Idea Transcript
Guided Reading and Review Workbook
● Learn strategies for success in reading, ● ●
testing, and writing for assessment Create your own study guide as you read Review main ideas and key terms
Guided Reading and Review Workbook
Needham, Massachusetts Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Glenview, Illinois
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. The publisher hereby grants permission to reproduce these pages, in part or in whole, for classroom use only, the number not to exceed the number of students in each class. Notice of copyright must appear on all copies. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department.
ISBN 0-13-067959-3 21 22 23 24 V011 14 13 12 11
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CONTENTS
Student Success Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Unit 1 Foundations of American Government Chapter 1 Principles of Government
Chapter 3 The Constitution
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter 2 Origins of American Government
Chapter 4 Federalism
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5
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20 21 22 23 24
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Unit 2 Political Behavior: Government by the People Chapter 5 Political Parties
Chapter 7 The Electoral Process
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Chapter 8 Mass Media and Public Opinion
Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter 6 Voters and Voter Behavior Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Chapter 9 Interest Groups
Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
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Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Unit 3 The Legislative Branch Chapter 10 Congress Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
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Chapter 12 Congress in Action 49 50 51 52
Chapter 11 Powers of Congress Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5
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53 54 55 56 57
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
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58 59 60 61
Unit 4 The Executive Branch Chapter 13 The Presidency Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5
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Chapter 16 Financing Government 62 63 64 65 66
Chapter 14 The Presidency in Action Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
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67 68 69 70
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Chapter 17 Foreign Policy and National Defense Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
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79 80 81 82
Chapter 15 Government at Work: The Bureaucracy Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5
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71 72 73 74 75
Unit 5 The Judicial Branch Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chapter 19 Civil Liberties: First Amendment Freedoms Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Chapter 20 Civil Liberties: Protecting Individual Rights Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
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91 92 93 94
Chapter 21 Civil Rights: Equal Justice Under Law Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
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95 96 97 98
Unit 6 Comparative Political and Economic Systems Chapter 22 Comparative Political Systems
Chapter 23 Comparative Economic Systems
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Unit 7 Participating in Texas State and Local Government Chapter 24 Governing the State of Texas Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5
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107 108 109 110 111
Chapter 25 Texas Local Government and Finance Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
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112 113 114 115
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Chapter 18 The Federal Court System
Success in social studies comes from doing three things well— reading, testing, and writing. The following pages present strategies to help you read for meaning, understand test questions, and write well.
Reading for Meaning Do you have trouble remembering what you read? Here are some tips from experts that will improve your ability to recall and understand what you read:
BEFORE YOU READ Preview the text to identify important information. Like watching the coming attractions at a movie theater, previewing the text helps you know what to expect. Study the questions and strategies below to learn how to preview what you read.
Ask yourself these questions:
Use these strategies to find the answers:
• What is the text about?
Read the headings, subheadings, and captions. Study the photos, maps, tables, or graphs.
• What do I already know about the topic?
Read the questions at the end of the text to see if you can answer any of them.
• What is the purpose of the text?
Turn the headings into who, what, when, where, why, or how questions. This will help you decide if the text compares things, tells a chain of events, or explains causes and effects.
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AS YOU READ Organize information in a way that helps you see meaningful connections or relationships. Taking notes as you read will improve your understanding. Use graphic organizers like the ones below to record the information you read. Study these descriptions and examples to learn how to create each type of organizer.
Sequencing A flowchart helps you see how one event led to another. It can also display the steps in a process. Use a flowchart if the text—
• tells about a chain of events. • explains a method of doing something.
Farm machinery is developed. Fewer farmworkers needed. Urban industries need workers.
TIP List the events or steps in order. Farmworkers move to cities for work. Cities grow and prosper.
Comparing and Contrasting A Venn diagram displays similarities and differences. Use a Venn diagram if the text—
• compares and contrasts two individuals, groups, places, things, or events. TIP Label the outside section of each circle and list differences. Label the shared section and list similarities.
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STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
HUTU • from West Africa • servants
SHARED CULTURE • mainly Roman Catholic
TUTSI • from Ethiopia • aristocrats
AS YOU READ (continued)
Categorizing Information A chart organizes information in categories. Use a chart if the text—
• lists similar facts about several places or things. • presents characteristics of different groups. TIP Write an appropriate heading for each column in
COUNTRY
FORM OF GOVERNMENT
ECONOMY
Cuba
communist dictatorship
command economy
Puerto Rico
democracy
free enterprise system
the chart to identify its category.
Identifying Main Ideas and Details A concept web helps you understand relationships among ideas.
rivers
transportation
Use a concept web if the text—
• provides examples to support a main idea. • links several ideas to a main topic.
industry
Uses
recreation
BODIES OF WATER
Types
lakes
oceans
TIP Write the main idea in the largest circle. Write details in smaller circles and draw lines to show relationships.
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Organizing Information An outline provides an overview, or a kind of blueprint for reading. Use an outline to organize ideas—
• according to their importance. • according to the order in which they are presented. TIP Use Roman numerals for main ideas, capital letters for secondary ideas, and Arabic numerals for supporting details.
I. Differences Between the North and the South A. Views on slavery 1. Northern abolitionists 2. Southern slave owners B. Economies 1. Northern manufacturing 2. Southern agriculture
Identifying Cause and Effect A cause-and-effect diagram shows the relationship between what happened (effect) and the reason why it happened (cause).
Desire for trade
Advances in navigation
Rebirth of learning
Use a cause-and-effect chart if the text—
• lists one or more causes for an event. • lists one or more results of an event. TIP Label causes and effects. Draw arrows to indicate how ideas are related.
EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS
Exchange of goods and ideas
Destruction of Native American cultures
AFTER YOU READ Test yourself to find out what you learned from reading the text. Go back to the questions you asked yourself before you read the text. You should be able to give more complete answers to these questions: • What is the text about? • What is the purpose of the text? You should also be able to make connections between the new information you learned from the text and what you already knew about the topic. Study your graphic organizer. Use this information as the answers. Make up a meaningful question about each piece of information.
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STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
Europeans set up colonies
Taking Tests Do you panic at the thought of taking a standardized test? Here are some tips that most test developers recommend to help you achieve good scores.
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Read each part of a multiple-choice question to make sure you understand what is being asked. Many tests are made up of multiple-choice questions. Some multiple-choice items are direct questions. They are complete sentences followed by possible answers, called distractors. Direct Question
What is a narrow strip of land that has water on both sides and joins two larger bodies of land called?
The distractors list the possible answers.
A a bay B an isthmus C a lake D an island
TIP Try each distractor as an
answer to your question. Rule out the ones that don’t work.
You can rule out A and C because they are bodies of water, not land. You can rule out D because an island is completely surrounded by water.
Other multiple-choice questions are incomplete sentences that you are to finish. They are followed by possible answers.
The stem tells you what the question is looking for
A narrow strip of land that has water on both sides and joins two larger bodies of land is called
Distractors
A a bay B an isthmus C a lake D an island
TIP Turn the stem into a direct question, using who, what, when, where, or why.
What is a narrow strip of land that has water on both sides and joins two larger bodies of land called?
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WHAT’S BEING TESTED? Identify the type of question you are being asked. Social studies tests often ask questions that involve reading comprehension. Other questions may require you to gather or interpret information from a map, graph, or chart. The following strategies will help you answer different kinds of questions.
Reading Comprehension Questions What to do:
How to do it:
1. Determine the content and organization of the selection.
Read the title. Skim the selection. Look for key words that indicate time, causeand-effect, or comparison.
2. Analyze the questions. Do they ask you to recall facts?
Look for key words in the stem: According to the selection . . . The selection states that . . .
Do they ask you to make judgments?
The main idea of the selection is . . . The author would likely agree that . . .
3. Read the selection.
Read quickly. Keep the questions in mind.
4. Answer the questions.
Try out each distractor and choose the best answer. Refer back to the selection if necessary.
Example:
A Region of Diversity The Khmer empire was one of many kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Unlike the Khmer empire, however, the other kingdoms were small because Southeast Asia’s mountains kept people protected and apart. People had little contact with those who lived outside their own valley.
Why were most kingdoms in Southeast Asia small? A disease killed many people B lack of food C climate was too hot D mountains kept people apart TIP The key word because tells why the kingdoms were small.
(The correct answer is D.)
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STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
WHAT’S BEING TESTED? (continued)
Map Questions What to do:
How to do it:
1. Determine what kind of information is presented on the map.
Read the map title. It will indicate the purpose of the map. Study the map key. It will explain the symbols used on the map. Look at the scale. It will help you calculate distance between places on the map.
2. Read the question. Determine which component on the map will help you find the answer.
3. Look at the map and answer the question in your own words. 4. Choose the best answer.
Look for key words in the stem. About how far . . . [use the scale] What crops were grown in . . . [use the map key] Do not read the distractors yet.
Decide which distractor agrees with the answer you determined from the map.
Eastern Europe: Language Groups
In which of these countries are Thraco-Illyrian languages spoken? A Romania B Albania C Hungary D Lithuania TIP Read the labels and the key to understand the map.
(The correct answer is B.)
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Graph Questions What to do:
How to do it:
1. Determine the purpose of the graph.
Read the graph title. It indicates what the graph represents.
2. Determine what information on the graph will help you find the answer.
Read the labels on the graph or on the key. They tell the units of measurement used by the graph.
3. Choose the best answer.
Decide which distractor agrees with the answer you determined from the graph.
Example Religious Persuasion in France Buddhist 1% Protestant 2% Muslim 8%
Jewish 1%
Roman Catholic 88%
A Circle graph shows the relationship of parts to the whole in terms of percentages. After Roman Catholics, the next largest religious population in France is A Buddhist C Jewish B Protestant D Muslim TIP Compare the percentages listed in the labels. (The correct answer is D.)
Number of Immigrants
Immigration to the U.S., 1940–1990 1,200,000 1,000,000
Between 1980 and 1990, immigration to the U.S. from the Americas A decreased a little C stayed about the same B increased greatly D increased a little
800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year Asia Americas Europe
Annual Oil Production in Southwest Asia Billions of Barrels
20 15
12
TIP Compare the vertical distance between the two correct points on the line graph.
(The correct answer is B.) A bar graph compares differences in quantity by showing bars of different lengths. Saudi Arabia produces about how many more billion of barrels of oil a year than Iran? A 5 million C 15 million B 10 million D 20 million
10 5 0
A line graph shows a pattern or change over time by the direction of the line.
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait Saudi United Arabia Arab Emirates Country
STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
TIP Compare the heights of the bars to find the difference.
(The correct answer is B.)
Writing for Social Studies When you face a writing assignment, do you think, “How will I ever get through this?” Here are some tips to guide you through any writing project from start to finish.
THE WRITING PROCESS Follow each step of the writing process to communicate effectively. Step 1. Prewrite
• Establish the purpose. • Define the topic.
• Determine the audience. • Gather details.
Step 2. Draft
• Organize information logically in an outline or graphic organizer. • Write an introduction, body, and conclusion.
• State main ideas clearly. • Include relevant details to support your ideas.
Step 3. Revise
• Edit for clarity of ideas and elaboration.
Step 4. Proofread
• Correct any errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
Step 5. Publish and Present
• Copy text neatly by hand, or use a typewriter or word processor.
• Illustrate as needed. • Create a cover, if appropriate.
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TYPES OF WRITING FOR SOCIAL STUDIES Identify the purpose for your writing. Each type of writing assignment has a specific purpose, and each purpose needs a different plan for development. The following descriptions and examples will help you identify the three purposes for social studies writing. The lists of steps will help you plan your writing.
Writing to Inform Purpose: to present facts or ideas Example
During the 1960s, research indicated the dangers of the insecticide DDT. It killed insects but also had long-term effects. When birds and fish ate poisoned insects, DDT built up in their fatty tissue. The poison also showed up in human beings who ate birds and fish contaminated by DDT.
TIP Look for these key terms in the assignment: explain, describe, report, narrate
How to get started:
• Determine the topic you will write about. • Write a topic sentence that tells the main idea. • List all the ideas you can think of that are related to the topic. • Arrange the ideas in logical order.
Writing to Persuade Purpose: to influence someone Example
TIP Look for these key terms in the assignment: convince, argue, request
Teaching computer skills in the classroom uses How to get started: time that could be spent teaching students how to • Make sure you understand the problem or think for themselves or how to interact with others. issue clearly. Students who can reason well, express themselves • Determine your position. clearly, and get along with other people will be • List evidence to support your arguments. better prepared for life than those who can use • Predict opposing views. a computer. • List evidence you can use to overcome the opposing arguments.
Writing to Provide Historical Interpretations Purpose: to present the perspective of someone in a different era
TIP Look for these key terms in the assignment: go
Example
How to get started:
The crossing took a week, but the steamship voyage was hard. We were cramped in steerage with hundreds of others. At last we saw the huge statue of the lady with the torch. In the reception center, my mother held my hand while the doctor examined me. Then, my father showed our papers to the official, and we collected our bags. I was scared as we headed off to find a home in our new country.
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back in time, create, suppose that, if you were
• Study the events or issues of the time period you will write about. • Consider how these events or issues might have affected different people at the time. • Choose a person whose views you would like to present. • Identify the thoughts and feelings this person might have experienced.
RESEARCH FOR WRITING Follow each step of the writing process to communicate effectively. After you have identified the purpose for your writing, you may need to do research. The following steps will help you plan, gather, organize, and present information. Step 1. Ask Questions Ask yourself questions to help guide your research.
What do I already know about the topic? What do I want to find out about the topic?
Step 2. Acquire Information Locate and use appropriate sources of information Library about the topic. Internet search Interviews Follow accepted format for listing sources.
Take notes.
Step 3. Analyze Information Evaluate the information you find.
Is it relevant to the topic? Is it up-to-date? Is it accurate? Is the writer an authority on the topic? Is there any bias?
Step 4. Use Information Answer your research questions with the information you have found. (You may find that you need to do more research.)
Do I have all the information I need?
Organize your information into the main points you want to make. Identify supporting details.
Arrange ideas in outline form or in a graphic organizer.
Step 5. Communicate What You’ve Learned Review the purpose for your writing and choose an appropriate way to present the information.
Purpose inform persuade interpret
Draft and revise your writing, and then evaluate it.
Presentation formal paper, documentary, multimedia essay, letter to the editor, speech journal, newspaper account, drama
Use a rubric for self-evaluation.
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EVALUATING YOUR WRITING Use the following rubric to help you evaluate your writing.
16
Excellent
Good
Acceptable
Unacceptable
Purpose
Achieves purpose—to inform, persuade, or provide historical interpretation— very well
Informs, persuades, or provides historical interpretation reasonably well
Reader cannot easily tell if the purpose is to inform, persuade, or provide historical interpretation
Lacks purpose
Organization
Develops ideas in a very clear and logical way
Presents ideas in a reasonably well-organized way
Reader has difficulty following the organization
Lacks organization
Elaboration
Explains all ideas with facts and details
Explains most ideas with facts and details
Includes some supporting facts and details
Lacks supporting details
Use of Language
Uses excellent vocabulary and sentence structure with no errors in spelling, grammar, or punctuation
Uses good vocabulary and sentence structure with very few errors in spelling, grammar, or punctuation
Includes some errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling
Includes many errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling
STUDENT SUCCESS HANDBOOK
NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Government and the State
CHAPTER
1
A. As You Read As you read Section 1, fill in the answers to the following questions. 1. What are the four characteristics of a state? population a. __________________________________________________________________ territory b. __________________________________________________________________ sovereignty c. __________________________________________________________________ government d. __________________________________________________________________
2. What are the four theories of the origins of a state? force theory a. __________________________________________________________________ evolutionary theory b. __________________________________________________________________ divine right theory c. __________________________________________________________________ social contract theory d. __________________________________________________________________
3. What are six purposes of the American system of government? form a more perfect union a. __________________________________________________________________ establish justice b. __________________________________________________________________ insure domestic tranquility c. __________________________________________________________________ provide for the common defense d. __________________________________________________________________ promote the general welfare e. __________________________________________________________________ secure the blessings of liberty f. __________________________________________________________________
© Pearson Education, Inc.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 4. government the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies 5. public policy something the government decides to do about a certain issue 6. legislative power the power to make laws 7. executive power the power to enforce and administer laws 8. judicial power the power to interpret laws and settle disputes 9. constitution a body of fundamental laws that sets out the principles, structures, and processes of government 10. dictatorship government in which those who rule are not responsible to the will of the people 11. democracy government in which power rests with the people 12. state a body of people living in a defined area which has a government and the power to make and enforce laws without the consent of a higher authority
13. sovereign having supreme and absolute power
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 1 17
NAME
CLASS
CHAPTER
1
DATE
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
Forms of Government
A. As You Read Use the chart below to compare the democratic form of government to the dictatorship form of government.
Democracy
Dictatorship
Sovereign power is held by:
1. the people
2. the dictator or oligarch
Those who rule are responsible to:
3. the people
4. themselves
Power is gained by:
5. elections
6. force
B. Reviewing Key Terms Column I
Column II
h _____ 7. a government in which a single person holds unlimited power
a. b. c. d. e.
d _____ 8. a government in which the executive and legislative branches are separate and coequal b _____ 9. a government in which power is divided between a central government and other local governments g _____ 10. a government in which a small, usually self-appointed, group has the power to rule
unitary government federal government confederation presidential government parliamentary government f. division of powers g. oligarchy h. autocracy
a _____ 11. a government in which all power belongs to a central agency c _____ 12. an alliance of independent states f _____ 13. structuring a government so that power is shared by a central and several local governments e _____ 14. a government in which members of the executive branch are also members of the legislative branch and are subject to the legislature’s direct control
18 Chapter 1
Guided Reading and Review
© Pearson Education, Inc.
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
1
Basic Concepts of Democracy A. As You Read
On the chart below, write the five basic concepts of democracy and write a sentence describing each.
1.
2. fundamental worth of the individual: Each individual is a distinct, important being.
equality of all persons: Everyone is entitled to equal opportunity and equality under the law.
The Basic Concepts of Democracy
3.
4. majority rule and minority rights: Democracy expects that the majority will be right more often than it will be wrong, but its rule is still restrained by minority rights.
necessity of compromise: Compromise is the process needed to achieve majority agreement.
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5. individual freedom: Individuals are as free as the welfare of all individuals can allow.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Possible answers below 6. Explain the significance of the term compromise as it relates to problem-solving in a democratic society. In a democratic society, people must blend, adjust, and reconcile competing views to find the solution most acceptable to the largest number.
7. What are the four factors underlying the free enterprise system? private ownership, individual initiative, profit, and competition
8. How does the law of supply and demand operate? When supplies become plentiful, demand and prices tend to drop; when supplies become scarce, demand and prices tend to rise.
9. What is a mixed economy? A mixed economy combines private enterprise with government regulation and participation.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 1 19
NAME
CLASS
CHAPTER
2
DATE
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Our Political Beginnings
A. As You Read As you read the section, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. See answers below
Basic Concepts of Government 1. What is ordered government? 2. What is limited government? 3. What is representative government?
Landmark English Documents 4. How did the Magna Carta affect English government? 5. How did the Petition of Right affect English government? 6. How did the English Bill of Rights affect English government?
Government in the Colonies 7. How were royal colonies governed? 8. How were proprietary colonies governed? 9. How were charter colonies governed?
B. Reviewing Key Terms Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I
Column II
d _____ 10. written grant of authority from the king to establish a colony
a. limited government
a _____ 11. government that is not all-powerful
c. Magna Carta
e _____ 12. consisting of two houses, as in a legislature
d. charter
b _____ 13. government that serves the will of the people
e. bicameral
c _____ 14. document written in 1215 limiting the power of the English monarchy
f.
unicameral
Possible answers to questions 1–9 1. Ordered government is the orderly regulation of people’s relationships with one another. 2. Limited government is the idea that government is not all-powerful. 3. Representative government is the idea that government serves the will of the people. 4. The Magna Carta introduced trial by jury and due process of law, and limited the king’s power. 5. The Petition of Right stipulated that political critics could not be imprisoned or punished without a jury trial, martial law could not be imposed during peacetime, troops could not be quartered without homeowners’ consent, and taxes could not be levied without the consent of Parliament. 6. The English Bill of Rights elevated the Parliament in English government by requiring its permission to maintain a standing army in peacetime, to suspend or execute laws, and to levy money for the use of the Crown. The bill also guaranteed fair trials, freedom from excessive bail, and freedom from cruel and unusual punishment. 7. Royal colonies were subject to the direct control of the crown through a governor and a bicameral legislature. 8. Proprietary colonies were owned by private citizens who appointed governors aided by legislatures; these colonies were still subject to English law. 9. Charter colonies were self-governing under the terms of original charters granted by the monarch; these colonies elected their own bicameral legislatures and governors, who served with approval of the king. 20 Chapter 2
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b. representative government
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
The Coming of Independence
CHAPTER
2
A. As You Read The dates on the chart below indicate important developments and events related to American independence. As you read Section 2, fill in the chart by writing a brief description of the significance of each date listed.
Year/Date
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1. 1643
Description of Event
2. 1696
New England Confederation is formed. William Penn attempts, but fails, to organize colonies to cooperate in trade, defense, and criminal matters.
3. 1754
Albany Plan of Union is proposed.
4. 1765
Stamp Act is passed and Stamp Act Congress is convened.
5. 1770, March 5
Boston Massacre
6. 1772
Committees of Correspondence are first organized.
7. 1773, December 16
Boston Tea Party
8. 1774, Spring
Parliament passes the Intolerable Acts.
9. 1774, September 5
First Continental Congress convenes.
10. 1775, April 19
Revolution begins at Lexington and Concord.
