethnic groups

(/wiki/File:Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg) Ethnic Malays among other ethnic groups in Indonesia. Although only constituting 3.4% of total population, ethnic Malays are one of the most widely distributed ethnicities in Indonesia. The realm of Malays is described in green and other related sub-ethnic groups are rendered in darker or lighter green. Malay ethnic groups are depicted to inhabit eastern coast of Sumatra and coastal Kalimantan. Outside the Indonesian Archipelago in white, the Malay people inhabit the Malay Peninsular, forming the dominant ethnic group in Peninsular Malaysia and significant minority in Singapore, Thailand and southern Myanmar. While the eastern core of Bornean Malay territories beginning north from southwestern Sabah, the country of Brunei Darussalam, coastal Sarawak and continuing down to the green shaded shores of Kalimantan.[172]

This list is incomplete (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists); you can help by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.p hp?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit). Ethnic group

Historical realms

Regions with significant population

Bangka-Belitung Malay

Bangka–Belitung Islands (/wiki/Bangka%E2%80%93Belitung_Islands)

Bangkok Malay[173][174]

Min Buri (/wiki/Min_Buri_District), Nong Chok (/wiki/Nong_Chok_District) Lam Luk Ka (/wiki/Lam_Luk_Ka_District), Mueang Pathum (/wiki/Mueang_Pathum_Thani_District) Ayutthaya Province (/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_Province)

Bengkulu Malay

Bengkulu (/wiki/Bengkulu)

Berau Malays (/wiki/Berau_Malays)

Berau Sultanate (1377–1830) Gunung Tabur Sultanate (1810–1945) Sambaliung Sultanate (1810–1945)

Bruneian Malay (/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people)[175][176][177][178]

Bruneian Empire (/wiki/Bruneian_Empire) (7th–15th century) Brunei Sultanate (/wiki/Brunei_Sultanate) (1363–present)

Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) Labuan (/wiki/Labuan), Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak), Sabah (/wiki/Sabah)

Buginese Malay[179][180] Assimilated Malay group of Bugis (/wiki/Bugis) descent

Mempawah Sultanate (1740–1950)[181] Selangor Sultanate (/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor) (1745–present) Riau-Lingga Sultanate (/wiki/RiauLingga_Sultanate) (1824–1911)

Selangor (/wiki/Selangor), Johor (/wiki/Johor), Pahang (/wiki/Pahang), Perak (/wiki/Perak) Riau (/wiki/Riau), Riau Islands (/wiki/Riau_Islands), Singapore (/wiki/Singapore)

Cape Malay (/wiki/Cape_Malay)

Berau Regency (/wiki/Berau_Regency)

Western Cape (/wiki/Western_Cape), Gauteng (/wiki/Gauteng)

Cocos Malays (/wiki/Cocos_Malays)

Cocos Islands (/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands), (/wiki/Sabah)

Sabah

Deli Malay

Asahan Sultanate (/wiki/Asahan_Sultanate) (1630–1946) Deli Sultanate (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli) (1630–1946) Langkat Sultanate (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Langkat) (1568–1946) Serdang Sultanate (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Serdang) (1728–1946)

North Sumatra (/wiki/North_Sumatra)

Jambi Malay

Jambi Kingdom (/wiki/Jambi_Kingdom) (7th century) Dharmasraya (/wiki/Dharmasraya) (1183– 1347) Jambi Sultanate (/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate) (1460–1907)

Jambi (/wiki/Jambi)

Javanese Malay[179][180] Assimilated Malay group of Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_people) descent

Palembang Sultanate Selangor (/wiki/Selangor), Perak (/wiki/Palembang#Sultanate_of_Palembang) (/wiki/Perak), Johor (/wiki/Johor), (1550–1823) South Sumatra (/wiki/South_Sumatra), North Sumatra (/wiki/North_Sumatra), Singapore (/wiki/Singapore)

Johorean Malay[176][177][178]

Johor Sultanate (/wiki/Johor_Sultanate) (1528–present) Muar Sultanate (1707–1877)

Kedahan Malay (/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people)[176][177][178][182]

Bujang Valley (/wiki/Bujang_Valley) Civilisation (/wiki/Civilisation) (1st century) Langkasuka (/wiki/Langkasuka) (2nd −14th century) Kedah Kingdom (/wiki/Kedah_Kingdom) (Kedah Tua) (7th– 12th century) Kedah Sultanate (/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate) (1136–present) Setul Kingdom (/wiki/Setul_Kingdom) (18081916)[183] Kubang Pasu Kingdom (/wiki/Kubang_Pasu_Kingdom) (1839–1864) Perlis Kingdom (/wiki/Perlis) (1842–present)

Kedah (/wiki/Kedah), Perlis (/wiki/Perlis), Penang (/wiki/Penang), Perak (/wiki/Perak) Satun (/wiki/Satun_Province), Trang (/wiki/Trang_Province), Krabi (/wiki/Krabi_Province), Phuket (/wiki/Phuket_Province), Phang Nga (/wiki/Phang_Nga_Province) Ranong (/wiki/Ranong_Province), Nakhon Si Thammarat (/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Province), Phattalung (/wiki/Phattalung_Province) Songkhla (/wiki/Songkhla_Province), Yala (/wiki/Yala_Province) Tanintharyi Division (/wiki/Tanintharyi_Division)

