Idea Transcript
C H A P T E R - II
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN INDIA AND IN ORISSA
C H A P T E R -
II
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN INDIA AND IN ORISSA
Physical the
needs
society The his
of
Education which
the
individual
has rendered
mental
and
physical
emphasis
in
and
bearing on
the requirements of the
in valuable service to the country.
moral
nature
wel-being. the
has practical
past
of
But
had
man
is
history
been
interlocked reveals
more
on
with
that
academic
the side
without due consideration of the physical welfare of the student
youth.
physical
education
on
political,
its
History
also
It
is in
further
seen
every
country
economic
and
reveals
that
that
progress
had depended mainly social
physical
of
development.
education has always
been used by countries for building the youth for defence of
the
country.
received student
In
attention
course as
indiscipline.
of
time
a measure Later,
physical
against
the
education problem
of
it was considered necessary
as a part and parcel of the educational system to achieve the goal
of education.
education was which
it
then studied
was
programmes
The scientific aspect of physical
and
developed schemes
by experts and as a result of and
for
utilized
youth
in
formulated
development
through
sports and other physical activities. 2.1
HISTORICAL INDIA In
India
development,
DEVELOPMENT
physical
OF
PHYSICAL
education
EDOCATION
emphasized
IN
physical
good health and character for development of
32
the
individual,
The
Indian
recognised
as
well
as
National
the
defence
Congress
of
the country.
established
the role of physical education
in
1885,
in the freedom
movement of the country. This political consciousness led to
the
establishment
Khanas.
Some
were
of
Vyayam Shala,
already
in
Akhadas and Talim
existence,
but
many
more
were founded by political people with the aim of national regeneration through physical education. These centres of physical and
education
the
old
exercises. training desire part
to
This
take
revival
encouraged
for
in
provided
political
these
part of
a
opportunities in
of
freedom.
exercises
the
indigenous
traditional
sense
to
young
physical
form of physical
national
unity
and
a
More and more people took
for self defence.
This resulted
in Akhada movement in India.
During this movement in the early part of the 20th Century,
the
Shalas,
Talim
tried
exercises Khanas
wepe
and
carried
Akhadas.
These
in
Vyayama
institutions
their best to maintain and promote the traditional
activities among amongst
them
patriotism.
the youth of the country and inculcated
love
for
However,
physical
fitness,
could
be made
to promote
achieve
these
ideals.
The
taken
in
1937
nationalism and
under the British rule no systematic
efforts
was
out
when
first
the
office in the Bombay State.
physical step
Congress
in
education
this
Ministry
to
direction came
to
33
The along
history
with
political
of
physical
classification history
of
which
is
{2000
B.C.
education various
divided
can be studied
periods into
of
the
Indian
following
ages.
1)
Vedic
2)
Epic
3)
Historical
4)
Nalandian
5)
Rajput
Period
-
(300
6)
Muslim
Period
-
(1200
7)
British
8
)
Age Age
-
(1000 B.C Age
Period
-
- (600
Period
-
-
-
1000
600 B.C
(300
B.C) -
300
A.D)
A.D)
A.D
to
1200
A.D)
-
1750
A.D)
A.D
(1750
B.C)
A.D
-
1947
A.D)
Post Independence Period - (1947 upwards)
1)
VEDIC
AGE
Much to
-
India
Vedas
from
are
contain
of
not
the description about Aryans who migrated Central only
references
Asia
the to
comes
from
religions
the
social
the
books, and
Vedas.
but
they
political
The also
life
of
the people.
Inhabitants strong
andsturdy.
of They
India
generally
agricultural
life. Archery,
racing
their common
were
were
not
meant
war as we 1 1 .
for
during
pleasure
only,
period
were
loved pastoral
horse
sports.
this
riding In
fact,
they
and these
were
and
chariot sport^s
devices
of
34
Yogo seems 'Pranayam*
to have originated during this period.
was considered
a sacred duty.
'Pranayam'
is a
yogic exercise practised by the sages of the time to have complete
control
fortify
the
physical
of the
body
breathing
and
exercises
purify
were
process
the
'Surya
so
soul.
as
Some
Namaskar'
of
which
to the
helped
keeping the body healthy.