11. 1775, May 10
Second Continental Congress convenes.
12. 1776, June 7
Richard Henry Lee proposes U.S. independence.
13. 1776, July 2
Congress passes Lee’s independence resolution.
14. 1776, July 4
Declaration of Independence is adopted.
15. 1781, March 1
Articles of Confederation go into effect.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following key terms. representatives 16. delegates__________________________________________________________________________ the joining of several groups for a common purpose 17. confederation _____________________________________________________________________ recall 18. repeal ____________________________________________________________________________
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 2 21
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CHAPTER
2
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
The Critical Period
A. As You Read As you read Section 3, answer the questions below on a separate piece of paper or in the space provided.
The Articles of Confederation 1. Describe the structure of the government set up by the Articles of Confederation. Congress was unicameral and was the only branch of government. Congressional committees would handle executive and judiciary functions. Congress would choose the president of the legislature (not the same as the President of the U.S.)
Fill in the chart below with the 10 powers granted to Congress under the Articles.
Congressional Powers Under the Articles of Confederation make war and peace 2.____________________________________
establish post offices 7.____________________________________
send and receive ambassadors 3.____________________________________
build navy 8.____________________________________
make treaties 4.____________________________________
raise army by asking States for troops 9.____________________________________
borrow money 5.____________________________________
uniform standards of weights and measures 10. fix __________________________________
set up monetary system 6.____________________________________
disputes among States 11. settle __________________________________
treat citizens equally; give full faith and credit to acts,
12. What obligations did States have to one another? records, and judicial proceedings; surrender fugitives; permit open trade and travel; submit disputes to Congress for settlement
13. What obligations did States have to citizens?
to protect life and property; to promote the general welfare of people
14. What powers did Congress not have?
the power to tax, the power to regulate trade between the States, and the power to exercise its own laws © Pearson Education, Inc.
The Critical Period, the 1780s 15. What government action took place in response to Shays’ Rebellion? The Massachusetts legislature passed laws that eased the burden of debtors.
A Need for Stronger Government 16. What was the goal of the Constitutional Convention?
to revise the Articles of Confederation to better suit the needs of the U.S.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following key terms. formal approval 17. ratification ________________________________________________________________________ chief of an organization or group 18. presiding officer ___________________________________________________________________
22 Chapter 2
Guided Reading and Review
NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
2
Creating the Constitution A. As You Read
The chart below outlines the initial plans for a constitution and the “bundle of compromises” that resulted from the various plans. As you read Section 4, complete the chart by filling in the boxes provided.
Plan or Compromise
Provisions 1.
Virginia Plan
three separate branches, bicameral legislature, representation based on population or wealth of State, lower house popularly elected, upper house chosen by States, veto power over State laws, Congress chooses executive and judiciary, veto power of executive and judiciary over Congress unicameral legislature, States equally
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Type of States That Benefited 2. large States and wealthy States
3. represented, limited power to tax and
4. small States
5. bicameral Congress with membership in
6. all States
regulate trade, more than one executive chosen by legislature, State governors could remove executive, judiciary appointed by executive
House based on population and in Senate based on equal numbers for each State
In northern States both taxes and
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Three-Fifths Compromise
Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
were based on 7. representation population; Southerners could add
8. southern States for
9. Congress was forbidden to tax exports
10. southern States
three-fifths of the enslaved toward representation, but they also had to count them toward taxes owed to the National Government.
and to pass laws against slave trade for at least 20 years.
population count, northern States for taxation
11. Name a group whose interests seem to have been ignored, or even harmed, by the enslaved African Americans compromises that created the Constitution. ____________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms On a separate sheet of paper, use the key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. 12. Framers Sentences should indicate that Framers were delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, and authors of the Constitution.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 2 23
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CHAPTER
2
DATE
Section 5: Guided Reading and Review
Ratifying the Constitution
A. As You Read As you read the section, fill in the following outline by writing supporting details in the form of answers to questions 1–5.
The Fight for Ratification 1. What were the positions of each side toward ratification? Federalists favored ratification of the Constitution. a. Federalists: __________________________________________ Anti-Federalists opposed its ratification. b. Anti-Federalists: ______________________________________
2. What were the five issues involved in the ratification debate? the weakness of the National Government under the Articles
of Confederation versus the strength of the one proposed by the Constitution a. ______________________________________ the ratification process itself b. ______________________________________ absence of mention of God in the Constitution c. ______________________________________ denial to States of the right to print money d. ______________________________________ lack of a bill of rights e. ______________________________________
3. On what two States did the success or failure of ratification depend? Virginia New York ____________________________ and ________________________
Inaugurating the Government © Pearson Education, Inc.
New York City 4. Where was the first national capital located? ____________________________
5. Who became the new nation’s first President and Vice President? George Washington a. President: _________________________________________ John Adams b. Vice President: ______________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Identify the following people as either a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist. On the spaces provided, write an A for Anti-Federalist or an F for Federalist. 6. James Madison
F _____
7. Patrick Henry
A _____
F 8. Alexander Hamilton _____
24 Chapter 2
Guided Reading and Review
NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
3
The Six Basic Principles A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, fill in a description of each of the six basic principles of the Constitution, shown in the chart below.
Principle
Description
Popular Sovereignty
1. government by the consent of the governed
Limited Government
2. Government is not all-powerful; it may do only what people empower it to do.
Separation of Powers
3. distribution of power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches
Checks and Balances
4. Each branch is subject to a number of constitutional checks, or restraints,
Judicial Review
5. The Court has the power to determine the constitutionality of government actions.
Federalism
6. division of power among a central government and several regional governments
by the other branches.
B. Reviewing Key Terms © Pearson Education, Inc.
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. 7. The idea that government and its officers are always subject to— never above—the law is rule of law described as the ________________________________. constitutionalism 8. The principle of ________________________________ expresses the concept that government must be conducted according to constitutional principles.
9. Judicial review is the power to declare a government action that violates some provision of unconstitutional the Constitution to be ________________________________. Preamble 10. The ________________ is the brief introduction that begins the Constitution.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 3 25
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CHAPTER
3
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
Formal Amendment
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, answer the following questions.
Formal Amendment Process 1. What are the two steps involved in the first method of amending the Constitution? Proposed by Congress by a two-thirds vote in both houses. a. __________________________________________________________________ Ratified by three-fourths of the State legislatures. b. __________________________________________________________________
2. What are the two steps involved in the second method of amending the Constitution? Proposed by Congress by a two-thirds vote in both houses. a. __________________________________________________________________ Ratified by special conventions in three-fourths of the States. b. __________________________________________________________________
3. What are the two steps involved in the third method of amending the Constitution? Proposed at a national convention when requested by two-thirds of the State legislatures. a. __________________________________________________________________ Ratified by three-fourths of the State legislatures. b. __________________________________________________________________
4. What are the two steps involved in the fourth method of amending the Constitution? Proposed at a national convention. a. __________________________________________________________________ Ratified by special conventions held in three-fourths of the States. b. __________________________________________________________________
The 27 Amendments the first ten amendments, setting out constitutional guarantees of __________________________________________________ freedom of expression and belief, of freedom and security of the person, and of fair and equal treatment before the law
the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and 6. Which amendments were results of the Civil War? ______________________________ Fifteenth Amendments
B. Reviewing Key Terms Use each key term below in a sentence that reflects the meaning of the term. Possible sentences below The Constitution can only be changed by amendments. 7. amendment ________________________________________________________________ A formal amendment results in a written change to the Constitution. 8. formal amendment __________________________________________________________
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5. What is the Bill of Rights?
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CLASS
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CHAPTER
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
3
Informal Procedures As You Read
As you read Section 3, complete the chart below by writing a brief definition of each method of constitutional change shown, and by giving an example of each.
Basic Legislation
Executive Action
passage of laws 1. Definition: ______________ that refine or define the Constitution ____________________________ establishing court 2. Example: ________________
using the President’s 3. Definition: _______________ power to act independently of Congress ____________________________ expanding President’s 4. Example: ________________ war powers; making pacts with foreign leaders_______________ without consent of the Senate
system _______________
Constitutional Change
Court Decisions
Party Practices
using court cases 5. Definition: ______________ to interpret the Constitution ____________________________ Marbury v. Madison 6. Example: _______________
using practices 9. Definition: ______________ of political parties to change ______________________________ political processes nominating 10. Example: _______________ presidential candidates at national conventions ______________
and judicial review _______________
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Custom upholding long-held 7. Definition: _______________ customs as constitutional necessity _____________________________ making executive 8. Example: _________________ department heads the
President’s Cabinet _______________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following key terms. a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states 11. treaty ____________________________________________________________ a pact made by the President directly with the head of a foreign state, skirting the
need for Senate approval 12. executive agreement ______________________________________________________________ the Senate’s rejection of a presidential appointment when that appointment is opposed
by a majority party senator from the State in which the appointee would serve 13. senatorial courtesy ________________________________________________________________
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 3 27
NAME
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CHAPTER
4
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Federalism: The Division of Power
A. As You Read
National (N), State (S), or Both(B)
Expressed, Implied, or Inherent
1. collect taxes
B
expressed
2. build an interstate highway system
N
implied
3. regulate immigration
N
inherent
4. license doctors
S
5. make treaties
N
expressed
6. maintain armed forces
N
expressed
7. declare war
N
expressed
8. deport alien
N
inherent
N
implied
Power
9. prohibit racial discrimination in access to restaurants 10. set up public school systems
S
11. punish crimes
B
implied
12. coin money
N
expressed
13. regulate the sale of liquor
S
14. regulate interstate commerce
N
expressed
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. 15. A system of government in which powers are divided between a central government and federalism several regional governments is called ________________________________. reserved 16. The ________________________________ powers are those set aside for the States. division of powers 17. The ________________________________ between the National Government and the States was spelled out in the Bill of Rights.
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As you read Section 1, write N in the first box provided if the power given belongs ONLY to the National Government, S if it belongs ONLY to the States, or B if it belongs to both. In the second box, write whether any power belonging to the National Government is an example of an expressed, implied, or inherent power.
NAME
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
4
The National Government and the 50 States A. As You Read As you read Section 2, answer the following questions on the lines provided.
The Nation’s Obligations to the States representative government 1. A republican form of government is ______________________________.
2. Three obligations the Constitution places on the National Government for the benefit of the to protect against invasion and domestic violence States are: a. ________________________________________________ to guarantee every State a representative government b. ________________________________________________ to recognize the boundaries and physical existence of each State c. ________________________________________________
Admitting New States 3. A congressional act directing a territory that wants to become a State to frame a proposed State an enabling act constitution is called ___________________________________________. an act of admission 4. A congressional law that agrees to grant statehood is _____________________________ ________________________________________________.
Cooperative Federalism 5. The general term for federal money or resources granted to States or local governments is grants-in-aid programs ___________________________. Answers should refer to state and 6. An example of a way that States aid the National Government is ___________________ local election officials conducting national elections; state courts supervising naturalization process; and local police ________________________________________________________.
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cooperating with the F.B.I.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I
Column II
b _____ 7. federal money granted to a State for a specific purpose
a. revenue sharing
d _____ 8. federal money given to States or other local governments with fewer-than-usual strings attached
b. categorical grant
a _____ 9. federal aid program in place from 1972–1987 in which Congress gave a share of federal tax revenue to the States
c. project grant d. block grant
c _____ 10. federal money given to private agencies, States, or local governments that apply for it
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 4 29
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
Interstate Relations
A. As You Read The chart below will help you organize information on interstate relations. As you read Section 3, write the answer for each question in the spaces provided.
Interstate Relations 1. Interstate Compacts Why might States feel the need to form compacts with other States? to achieve together what one State might have difficulty doing alone ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Full Faith and Credit What are three areas in which States give full faith and credit to public acts, records, and judicial proceedings citizens of other States? _______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ the legal process by which a fugitive from justice in one State is 3. Extradition What is extradition? _______________________________________________ returned to that State from another ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Privileges and Immunities What is an example of a reasonable discrimination a State A State may charge a nonresident higher fees for may exercise against a citizen of another State? ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms in the space provided. an agreement made between two or more States 5. interstate compact _________________________________________________________ A State must respect and recognize the validity of records,
documents, and civil court decisions in other States. 6. Full Faith and Credit Clause ________________________________________________ No State can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own residents
and people who live in other States. 7. Privileges and Immunities Clause_____________________________________________
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fishing or hunting licenses or to attend a State university. ____________________________________________________________________________
NAME
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DATE
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Parties and What They Do
CHAPTER
5
A. As You Read As you read Section 1, write the correct answers in the blanks provided on the chart below.
Functions of Political Parties
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Function
Description
Explanation
nominating 1. ________________
selecting candidates
The activity that sets political parties apart from other political groups
Informing and activating supporters
Inform people and activate their interests in public affairs.
Parties share this function with media 2. _____________________ and interest 3. __________________ groups.
Bonding agent
Tries to choose candidates who qualified are 4. _____________________ and of good character.
After candidates are elected, the party prods them to do well or election suffer in the next 5. ____________
Governing
legislative Helps 6. ___________________ and executive branches work together.
Most appointments to executive branch are made on basis of partisanship 7. _________________, or allegiance to a political party.
watchdog 8. ________________
out of power Party that is 9. ______________ ___________________________ criticizes the party that controls the government.
The loyal opposition urges votes to “throw the rascals out” 10. __________________________ _____________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. political parties can be defined as groups of persons who join together because they want 11. All _____________
to gain control of the government through winning elections. partisanship 12. Allegiance to a political party is known as _____________________. parties 13. In the United States, the major ______________ are the Democrats and the Republicans. party in power 14. The party that controls the executive branch is known as the _____________________.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 5 31
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
The Two-Party System
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, fill in the blanks below explaining how each factor contributes to the stability of the two-party system in the United States. Possible answers below The Republic began with two parties: Federalists and Anti-Federalists. 1. Historical Basis: __________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ Once established, the two-party system continues because of tradition and a reluctance to 2. Tradition: ______________________________________________________________________ support minor parties. ________________________________________________________________________________ Single-member districts discourage voters from “wasting” votes on minor party 3. Electoral System: ________________________________________________________________ candidates. Election laws are designed to discourage minor parties. ________________________________________________________________________________ Because Americans agree on fundamental issues, the conditions that could produce 4. Ideological Consensus: ____________________________________________________________ several strong rival parties do not exist. ________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms. one of the less widely supported parties in the United States 5. minor party______________________________________________________________________ system in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning office 6. two-party system political ________________________________________________________________
the largest number of votes cast for an office (contrasted with majority, which is more than half of all
cast) 8. plurality votes ________________________________________________________________________ society that consists of several distinct cultures and groups 9. pluralistic society a________________________________________________________________ a general agreement on fundamental matters among various groups 10. consensus ______________________________________________________________________ a system with several major parties and many smaller parties 11. multiparty ______________________________________________________________________ under dictatorship, a system in which only one party is allowed; or in another sense, an area
which one party dominates regional politics 12. one-party system in ________________________________________________________________
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district in which only one candidate is elected to each office on the ballot 7. single-member district election ____________________________________________________________
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CLASS
DATE
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
5
The Two-Party System in American History A. As You Read
On a separate sheet of paper, draw a chart like the one shown. Fill in the chart as you read Section 3.
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Period of Dominance (if any)
Supporters
Leaders
Federalists
1. strong before 1800
2. the rich and well-born
3. Hamilton
Jeffersonian Republicans
4. 1800–1820s
5. common people
6. Jefferson, Madison
Jacksonian Democrats
7. 1820s–1830s
8. small farmers, debtors,
9. Andrew Jackson
slaveowners, pioneers
Whigs
10. 1830s–1850s, never
11. bankers, merchants,
12. Clay, Webster, Harrison,
Republicans
13. 1860–1932
14. business and financial
15. Lincoln, Taft,
Post-Civil War Democrats
16. never dominant outside 17. the South
New Deal Democrats
19. 1932–1968
dominant
industrialists, planters
interests, labor, farmers, African Americans
the South
Taylor
T. Roosevelt, McKinley, Frémont
18. Bryan, Wilson
the South, small
20. farmers, organized labor, 21. FDR, Truman, Kennedy, big-city political organizations, minorities
Johnson
On a separate sheet of paper, describe the major issues for each of the following periods. 22. Era of the Democrats, 1800–1860 conflict over public lands, Second Bank of the United States, high tariffs, slavery
23. Era of the Republicans, 1860–1932 Civil War, Reconstruction, Great Depression 24. Return of the Democrats, 1932–1968 Great Depression, New Deal, World War II, Kennedy assassination
B. Reviewing Key Terms On a separate sheet of paper define the following terms. 25. incumbent the person currently holding office 26. faction groups that dissent 27. electorate the people eligible to vote 28. sectionalism devotion to the interests of a particular region
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 5 33
NAME
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
The Minor Parties
A. As You Read As you read Section 4, define and give examples of the four types of minor parties on the chart below. Possible answers below
Definition
Examples
Ideological Parties
1. those based on a particular set of beliefs
2. any of the following: Communist party,
Single-Issue Parties
3. parties that focus on a single public
4. any of the following: American (“Know-
Economic Protest Parties
5. parties that protest economic hard times,
6. Greenback party, Populist party
Splinter Parties
7. parties that split away from one of the
8. Moose” party, Progressive party (1924),
and having a comprehensive view of social, economic, and political matters policy issue
blaming perceived enemies and proclaiming disgust with the major parties major parties
Socialist party, Socialist Labor party, Socialist Workers party, Libertarian party Nothing”) party, Free Soil party, Rightto-Life party
any of the following: Progressive “Bull Progressive party (1948), American Independent party, “Dixiecrat” party
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 9. What tends to happen to single-issue parties? They fade away, or their policies are adopted by one of the major parties
10. Which type of minor party has been most successful in winning votes? splinter parties 11. Which type of minor party has been the longest lived? ideological parties 12. What useful functions have minor parties performed in American history? They have drawn attention to problems ignored by the major parties, and they have played “spoiler roles” in close elections.
Decide whether each of the following theoretical parties is an example of an ideological party, a single-issue party, an economic protest party, or a splinter party. Write the correct term in the blank provided. single-issue party 13. ______________
The “Free Choice” party is formed by people intent on legalizing the use of marijuana for medical purposes.
splinter party ______________ 14.
A group of Democrats, dissatisfied with the party’s moderate nominee, decides to form a new “People’s Rights” party to back their more liberal leader, Henry J. Smith.
economic protest
party ______________ 15.
A group of angry Midwestern farmers and laborers forms the “Working People’s” party, calling for higher tariffs, higher farm subsidies, and congressional term limitations.
ideological party 16. ______________
The “Socialist Justice” party calls for a complete overhaul of the American political, economic, and legal systems.
single-issue party 17. ______________
The “Equity” party works for an end to affirmative action programs.
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B. Reviewing Key Terms
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Section 5: Guided Reading and Review
Party Organization
CHAPTER
5
A. As You Read As you read Section 5, complete the chart below by supplying the missing information in the blanks provided.
National Party Machinery Mechanism
Term or when it takes place
every fourth year, the National Convention 1. ________________ summer before presidential election ________________
National Committee
Role nominates candidates for President and Vice 2. ______________________________________ President; adopts party rules and platform ______________________________________
between conventions 3. ________________
mainly prepares for the next national convention 4. ______________________________________
________________
______________________________________
for a four-year term National Chairperson 5. ________________
leads national committee, directs party headquarters, 6. ______________________________________
________________
works to strengthen the party ______________________________________
two years, during a 7. ________________
works to reelect incumbents and to unseat the other 8. ______________________________________
term of Congress ________________
party’s incumbents in each house ______________________________________
Congressional Campaign
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. federalism 9. Two factors that contribute to the decentralization of parties are _____________________
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nominating powers and ________________________________________.
10. The party out of power operates at a disadvantage because it has no leader comparable to the President _____________________________.
11. In recent years, there has been a sharp rise in the number of voters who identify themselves independents as __________________________.
B. Reviewing Key Terms On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. 12. ward unit into which a city is divided for electing city council members 13. precinct the smallest unit of election administration 14. split-ticket voting voting for candidates of different parties at the same election
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 5 35
NAME
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CHAPTER
6
DATE
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
The Right to Vote
A. As You Read The chart below illustrates the expansion of suffrage. As you read Section 1, fill in the boxes provided by describing the portion of the American population that was qualified to vote at the time given. male property owners; about 1/15 of white males 1. white ____________________________________ the Constitution 1789 almost all adult white males 2. ______________________________________________ dropped religious & property qualifications 1850 all adult males, including African Americans (but this was not enforced) 3. ______________________________________________________ 15th Amendment 1870 all adult men and women (but African Americans largely disenfranchised) 4. ________________________________________________________________ 19th Amendment 1920 all adult men and women, including African Americans 5. ________________________________________________________________________ Civil Rights Movement 1960s
Write the correct term in the blank provided. to vote During the last two hundred years, Americans have broadened the right (7.) ______________ by religious property eliminating barriers based on (8.) _______________ belief, (9.) _______________ ownership, tax sex (10.) _______________ payment, race, and (11.) _______________. At the same time, the Federal (12.) ______________ Government has assumed a greater role in deciding who can vote and how elections should be run.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank. You may use two terms to answer one question.