Kelantanese Malay (/wiki/Kelantanese_Malay_people)[176][177][178]

Red Earth Kingdom (/wiki/Red_Earth_Kingdom) (1st −6th century) Kelantan Sultanate (/wiki/Sultan_of_Kelantan) (1267–present) Jembal Sultanate (1638–1720)

Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan), Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu)

Loloan Malay

Johor (/wiki/Johor)

Jembrana Regency (/wiki/Jembrana)

Malaccan Malay[176][177][178]

Malacca Sultanate (/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate) (1402–1511)

Minangkabau Malay[179][180] Assimilated Malay group of Minangkabau (/wiki/Minangkabau_people) descent

Siak Sultanate (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Siak_Sri_Indrapura) (1725–1949) Chiefdom of Negeri Sembilan (/wiki/Yamtuan_Besar) (1773–present)

Pahang Malay (/wiki/Pahang_Malay_people)[176][177][178]

Old Pahang Kingdom (/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom) (5th century– 1454) Old Pahang Sultanate (/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate) (1470-1623) Modern Pahang Kingdom (/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom) (1770-1881) Modern Pahang Sultanate (/wiki/Pahang) (1881–present)

Palembang Malay

Sriwijaya (/wiki/Sriwijaya) (7th–13th century) Palembang Sultanate (/wiki/Palembang#Sultanate_of_Palembang) (1550–1823)

Pattani Malay (/wiki/Pattani_Malay)[176][177][178]

Negara Sri Dharmaraja Kingdom (/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom) (1st Millennium–15th century) Langkasuka (/wiki/Langkasuka) (2nd −14th century) Pattani Sultanate (/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom) (1516–1902) Singgora Sultanate (/wiki/Singgora_Sultanate) (1603–1689) Reman Kingdom (/wiki/Reman_Kingdom) (1785–1902) Legeh Kingdom (1755-1902)[184] Nong Chik Kingdom (1809-1902)[184] Jalur Kingdom (1817-1902)[184] Teluban Kingdom (1817-1902)[184] Jering Kingdom (1817-1902)[184]

Perakian Malay (/wiki/Perakian_Malay_people)[176][177][178]

Gangga Negara (/wiki/Gangga_Negara) (2nd – 11th century) Perak Sultanate (/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak) (1528–present)

Pontianak Malay

Tanjungpura Kingdom (880–1590) Matam Sultanate (1590–1948) Pontianak Sultanate (/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate) (1771–1950) Mempawah Sultanate (1740–1950) Sambas Sultanate (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sambas) (1675–1944)

Riau Malay

Bintan Sultanate Kuntu Kampar Sultanate (1234–1933) Indragiri Sultanate (1298–1945) Rokan Sultanate (1569–1940) Pelalawan Sultanate (1791–1946) Riau-Lingga Sultanate (/wiki/RiauLingga_Sultanate) (1824–1911)

Sarawakian Malay (/wiki/Sarawak_Malay)

Sarawak Sultanate (/wiki/Sarawak_Sultanate) (1598–1641)

Sarawak (/wiki/Sarawak)

Malay Singaporeans (/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans)

Kingdom of Singapura (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura) (1299–1398)

Singapore (/wiki/Singapore)

Sri Lankan Malays (/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays)

Malacca (/wiki/Malacca) Negeri Sembilan (/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan), Selangor (/wiki/Selangor), Johor (/wiki/Johor), Perak (/wiki/Perak) Riau (/wiki/Riau), Riau Islands (/wiki/Riau_Islands), Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) Pahang (/wiki/Pahang)

South Sumatra (/wiki/South_Sumatra)

Pattani (/wiki/Pattani), Yala (/wiki/Yala_Province), Narathiwat (/wiki/Narathiwat_Province), Songkhla (/wiki/Songkhla_Province), Krabi (/wiki/Krabi_Province) Kedah (/wiki/Kedah), Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan), Perak (/wiki/Perak)

Perak (/wiki/Perak)

West Kalimantan (/wiki/West_Kalimantan)

Riau (/wiki/Riau), Riau Islands (/wiki/Riau_Islands), Limapuluh Koto (/wiki/Limapuluh_Koto), Pasaman (/wiki/Pasaman)

Sri Lanka (/wiki/Sri_Lanka)

Tamiang Malay

Bukit Karang Kingdom (1023–1330) Benua Tamiang Sultanate (1330–1528)

Terengganuan Malay (/wiki/Terengganuan_Malay_people)[176][177][178]

Terengganu Sultanate (/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu) (1708– present) Besut Kingdom (/wiki/Besut_Kingdom) (1780–1899)

Aceh Tamiang Regency (/wiki/Aceh_Tamiang_Regency) Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu)

See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malay people (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malay_people). Anti-Malay racism (/wiki/Anti-Malay_racism), racial prejudice against ethnic Malays Ketuanan Melayu (/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu) (Malay Supremacy), List of Malays (/wiki/List_of_Malays) Malay folklore (/wiki/Malay_folklore) Ghost in Malay culture (/wiki/Ghost_in_Malay_culture) Malay Islamic Monarchy (/wiki/Malay_Islamic_Monarchy), the national philosophy of Negara Brunei Darussalam (/wiki/Negara_Brunei_Darussalam) Malay units of measurement (/wiki/Malay_units_of_measurement)

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