Column I b, c 13. the right to vote _____ a _____ 14. the potential voting population
36 Chapter 6
Column II a. electorate b. franchise c. suffrage
Guided Reading and Review
© Pearson Education, Inc.
all men and women over 18 6. ________________________________________________________________________________ 26th Amendment 1971
NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
Voter Qualifications
CHAPTER
6
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, answer the following questions in the space provided. yes 1. According to the Constitution, can aliens vote? ______________________________________
2. Do any State governments today allow aliens to vote?
no ________________________________
3. What are the two reasons that States adopted residency requirements? to prevent the importing of enough people to fix the outcome of an election a. ______________________________________________________________________________ to ensure that voters have time to inform themselves about candidates and issues b. ______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the longest period of residence that any State today requires before permitting new days residents to vote? 50 ________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the oldest minimum age a State can set for voters? 18 ____________________________ 6. What kinds of information are voters usually asked to give when they register to vote? ____ name, age, place of birth, present address, length of residence ________________________________________________________________________________ say it is a bar 7. a. Why do some people argue that voter registration ought to be abolished? Some ______________
b. Why do others believe registration is important?
to voter turnout among the poor and less educated.
__________________________________
Some argue that it is a necessary defense against fraud. ________________________________________________________________________________ during driver’s license 8. What were the three provisions of the Motor Voter Law? registration ______________________________ application or renewal; registration by mail; registration forms available at many government offices ________________________________________________________________________________ were used to discriminate against people based on their race. 9. Why were literacy tests abolished? They __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
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10. In what region of the country was the poll tax once used? Why was it abolished? __________ in the South; because it was used to discourage African Americans from voting ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ in mental hospitals, those who are 11. What groups of persons are widely barred from voting? people ________________________________ legally found to be mentally incompetent, and those convicted of serious crimes ________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. Literacy 12. ______________________________ is the ability to read or write. poll tax 13. A __________________________ was a sum of money that had to be paid by the voter at the time he or she cast a ballot. Registration 14. _____________________________ is a procedure for voter identification. purge poll books 15. Election officials are regularly supposed to ____________ their ____________________ of the names of those who no longer meet voting requirements. transients 16. Most States prohibit _________________, people who live there for a short time, from being considered legal residents.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 6 37
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
Suffrage and Civil Rights
A. As You Read As you read Section 3, complete the paragraphs below by writing the correct answers in the blanks provided.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 set up the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and gave the (5.) _______________________ attorney general the right to seek federal court orders (6.) ______________ to prevent actions that interfered with the voting rights of qualified citizens.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960 provided for voting referees the appointment of federal (7.) ___________ _____________. Their duty was to make sure that qualified citizens were allowed to (8.) register vote ______________ and (9.) ______________ in federal elections.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 forbade or literacy discriminatory (10.) registration ______________ requirements. It relied heavily on the use of court the (11.) ________________ system to overcome racial discrimination. Its shortcomings became clear when Martin King, Jr. Luther (12.) ___________ organized a voter registration drive in the city of (13.) Selma, Alabama _____________________. Efforts to register African-American voters were met with violent opposition. THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 attacked poll the use of the (14.) ______________ tax and literacy (15.) ______________ tests. It authorized the voting examiners in any appointment of (16.) ______________ State or county in which less than (17.) half ___________ of the electorate had been regvoted istered or (18.) _____________ in the 1964 elections. In 1975 the law was extended to cover States and counties in which more five than (19.) ___________ percent of the adult population belongs to the following groups: (language minorities): Hispanics, Native (20.) _________________________________ Americans, Asian Americans, Alaskan natives ______________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Write the correct definition for each of the following terms on a separate sheet of paper and tell why they were important. 21. gerrymandering drawing lines of electoral districts that limit the voting strength of a particular group or party 22. injunction court order that either compels or restrains an act by an individual 23. preclearance approval given before an action is taken
38 Chapter 6
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THE 15TH AMENDMENT was ratified in 1870 (1.) ___________. It states that no citizen can be denied suffrage on the basis of race (2.) ___________, color, or previous servitude condition of (3.) ___________. Although this amendment was intended to enfranchise African American men, in fact it was not (4.) ______________ enforced for almost 100 years.
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
6
Voter Behavior A. As You Read As you read the section, fill in the answers to the questions below. Possible answers below
election years 1. What type of election years have the highest voter turnout? presidential ______________________________ lose their patience and/or knowledge as they work their way down a ballot. 2. What is “ballot fatigue”? Voters __________________________________________________________ aliens 3. What is the largest group of “cannot-voters”? resident ________________________________________ think that their votes will not have an 4. Why do some nonvoters deliberately choose to not vote? They ________________________________ effect on government. ______________________________________________________
5. What is “time-zone fallout”?
The news media predicts election winners when the polls in the East and Midwest close, resulting in lower voter turnout in the West where the polls are still open. ______________________________________________________
of interest 6. What is the chief reason that most nonvoters do not vote? lack ______________________________ ______________________________________________________
7. How do each of these factors affect the likelihood of whether people do or do not vote? with higher incomes are more likely to vote than people with lower incomes. a. level of income: People ________________________________________________________________ with higher status occupations are more likely to vote. b. occupation: People ____________________________________________________________________ people are more likely to vote than those with less education. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. education: Better-educated under 35 are less likely to vote than older people. d. age: People __________________________________________________________________________ are more likely to vote than men. e. gender: Women ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ People with a strong party identification are more likely to vote than people with a weak
party identification. f. party identification: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fill in the characteristics in the chart below to compare some factors that influence whether people are more likely to vote Democrat or Republican.
Democrat
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Income/Occupation
Republican
8. lower status, lower income
9. higher status, higher income
Education
10. less educated
11. more educated
Gender/Age
12. women/younger
13. men/older
Religion
14. Catholics, Jews
15. Protestants
Ethnicity
16. African American, other nonwhites,
17. Whites, Cuban Latinos
Geography
18. many southern states and big cities
19. Maine, Vermont, Kansas, Nebraska,
Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans
B. Reviewing Key Terms
North Dakota, South Dakota; suburbs
Answers can be found on the following
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. Student Edition pages: 20. off-year election 23. gender gap 26. split-ticket voting p. 164
p. 169
21. political efficacy
24. party identification
22. political socialization
25. straight-ticket voting
p. 166
p. 168
Guided Reading and Review
p. 171
p. 171
27. independents p. 171
p. 171
Chapter 6 39
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
The Nominating Process
A. As You Read Complete the chart below as you read Section 1. For each nominating method, write when it came into use and the procedure for nominating candidates.
Nominating Method
How it Works
Self-Announcement
1. candidate (or a friend) announces intention to run for office
Caucus
2. like-minded influential people (later, Congress members of the same party)
Convention
3. elected delegates select their party’s nominees
Direct Primary
4. party members vote for candidates for their party
Closed Primary
5. only declared party members vote for candidates for their party
Open Primary
6. qualified voters, independent or of either party, vote for a party’s candidates
Petition
7. eligible voters sign petitions in support of a particular candidate
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
It narrows
8. Why is the nominating process particularly important in a two-party system? voters’ choices 9. What are some popular criticisms of the primary process? Lack of anonymity, “bedsheet” ballots, expense, restriction to one party
B. Reviewing Key Terms Read the statements below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write F. Then rewrite the statement on a separate sheet of paper to make it true. T _____ 10. Nomination means the naming of candidates who will seek office. F _____ 11. During the early national period, major-party presidential candidates were nominated by State legislatures. F _____ 12. In a blanket primary, voters can nominate a Democratic and a Republican candidate for each office. F _____ 13. In States that require nominees to win a plurality of the popular vote, runoff primaries are sometimes needed. T _____ 14. In a nonpartisan election, candidates are not identified by party.
40 Chapter 7
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gather to decide whom they will support in an election
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CHAPTER
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
7
Elections A. As You Read
1. Write a brief paragraph summarizing the information given under the heading “The Administration of Elections.” See answer below Complete the chart below as you read Section 2. For each method of voting given, write its major features and any advantages or disadvantages of the methods.
Method of Voting
Features
Advantages/Disadvantages
Voice Voting
2. Voters state their votes aloud.
3. “manly” way to vote, but with the
Early Paper Ballots
4. political parties, printed their own
Voters themselves and later, ballots.
printed at public expense, lists
Australian Ballot
7. greatly reduced corruption and
8. Names of candidates are grouped
9. separate judgments for each
by office in random order.
Party–Column Ballot
expansion of suffrage, it led to corrupt practices. Corruption and intimidation were 5. still problems because different color ballots revealed how each person voted.
6. names of all candidates, given out only at the polls, marked in secret
Office–Group Ballot
Some thought this was the only
intimidation
encourages voters to make office
is an advantage for candidates 10. lists each party’s candidates in a 11. It because it encourages voters to column under the party’s name vote a straight-party ticket.
Voters receive a ballot in the mail,
Vote by Mail
12. make their selections, and mail
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the ballot to the precinct.
Online Voting
14. Voters cast their ballots on the Internet.
It is cost effective and raises
13. voter turnout, but some critics
worry about fraud and pressure on voters to vote a certain way. Supporters say it is efficient and 15. promotes voter turnout; opponents worry about fraud and technical problems.
B. Reviewing Key Terms On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. 16. absentee voting voting by mail by those unable to go to the polling place 17. coattail effect occurs when a strong candidate at the top of the ticket helps attract voters to other candidates on the party’s ticket
18. precinct a voting district, usually limited in size to an area where there are no more than 500 to 1,000 qualified voters 19. polling place the location within each precinct where voters go to cast their ballots 20. ballot the device by which voters cast their votes Possible answer to question #1 1. Answers will vary. The following points should be mentioned: Our complex election laws and procedures are aimed at ensuring that elections will be free, honest, and accurate. Most election law is left to the States, but the Federal Government imposes some restrictions, requiring the use of the secret ballot, regulating campaign finance, etc. Most States hold elections for State office at the same time as the general elections. In most States, the disabled, members of the armed forces, and those who will be away on election day can vote by way of absentee ballot. In some States, voters can cast ballots several days before the election. Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 7 41
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
Money and Elections
A. As You Read
Possible answers below
Fill in the spaces below to organize information about money and the election process. Under each main idea, write three supporting details from Section 3. Main Idea A: Candidates spend a great deal of money on political campaigns. 1.
The presidential election eats up by far the largest share of campaign dollars. ____________________________________________________________________________
2.
The costs of congressional campaigns keep growing. ____________________________________________________________________________
3.
newspaper advertisements, office rent, polls, mass mailings, travel, and many other things. ____________________________________________________________________________
Television accounts for the largest share of spending, with other money spent on radio, managers and consultants,
Main Idea B: Private donors come in many different shapes and sizes. 4.
Small contributors give money to candidates they believe in. ____________________________________________________________________________
5.
Wealthy persons and families make large contributions in order to buy influence. ____________________________________________________________________________
6.
candidates themselves, their families, and friends ____________________________________________________________________________
7.
nonparty groups, such as PACs and temporary fund-raising groups ____________________________________________________________________________
8.
temporary organizations formed for the specific campaign ____________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea C: Laws that the Federal Election Commission (FEC) enforces cover four areas. 9.
the timely disclosure of campaign finance data ____________________________________________________________________________
limits on campaign contributions 10. ____________________________________________________________________________
public funding for parts of the presidential election process 12. ____________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea D: There are three major loopholes in campaign finance laws. Soft money contributions can easily be filtered into presidential and congressional campaigns. 13. ____________________________________________________________________________ An independent group or person can spend money on a campaign not connected to a party. These groups use
the money in efforts against candidates. 14. ____________________________________________________________________________ Campaign money can be spent on issue ads that plug a candidate’s viewpoint without mentioning the
candidate’s name. 15. ____________________________________________________________________________ 16. the political arms of special interest groups that have a major stake in public policy 17. a grant, usually from the government 18. contributions that On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. bypass campaign spending laws because 16. political action committee 18. soft money they are donated to State and local party organizations, not to candidates 17. subsidy 19. hard money 19. campaign money that is subject to FEC regulation
B. Reviewing Key Terms
42 Chapter 7
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limits on campaign expenditures 11. ____________________________________________________________________________
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
8
The Formation of Public Opinion A. As You Read
Complete the chart below as you read Section 1. For each source of information given, write the type of information that is communicated.
Factors that Shape Public Opinion Sources
Types of Information Communicated
The Family
1. basic attitudes toward authority; rules of behavior, property, neighbors, and people
The Schools
2. good citizenship skills and attitudes, specific knowledge about politics, and informal
The Mass Media
3. information about politics and public policy, and a platform for opinion leaders
Peer Groups
4. reinforcement of one’s existing opinions
Opinion Leaders
5. information from which people can draw ideas and convictions about politics and
of other racial and religious groups
learning about people with different backgrounds
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public policy
Historic Events
6. information on issues arising out of or related to the events
Write the answers to questions 7 and 8 on a separate sheet of paper. 7. What does it mean to say that “many publics exists exist in the United States?” Each public is made up of a group of people who hold the same view on a particular issue.
8. Why are family and school particularly important in shaping people’s political views?
They influence people when they are most impressionable—in childhood. All other political opinions are built from the base created in childhood.
B. Reviewing Key Terms On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. 9. public affairs 10. public opinion 11. mass media
Guided Reading and Review
12. peer group 13. opinion leader
9. events and issues that concern the public at large 10. the attitudes held by a significant number of people on matters of government and politics 11. the means of communication that reach a wide audience 12. a group of people with whom one regularly associates 13. any person who, for any reason, has an unusually strong influence on the views of others Chapter 8 43
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
8
Measuring Public Opinion
A. As You Read Complete the chart below as you read Section 2. Describe how each measure gauges public opinion and how accurate a measure it is. Possible answers below
Measure
How and How Well?
Elections
1. Elections are frequently interpreted as voters’ acceptance or rejection of a party
Interest Groups
2. Interest groups pressure government officials to shape public policy in specific ways.
Media
3. Media are often said to “mirror” public opinion. In fact they are not accurate mirrors
Personal Contracts
4. Political leaders try to gauge public opinion by addressing groups, reading mail and
platform. In fact, voting is affected by many factors and gives only a broad indication of public opinion.
It is difficult to tell how many citizens support such groups and how strongly they hold these views.
because they may reflect only a vocal minority.
telegrams, visiting home districts, and so on. But it is difficult to “read” public opinion from such contacts.
Polls
5. Polls, especially those based on scientific polling techniques, are the best measure of public opinion. They collect information about public opinion by asking people questions.
List the five steps of the polling process. Give a brief description of each.
a sample. Random samples are drawn based on the law of probability, since in some cases, it is 7. Step 2 Construct __________________________________________________________________________ impossible to poll every person in a selected group. __________________________________________________________________________ valid questions. Questions should be phrased carefully. Avoid using loaded questions and 8. Step 3 Prepare __________________________________________________________________________ questions that are worded in a way that can shape answers. __________________________________________________________________________ interviews. Whether a poll is conducted face-to-face or by mail or phone, pollsters must use 9. Step 4 Conduct __________________________________________________________________________ proper interviewing techniques to avoid invalid results. __________________________________________________________________________ the poll’s findings. Computers and other electronic hardware help pollsters tabulate and 10. Step 5 Report __________________________________________________________________________ interpret results. __________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms On a separate sheet of paper, use each term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term.
Answers can be found on the following Student Edition pages:
11. mandate
15. sample
12. interest group
16. random sample
p. 216
p. 216
13. public opinion poll p. 217
14. straw vote
p. 218
p. 218
17. quota sample p. 219
p. 217
44 Chapter 8
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the universe. Figure out which group should be polled. 6. Step 1 Define __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
8
The Mass Media A. As You Read
Complete the chart below as you read Section 3. List the media in order of their degree of influence on public opinion and give examples of each. Possible answers below
Medium
Examples
1. Television
CBS, NBC, ABC, CNN, PBS, Fox Network
2. Newspapers
New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, Wall Street Journal, Christian Science Monitor, USA Today
3. Radio
NBC, CBS, Mutual Broadcasting System, NPR
4. Magazines
Time, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report, the Nation, the New Republic, the National Review
Write the answers to questions 5–7 on the blanks provided. 5. How do the mass media help to shape the public agenda? They _________have _________the ______power ___________to _____get _______the _______public ___________to _____________ focus on a certain issue. ______________________________________________________ 6. How has television influenced each of the following?
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has made candidates less dependent on traditional party a. the power of political parties Television ______________________________________________________ organizations by allowing them to appeal directly to the public. ______________________________________________________ has made political campaigns more image conscious and less focused on complex b. political campaigns It ______________________________________________________________ policy debates. ______________________________________________________ people do not follow public events closely. 7. What factors limit the influence of the mass media? Most ____________________________________ Those who do select sources of information that reflect and support views they already hold. ______________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. means of communication 8. medium a________________________________________________________________________ that politicians and citizens agree need to be addressed ________________________________________________________ 9. public agenda issues sharply focused news report that lasts 30–45 seconds 10. sound bite short, ______________________________________________________________________
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 8 45
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DATE
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
The Nature of Interest Groups
A. As You Read Use the information in Section 1 to fill in the following supporting facts under each main idea. Main Idea A: Interest groups differ from political parties in several ways. Possible answers below groups do not nominate candidates. 1. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ Interest groups want to influence or control government policies while political parties want to control
itself. 2. government ________________________________________________________________________________ groups concentrate on one issue while political parties are interested in many issues of public concern. 3. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea B: Interest groups have historically been regarded with suspicion. the danger of uncontrolled “factions” that might pursue goals that
with the rights and interests of the community 4. James Madison warned against conflict ____________________________________________________. a balance of power so that no 5. Madison hoped to moderate the power of interest groups through ______________________ faction would become dominant ________________________________________________________________________________.
Main Idea C: Interest groups fulfill many functions in American society. groups help stimulate interest in public affairs. 6. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ groups represent their members on the basis of shared attitudes rather than shared geography. 7. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ groups provide specialized information to government agencies. 8. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ groups are vehicles for political participation. 9. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________ groups provide additional checks and balances to the system. 10. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________
Main Idea D: Interest groups also pose a number of problems for the United States. interest groups have an influence far out of proportion to their membership. 12. Some ________________________________________________________________________________ is difficult to tell how many people an interest group truly represents. 13. It ________________________________________________________________________________ interest groups do not really represent the views of all the people for whom they claim to speak. 14. Many ________________________________________________________________________________ groups use unfair or illegal tactics that, if widely adopted, would undermine the political system. 15. Some ________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the terms listed below in the spaces provided. An interest group is an organization whose members are linked by a common opinion. The group
to persuade public officials to respond to the shared attitude of the members. 16. interest group tries ____________________________________________________________________ the goals the government sets and the actions it takes to reach those goals 17. public policy all ____________________________________________________________________ issues that concern the people at large 18. public affairs ____________________________________________________________________
46 Chapter 9
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groups compete with one another in the public arena. 11. Interest ________________________________________________________________________________
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
9
Types of Interest Groups A. As You Read
1. On a separate sheet of paper, write four sentences summarizing the information given about interest groups under the heading “An American Tradition.” Answers will vary As you read Section 2, complete the chart below by filling in the type of interest group or examples of the type of interest group. Possible answers below
Type of Interest Group Business Groups
Chamber of Commerce, United States Brewers’ Association 2. NAM, _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
Labor Groups
Fraternal Order of Police, International Longshore and 3. AFL-CIO, _____________________________________________________ Warehouse Union _____________________________________________________
agricultural groups 4. _____________________
National Grange, American Farm Bureau, National Farmers Union
Professional Groups
Medical Association, American Bar Association, National 5. American _____________________________________________________ Education Association _____________________________________________________
groups that promote causes 6. _____________________
ACLU, Sierra Club, National Women’s Political Caucus
Organizations That Promote 7. _____________________
American Legion, Older Americans, Inc., NAACP
religious organizations 8. _____________________
National Council of Churches, American Jewish Congress, National Catholic Welfare Council
Public- Interest Groups
of Women Voters, Common Cause, Public Citizen, Inc. 9. League _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
the Welfare of Certain Groups
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Examples
B. Reviewing Key Terms Match the groups in Column I with the interest group type in Column II.
Column I
Column II
c _____ 10. a group that pushes for public policies that benefit most or all people in the country, regardless of whether they belong to or support the group
a. trade association
a _____ 11. an interest group for a segment of the business community
b. labor union c. public-interest group
b _____ 12. an organization of workers who work in the same type of job or who work in the same industry Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 9 47
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
Interest Groups at Work
A. As You Read
Answers will vary for 1–9. Possible answers are listed below.
As you read Section 3, write three supporting details for each of the main ideas given. Main Idea A: Interest groups try to influence public opinion. 1.
Interest groups supply the public with information to support their interests. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ 2.
Interest groups try to build positive reputations in society. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ 3.
Interest groups work to persuade the public to adopt their views on policy issues. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea B: Interest groups help and make use of political parties. 4.
Interest groups try to secure the support of one or both parties. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ 5.
Much campaign funding comes from interest groups. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ 6.
Single-interest groups often campaign hard against candidates who oppose their stand on an issue. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ Main Idea C: Lobbying involves many functions. 7.
Lobbying is more than just working to influence legislation before it is passed. ________________________________________________________________________________
8.
Lobbyists work to influence how strictly a law is enforced. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ 9.
Lobbyists also try to influence how laws are interpreted by the courts. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms On a separate sheet of paper, define each key term below and use it in a sentence. 10. propaganda a technique of persuasion aimed at influencing individual or group behavior 11. single-interest group organization that concentrates on one issue 12. lobbying all of the methods by which group pressures are brought to bear on all aspects of the publicpolicy-making process
13. grass roots related to the people, the average voter
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________________________________________________________________________________
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
The National Legislature
CHAPTER
10
A. As You Read The main points of Section 1 are supplied for you below in the form of questions. As you read the section, fill in the answers to the questions.
Two Houses of Congress The British 1. What is the historical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? __________ Parliament and most colonial legislatures were bicameral. __________________________________________________________________________ Bicameralism 2. What is a practical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? ____________ settled the conflict between the Virginia and New Jersey plans of 1787 and reflected American federalism. __________________________________________________________________________ Bicameralism 3. What is a theoretical reason for Americans choosing a bicameral system? __________ allows each house to act as a check and balance on the other. __________________________________________________________________________
Terms and Sessions 4. What is a term of Congress?
the length of time elected officials serve after being elected ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is a session of Congress?
the regular period of time during which Congress performs ______________________________________________
legislative work __________________________________________________________________________
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two 6. How many sessions are there in a term of Congress? ____________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms. to suspend a session until the next session 7. adjourn ____________________________________________________________________ a meeting of Congress called by the President to deal with some pressing issue 8. special session ______________________________________________________________
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 10 49
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
The House of Representatives
A. As You Read Using information from this section, complete the chart below, which shows data related to the House of Representatives.
Characteristics of House
Description
1. Size
435 seats
2. Terms
two years
3. Date of election
Tuesday following first Monday in November of each even-numbered year
Characteristics of Its Members 4. Age
at least 25 years
5. Length of citizenship
at least seven years
6. Residence
inhabitant of State from which chosen
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms Gerrymandering is drawing congressional districts to the advantage of the party in power. 7. gerrymandering ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ Reapportionment is redistributing the seats in the House of Representatives in keeping with the latest census. 8. reapportionment ________________________________________________________ An off-year election is an election for Congress in a year without a presidential election. 9. off-year election ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Qualifications
NAME
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
The Senate
CHAPTER
10
A. As You Read Using information from this section, compare data about the Senate with data about the House by filling in the blanks in the chart below.
The Congress Characteristic
House
Senate
Size
435
100 1. _______________________
Term Length
2 years
6 years 2. _______________________
Date of Elections
Tuesday following first
Tuesday following first Monday 3. _______________________
Monday in November of
in November of each even_______________________
each even-numbered year
numbered year _______________________
Qualifications Age
At least 25 years
at least 30 years 4. _______________________
Length of Citizenship
At least 7 years
at least 9 years 5. _______________________
Residence
Inhabitant of the State
inhabitant of State from which 6. _______________________ chosen
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How Chosen Originally
By voters in district
by State legislatures 7. _______________________
Today
By voters in district
by voters in the State 8. _______________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. continuous body 9. The Senate is a _______________, that is, all of its seats are never up for election at the same time. Constituencies 10. _______________ are the people and interests the senators represent.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 10 51
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
The Members of Congress
A. As You Read As you read Section 4, answer the questions below on the roles played by members of Congress and the compensation and privileges of the job.
Roles Played by a Member of Congress makes laws 1. Legislator: What does a legislator do? ________________________________________________
2. Committee member: What do members do as part of a congressional committee?
__________
evaluate bills, perform oversight function __________________________________________________________________________________ decides issues on merit alone, 3. Trustee: How does a member of Congress act as a trustee? ______________________________ regardless of the views of constituents or other groups __________________________________________________________________________________ acts as the constituents’ agents, 4. Delegate: How does a member of Congress act as a delegate? ____________________________ regardless of personal beliefs __________________________________________________________________________________ votes in line with wishes of party 5. Partisan: How does a member of Congress act as a partisan? ____________________________ platform and leaders __________________________________________________________________________________ combines roles of trustee, delegate, 6. Politico: How does a member of Congress act as a politico? ______________________________
Compensation and Privileges 7. Salary: What is the current salary of a member of Congress?
$141,300 ____________________________
8. Nonsalary compensation: What are some fringe benefits for members of Congress? __________ tax deductions, travel allowances, low-cost health insurance, pension plan, money for offices and staffs, franking privilege __________________________________________________________________________________ Members of Congress 9. Privileges: To what does the phrase “cloak of legislative immunity” refer? __________________ are immune from arrest for misdemeanors during congressional sessions and may not be sued for libel. __________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms. the people of a legislator’s State or district 10. constituency _____________________________________________________________________ congressional duty to see that the agencies in the executive branch are working effectively 11. oversight function ________________________________________________________________ and according to legal policies 52 Chapter 10
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and partisan and acts as a “practical” politician __________________________________________________________________________________
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
The Scope of Congressional Powers
CHAPTER
11
A. As You Read Compare the concepts of strict and liberal constructionism by completing the chart below.
Construction of the Constitution Strict
Liberal
Definition
narrow, literal interpretation of the 1. _________________________
broad interpretation of the 2. _________________________
Major proponent
Jefferson 3. _________________________
Hamilton 4. _________________________
Attitude toward implied powers
only when necessary to carry out 5. use _________________________
use often and energetically 6. _________________________
Attitude toward national power
should be restrained and limited, 7. _________________________
be strong and allowed to grow 8. should _________________________
Attitude toward State power
should remain strong and keep 9. _________________________
should be restrained 10. ________________________
Constitution
expressed powers
except for defense
most power
Constitution
B. Reviewing Key Terms © Pearson Education, Inc.
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. 11. The Constitution gives powers to the Congress in three ways: expressed a. through the _________________________, or clearly stated, powers, implied b. through the _________________________, powers (powers deducted from
the clearly stated powers), inherent c. through the _________________________powers, those possessed by all
sovereign states.
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
The Expressed Powers of Money and Commerce
A. As You Read Complete the chart below showing the major powers granted to Congress by the Constitution in the areas of money and commerce.
Congress’s Constitutional Powers of Money and Commerce Power
Allows Congress to...
Taxation
lay and collect taxes to pay debts and provide for common defense and 1. ________________________________________________________ general welfare ________________________________________________________
Borrowing
borrow money to finance projects 2. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
Commerce
regulate interstate and foreign trade 3. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
Currency
coin money and regulate its value 4. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
Bankruptcy
establish uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies 5. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms charge levied by government on persons or property to meet government needs 6. tax __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ tax paid by one party and passed on to another 7. indirect tax ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ spending more than is taken in and borrowing to make up the difference 8. deficit financing ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ all the money government borrowed over the years that is not yet repaid 9. public debt ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ money that must be accepted in payment of a debt 10. legal tender ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ the legal proceeding in which the court distributes people’s assets among their creditors 11. bankruptcy ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Define the following terms.
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
Other Expressed Powers
CHAPTER
11
A. As You Read Fill in the supporting points in the outline below in the form of answers to the questions.
Foreign Relations Powers 1. Which parts of the National Government share the power in the field of foreign affairs? ______ Congress and the President __________________________________________________________________________________ the President 2. Which part is primarily responsible for conducting foreign relations? ______________________ The States have no role because they are 3. What is the role of the States in foreign affairs and why? _________________________________ not sovereign powers. __________________________________________________________________________________
War Powers Congress 4. Who has the power to declare war? ___________________________________________________ Congress has the power to restrict use of U.S. 5. What did the War Powers Resolution of 1973 state? _____________________________________ forces in combat areas that are not in a state of war. __________________________________________________________________________________
Other Expressed Powers the postal power 6. What power gives Congress the right to make laws regulating mailing? _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What is the role of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in fulfilling an expressed It maintains the standard of weights and measures. power? ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Judicial Powers 8. The Constitution specifically mentions the following four kinds of federal crimes: counterfeiting a. __________________________________ piracy and felonies on the high seas b. __________________________________ offenses against law of nations c. __________________________________ treason d. __________________________________ 9. Which part of the National Government has the expressed power of creating and providing for Congress the organization of federal courts?_____________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. Naturalization 10. _________________________ is the process of making non-citizens into citizens. copyright 11. A _______________________ protects the right of an author over original writings. patent 12. A _______________________ protects an inventor’s rights to inventions. Eminent domain 13. _________________________ is the right of a government to take private property for public use.
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
The Implied Powers
A. As You Read Complete the following time line by inserting the correct events described in Section 4 in the spaces indicated. Then answer the questions that follow. 1. 1790
3. 1816
5. 1819
Hamilton recommended
Congress created
Congress establish a ______________________
a second national bank ______________________
the Constitution need not expressly ______________________
national bank ______________________
______________________
empower Congress to create a bank, ______________________
______________________
______________________
supporting implied powers ______________________
2. 1791
4. 1818
Congress set up first
Maryland placed a tax on
The Supreme Court ruled
national bank ______________________
all notes issued by banks doing ______________________
______________________
business in the State but not ______________________
______________________
chartered by the State legislature ______________________
6. Explain why the Necessary and Proper Clause has often been called the Elastic Clause. The clause has been used to stretch the meaning of the Constitution to meet the needs of the ______________________________________________________________________ American people. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 7. Why does Congress have the power to appropriate funds for various purposes? ________ The Necessary and Proper clause allows for implied powers. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
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B. Reviewing Key Terms
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Section 5: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
11
The Nonlegislative Powers A. As You Read On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions as you read Section 5. Possible answers below
Constitutional Amendments 1. What are two ways Congress may propose an amendment to the Constitution? 2. What are some current issues that many Americans have thought worthy of constitutional amendment? 1. by two-thirds vote in each house or by calling a national convention at the
Electoral Duties
request of two-thirds of the State legislatures 2. prayer in public schools, abortion, school busing, requiring a balanced budget, prohibiting flag burning, term limits
3. What electoral duty does the House have? 4. What electoral duty does the Senate have?
3. If the electoral college cannot choose a President by majority vote, the House must choose. 4. If the electoral college cannot choose a Vice President by majority vote, the Senate must choose.
Impeachment 5. What role does the House have in the impeachment process? 6. What role does the Senate have in the impeachment process?
Executive Powers
5. It has the sole power to vote articles of impeachment. 6. It has the sole power to try the defendant based on the charges contained in the articles of impeachment passed by the House.
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7. What are the two executive powers possessed by the Senate? 7. The Senate must confirm major appointments of the President and 8. What is “senatorial courtesy”?
confirm treaties entered into by the President. 8. The Senate will turn down a presidential appointment of a federal officer to serve in a particular State if the appointment is opposed Investigatory Powers by a senator of the President’s party who is from the State involved. 9. What is the usual forum for congressional investigations? 9. congressional committees and subcommittees 10. What are some reasons for congressional investigations? 10. gather information, oversee operations of executive agencies, expose questionable activities by public officials, and promote the interests of some members of Congress
B. Reviewing Key Terms
Complete the sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. try an impeached President, 11. It is the Senate, not the House, which has sole power to _______________ Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States. censure 12. Congress may _____________________ someone by issuing a formal condemnation of the individual’s actions.
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Congress Organizes
A. As You Read Complete the graphic organizer below showing the organization of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Fill in the presiding officers that are missing from the organizer and code each box, using the key provided, to indicate whether each officer is a party officer, an official presiding officer, or both.
House Presiding Officer and Party Leader
Speaker of the House 1. ____________________________________________________________
Party Officers Majority Floor Leader 2. _________________________
Minority Floor Leader 3. _________________________
Majority Whip 4. _________________________
Minority Whip 5. _________________________
Senate Presiding Officers President of the Senate 6. _________________________
President Pro Tempore 7. _________________________
Majority Floor Leader 8. _________________________
Minority Floor Leader 9. _________________________
Majority Whip 10. _________________________
Minority Whip 11. _________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms
12. He or she presides and maintains order, recognizes speakers, interprets rules, refers bills to committees, puts questions to a vote, decides the outcome of most votes, Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. names members to all committees, and 12. What are the functions of the Speaker of the House? signs all bills and resolutions. 13. The president of the Senate is the pre13. What are the functions of the president of the Senate? siding officer of the Senate and recognizes speakers, puts ques14. What are the functions of the floor leaders and their whips in both houses? tions to a vote, and may only vote to break a tie. The Vice President fills this post. 14. The leaders devise legislative strategies, carry out decisions of party caucuses, and steer floor action. By virtue of his or her majority position, the majority leader plans the order of business on the floor. The whips assist the leaders by advising them and organizing votes on each issue. 58 Chapter 12
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Party Officers
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
Committees in Congress
CHAPTER
12
A. As You Read Complete the graphic organizer below by answering the questions about congressional committees.
Standing Committees
Select Committees
a permanent 1. What is a standing committee? ________
a temporary 4. What is a select committee?____________
group of either the House or Senate to consider bills in specific subjects ____________________________________
2. What are the committees’ functions?
Standing committees investigate, evaluate, and sift through proposed bills. ____________________________________
3. Give 3 examples of such committees.
panel set up for some specific purpose ____________________________________ Select 5. What does a select committee do? ______ committees investigate some current matter for
possible new laws or for special issues. ____________________________________
Possible answers: House Ways and Means; Senate ____________________________________
6. Give 2 examples of a select committee House Select Committee to from 1987.__________________________
Finance; House National Security. See chart on ____________________________________
Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran; ____________________________________
Student Edition p. 330 for a list of other possible ____________________________________
Senate Select Committee on Secret Military ____________________________________
answers.
Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition ____________________________________
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Types of Congressional Committees
Joint Committees
Conference Committees
a committee 7. What is a joint committee? ____________
10. What is a conference committee? ______
composed of members from both houses ____________________________________
A conference committee is temporary and composed ____________________________________
8. What does a joint committee do? investi______
of members of both houses. ____________________________________
gates and issues reports; deals with issues common ____________________________________ to both houses; some have routine duties
9. Give 3 examples of a joint committee.
____________________________________ 11. What does a conference committee do?
Joint Economic Committee, Joint Committee ____________________________________
irons out differences between similar bills in the ____________________________________
on Printing, Joint Committee on the Library ____________________________________
House and Senate and produces compromise bills ____________________________________
of Congress ____________________________________
____________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Answer the question below on a separate sheet of paper. 12. How does the House Rules Committee act as a “traffic cop” in the lower house? It manages
the flow of bills for action by the full House and grants rules, or schedules for consideration, to bills as they emerge from committees.
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12
How a Bill Becomes a Law: The House
A. As You Read Fill in the information below by writing the answers in the blanks provided. the executive branch, pressure groups, and private citizens. 1. Most bills are introduced in Congress by ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ a proposed law. 2. A bill is __________________________________________________________________________ a matter that concerns either house alone. 3. A resolution deals with ____________________________________________________________ it has the force of law. 4. A joint resolution is like a bill because ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ matters in which both houses must act jointly without the force of law. 5. A concurrent resolution deals with __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ numbers and names the bill and enters it into the House Journal and 6. At a first reading of a bill, the clerk __________________________________________________ the Congressional Record. __________________________________________________________________________________ report it favorably; refuse to report it; 7. Five courses of action a committee may take on a bill are:________________________________ report it in amended form; report it unfavorably; or report a substitute bill written by the committee. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ voice votes, standing votes, teller votes, and roll-call votes. 8. Four types of votes in the House are: ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms. 10. rider
a provision that is attached to a measure that is likely to pass __________________________________________________________________________
the portion of the full membership that must be present in order to do business 11. quorum ________________________________________________________________________ matters in which the Senate and the House must act jointly 12. concurrent resolution______________________________________________________________ a move that forces a committee to present a bill for consideration to the House 13. discharge petition ________________________________________________________________ all the members of the House sitting as one large committee 14. Committee of the Whole __________________________________________________________
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it is placed on the Senate president’s desk. 9. After a bill has been passed and signed by the Speaker, __________________________________
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
The Bill in the Senate
CHAPTER
12
A. As You Read Fill in the blanks on the flowchart below that outlines the movements of a bill through the Senate. 1. Bill introduced, given number and title, read two _____times.
5. The Senate votes on the bill; if it passes the bill goes to the House ___________.
2. Bill referred to committee ___________.
6. If the House passes a different version of the bill, aconference committee ____________ is formed.
Majority Floor 3.__________ Leader ____________ calls bill to debate on floor.
7. The conference committee works out a compromise ____________ version of the bill.
8. The bill is sent to the President ___________.
4. Senators may use the filibuster ____________ to prevent a vote on a bill.
9. The Constitution gives the President four ____________ options.
B. Reviewing Key Terms © Pearson Education, Inc.
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. cloture 10. The Senate is reluctant to use ___________________ to limit debate. filibuster 11. In practice, just the threat of a _______________, an attempt to “talk a bill to death,”
can result in the Senate’s failure to consider certain bills. 12. By not acting on a bill sent by Congress within 10 days of adjourning, the President pocket veto performs a ________________ . veto 13. The President may _______________ a bill sent to him by Congress by refusing to sign it.
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
The President’s Job Description
A. As You Read As you read Section 1, fill in a brief description for each of the roles of the President given below.
Formal Qualifications for President 1. Age
at least 35
2. Citizenship
must have been born a U.S. citizen
3. U. S. residence
must have lived in United States at least 14 years
Term and Compensation 4. Maximum term length
maximum 10 years (2 full terms plus no more than 2 years)
5. Annual salary
$400,000
6. Annual expenses
$50,000
B. Reviewing Key Terms Column I b _____
7. chief of state
h _____ 8. chief executive d _____ 9. chief administrator e _____ 10. chief diplomat g _____ 11. commander in chief a _____ 12. chief legislator f _____ 13. chief of party c _____ 14. chief citizen
62 Chapter 13
Column II a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
proposes laws to Congress ceremonial head of government represents the American people heads the federal bureaucracy determines foreign policy leads his or her political party commands the armed forces sees that the nation’s laws are carried out
Guided Reading and Review
© Pearson Education, Inc.
Match the descriptions in Column 1 with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
Presidential Succession and the Vice Presidency
CHAPTER
13
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, use the chart below to write the correct order of succession to the presidency.
The Order of Succession to the Presidency President 1. Vice ______________________________________________ of the House 2. Speaker ______________________________________________ pro tempore of the Senate 3. president ______________________________________________ of state 4. secretary ______________________________________________ of the treasury 5. secretary ______________________________________________
Answer the following questions in the blanks provided. Possible answers below Twenty6. How does the Constitution provide for situations in which the President is disabled? The ________ fifth Amendment states that the Vice President may temporarily assume duties of the presidency if the President so requests or if the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet inform Congress that such a move is necessary. __________________________________________________________________________________
7. What duties are given to the Vice President by the Constitution? __________________________ The Vice President’s constitutional duties are to preside over the Senate and to help decide presidential disability. __________________________________________________________________________________ Vice Presidents are usually chosen to “balance the ticket,” 8. How are Vice Presidents usually selected? ______________________________________________ thus improving the presidential candidate’s chances of winning the election. __________________________________________________________________________________
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The Twenty-fifth Amendment states that the 9. How can a vacancy in the vice presidency be filled?______________________________________ President nominates a new Vice President and that nomination must be confirmed by a majority vote of both houses. __________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Write the definition of each term in the blank provided. the order in which lesser officials take over the duties of the presidency in case 10. presidential succession ____________________________________________________________ those above them die, resign, or are removed from office __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ presidential candidate chooses a running mate who can strengthen his or her chance of 11. balance the ticket__________________________________________________________________ being elected by virtue of ideological, geographic, racial, ethnic, gender, or other characteristics __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ Guided Reading and Review
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
Presidential Selection: The Framers’ Plan
A. As You Read As you read Section 3, answer the following questions on the lines provided. 1. What were three methods of presidential election discussed by the Framers? ____________ election by Congress, popular vote, and electoral college ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________ 2. How did the Framers arrange for the electors to choose the President and Vice President? They would meet in their States, each casting votes for two different presidential candidates. The person who won
the largest number of votes would be President; the runner-up, Vice President. ______________________________________________________________________________
3. Why did the Framers choose this method of electing the President? What kind of person did Framers did not want either congressional or popular election of the President.
They expected electors to be respectable, well-informed citizens. they envision as an elector? ______________________________________________________ Parties nominated not only 4. How did the rise of political parties affect the electoral college? ______________________ presidential and vice-presidential candidates, but also candidates for the electoral college. It was understood
that these electors would not be free agents but were pledged to vote for their parties’ ticket. ______________________________________________________________________________ The election of 1800 5. How did the election of 1800 lead to passage of the 12th Amendment? ________________ ended in a tie between the two candidates of the Democratic-Republican party, Jefferson and Burr. Though the
party clearly meant for Jefferson to be President, the election went through 36 ballots in the House before he was ______________________________________________________________________________ elected. The Twelfth Amendment ensured that this would never happen again by requiring electors to designate which vote was cast for President and which for Vice President.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Today, presidential electors are pledged to vote for their parties’ candidates. 6. presidential electors ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________ The Framers designed the electoral college in order to ensure that the President would be 7. electoral college ________________________________________________________________ elected by knowledgeable people. ______________________________________________________________________________
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Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. Possible answers below
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
13
Presidential Nominations A. As You Read Complete the outline below by filling in the blanks to complete the sentences.
The Role of Conventions congressional caucus 1. From 1800 to 1824, presidential candidates were chosen by ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________. national convention 2. In 1832, that system was replaced by the ____________________________________________.
3. Today, the Democratic and Republican parties allot each State a number of party delegates its past voter support for party candidates based on the State’s electoral vote and ______________________________________________. 4. The procedure for selecting delegates in a primary is governed by State laws and/or ________ party rules ________________________________________________________________________________.
Presidential Primaries
choose delegates to the national
conventions 5. A State’s presidential primary may either be a process to ________________________ or to express preferences for presidential candidates indicate ____________________________. proportional representation 6. Winner-take-all primaries have nearly disappeared in favor of __________________________. caucuses 7. The few States that do not hold primaries choose delegates in ________________________ and conventions ________________________________________________________________________________.
The National Convention platform 8. The _________________________ is the statement of a party’s basic principles. keynote address 9. The _________________________ is the speech that is usually given on the first day of a convention.
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Who Is Nominated? incumbent 10. An ____________________________ President who wants to run again is usually nominated.
11. The greatest number of people who have been nominated for President have previously served State governors as __________________________.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms. a popular vote to either (a) elect some or all of a State’s delegates to a national 12. presidential primary ______________________________________________________________ party convention and/or (b) express a preference among the various contenders for a party’s nomination __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ allowing a State’s delegates to cast votes in proportion to his or her share 13. proportional representation ________________________________________________________ of the State’s primary vote __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Section 5: Guided Reading and Review
The Election
A. As You Read Using information from Section 5, complete the chart below, which shows different plans for electing the President.
Actual or Proposed System Electoral College
How it Works
Flaws
Voters in each State vote for
1. electors for a party’s presidential
and vice presidential candidates, and each State’s votes are awarded on a winner-take-all basis.
District Plan
Proportional Plan
Direct Popular Election
National Bonus Plan
The winner of the national popular
2. vote may not win the electoral vote;
electors may break their pledges to vote for the candidates; if there is no majority, the House decides.
Two electors are chosen from each
3. State at large and cast votes in
4. The winner of the popular vote may not win the electoral vote. accordance with statewide popular vote. All other delegates are elected separately from State’s congressional districts. 5. Candidates would receive the same 6. The election may not produce a percentage of a State’s electoral clear winner, and third parties vote as he or she receives in the would gain power. State’s popular vote. 7. The electoral college would be
scrapped and the President and Vice President would be elected by direct popular vote. Electoral votes allotted State by
9. State, on winner-take-all basis;
national pool of 102 electoral votes awarded to winner of popular vote. In a tie, run-off between two top contenders in popular vote.
requires a Constitutional 8. It amendment, would weaken
federalism, small States would oppose it, and it might not produce a clear winner.
10. This plan is not well known or understood.
1824 electoral vote for the presidency? _______________
1876 _______________
1888 _______________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following key term. the mass of people who actually cast votes 12. electorate ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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11. In which three elections of the past has the winner of the popular vote failed to win the
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
The Growth of Presidential Power
CHAPTER
14
A. As You Read As you read Section 1, complete the sentences below.
Article II Executive Article 1. Article II is known as the _________________________________ because it establishes the presidency.
2. Article II establishes the following presidential powers: the armed forces a. command _____________________________________________________ treaties b. make _____________________________________________________ or veto acts of Congress c. approve _____________________________________________________ and receive diplomatic representatives d. send _____________________________________________________ pardons and reprieves e. grant _____________________________________________________ that the laws are faithfully executed f. see _____________________________________________________
3. Beginning at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, there has been a struggle between those strong presidency weak presidency (in either order) who want a ________________________ and those who want a __________________________.
Why Presidential Power Has Grown strong presidency 4. Throughout American history, those who want a _______________________________ have usually prevailed.
5. One reason for the growth of presidential power has been the nation’s increasingly social and economic life complex ____________________________________________________.
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decisive action in times of national emergency 6. The frequent need for ___________________________________________________ has also strengthened presidential power. Congress 7. Even ___________________ has strengthened the presidency by passing laws that added to the activities of the executive branch.
The Presidential View stewardship 8. Some strong, effective Presidents have stated the _______________________ theory, which takes a broad view of their powers.
9. Critics of strong presidential power compare the President to an emperor, calling a imperial presidency strong presidency a(n) _____________________________________.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following key term on the lines provided. 10. mass media
means of communicating with people, such as the press, radio, television, and the Internet ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Guided Reading and Review
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
The President’s Executive Powers
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, use the chart below to indicate whether the power is implied or expressed and to describe each executive power shown.
Function
The Executive Powers of the President Implied or Gives the President Power to… Expressed?
Executing the Law
1.
expressed
2.
uphold and carry out all federal laws, with some discretion in interpreting and enforcing them
The Ordinance Power
3.
implied
4.
direct the administration of the executive branch; issue orders and delegate responsibility within the bureaucracy
The Appointment Power
5.
expressed
6.
appoint some officials on his own authority and appoint other officials with the Senate’s approval
The Removal Power
7.
implied
8.
remove any person he or she has appointed, except for federal judges; Congress may set limits on his or her power to remove the heads of independent agencies that are not purely executive agencies
Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. Possible answers below Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution stipulates that the President must take the oath of 9. oath of office _____________________________________________________________________ office on the day he takes office. ________________________________________________________________________________ A President’s executive order does not need Senate approval, but has the force of law. 10. executive order ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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B. Reviewing Key Terms
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Diplomatic and Military Powers A. As You Read As you read Section 3, complete the outline by filling in the blanks.
The Power to Make Treaties two or more sovereign states 1. A treaty is a formal agreement between ______________________________________________. Senate 2. After the President negotiates a treaty, the __________________ must approve it by a two-thirds vote. ___________ joint resolution 3. Presidents Tyler and McKinley encouraged Congress to pass a __________________ to annex territory after the approval of a treaty had been defeated in the Senate.
Executive Agreements a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state, or a subordinate 4. An executive agreement is __________________________________________________________.
5. One difference between an executive agreement and a treaty is that an executive agreement Senate consent does not require __________________________________________________________________.
The Power of Recognition 6. By exercising the power of recognition, the President acknowledges the legal existence ______________________ of another country and its government. guarantee 7. Prompt recognition of a country or its government may ______________ its existence.
8. Displeasure with another country’s conduct may be shown by the President’s asking for recall of that country’s ambassador or other diplomat __________________________________________. 9. The most serious diplomatic rebuke one nation may give another is the _____________ withdrawal of recognition __________________________________________.
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Commander in Chief unlimited 10. The President’s powers as commander in chief are almost ______________________________. a congressional declaration of war 11. Presidents have used the armed forces in combat abroad without ________________________. wartime 12. A President’s power as commander in chief is greatest during __________________________.
13. Congress passed the War Powers Resolution in 1973 to limit the President’s war-making the war in Vietnam powers in response to ____________________________________________________________. 14. The constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution remains
in dispute __________________________.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following term. 15. persona non grata
Guided Reading and Review
an unwelcome person; when referring to a diplomat, it means a person who is
unwelcome in the country to which he or she has been posted ______________________________________________________________
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
Legislative and Judicial Powers
A. As You Read As you read Section 4, complete the outline on legislative powers by writing the correct words or phrases in the blanks. 1. Using his message power, the President regularly sends these three major messages to Congress: the State of the Union message a. _____________________________________________________________ President’s budget message b. the _____________________________________________________________ the annual Economic Report c. _____________________________________________________________
2. The President’s four options in dealing with a measure passed by Congress are: sign the bill into law a. _____________________________________________________________ the bill b. veto _____________________________________________________________ not sign it, allowing it to become law c. _____________________________________________________________ pocket veto, not sign a bill at the end of a congressional session, which does not allow
to become law d. it _____________________________________________________________
3. Throughout history Presidents have requested the veto power to include the line-item veto __________________ that would allow them to cancel specific dollar amounts in spending. special session 4. Article II, Section 3 allows the President to call Congress into ____________________________. prorogue (adjourn) 5. No President has yet used the power to ______________________________________ Congress.
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I
Column II
c _____ 6. a general pardon offered to a group of lawbreakers
a. commutation
b _____ 7. mercy or leniency given in cases involving federal offenses
b. clemency
d _____ 8. a postponement of the execution of a sentence imposed by a court
c. amnesty
a _____
e. pardon
9. a reduction in the severity of a sentence or fine imposed by a court
d. reprieve
e _____ 10. legal forgiveness of a crime
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B. Reviewing Key Terms
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
15
The Federal Bureaucracy A. As You Read Fill in the outline below by answering the questions in the spaces provided.
What Is a Bureaucracy? 1. Name the three main characteristics of a bureaucracy and explain why each is important. hierarchical authority: Makes it clear who has the power to make decisions, thus reducing conflicts
a.
over authority. ____________________________________________________________________________
b.
who have gained highly specialized skills. ____________________________________________________________________________
c.
formalized rules: Decisions are based on rules and standards and not by any individual’s likes or dislikes. ____________________________________________________________________________
job specialization: Because each person has a specific job, the work is conducted more efficiently by people
Major Elements of the Federal Bureaucracy The Constitution 2. How does the Constitution make reference to a federal bureaucracy? ________________
makes the President the chief administrator of the Federal Government and gives him the power to require heads of executive departments to assist in the administration of government. _______________________________________________________________________
3. Which two departments does the Constitution anticipate? department for foreign affairs a. _________________________________
department for the military b. _________________________________
The Name Game Define the following titles of executive branch units and give one example of each unit. You may use section content and the chart on Student Edition page 417. refers to agencies of Cabinet rank; possible answers: Department of State, Department of Defense 4. department ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ can refer to any governmental body or to a major unit headed by a single administrator of near5. agency ________________________________________________________________________ Cabinet status; possible answers: Environmental Protection Agency, Central Intelligence Agency ________________________________________________________________________________ like agency, refers to a major unit headed by a single administrator of near-Cabinet status; 6. administration __________________________________________________________________ possible answers: Social Security Administration, Small Business Administration ________________________________________________________________________________
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used for agencies charged that regulate business activities and for agencies that investigate, 7. commission ______________________________________________________________ revise, and report; possible answers: Federal Communications Commission, Civil Rights Commission ________________________________________________________________________________ title given to agencies that conduct business-like activities; possible answers: 8. corporation/authority ____________________________________________________________ Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Tennessee Valley Authority ________________________________________________________________________________
Staff and Line Agencies Define the following terms and give an example of each.
agencies that support the President and other administrators by offering advice and assistance;
any agency that is part of Executive Office of the President 9. staff agency ______________________________________________________________________ agencies that perform the task for which the agency exists; Environmental Protection Agency 10. line agency ______________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms On a separate sheet of paper, use each key term in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. 11. bureaucrat
12. administration
11. A person who works for a bureaucracy and who has defined duties and responsibilities is known as a bureaucrat. 12. The government’s many administrators and agencies comprise the administration, without which policies would not be executed. Guided Reading and Review
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
The Executive Office of the President
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, use the chart below to organize information about the Executive Office of the President (EOP). Describe the major function of each agency in the Executive Office shown in boxes 1–11. Possible answers below
Function
1. White House Executive Office
acts as the “nerve center” of the executive branch; houses key executive personnel
2. National Security Council
advises President in domestic, foreign, and military matters relating to national security
3. Office of Management and Budget
prepares federal budget that the President submits to Congress; reports on functioning of all executive agencies; checks agency stands on legislative matters
4. Office of National Drug Control Policy
prepares a drug-control strategy and coordinates federal agencies that fight drugs
5. Council of Economic Advisers
provides information and advice to the President on nation’s economy
6. Office of Policy Development
advises the President on domestic affairs
7. Council of Environmental Equality
helps the President with environmental policy matters and helps the President prepare the “state of the environment” report
8. Office of the Vice President
aids the Vice President in his duties
9. Office of the U.S. Trade Representatives
advises the President in foreign trade matters
10. Office of Science and Technology
advises the President on all scientific matters that apply to national policies and programs
11. Office of Administration
provides Executive Office agencies with support services
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define each of the following terms in the space provided. a detailed estimate of the nation’s income and spending for the coming fiscal year 12. federal budget __________________________________________________________________ a 12-month period used for record-keeping, budgets, and other financial management purposes;
the Federal Government’s fiscal year is October 1–September 30 13. fiscal year ______________________________________________________________________ any matters within the United States’ borders 14. domestic affairs __________________________________________________________________
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Executive Office Agencies
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
The Executive Departments
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A. As You Read As you read Section 3, fill in the answers to the questions below. Cabinet departments 1. What is another name for the executive departments? ________________________________
2. What is the title for the heads of most executive departments?
secretary ________________________
attorney general 3. What is the title for the head of the Department of Justice? ____________________________ to serve as 4. What are the two main duties of the heads of the executive departments? ________________ advisors to the President and to serve as heads of their own departments ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ 15 5. How many executive departments are there today? __________________________________
6. About what percentage of employees of executive departments are career people, not political 80% appointees? ____________________________________________________________________
7. About what percentage of employees of executive departments do not work in Washington, 90% D.C.? __________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the role of the Cabinet?
to serve as an informal advisory board to the President __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the process for appointing the heads of executive departments?
________________
the President appoints the heads and the Senate must confirm them ________________________________________________________________________________ It is the product of custom and usage. 10. What is the basis for the existence of the Cabinet? ____________________________________
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in 1933 11. When was the first woman appointed to the Cabinet? ________________________________
12. What President appointed the greatest number of women and minority members to the Clinton Cabinet? ______________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following term in the space provided. An executive department is a department of Cabinet rank. 13. executive department ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
Independent Agencies
A. As You Read As you read Section 4, fill in the chart below describing the functions of the three types of independent agencies, and giving at least two examples of each type of agency.
Type of Agency Independent Executive Agencies
Independent Agencies Functions 1. function much like Cabinet departments, but without Cabinet status
Examples 2. Possible examples: General Services Administration, NASA, Federal Election Commission
Possible examples: Federal Reserve
Independent Regulatory 3. regulate important parts of the nation’s economy Commissions
4. System, Federal Communications
Government Corporations
6. U.S. Postal Service, FDIC, TVA
5. carry out government’s business-like activities
Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term or phrase in the blank provided. 7. The term independent agencies means that the agencies are not part of ____________________
quasi-legislative 8. Independent regulatory commissions are ______________________ bodies, which means they
have the power to make rules and regulations. deciding disputes in those fields in 9. They also have quasi-judicial powers, which they exercise by ____________________________ which Congress has given them policing authority. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________.
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Cabinet departments __________________________________________________________________________________.
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Section 5: Guided Reading and Review
The Civil Service
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A. As You Read As you read Section 5, answer the questions below about changes in the manner of choosing federal employees. 1. How did the first Presidents choose federal officials?
The first Presidents chose federal officials on __________________________________ the basis of who was best qualified for the job, but favored those who shared their political views or belonged to the same party. ______________________________________________________________________
Jackson fired thousands of officeholders and handed out 2. How did Jackson choose federal officials? ____________________________________________
their jobs to his own friends and supporters. Jackson believed that any person of normal intelligence was qualified to hold any government post, so he paid no attention to choosing the best person for a job. ______________________________________________________________________
3. What government action began civil service reform and how did it work?
________________
With the passage of the Pendleton Act, the civil service system of merit hiring began to replace the spoils system. Classified employees were hired by the Civil Service Commission on the basis of competitive examinations. ______________________________________________________________________
4. What two agencies run and oversee the civil service system today? Describe the functions of The Office of Personnel Management recruits, hires, and trains federal employees. The Merit System each. ____________________________________________________________________________ Protection Board polices the merit system and hears appeals from federal workers who have complaints about ______________________________________________________________________ personnel actions. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ 5. How has the Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993 relaxed restrictions placed by In addition to allowing federal employees to vote, the 1993 act allows them to help the Hatch Act of 1939? ____________________________________________________________ register new voters, contribute money to parties and candidates, participate in campaigns, and hold office in a ______________________________________________________________________ political party. ______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. Possible answers below If I had known that this company used the spoils system and hired friends and supporters and 6. spoils system ____________________________________________________________________ not necessarily those most qualified for the position, I might never have applied. ________________________________________________________________________________ Andrew Jackson’s patronage practices rewarded friends and supporters with government jobs 7. patronage ______________________________________________________________________ rather than those most qualified. ________________________________________________________________________________ After taking the civil service examination, I am hoping that I will be placed on the Office of Personnel 8. register__________________________________________________________________________ Management’s register of people who have passed. ________________________________________________________________________________ The bipartisan committee had an equal number of Democrats and Republicans. 9. bipartisan ______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ I am trying to decide whether to take the civil service exam and apply for a job in the government. 10. civil service ______________________________________________________________________
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Taxes
A. As You Read Write the answers to the questions below in the blanks provided.
The Power to Tax 1. What are the expressed constitutional limitations to the power to tax? may be levied only for public purposes. a. Taxes ______________________________________________________________________________ Export taxes are prohibited. b. ______________________________________________________________________________ Direct taxes must be equally apportioned among the States according to their populations. c. ______________________________________________________________________________ Indirect taxes, such as duties and imposts, must be levied at the same rate throughout the country. d. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the implied limitation on the power to tax State and local governments and how can the Federal Government tax them? Federal Government may not tax State or local governments in the exercise of their governmental duties. a. The ______________________________________________________________________________ The Federal Government may tax nongovernmental State and local activities, such as a tax on State-sold liquor. b. ______________________________________________________________________________
Current Federal Taxes 3. What are the six types of revenue-raising taxes imposed by the Federal Government? income tax a. individual ______________________________________________________________________________ corporation income tax b. ______________________________________________________________________________ social insurance taxes (includes OASDI, Medicare, and unemployment compensation) c. ______________________________________________________________________________ taxes d. excise ______________________________________________________________________________ estate and gift taxes e. ______________________________________________________________________________ customs duties f. ______________________________________________________________________________
Taxing for Nonrevenue Purposes
B. Reviewing Key Terms Progressive taxes are 5. What is the difference between a progressive tax and a regressive tax? ____________________ levied according to level of income while regressive taxes are levied at a flat rate. ________________________________________________________________________________
Place a check mark next to each phrase that correctly pairs a type of tax with an example of that tax.
❒ ❒
6. payroll tax; Medicare 7. excise tax; federal tax on imported peanuts
8. progressive tax; income tax ❒ ❒ 9. custom duty; tax on tobacco products
76 Chapter 16
10. regressive tax; Medicare ❒
11. estate tax; tax on inheritance ❒ ❒ 12. tax return; income tax form ❒ 13. gift tax; tax on gifts worth more than $1,000
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4. For what reason other than to raise revenue does Congress levy taxes and how is this power limited? Congress levies taxes to regulate activities deemed harmful to the public. a. ______________________________________________________________________________ power is limited by the Constitution and by the Supreme Court. b. This ______________________________________________________________________________
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
Nontax Revenues and Borrowing
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A. As You Read Answer the following questions as you read Section 2. Possible answers below
Nontax Revenues 1. What are sources of interest that the government collects as nontax revenue? ______________ loans made by some federal agencies, canal tolls, fees for passports, copyrights, patents and trademarks ______________________________________________________________________ the profit made by the U.S. Mint; they can make money for more than its face value 2. What is seigniorage? ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ 3. What government corporation generates nontax revenue for the government? ______________ United States Postal Service ______________________________________________________________________
Borrowing It borrows money to meet ____________________ costs of crises, to finance large projects, and to pay for deficit financing. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
4. For what three reasons does the government often borrow money?
The treasury issues securities to 5. Explain the process by which the government borrows money. __________________________ investors. These securities often take the form of treasury bills and the government promises to repay them with ____________________________________________________________ interest on a certain date. ____________________________________________________________
The Public Debt 6. What has been the trend of the public debt over the past 20 years?
The public debt has ______________________
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increased tremendously. ____________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms in the space provided. 7. interest
a fee for borrowing money; generally a percentage of the amount borrowed ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ the yearly shortfall between income and spending; when spending is higher than income 8. deficit __________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ 9. surplus
the yearly excess between income and spending; when income is higher than spending the public debt ________________________________________________________________________
is reduced ________________________________________________________________________________
10. public debt
the government’s total outstanding indebtedness, including all of the money borrowed and not ____________________________________________________________________
yet repaid plus the accrued interest ________________________________________________________________________________
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
Spending and the Budget
A. As You Read Complete the chart below by filling in the missing information in the blanks provided.
Possible answers below
Federal Spending Type of Spending Controllable Spending
Uncontrollable Spending
Meaning
Examples
and the President decide how 1. Congress ___________________________
equipment 2. a. military _______________________
much will be spent on a specific item in ___________________________
to education b. aid _______________________
the budget. ___________________________
protection c. environmental _______________________
that Congress and the 3. spending ___________________________
Security benefits 4. a. Social _______________________
President have no power to change ___________________________
stamps b. food _______________________
___________________________
c. Medicare _______________________
As you read the section, fill in the answers to the questions below. the President 5. Who initiates the spending process? ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ It serves as a plan for the execution 6. How does the federal budget serve as a political statement? ____________________________ of public policy. ________________________________________________________________________________
7. According to the chart on page 460, in what three categories has the government spent the Health and Human Services ________________________________________________________________________________
8. Where does the budget-making process begin?
It begins with each federal agency submitting its ______________________________________
spending plans to the OMB. ________________________________________________________________________________ Congress reviews the budget with the 9. How does Congress become involved in the process? __________________________________ Congressional Budget Office, and congressional committees study it, hold hearings, change it, and prepare
appropriations bills. ________________________________________________________________________________
10. What happens if the 13 appropriations measures are not passed by the beginning of the fiscal Congress passes a continuing resolution to allow emergency spending. year? __________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Explain the meaning of the following term and give some examples. any benefit that federal law says must be paid to all those who meet the eligibility requirements; 11. entitlement ______________________________________________________________________ possible examples: OASDI, Medicare, Medicaid ________________________________________________________________________________ 78 Chapter 16
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Social Security Administration, Department of the Treasury, Department of most money since 1997? __________________________________________________________
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Foreign Affairs and National Security
CHAPTER
17
A. As You Read As you read Section 1, answer the questions below in the space provided. 1. What major change took place in the United States’ relationship with the rest of the world relationships shifted from isolationism to internationalism. after World War II? These ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ policy involves all of a country’s relationships—diplomatic, military, 2. What is foreign policy? Foreign ____________________________________________________________ commercial, and other—with other countries. ________________________________________________________________________________ The State Department advises the President and 3. What is the main function of the State Department?____________________________________ formulates and conducts U.S. foreign policy. ________________________________________________________________________________ Foreign Service represents the United States abroad. 4. What does the Foreign Service do? The __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ The Framers of the Constitution believed that military power 5. Why is the military under civilian control?____________________________________________ could threaten a free government if the military were not under civilian control. ________________________________________________________________________________ the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs; army 6. Who are the chief military aides to the secretary of defense? ____________________________ chief of staff; chief of naval operations; Commandant of the Marine Corps; and air force chief of staff ________________________________________________________________________________ Army, Navy, and Air Force 7. What are the three military departments? the ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms
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Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I
Column II
d _____ 8. refusal to become involved in the world’s affairs
a. b. c. d. e. f.
e _____ 9. events that take place in one’s own country b _____ 10. the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives a _____ 11. freedom of a nation’s ambassadors from the laws of the country to which they are accredited f _____ 12. a nation’s relationship with other countries
diplomatic immunity right of legation ambassador isolationism domestic affairs foreign affairs
c _____ 13. the President’s representative to another nation
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies
A. As You Read Use the following chart to organize information from this section. If an acronym is used, write out the full name of the agency on the blank provided. Then answer the questions below the chart on a separate sheet of paper.
Organization CIA 1.
Function to coordinate all information-gathering activities in the Federal 2. ______________________________________________ Government, analyze and evaluate the data it receives, and report ______________________________________________
Central Intelligence Agency
the data to the President ______________________________________________
INS
to deal with people who come to the United States to live and/or 4. ______________________________________________
Immigration and Naturalization 3. Service
work, grant political asylum when appropriate, and naturalize ______________________________________________ new citizens ______________________________________________
NASA
plans and carries out the nation’s space programs toward both 6. ______________________________________________
National Aeronautics and Space
5. Administration
military and peaceful ends ______________________________________________
______________________________________________ Selective Service System
administers the military draft for men between 18 and 26, which 7. ______________________________________________
It may not conduct activities within
8. What limit has Congress imposed on the operations of the CIA? the United States.
9. Briefly describe the history of military conscription in the United States. Colonies and States often required militia service; conscription was used in the Civil War; a national draft was first used in 1917, and was revived during the Korean and Vietnam wars.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. draft 10. When they reach the age of 18, all men must register for the ______________________, or compulsory military service. espionage 11. CIA operations include ______________________, or spying.
12. People suffering persecution in their own countries may come to the United States for political asylum ______________________, or safe haven.
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exists only on a standby basis today ______________________________________________
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
American Foreign Policy Overview
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A. As You Read Using information from Section 3, complete the graphic organizer below.
Key Events in American Foreign Policy
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Dates
Event
Result
1823
Monroe Doctrine 1. ________________ ________________
The United States stays out of European affairs and warns others to stay out of the Americas.
Early 1900s
Roosevelt Corollary to 2. ________________
United States polices Latin America
the Monroe Doctrine
1899 3.__________
Open Door in China
equal trade access to China and preservation 4. promoted ________________________________________
1917 5.__________
U.S. enters World War I
Intention is “to make world safe for democracy.”
1941
Japan bombs United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
States becomes involved in World War II 6. United ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________
After World War II
Collective security
by the United States, nations form the United Nations 7. Led ________________________________________ with the intention of acting together to protect peace. ________________________________________
1947
Truman Doctrine 8. ______________
United States supports nations that remain free of Soviet control.
1948–1949
Berlin Blockade 9. ______________
After Soviets try to blockade West Berlin, the United States mounts a massive airlift to provide supplies to West Berlin.
1950–1953
Korean War 10. ______________
UN forces, largely American, defend South Korea against Communist North Korea.
1962 11. ________
Cuban Missile Crisis
Soviets built up military weapons in Cuba, the 12. After ______________________________________
1965–1973
Vietnam War 13. ______________
United States becomes increasingly involved in a civil war in Vietnam.
1991 14. ________
Persian Gulf War 15. ______________
United States and allies deploy troops to force Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait.
of China’s independence
United States orders naval blockade of Cuba.
16. an agreement among the nations of the world to act together against any nation that threatened world peace 17. the policy of making America and its allies so militarily strong that their very will discourage any attack 18. a Define the following key terms on a separate sheet of paper. strength period of more than 40 years during which the 16. collective security 18. cold war 20. détente relations between two superpowers were tense and hostile 17. deterrence 19. containment but no military action took place 19. anti-Communist policy followed by the United States from the mid-1940s through the 1980s 20. a policy in which tensions among nations is relaxed Guided Reading and Review Chapter 17 81
B. Reviewing Key Terms
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances
A. As You Read Use the chart below to organize the information presented in the textbook on security alliances.
Members
Agreement
NATO
1. United States,
2. mutual defense pact—an armed attack against one is
Rio Pact
3. United States,
4. mutual defense pact and agreement to seek peaceful
ANZUS
5. Australia, New
6. regional security alliance, ensure collective security in
Japanese Pact
7. Japan, United
8. in return for American protection, Japan agrees to allow
Philippines Pact
9. Philippines, United
Korean Pact
Canada, and 17 European Nations
Canada, 32 Latin American nations
Zealand, United States
States
States
considered an attack against all
settlements of all disputes among member nations
Pacific region
the United States to maintain land, sea, and air forces in Japan
10. continuing American military presence in the Philippines to guarantee Philippine independence (now being revised)
11. South Korea, United 12. United States agrees to aid South Korea in the event of States
an invasion
On a separate sheet of paper, describe the duties of each of the United Nations organizations listed below. 13. General Assembly of Justice 13. debates issues, makes recommendations to Security Council and other bodies, elects officials, proposes amendments to charter, shares power to 14. Security Council admit, expel, and suspend members 14. responsible for keeping the peace; 15. Economic and Social Council can adopt measures ranging from recommendations to economic and military sanctions 15. carries out the UN’s many economic, cultural, educational, 16. International Court of Justice health, and related programs 16. decides cases voluntarily brought to it 17. civil service, administrative chores; also, secretary-general has power to 17. Secretariat bring matters before the Security Council
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. foreign aid 18. Of all the regions that receive American _______________, Asia has received the greatest economic assistance. regional security alliance 19. The Rio Pact is an example of a _______________. UN Security Council 20. The nonpermanent members of the __________________ are elected to two-year terms by the General Assembly.
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Name of Pact or Organization
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
18
The National Judiciary A. As You Read As you read Section 1, answer the questions below. 1. What did Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution create?
Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution __________________________
created the national judiciary. ______________________________________________________________________________ courts, sometimes called regular courts, are federal 2. What are constitutional courts? Constitutional __________________________________________________ courts that Congress formed under Article III. They exercise broad judicial powers. ______________________________________________________________________________ courts, sometimes called legislative courts, were created to hear cases 3. What are special courts? Special ________________________________________________________ arising under the expressed powers given to Congress in Article I. They hear a much narrower range of cases than
the constitutional courts. ______________________________________________________________________________ courts may hear a case if it 4. Under what circumstances may federal courts hear a case? Federal __________________________ deals with constitutional issues or matters on U.S. waters or the high seas or if the parties in the case are U.S.
officers, one of the 50 States, a foreign government, or a citizen of another State. ______________________________________________________________________________ President appoints federal judges 5. What is the procedure for the selection of federal judges? The ____________________________ and the Senate confirms them. ______________________________________________________________________________ hear and decide cases 6. What is the primary function of federal judges? to ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________ 7. How long are the terms of judges of constitutional courts? life __________________________ years, depending on the specific court 8. How long are the terms of judges in special courts? 8–15 ________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms © Pearson Education, Inc.
Write the definition of each term in the left column in the box in the right column.
Term exclusive jurisdiction
Definition 9. cases that can be heard only in federal courts
concurrent jurisdiction
10. cases that can be heard either in federal or in State courts
plaintiff
11. the party that files a lawsuit
defendant
12. the party that must defend against a complaint in a lawsuit
original jurisdiction
13. the court in which a case is first heard
appellate jurisdiction
14. a court that hears a case on appeal from a lower court
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
The Inferior Courts
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below to help you organize information about each type of federal court shown.
Court 1. District Court 2. Courts of Appeals
Number of Courts a. a.
Number of Judges
94
b.
12
b.
Types of Cases
632
c. civil and criminal cases
179
c. appeals only from federal
3. Supreme Court
a.
1
b.
9
4. Court of International Trade
a.
1
b.
9
5. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
a.
1
b.
12
involving federal law
courts and regulatory agencies c. appeals from State and federal courts and a few types of cases with original jurisdiction c. civil cases relating to trade and tariffs
c. appeals in federal cases
from across the country
Answer the following questions. Possible answers below State forms at least one 6. On what basis is the United States divided into judicial districts? Each ________________________ federal judicial district, no matter what its size or population. States with larger populations are further divided. __________________________________________________________________________________
were created in 1891 in order to relieve the 7. When and why were the courts of appeals created? They ____________________________________ Supreme Court of much of the burden of hearing appeals because the High Court’s docket had become overwhelming. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms. a case in which a defendant is tried for committing some action that has been declared by law to 8. criminal case______________________________________________________________________ be a crime __________________________________________________________________________________ case involving a noncriminal matter, such as a dispute over terms of a contract or claims of patent 9. civil case a________________________________________________________________________ infringement __________________________________________________________________________________ of cases to be heard 10. docket list __________________________________________________________________________
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There are also district courts in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. __________________________________________________________________________________
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
The Supreme Court
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18
A. As You Read Complete each sentence by finishing it in the blank provided. the power to decide if an act is constitutional 1. The term “judicial review” means ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________. the Supreme Court 2. In the United States, the court of last resort in questions of federal law is__________________ ________________________________________________________________________________. v. Madison 3. The first case in which the court used its power of judicial review was Marbury ____________________ ________________________________________________________________________________. a State 4. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases involving ______________________ or ambassadors and other public ministers those affecting ___________________________________________________________________. four 5. A case is accepted if at least _________________ Court justices agree to place it on the docket. briefs 6. When the Supreme Court accepts a case, it receives written documents called _____________ oral arguments and hears _______________________________________________________________________. the first Monday in October 7. The opening day of each Supreme Court term is ______________________________________.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence in Column I by writing the letter of the correct term from Column II in the blank.
Column I
Column II
d _____ 8. A justice who agrees with the Opinion of the Court may nonetheless decide to write a ___.
a. writ of certiorari
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e _____ 9. If the Chief Justice agrees with the Opinion of the Court, he or she decides who will write the ___. a _____ 10. When the Supreme Court accepts a case for review, it issues a ___. c _____ 11. Justices who disagree with an Opinion of the Court may register their views by writing a ___.
b. certificate c. dissenting opinion d. concurring opinion e. majority opinion
b _____ 12. If an inferior court wants guidance from the Supreme Court on a particular question of law, it may issue a ___.
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
The Special Courts
A. As You Read As you read Section 4, fill in the chart below to organize information about each special court shown.
Court
Number of Judges
1. United States Court of Federal Claims
a.
2. Territorial Courts
a.
3. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
a.
4. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
a.
5. United States Tax Court
a.
Term of Judges
Types of Cases
b.
hears cases in which there are claims against the government of the United States c. from all over the country hear cases like those heard in local State courts throughout c. the United States
b. 15 years
c. court-martial convictions
7
b. 15 years
hears appeals from the decisions of the Board of Appeals in the c. Veterans Department of Veterans Affairs
19
b. 15 years
c. hears civil cases involving
16
5
b. 15 years
hears appeals of serious
disputes over tax laws
B. Reviewing Key Terms of a claim 6. redress satisfaction ____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ court consisting of military officers who try cases of violation of military law by members of the 7. court-martial a______________________________________________________________________ armed services __________________________________________________________________________________ court operating as part of the judicial branch, entirely separate from the military establishment 8. civilian tribunal a____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Define the following terms.
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
The Unalienable Rights
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A. As You Read Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the appropriate words or phrases from the section content. protect individual rights The Framers believed that the primary purpose of government was to (1.)___________________. of Independence and the (3.) ___________________. Constitution They stated this belief both in the (2.) Declaration ___________________ people wanted a guarantee The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution because (4.) ___________________. of individual rights limited government This document fit well with the principle of (5.) ___________________, which states that governments have only those powers which the people have granted to them. But even in a democracy, individual rights are not unlimited. Each individual’s rights are limited by the rights of others (6.) ___________________. Often, the rights of individuals conflict and, when this occurs, the courts (7.) ___________________ may be called upon to decide which rights take precedence. For the most citizens part, the protections of the Bill of Rights are extended to (8.) ___________________ as well as aliens (9.) ___________________, but there are some rights that may be denied to aliens (10.) ___________________.
Answer the following question in the space provided. Possible answer below 11. How has the Supreme Court ensured that States do not deny basic rights to the people? The Court has engaged in the process of incorporation. Through decisions in various court cases dating as far ________________________________________________________________________________ back as 1925, the Court has incorporated most Bill of Rights protections into the Due Process Clause, which ________________________________________________________________________________ essentially prevents States from depriving people of their basic rights. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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B. Reviewing Key Terms Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I c _____ 12. the positive acts of government that seek to make
the guarantees of the Constitution a reality for all people d _____ 13. foreign-born resident; noncitizen f _____ 14. inclusion of the essential Bill of Rights into the Due Process Clause
Column II a. b. c. d. e. f.
Bill of Rights civil liberties civil rights alien Due Process Clause process of incorporation
a _____ 15. the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, which guarantee certain personal freedoms to all people e _____ 16. part of the Constitution that prevents States from denying people their basic rights b _____ 17. protections against government
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Freedom of Religion
A. As You Read On a separate sheet of paper, write the decisions for each of the cases listed below. The cases on the left involved an interpretation of the Establishment Clause and the cases on the right involved an interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause. Answers can be found on the following Student Edition pages:
Establishment Clause
Free Exercise Clause
1. Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 1925
12. Reynolds v. United States, 1879
2. Everson v. Board of Education, 1947
13. McGowan v. Maryland, 1961
3. Zorach v. Clauson, 1952
14. Welsh v. United States, 1970
4. Engel v. Vitale, 1962
15. Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery
5. Abington School District v. Schempp, 1963
Protective Association, 1988 16. Cantwell v. Connecticut, 1940
6. Wallace v. Jaffree, 1985
17. Sherbert v. Verner, 1963
7. Santa Fe Independent School District v.
18. West Virginia Board of Education
Doe, 2000
v. Barnette, 1943
9. Lynch v. Donnelly, 1984 10. County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 1989 11. Marsh v. Chambers, 1983
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
p. 538 p. 538 p. 538 p. 539 p. 539 p. 539 p. 539 p. 540 p. 542
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
p. 542 p. 542 p. 543 p. 543 p. 543 p. 543 p. 543 p. 544 p. 544
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms in the space provided. part of the First Amendment that separates church and government 19. Establishment Clause the ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ guarantees people the right to have whatever religious belief they choose 20. Free Exercise Clause ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 21. parochial
church-related ______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
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8. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 1971
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Freedom of Speech and Press A. As You Read
Use the chart to organize information about important Supreme Court rulings in cases involving freedom of speech and press.
Case
Date
Schenck v. United States
Miller v. California
Ruling
1919 1. ____________
upheld conviction of Schenck for obstructing the 2. __________________________________ war effort by sending out leaflets urging __________________________________ drafted men to resist the draft __________________________________
1973
lust according to an average person’s standards; 3.__________________________________ (2) deals with a form of sexual conduct specifically __________________________________ covered in an anti-obscenity law; and (3) has no __________________________________
ruled that obscenity is material that (1) excites
literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
New York Times v. United States
1971 4. ____________
1972 Branzburg v. Hayes 6. ________________________________________________________________ 7. ____________
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Burstyn v. Wilson
upheld the “heavy presumption” of the unconsti5.__________________________________ tutionality of prior restraint by allowing the New __________________________________ York Times to publish the Pentagon Papers __________________________________
held that reporters must respond to relevant questions in a valid grand jury investigation or a criminal trial
1952
held that expression through motion pictures 8. ________________________________________________________ is protected by the First and Fourteenth ____________________________ amendments ____________________________
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC 9. ______________________________
1940
held that television is protected by the First Amendment, but its protection is very limited
Thornhill v. Alabama 10. ______________________________
1940
struck down a law that made picketing a place of business a crime
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Association v. United States
struck down a federal law that barred casinos 1999 11. __________ 12.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ from advertising on radio or television __________________________________ __________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms
Answers can be found on the following
On a separate sheet of paper, define the following terms. Student Edition pages: 13. libel
16. seditious speech
19. symbolic speech
14. slander
17. prior restraint
20. picketing
15. sedition
18. shield law
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p. 547
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p. 549
p. 551
p. 551
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Freedom of Assembly and Petition
A. As You Read First assemble The (1.) _________________ Amendment guarantees the right of people to (2.) _________________, redress of grievances The (4.) _________________ Fourteenth peaceably and to petition government for (3.) _________________. Amendment extends this protection to actions by State and local governments. However, the Court has allowed government to place reasonable limits on these rights in the form of time-place-manner regulations. For example, parades cannot be held near a courthouse when (5.) _________________ intended to influence the court is in session if they are (6.) _________________. But government regulation of the right of Court’s proceedings fairly administered assembly must be precisely drawn and (7.) _________________. In addition, while government can time, place, or manner regulate assembly on the basis of (8.) _________________, it cannot regulate on the basis of what is said (9.) _________________. the demonstrators want to influence the public Most demonstrations take place in public places because (10.) _________________. However, the Court has held that it is permissible for the government to require demonstrators to give advance notice permits (11.) _________________ and acquire (12.) _________________ before demonstrating in public places. In the case of Gregory v. Chicago, 1969, the Court held that demonstrators cannot be acted peacefully charged with disorderly conduct as long as they (13.) _________________, even if their actions lead disorder to (14.) _________________. abortion clinics In more recent years, cases have focused on demonstrations at (15.) _________________. The Court has held that local ordinances can require a buffer zone to avoid blocking access to them. private property Demonstrations on (16.) _________________, such as shopping malls, are viewed differently by the Court. The Court has ruled that State supreme courts may interpret State constitutions reasonable exercise of the right of petition on in such a way as to allow (17.) _________________. private property
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following key terms in the space provided. gather in groups ________________________________________________________________________ 18. assemble to
________________________________________________________________________________ related to what is said __________________________________________________________________ 19. content neutral not
________________________________________________________________________________ right to associate with others to promote causes __________________________________________________________ 20. guarantee of association the
________________________________________________________________________________
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The following paragraphs summarize Section 4. As you read the section, fill in the blanks with the missing words or phrases.
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Due Process Law
CHAPTER
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A. As You Read Use the chart below to organize information about the legitimate uses of the States’ police power. Possible answers below
Uses of the Police Power States’ Duty to Protect: Health
Examples to combat pollution, regulation of liquor and tobacco, 1. laws ____________________________________________ mandatory vaccinations ____________________________________________
2. safety __________________________ __________________________ Morals
seat-belt laws, drunk driving laws, laws against concealed weapons against gambling, prostitution, obscenity 3. laws ____________________________________________
____________________________________________ welfare 4. general __________________________
__________________________
compulsory education laws, regulation of public utilities, assist medically needy
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. Then, describe a court case involving each. See possible answers below
5. procedural due process
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6. substantive due process 7. right of privacy In the space provided, use each key term in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term. Possible answers below
8. police power
The State uses its police power to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and ____________________________________________________________________
general welfare. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ 9. search warrant
Courts order search warrants to give police the authority to search a suspect’s house. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Answers to questions 5–7 5. The government must act fairly and in accordance with established principles in the way it takes action. In the case of Rochin v. California, 1952, the Supreme Court found that Los Angeles deputies violated procedural due process by illegally entering a suspect’s home, trying to force him to spit out pills, and pumping the victim’s stomach to recover the pills. 6. The laws under which the government acts must be fair. In the case of Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 1925, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional an Oregon law requiring children ages 8–16 to attend public schools. The substance of the law violated due process. 7. “the right to be free, except in very limited circumstances, from unwanted governmental intrusions into one’s privacy;” answers will vary as students can choose from several cases including Roe v. Wade, Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, and Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health Guided Reading and Review
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Freedom and Security of the Person
A. As You Read As you read the section, fill in the chart below. Write the provisions of each amendment in the first column. In the second column, give an example of a Supreme Court ruling that was based on the provisions of each amendment.
Amendment 13th
Provisions 1. Slavery and involuntary servitude are banned
2. Possible answer: In Jones v. Mayer, 1968,
3. The people have the right to keep and bear
4. In United States v. Miller, 1939, the Court
in the United States. Congress has the power to abolish “the badges and incidents of slavery.”
2nd
arms in order to provide for a well regulated militia.
3rd
Examples the Court ruled that Congress has the power to secure the right for African American men to hold the same property that a white man can hold. ruled that certain types of weapons could not be shipped across State lines without the payment of a tax and the registration of the weapons.
5. forbids the quartering of soldiers in
private homes in peace or war searches and seizures
4th
6. People may not be subjected to
unreasonable searches and seizures; a search warrant must be obtained with probable cause.
Not Applicable
7. Possible answer: In Florida v. J.L., 2000,
the Court ruled that two police officers violated the Fourth Amendment when they searched a man based on an anonymous, unsubstantiated tip.
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I
Column II
e _____ 8. forced labor
a. b. c. d. e.
d _____ 9. a reasonable suspicion of a crime c _____ 10. bias; unfairness a _____ 11. illegally seized evidence cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized
exclusionary rule writ of assistance discrimination probable cause involuntary servitude
b _____ 12. a blanket search warrant
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B. Reviewing Key Terms
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CHAPTER
20
Rights of the Accused A. As You Read
Copy the chart below onto a separate sheet of paper and then fill in the blanks to organize information about the legal terms introduced in this section.
Legal Term
Purpose 2. to prevent unjust imprisonment
5. ex post facto law
criminal law that applies to an act committed before its passage
6. banned to prevent the government
indictment
7. formal complaint laid before a grand
prevents overzealous prosecutors from recklessly charging people with crimes
8. presentment
formal accusation brought by a grand jury on its own motion
allows grand jury to act when a prosecutor has some interest in not prosecuting
double jeopardy
9. crime
writ of habeas corpus bill of attainder
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Definition a court order to bring a prisoner 1. before a court and show cause why he or she should not be released legislative act that inflicts 3. punishment without a court trial
banned to preserve individual freedom
4. and the separation of powers
from trying to punish people for actions that were not crimes at the time they were committed
jury by a prosecutor
trying a person twice for the same
banned to protect citizens after being
10. acquitted of a crime
bench trial
11. trial in which the judge alone hears
the defendant always has the right to a jury trial, but that may be waived if the defendant is fully aware of his or her rights
12. Miranda Rule
13. rule based on the Court decision of
to prevent the police from coercing confessions or selfincriminating testimony from uninformed suspects
the case, rather than a jury
Miranda v. Arizona, stating that suspects must be told of their rights before being questioned by police
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 14. What four criteria are used to determine if a trial delay is unconstitutional? 15. What is a petit jury? 16. What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964? 17. What does the 5th Amendment ban?
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following term on a separate sheet of paper. 18. grand jury
Answers to questions 14–17 14. the length of the delay, the reasons for it, whether the delay harmed the defendant, and whether the defendant asked for a prompt trial 15. A petit jury is a trial jury. 16. The Court ruled that Escobedo was denied his right to counsel and therefore should be freed. 17. self-incrimination
a formal device by which a person can be accused of a serious crime
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Punishment
A. As You Read Each of the statements under the main heading in the outline below is incorrect. Rewrite each on a separate sheet of paper to make it correct. Possible answers below
Bail and Preventive Detention 1. Every person accused of a crime must be allowed to set his or her own bail. Every person accused of a crime is not automatically granted bail; bail is set by the court.
2. The Supreme Court rejected preventive detention in Stack v. Boyle, 1951. The Court upheld preventive detention in United States v. Salerno, 1987.
Cruel and Unusual Punishment 3. The 6th Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and the 13th Amendment extends that prohibition to the States. The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and the Fourteenth Amendment extends that prohibition to the States.
4. The Supreme Court has ruled that death by firing squad is cruel and unusual. The Supreme Court has ruled that death by firing squad is not cruel or unusual.
Capital Punishment
5. Thirty States have capital punishment laws. Thirty-eight States have capital punishment laws. 6. A State can impose the death penalty only for crimes resulting in excessive cruelty to the victim. A State can impose the death penalty only for crimes resulting in the death of the victim.
Treason 7. Treason is the only crime specifically defined in the Constitution because the Framers knew that its meaning would be lost with time. Treason is the only crime specifically defined in the Constitution because the Framers knew that this charge is often used by tyrants to silence their opponents.
8. A person can be convicted of treason if there is one eyewitness to the treasonous act. A person can be convicted of treason if there are two eyewitnesses to the treasonous act or there is a confession in open court.
Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I d _____ 9. levying war against the United States or giving aid and comfort to its enemies b _____ 10. holding the accused without bail when there is reason to believe the accused will commit serious crimes before trial
Column II a. b. c. d.
bail preventive detention capital punishment treason
a _____ 11. money an accused person must deposit with the court to guarantee an appearance at trial c _____ 12. the death penalty
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B. Reviewing Key Terms
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Diversity and Discrimination in American Society
CHAPTER
21
A. As You Read As you read the section, summarize the information given on each group below in the space provided. Possible answers below
African Americans Americans constitute 1. African ____________________ the largest minority group in the United States. Africans ______________________ originally came to the country in 1619 as slaves; slavery was ______________________ not abolished until 1865. Many of the gains in equality in the ______________________ U.S. have been made by and for African Americans. ______________________ ______________________
Native Americans In the 1600s, more than half 2. ____________________ of the Native American population died from disease and at the hands ____________________ of those pushing for westward expansion. Today, many Native ____________________ Americans live on reservations and some are impoverished as a ____________________ result of past discrimination. ____________________ ____________________
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Asian Americans Asian Americans suffered 4. ____________________ discrimination at several points in U.S. history. Asian American ________________________ miners suffered through violent attacks in the late 1800s and ________________________ Asian Americans on the West Coast were forced into war ________________________ relocation camps during World War II. ________________________ ________________________
Hispanic Americans Americans make up 3. Hispanic ____________________ the second largest minority group in the country. There are four main ________________________ groups of Hispanic Americans— Mexican Americans, Puerto ________________________ Ricans, Cuban Americans, and Central and South Americans. ________________________ ________________________ ________________________
Women Despite the large numbers of 5. ____________________ women living in the United States, women are underrepresented in ________________________ government and in higher level business positions. Woman ________________________ suffrage, the Equal Pay Act, and the Civil Rights Act have improved ________________________ women’s position in society. ________________________ ________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Place a check mark next to each of the following pairs that correctly matches a term from this chapter with its definition.
6. reservation—land set aside by the government for Native-American use ❑ 7. heterogeneous—made up of several ingredients ❑ ❑
8. assimilation—agreement
❑
9. refugee—person who comes to the United States for religious reasons
❑ 10. immigrant—new citizen
Guided Reading and Review
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Equality Before the Law
A. As You Read Complete the outline by supplying the missing words or phrases in the blanks.
Equal Protection Clause discriminate 1. Reasonable Classification—The government is allowed to ______________________, or draw unreasonably distinctions, between groups, but it may not do so ______________________.
2. The Rational Basis Test—The rational basis test asks: Does the classification in question proper governmental purpose bear a reasonable relationship to the achievement of some ______________________ ______________________? fundamental rights 3. The Strict Scrutiny Test—In cases dealing with “______________________,” such as the right suspect classifications to vote, or “______________________,” such as those based on race or sex, the Supreme Court imposes the strict scrutiny test, which requires that the State prove that some compelling governmental interest “______________________________________________” justifies the distinctions it has drawn.
Segregation in America 4. The Separate-but-Equal Doctrine—In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld racial segregation by saying that segregated facilities for African Americans were lawful as long as the separate equal to those for whites facilities were ______________________. 5. Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, 1954—In 1954 the Court reversed itself, ruling that unconstitutional segregation was ______________________ and must be ended.
Classification by Sex sex-based 7. Until 20 years ago, the Court has upheld ______________________ classifications.
8. Today, sex is a “suspect classification,” and is allowed only in cases where the law is intended governmental to serve an “important ______________________ objective.”
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 9. segregation the separation of one group from another 10. Jim Crow law law that separates one group from another based on race
11. separate-but-equal doctrine
Developed by the Supreme Court, it held that segregation was acceptable as long as facilities for each race were equal. 96 Chapter 21
12. integration the process of bringing a group into equal membership in society
13. de jure segregation segregation by law
14. de facto segregation
segregation in fact, even if no law requires it
Guided Reading and Review
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6. De Jure and De Facto Segregation—Attention turned toward schools that practiced de facto segregation ______________________, often brought about by housing patterns.
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Federal Civil Rights Laws A. As You Read
Use the time line to organize information on the legislation and Supreme Court cases dealing with civil rights. Fill in the appropriate act or case for each date indicated on the time line in the space provided. Then explain the significance of each event. Possible answers below
Federal Civil Rights Laws
1960
2.
4.
7., 8.
9.
1968
1979
1989
1995
1964
1.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. © Pearson Education, Inc.
7. 8. 9. 10.
1970
1978
1980
1987
3.
5.
6.
1990
2000
1996
10.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations and requires that federal funds be cut off from any program that discriminates on the grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, or physical disability. ________________________________________________________________________________ The Civil Rights Act of 1968 forbids anyone to refuse to sell or rent a dwelling to any person on grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability, or to a family with children. ________________________________________________________________________________ In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution does not allow race to be used as the only factor in the making of affirmative action decisions. ________________________________________________________________________________ In United Steelworkers v. Weber, 1979, the Court upheld quotas that were put in place to correct “longstanding and flagrant” past discrimination. ________________________________________________________________________________ Fullilove v. Klutznick, 1980, upheld use of quotas to correct blatant and longstanding bias in the construction industry. ________________________________________________________________________________ The Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County, 1987, ruling allowed preferential treatment on the basis of sex. ________________________________________________________________________________ Richmond v. Croson, 1989, rejected use of quotas in the city of Richmond, Virginia, on the basis that the city had not proved that the quotas they used in the construction industry were justified by past discrimination. ________________________________________________________________________________ Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 1989, placed the burden of proof on the employee rather than employer to show that discrimination exists. ________________________________________________________________________________ Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 1995, departed from previous Court rulings by making it more difficult for the Federal Government to use affirmative action programs. ________________________________________________________________________________ California passed Proposition 209, forbidding affirmative action in State and local agencies. Although a federal district court found it unconstitutional, the decision was overturned by the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme ________________________________________________________________________________ Court refused to hear an appeal.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 11. affirmative action positive steps to remedy the effects of past discrimination 12. quota rule requiring certain numbers of jobs or promotions to be set aside for certain groups 13. reverse discrimination discrimination against the majority in favor of the minority
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Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
American Citizenship
A. As You Read Use the information from Section 4 to complete the chart below. Possible answers below
Changes in U.S. Immigration Policy Date Independence–
Policy
Features
Open frontier
no attempt to regulate immigration 1.__________________________________________________________
Chinese Exclusion Act 2. __________________________________________________________
severely limited immigration
1880s 1882
from Asia 1921–1929
Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924,
set quotas favoring northern and western 3.______________________________ Europeans, generally prohibited Asian and African immigration ______________________________
and the National Origins Act of 1929 1952 4. __________________________________________________
Immigration and Nationality Act 5. ______________________________
______________________________ 1965
Immigration Act of 1965
1990 7. __________________________________________________
Immigration Act of 1990
modified quotas to cover all countries outside Western Hemisphere allowed 270,000 immigrants to enter United 6.______________________________
States without regard to race, nationality, or country of origin; gave preference to ______________________________ families of U.S. citizens and legal aliens increased annual number of immigrants; 8.______________________________ preference to families of U.S. citizens, legal aliens, and skilled workers ______________________________
Answer the following question on a separate sheet of paper. 9. Write a paragraph summarizing the information provided under the heading “Undocumented Aliens.”
B. Reviewing Key Terms Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the correct letter in each blank.
Column I
Column II
e _____ 10. citizen of a foreign state living in this country
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
d _____ 11. legal process by which a person becomes a citizen of a country at some time after birth a _____ 12. one who owes allegiance to the state and is entitled to its protection f _____ 13. legal process by which citizenship is lost g _____ 14. involuntary loss of citizenship by someone not born here, usually because of fraud
citizen jus soli jus sanguinis naturalization alien expatriation denaturalization deportation
h _____ 15. legally requiring an alien to leave the United States b _____ 16. the law of the soil; where one is born c _____ 17. the law of the blood; to whom one is born 98 Chapter 21
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Answers will vary.
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Great Britain
CHAPTER
22
A. As You Read The chart below compares the governments of the United States and Great Britain. As you read Section 1, complete the chart by filling in the information that describes the government of Great Britain for each category shown.
A Comparison of the Governments of the United States and Great Britain United States
Great Britain
Constitution
Written
1. written and unwritten
Monarch
None
2. limited by constitution; head of state
Government Powers
Separated
3. unitary executive, legislative, and judiciary
Legislative Body
Bicameral Congress (Senate; House of Representatives)
4. bicameral Parliament (House of Lords, House of Commons), with most power in House of Commons
President (head of state and head
5. prime minister; head of government
Executive
of government) Elections
Regularly scheduled (representatives, 2 years; senators,
6. no fixed date, but must occur every 5 years or if government falls; members of Parliament popularly elected
© Pearson Education, Inc.
6 years; President, 4 years) Parties
2 major parties (Republican and Democratic)
National and Local
Separate federal and State
Government
governments
Judiciary
Independent Supreme Court
7. 2 major parties (Conservatives and Labour), also Liberal party 8. unitary, all power belongs to central government, except for some self-government in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland 9. House of Lords serves as the final court of appeals. Scotland and Ireland have separate systems.
10. a government in which the head of state is a hereditary ruler 11. a special election held to choose a new MP if the current one dies or resigns a temporary alliance of parties for the purpose Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 12. of forming a government
B. Reviewing Key Terms 10. monarchy 11. by-election
12. coalition 13. minister
14. shadow cabinet 15. devolution
13. British cabinet member 14. members of the opposition party who are potential cabinet members and are appointed to watch one particular member of the cabinet in power 15. delegation of authority from the central government to regional governments Guided Reading and Review
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Japan
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
Possible answers below
1. What type of government did Japan have until the 1850s–1860s? Japan had a feudal system with an emperor (mikado), military dictator (shogun), noble families (daimyo), and warriors (samurai). 2. What was Japan’s objective after it encountered Western powers? Japan worked to become a modern state, and tried to conquer East Asia in the process. 3. What event caused a dramatic change in Japanese politics from 1945 to 1952? The Japanese were defeated in World War II by the U.S., who forced the Japanese to accept a new, democratic constitution. 4. What form of government did Americans force the Japanese to accept? Americans forced the Japanese to accept a democratic system.
5. What unique feature did the new constitution have? The Japanese renounced their sovereign power to
make war.
6. What is the House of Councillors and what kind of power does it have? The House of Councillors is the upper house of Japan’s parliament; it has little power and tends to be deliberative and advisory. 7. What is the House of Representatives and what kind of power does it have? The House of Representatives is the lower house of Japan’s parliament; it can make laws, treaties, raise funds, and spend money. 8. What is political consensus and what role does it play in Japanese politics? Consensus is broad agreement on issues and is a valued Japanese tradition, based on the people’s wish to avoid personal confrontation. 9. What causes the prime minister and the cabinet to maintain agreement on most issues? The prime minister and cabinet believe in collective responsibility for their acts.
10. What is the bureaucracy and what role does it play in Japanese government? The bureaucracy is the Japanese civil service which wields great power and serves as day-to-day administrators of government.
11. Which party dominated Japanese politics during most of the period after World War II? the Liberal Democratic party (LDP)
12. How are Japanese courts like the courts of the United States? They are independent of the other branches of government and have various levels, from local courts to the Supreme Court.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Column I
Column II
b _____ 13. For political purposes, Japan has been divided into 47 districts called ___.
a. National Diet
e _____ 14. The prime minister has the power to dissolve the House of Representatives, a step called ___, which leads to immediate elections.
c. multiseat district
a _____ 15. The ___ is the name of the Japanese parliament.
e. dissolution
b. prefectures d. consensus
c _____ 16. An area that has more than one representative is known as a ___. d _____ 17. The Japanese value ___, or broad agreement on political issues.
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Complete each sentence in Column I by writing the letter of the correct term from Column II in the blank.
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Mexico A. As You Read
As you read Section 3, complete the chart below comparing the government of Mexico to that of the United States. Then answer the question that follows on a separate sheet of paper.
Mexico Early History
United States
Gained independence from
Gained independence from
1. Spain ________________________
England
Three Branches of
headed by president 2. executive, ________________________
Executive, Legislative,
Government
bicameral 3. legislature, ________________________
Judicial
4. judiciary ________________________ Presidential Term
one May serve 5. ______________
May serve two four-year terms
six 6. ____________-year term(s)
Congress
Court System
Senate Bicameral: 7. ______________
Bicameral: Senate and House
Chamber of Deputies and 8. ____________________
of Representatives
systems of state and 9. independent ________________________
Independent system of State
federal courts ________________________
Political Parties
and federal courts
Revolutionary Party 10. Institutional ______________________
Two major parties: Democratic
Revolutionary Party 11. Democratic ______________________
and Republican
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Action Party (PAN) 12. National ______________________
13. What major change took place with the election of President Vicente Fox in 2000? For the first time since 1929, Mexicans elected a president who is not a member of the PRI; President Fox is a member of PAN.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. nationalization 14. Since 1938 the ____________________ of the oil industry has served as a symbol of Mexican independence from foreign domination. mestizo 15. Mexico has a ____________________ culture, made up of both Spanish and Native American elements. NAFTA (North American
Free Trade Agreement) 16. The free-trade agreement known as ____________________ removes trade restrictions among the United States, Mexico, and Canada.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 22 101
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CHAPTER
22
DATE
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
Russia
A. As You Read The incomplete chronological chart below outlines some of the dramatic events of Russian and Soviet political history. As you read Section 4, fill in the missing event.
Major Russian Political Events Year
Event
1721
1. Russian empire established by Peter the Great
1905
2. Russo–Japanese War brings heavy losses, and czarist rule begins to collapse
1917
3. Russian Revolution; Lenin and Communist party come to power; Soviet Union replaces
1924
4. Lenin dies, Stalin comes to power
1950s–1990s
Russian empire
5. Soviet Union becomes superpower, engages United States in a cold war, and controls all of Eastern Europe
1985
6. Gorbachev comes to power and begins reforms in Soviet Union
1991
7. Soviet Union ceases to exist
1993
8. new Russian constitution drafted
1999
9. Vladimir Putin elected president of Russia
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 10. What is the structure of Russia’s legislature?
11. What kinds of local governments are there in the Russian Federation?
Russia has 49 oblasts, or provinces, 6 territories, 21 republics, and 10 autonomous areas.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms in the space provided. purification of political enemies, often by brutal means such as execution, jail, and exile 12. purge __________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________ elected councils at factories, farms, cities, regions, and national level 13. soviet __________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________ restructuring of Soviet economy and politics 14. perestroika ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________ openness; tolerance of dissent and freedom of expression 15. glasnost ________________________________________________________________________
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Russia’s legislature has two houses: the Council of the Federation is the upper house, the State Duma is the lower house. Both are popularly elected.
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Section 5: Guided Reading and Review
China
CHAPTER
22
A. As You Read Using information from Section 5, complete the chart below, which shows the organization of the Chinese Communist party.
Unit National Party Congress
Role meets every 5 years to elect a Central Committee 1. ________________________________________________
______________________________________________
Central Committee 2.________________________
Politburo
elects the Politburo
makes Communist party policy (and therefore government policy) 3. ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Politburo 4.________________________
makes day-to-day decisions for the party (and therefore the government)
On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions as you read Section 5. 5. When did China’s present form of government begin and who was its leader? It began in 1949, led by Mao Zedong.
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6. How have China’s constitutions been different from the constitutions of the United States and most other countries? Most countries’ constitutions are meant to be fundamental law; China’s constitution is not fundamental law, but reflects current government policies.
7. What organization effectively controls China’s government? the Chinese Communist party (CCP)
8. What are the two main parts of China’s national government? the National People’s Congress and the State Council
9. What is the structure of China’s judicial system?
The nation’s Supreme People’s Court supervises all the courts, both civil and criminal.
10. How is Hong Kong governed?
It is a special administrative region of China with its own governor and provisional legislature.
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. Cultural Revolution 11. In 1966, during the _______________________________, the Red Guards attacked teachers, intellectuals, and others who did not have sufficient revolutionary enthusiasm. autonomous 12. China includes five_____________________________, or independent, regions.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 22 103
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CHAPTER
23
DATE
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Capitalism
A. As You Read On a separate sheet of paper, copy and complete the chart by writing answers to the questions in the space provided. 1. What are the four factors of production?
2. What are four characteristics of a free enterprise system?
land a. ______________________________
private ownership a. ______________________________
labor b. __________________________________
individual initiative b. __________________________________
management c. ______________________________
profit c. ______________________________
capital d. __________________________________
competition d. __________________________________
Capitalism
demand low, price low; demand high, price high; ____________________________________ supply plentiful, price low, supply low, price high ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
4. What are three kinds of businesses and what are their advantages and disadvantages? sole proprietorship; quick decisions, but
liability a. personal ____________________________________ partnerships; more resources, but partnership
if partner leaves or dies b. ends ____________________________________ large resources, but double taxation c. corporation; ____________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Answer the following questions in the space provided. Possible answers below Capitalists are those who privately 5. What is the difference between a capitalist and an entrepreneur? ________________________ own productive property and do all those things necessary to make a profit from their property; entrepreneurs are ________________________________________________________________________________ capitalists who tend to be risk takers and who take greater initiative in starting or expanding a business. ________________________________________________________________________________ The government should play a very limited, hands-off role in society. Its 6. Describe the laissez-faire theory. ____________________________________________________ activity should be limited to foreign relations and defense, the maintenance of police and courts, and the few other ________________________________________________________________________________ functions private enterprisers cannot perform for profit. In the economy, government should only function to ________________________________________________________________________________ protect free competition and the laws of supply and demand.
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3. Describe the laws of supply and demand.
NAME
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
Socialism
CHAPTER
23
A. As You Read The main points of Section 2 are supplied in the outline below. As you read the section, fill in the supporting points in the form of answers to the questions. Possible answers below
Socialism an economic and political philosophy designed to achieve equitable distribution of wealth 1. What is socialism? ________________________________________________________________ through government ownership of the means of production ________________________________________________________________________________
The Industrial Revolution
the dramatic change of the economies of many nations as they
changed from predominantly agricultural to mainly industrial; the 2. What was the Industrial Revolution? ________________________________________________ Industrial Revolution occurred in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century and elsewhere during the nineteenth century ________________________________________________________________________________ the leading critic of the effects of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism; the 3. Who was Karl Marx? ____________________________________________________________ inventor of communism ________________________________________________________________________________ He criticized it as abusive of the masses and doomed to failure. 4. What did Marx think of capitalism? ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Both systems urged government ownership 5. How were socialism and communism alike and different? ______________________________ of the means of production and wanted to redistribute wealth. Socialists advocated peaceful evolution to socialism; ________________________________________________________________________________ communists believed a bloody revolution was inevitable as history approached Marx’s communist era.
Characteristics of Socialist Economies a state takeover of privately owned industry 6. What is nationalization? __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ by guaranteeing all public services and welfare for the 7. How did socialists hope to help the masses? __________________________________________ neediest through the equitable distribution of wealth ________________________________________________________________________________
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to pay for public services and welfare 8. Why is taxation high in socialist countries? __________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ governments that direct their economies along desired paths 9. Describe the term “command economy.” ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
Socialism in Developing Countries Such countries have little or no industry and feel 10. What attracts developing countries to socialism? ______________________________________ the need to take drastic steps to industrialize. ________________________________________________________________________________
Pros and Cons (a) too much bureaucracy, (b) economies too complex 11. What are three major criticisms of socialism? ________________________________________ for central planners, (c) deprives people of freedom to make economic decisions ________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper. 12. proletariat
14. welfare state
13. bourgeoisie
15. market economy
the workers
the capitalists
Guided Reading and Review
16. centrally planned economy
a capitalist economy 14. a country that provides extensive social services at little or no cost to the user
an economy where the decision making is more centralized
Chapter 23 105
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CHAPTER
23
CLASS
DATE
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
Communism
A. As You Read The chart below lists four concepts Marx analyzed as they related to capitalism. As you read Section 3, complete the chart by explaining Marx’s view of each concept.
Marx’s Views on Capitalism View of history
1. story of class struggle; classes competing for the control of labor
Value theory
2. value of a commodity is set by the amount of labor that went into it
Nature of the state
3. state and government are tools by which capitalists maintain power
Dictatorship of the proletariat
4. transitional phase in which authoritarian state would represent the
and productive property
interest of the masses
List the four main characteristics of communist economies. party holds decision-making power 5. Communist ______________________________________________ plan for the development of the economy 6. bureaucrats ______________________________________________ of the means of production 7. collectivization ______________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following key terms in the space provided. collectivist ideology where the state owns land and other productive property 9. communism ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ agency that ran Stalin’s centralized planning 10. Gosplan ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ returning nationalized enterprises to private ownership 11. privatization ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ China’s five-year plan of 1958 aimed at modernizing quickly 12. Great Leap Forward ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ collective farms brought together into a larger unit 13. commune ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
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enterprises, transportation, and other parts of the economy are state-owned 8. industrial ______________________________________________
NAME
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Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
The Texas State Constitution
CHAPTER
24
A. As You Read As you read Section 1, write the answers to the questions in the space provided. List the five main categories by which all State constitutions can be described. principles 1. basic ________________________________________________________________________________ of civil rights 2. protections ________________________________________________________________________________ of State government 3. structure ________________________________________________________________________________ of the branches of State government 4. powers ________________________________________________________________________________ of constitutional change 5. process ________________________________________________________________________________
Fill in the chart to explain the amendment process for State constitutions. Amendments can be proposed by:
Amendments can be ratified by:
6. constitutional _____________________convention _________________________________
9. vote _______of ____the _____people ______________________________________
7. legislature ______________________________________________________ 8. voters ______________________________________________________
laws are laws 10. Explain the difference between statutory law and fundamental law. Statutory ______________________
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passed by the legislature. Fundamental laws are laws of basic and lasting importance. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Explain each of the following key terms in the space provided. people are the sole source of the government’s power. 11. popular sovereignty The ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Powers given to the government are limited. 12. limited government ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ by which voters sign a petition favoring a proposal 13. initiative process ________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 24 107
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CHAPTER
24
CLASS
DATE
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
The Texas State Legislature
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, write the answers to the questions on the lines provided. 1. What formal qualifications does the State of Texas set out for membership in the State citizenship, residence legislature? age, ______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ or four years 2. What is the usual term for Texas State legislators? two ____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are eight of the most important legislative powers of the Texas State legislature? ______ tax, spend, borrow, police, establish courts, define crimes and provide for their punishment, regulate commercial ________________________________________________________________________________ activities, maintain public schools ________________________________________________________________________________
4. Name three nonlegislative functions of the Texas State legislature._executive: __________________approve ______________governor’s ___________________________ appointments; judicial: impeachment; constituent: constitution-making and amending ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ 5. How does the committee system in the Texas State legislature work? _Laws _____________are ________referred ____________________to ______________________________ committees for recommendation to full houses, similar to Congress. ________________________________________________________________________________
a wide variety of public and private sources 6. From where do a large number of bills originate? ______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following terms on the lines provided. power 7. constituent power constitution-making ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ power to protect and promote public health, safety, morals, and welfare 8. police power State’s ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ by which a legislature sends bills to the electorate for approval 9. referendum process ______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ 108 Chapter 24
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________________________________________________________________________________
NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
The Governor and State Administration
CHAPTER
24
A. As You Read As you read Section 3, complete the chart with information about the governor’s powers.
Executive Powers appoint and remove key
assistants 1._____________________________ supervise staffs of executive branch 2._______________________________ prepare and submit a biennial budget 3._______________________________ serve as commander in chief of
State National Guard 4.________________________
Powers of The Governor
Legislative Powers recommend legislation 5._______________________________ call special sessions of legislature 6.________________________________
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veto bills 7.__________________________
Judicial Powers pardon 8._____________________________ commute 9._______________________________ reprieve 10.______________________________ parole 11._______________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. reprieve 12. The governor has the power to _______________, or postpone, the execution of a sentence. pardon 13. The governor has the power to _______________, or release a person from the legal consequences of a crime. parole 14. The governor has the power to _______________, or release a prisoner short of the completion of the term of his or her sentence. commutation 15. The governor has the power of _______________, or reducing a sentence.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 24 109
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CHAPTER
24
CLASS
DATE
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
In the Courtroom
A. As You Read The main points of Section 4 are supplied in the outline. As you read the section, fill in the supporting details in the form of answers to the questions. Possible answers below
Kinds of Law Applied in State Courts body of law based on the United States and State constitutions and 1. What is constitutional law? the ________________________________________________________ judicial interpretations of them ________________________________________________________________________________ body of law based on statutes enacted by legislative bodies 2. What is statutory law? the ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ orders, and regulations issued by executive branches of government 3. What is administrative law? rules, ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ unwritten, judge-made law that has developed over the centuries 4. What is common law? the ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ body of law that provides remedies for wrongs before they occur 5. What is equity? the __________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Criminal and Civil Law (serious crimes) and misdemeanors (lesser offenses) 6. What are the two kinds of crimes? felonies __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ between individuals and between individuals and governments 7. What is civil law? disputes ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
grand jury determines whether the facts of a case warrant 8. What is the function of a grand jury? The ________________________________________________ bringing a criminal case to trial. ________________________________________________________________________________ information is a formal charge filed by the prosecutor without the 9. What is an information? An __________________________________________________________ involvement of a grand jury; it is used for most minor offenses in Texas. ________________________________________________________________________________ are selected from lists of registered voters and 10. How are members of a petit jury chosen? They ____________________________________________ licensed drivers. ________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Answer the following question on a separate sheet of paper. 11. What is a precedent and what part do precedents play in common law? Following precedent is abiding by earlier court decisions as they have been handed down over the years by judges in England and the United States. Precedents create a body of law known as common law.
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The Jury System
NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 5: Guided Reading and Review
The Courts and Their Judges
CHAPTER
24
A. As You Read The chart below shows the various types of State and local courts. Next to the name of each type of State and local court, briefly describe the kind of cases heard by that court. Possible answers below
© Pearson Education, Inc.
State and Local Courts Justice of the Peace
1. usually hears only misdemeanor cases
Municipal Court
2. hears criminal cases in which the fines are under $2,000; traffic
Juvenile Court
3. hears only cases involving young people under 18 years of age
General Trial Court
4. hears most of the more important civil and criminal cases; exercises
Intermediate Appellate Court
5. reviews cases decided in lower courts
State Supreme Court
6. the State’s highest appellate court in civil cases
Court of Criminal Appeals
7. the State’s highest appellate court in criminal cases
violations make up the majority of their workload
original jurisdiction
B. Reviewing Key Terms Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term Possible answers below warrant is a court order authorizing an official action. 8. warrant A ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ A preliminary hearing is the first step in a major criminal prosecution. 9. preliminary hearing ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ that exercise appellate jurisdiction are reviewing cases that have already been 10. appellate jurisdiction Courts ______________________________________________________________ heard in another court. ________________________________________________________________________________
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 24 111
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CHAPTER
25
CLASS
DATE
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Texas Counties and Special Districts
A. As You Read The outline below lists the main points of Section 1. As you read the section, fill in the supporting details by answering the questions on a separate sheet of paper. See answers below
The Counties 1. What are some statistics about the extremes of county sizes and populations in the U.S.? 2. What powers does the Commissioners Court have? 3. What are some of the titles of elected county officials in Texas and what do they do? 4. What obstacles exist for Texas county government in urban areas?
Special Districts 5. Why are special districts created? 6. Why are special disctricts useful?
School Districts 7. What are the responsibilities of ISD boards?
Towns and Townships 8. What is unique about the New England town? 9. How do townships in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania differ from those in Ohio and westward?
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. 10. In most of the United States, including Texas, the main unit of local government is the county _______________. special district 11. A(n) _______________ is an independent unit of local government set up to handle a specific problem or task.
12. In the Middle Atlantic States and Midwest, counties are usually divided into subunits known townships as _______________, which share the duties of local government. Answers to questions 1–9 1. San Bernardino County, CA, covers 20,064 square miles; Kalawao County, Hawaii, 13 square miles; more than 9 million people live in Los Angeles County, CA, but only 67 people live in Loving County, Texas. 2. The Commissioners Court sets policy and directs the administration of the county. Its most important responsibilities are establishing a county budget and setting tax rates. 3. sheriff, keeps jail and furnishes police protection; clerk, registers and records documents, mortgages, etc.; assessor, appraises property and collects taxes; treasurer, keeps county funds; district attorney, chief county lawyer 4. The basic structure and organization of the county governments are the same regardless of the population, and the complexities of urban issues are difficult to deal with within the existing structure. 5. Special districts are created to perform one or more related governmental functions at the local level. 6. They fill a need that existing governmental units do not because these units do not have the necessary legal authority or financial base. 7. hiring and firing teachers, constructing new schools, buying school supplies, setting district school tax rates, and selecting a superintendent of schools 8. has been the major unit of local government for hundreds of years; its meetings are examples of direct democracy 9. NY, NJ, PA: formed where people settled, so they are not uniform in shape; Ohio and westward: more uniform in shape because they were drawn in federal public land surveys. 112 Chapter 25 Guided Reading and Review
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B. Reviewing Key Terms
NAME
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Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
Cities and Metropolitan Areas in Texas and the Nation
25
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below with information about the three forms of city government. Possible answers below
Forms of City Government
Description
Mayor Council Form
1. elected mayor, executive branch; elected council,
Strong mayor
2. Mayor heads the administration with power to hire
Weak mayor
3. Executive duties are shared with other elected officials;
legislative branch
and fire and to prepare a budget; takes lead in making policy.
Commission Form
appointment powers are shared or taken over by council. 4. 5 to 9 popularly elected department heads, one of which is chosen by commission as mayor
Council Manager Form
5. strong elected council, weak elected mayor, hired administrator
Answer the following questions in the space provided. Possible answers below is the practice of 6. What is the practice of zoning and why is it important to city planning? Zoning __________________ dividing a city into a number of districts, or zones, and regulating the uses to which property in each of them may ________________________________________________________________________________
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be put. It is important to ensure the orderly growth of a city. ________________________________________________________________________________ Suburbs began to grow in the years after World War II 7. Briefly describe the reasons for suburban growth.______________________________________ as people felt the need for more room, cheaper land, less pollution and noise, and greater privacy. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following key terms in the space provided. a city’s basic law, or constitution 8. charter __________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a city and the areas that surround it 9. metropolitan area ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Guided Reading and Review
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Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
25
Providing Important Services
A. As You Read As you read Section 3, complete the chart by writing examples of each of the State-provided services shown. Possible answers below
State Services
Example
Education Higher education
1. establish and run universities
Primary and secondary education
2. fund schools; set quality guidelines; establish curricula;
screen quality of materials; establish minimum length of school year
Public Welfare Health
3. operate hospitals; fund health programs; immunize children;
Welfare
4. provide aid to families with dependent children
Public Safety
5. provide State police protection; operate centralized offices as
Highways
6. build and maintain roads; ensure vehicle safety; license drivers
well as jails and prisons
7. set aside public lands for conservation and recreation; regulate businesses; protect consumers
B. Reviewing Key Terms Fill in the missing terms to complete the following sentences. entitlement 8. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is a(n) _______________ program, meaning that anyone meeting eligibility requirements can receive benefits. welfare 9. States help out citizens through _______________, or cash assistance for the poor. Medicaid 10. Low income families can get medical insurance through __________________.
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Other Services
work with Federal Government administering programs
NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
Financing State and Local Government
CHAPTER
25
A. As You Read As you read Section 4, complete the diagram by writing the various sources of State and local revenues in the space provided. Possible answers below
individual 2. ________ income tax __________ __________
corporate 3. ________ income tax __________ __________
property 4. ________ tax __________ __________
inheritance 5. ________ tax __________ __________
sales tax 1. ________ __________ __________
estate tax 6. ________ __________ __________
State and Local Revenues borrowing 12.________ __________ __________
franchise 7. ________ tax __________ __________
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business 11.________ enterprises __________ __________
tolls 10.________ __________ __________
amusement 9. ________ taxes __________ __________
licenses 8. ________ __________ __________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Read each statement below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write F. T _____ 13. A sales tax is one that is placed on the sale of commodities such as gasoline and cigarettes. F _____ 14. The assessed value of taxable property is always determined on a fair and equal basis. T _____ 15. Inheritance and estate taxes are also known as “death taxes” because they are levied after a person dies. F _____ 16. The sales tax is probably the most difficult tax for a State to collect. F _____ 17. Taxes that are geared according to a person’s ability to pay are called regressive taxes. T _____ 18. Generally, taxes placed on the annual income of individuals and corporations are progressive.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 25 115
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CLASS
CHAPTER
DATE
Section 3: Guided Reading and Review
25
Providing Important Services
A. As You Read As you read Section 3, complete the chart by writing examples of each of the State-provided services shown. Possible answers below
State Services
Example
Education Higher education
1. establish and run universities
Primary and secondary education
2. fund schools; set quality guidelines; establish curricula;
screen quality of materials; establish minimum length of school year
Public Welfare Health
3. operate hospitals; fund health programs; immunize children;
Welfare
4. provide aid to families with dependent children
Public Safety
5. provide State police protection; operate centralized offices as
Highways
6. build and maintain roads; ensure vehicle safety; license drivers
well as jails and prisons
7. set aside public lands for conservation and recreation; regulate businesses; protect consumers
B. Reviewing Key Terms Fill in the missing terms to complete the following sentences. entitlement 8. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is a(n) _______________ program, meaning that anyone meeting eligibility requirements can receive benefits. welfare 9. States help out citizens through _______________, or cash assistance for the poor. Medicaid 10. Low income families can get medical insurance through __________________.
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Other Services
work with Federal Government administering programs
NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 5: Guided Reading and Review
The Courts and Their Judges
CHAPTER
24
A. As You Read The chart below shows the various types of State and local courts. Next to the name of each type of State and local court, briefly describe the kind of cases heard by that court. Possible answers below
© Pearson Education, Inc.
State and Local Courts Justice of the Peace
1. usually hears only misdemeanor cases
Municipal Court
2. hears criminal cases in which the fines are under $2,000; traffic
Juvenile Court
3. hears only cases involving young people under 18 years of age
General Trial Court
4. hears most of the more important civil and criminal cases; exercises
Intermediate Appellate Court
5. reviews cases decided in lower courts
State Supreme Court
6. the State’s highest appellate court in civil cases
Court of Criminal Appeals
7. the State’s highest appellate court in criminal cases
violations make up the majority of their workload
original jurisdiction
B. Reviewing Key Terms Use each key term below in a sentence that shows the meaning of the term Possible answers below warrant is a court order authorizing an official action. 8. warrant A ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ A preliminary hearing is the first step in a major criminal prosecution. 9. preliminary hearing ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ that exercise appellate jurisdiction are reviewing cases that have already been 10. appellate jurisdiction Courts ______________________________________________________________ heard in another court. ________________________________________________________________________________
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 24 111
NAME
CHAPTER
25
CLASS
DATE
Section 1: Guided Reading and Review
Texas Counties and Special Districts
A. As You Read The outline below lists the main points of Section 1. As you read the section, fill in the supporting details by answering the questions on a separate sheet of paper. See answers below
The Counties 1. What are some statistics about the extremes of county sizes and populations in the U.S.? 2. What powers does the Commissioners Court have? 3. What are some of the titles of elected county officials in Texas and what do they do? 4. What obstacles exist for Texas county government in urban areas?
Special Districts 5. Why are special districts created? 6. Why are special disctricts useful?
School Districts 7. What are the responsibilities of ISD boards?
Towns and Townships 8. What is unique about the New England town? 9. How do townships in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania differ from those in Ohio and westward?
Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. 10. In most of the United States, including Texas, the main unit of local government is the county _______________. special district 11. A(n) _______________ is an independent unit of local government set up to handle a specific problem or task.
12. In the Middle Atlantic States and Midwest, counties are usually divided into subunits known townships as _______________, which share the duties of local government. Answers to questions 1–9 1. San Bernardino County, CA, covers 20,064 square miles; Kalawao County, Hawaii, 13 square miles; more than 9 million people live in Los Angeles County, CA, but only 67 people live in Loving County, Texas. 2. The Commissioners Court sets policy and directs the administration of the county. Its most important responsibilities are establishing a county budget and setting tax rates. 3. sheriff, keeps jail and furnishes police protection; clerk, registers and records documents, mortgages, etc.; assessor, appraises property and collects taxes; treasurer, keeps county funds; district attorney, chief county lawyer 4. The basic structure and organization of the county governments are the same regardless of the population, and the complexities of urban issues are difficult to deal with within the existing structure. 5. Special districts are created to perform one or more related governmental functions at the local level. 6. They fill a need that existing governmental units do not because these units do not have the necessary legal authority or financial base. 7. hiring and firing teachers, constructing new schools, buying school supplies, setting district school tax rates, and selecting a superintendent of schools 8. has been the major unit of local government for hundreds of years; its meetings are examples of direct democracy 9. NY, NJ, PA: formed where people settled, so they are not uniform in shape; Ohio and westward: more uniform in shape because they were drawn in federal public land surveys. 112 Chapter 25 Guided Reading and Review
© Pearson Education, Inc.
B. Reviewing Key Terms
NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 2: Guided Reading and Review
CHAPTER
Cities and Metropolitan Areas in Texas and the Nation
25
A. As You Read As you read Section 2, fill in the chart below with information about the three forms of city government. Possible answers below
Forms of City Government
Description
Mayor Council Form
1. elected mayor, executive branch; elected council,
Strong mayor
2. Mayor heads the administration with power to hire
Weak mayor
3. Executive duties are shared with other elected officials;
legislative branch
and fire and to prepare a budget; takes lead in making policy.
Commission Form
appointment powers are shared or taken over by council. 4. 5 to 9 popularly elected department heads, one of which is chosen by commission as mayor
Council Manager Form
5. strong elected council, weak elected mayor, hired administrator
Answer the following questions in the space provided. Possible answers below is the practice of 6. What is the practice of zoning and why is it important to city planning? Zoning __________________ dividing a city into a number of districts, or zones, and regulating the uses to which property in each of them may ________________________________________________________________________________
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be put. It is important to ensure the orderly growth of a city. ________________________________________________________________________________ Suburbs began to grow in the years after World War II 7. Briefly describe the reasons for suburban growth.______________________________________ as people felt the need for more room, cheaper land, less pollution and noise, and greater privacy. ________________________________________________________________________________
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B. Reviewing Key Terms Define the following key terms in the space provided. a city’s basic law, or constitution 8. charter __________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a city and the areas that surround it 9. metropolitan area ________________________________________________________________
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Guided Reading and Review
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NAME
CLASS
DATE
Section 4: Guided Reading and Review
Financing State and Local Government
CHAPTER
25
A. As You Read As you read Section 4, complete the diagram by writing the various sources of State and local revenues in the space provided. Possible answers below
individual 2. ________ income tax __________ __________
corporate 3. ________ income tax __________ __________
property 4. ________ tax __________ __________
inheritance 5. ________ tax __________ __________
sales tax 1. ________ __________ __________
estate tax 6. ________ __________ __________
State and Local Revenues borrowing 12.________ __________ __________
franchise 7. ________ tax __________ __________
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business 11.________ enterprises __________ __________
tolls 10.________ __________ __________
amusement 9. ________ taxes __________ __________
licenses 8. ________ __________ __________
B. Reviewing Key Terms Read each statement below. If a statement is true, write T in the blank provided. If it is false, write F. T _____ 13. A sales tax is one that is placed on the sale of commodities such as gasoline and cigarettes. F _____ 14. The assessed value of taxable property is always determined on a fair and equal basis. T _____ 15. Inheritance and estate taxes are also known as “death taxes” because they are levied after a person dies. F _____ 16. The sales tax is probably the most difficult tax for a State to collect. F _____ 17. Taxes that are geared according to a person’s ability to pay are called regressive taxes. T _____ 18. Generally, taxes placed on the annual income of individuals and corporations are progressive.
Guided Reading and Review
Chapter 25 115