EPIC AGE
The exploits of the Indians of this period can be gathered from the
'Ramayana'
were composed during this
period
was
a
the
other
hand
and the
this period.
period
of
the
Both epics reveal that
great
system
'Ma ha b ha ra ta ', which
turmoil
and wars.
of education
was
On
quite
elaborate. This system had apart from scriptural studies, physical
education as
Archery,
Javelin throwing,
wrestling,
horse
elaborately warriors Arjuna, for
one of
described
as
Ram,
Kama,
their
riding
Drona
physical
education; but
the
armaments
was
in
Gurukhuls life
upto
scriptural
the
age
of
racing
have
become
of
teachers
pupils years
and
Bhima, immortal for
arms
and
who were
well
used lived
learnt
activities along with mental education.
been
teachers
studies too. There
25
have
The names of such
knowledge
(Schools) where the
club fighting,
no separate
same
items.
Megghanatha,
etc.
were
given by
books.
Ravan,
There
versed
valour.
chariot
these
Laxman,
Bhisma,
compulsory
sword fighting, and
in
the
to
be
a celebrate
all
physical
HISTORICAL AGE ; (100 B.C)
The
ancient
religion
jolt in this period. existing
social
Brahamanical
of
the Hindus
had
its
first
There was a great revolt against the
disparties,
dominance
and
rigid
caste
orthodox
system,
acceptance
the
of
the
scriptural authority. There was general discontment among the
masses
priestly
against
class.
the
This
tyranical
spiritual
two great religions namely religions due
were
religions
emphasis
was
also
Meghasthenes
who
Chandragupta
Mourya
system sword very
of
visited has
physical
fighting,
awakening
'Jainism' of‘ peace given
and
physical
during
referred
to
for
gave
the
birth
to
'Rudhism'. These
India
training
of
and non-violence.
to
Javelin throwing,
common sports
dominance
the
a
the
very
army.
Yet
training. period
of
elaborate Wrestling,
horse racing etc. were
in those days.
Training in the art of
war was both intensive and extensive.
4)
NALANDA PERIOD
Nalanda was a great city 6000
students,
country, with
not
students
from
where
different
more
parts
of
than the
but ?»lso from foreign lands used to study. Along
religious
education
only
learning
was in
a
given
philosophical due
systematic
emphasis manner.
and
studies, was
Besides
physical
taught
to
'Pranayam'
and
Jtt
'S u r y a done
namaskar'
every
l i fe o f
day
RAJPUT
fought
were
was
revival
Rajputs
day,
effectively.
popular
by bi rt h they
6)
life.
The
of
this
MD5LIM
which
both
the
one
were
r o un d .
this
The
p er i o d .
during
of clans and
no central 13th
themselves
a
pure
and
Javelin
mace
Girls
were
Kshatriya
That's
t he
t aught how to use riding,
authority,
etc.
taught
age
of the
and daggers
throwing,
fighting also
system
early
swords
an d
why during
wonderful
From
often
century.
fighting.
adopted
this period.
how
archery, were
very
to ride a
saddle.
and
This
was
training.
hunting
Dancing
of
hard d u ri n g
upto
was
had
Horse
horse w i t h o u t
examples
exercises
the year
hundreds
There
called
activities.
Rajput
all
Hinduism
supreme
children were
wrestling,
of
dividedinto
physical-cum-military Rajput
exception
themselves.
profession
their
physical
t o be v e r y
they remained
The their
was
among
however
used
of
PERIOD
There Rajputs
forms
without
students
5)
The
other
have
religious
been
part
fairs
and parcel
(mel'as)
were
o f ‘the good
activity.
PERIOD
period the
music
was
Hindus
over
the
also
marked
and Muslims other.
Many
by
much
took pa r t
f or
traditional
strife
in
supremacy activities
37
like
'Yogo'
and
seems
to
lik e
wrestling,
Javelin and
be
a
'Pranayam' very
popular
boxing,
throwing
animal
were
were
fighting
given
sports
of
swimming,
given were
due
a s e t b a ck . this
period.
sword
very
Sports
fighting
emphasis.
also
Hunting
Pigeon
popular
an d
flying
during
t he
period, 7)
BRITISH
PERIOD
Physical Indian
society
considered doubt also
as
the
in a
one
part
English
did
physical Tn
education
not
a
in
the
of
made
subject,
supervisory Education
in
physical
school
training of
the
gymnastics, interest
activities. compulsory
youth
t he In
in'
centre
only
1 8 82
and
promoted by
1894, in
th e
It in
question was
of
t he was
retained
t he
t he
Indian physical
recommended
schools
children
they
programme.
recommended
of
exercises.
schools
yet
of
that
in
the
native
ga mes ,
This
to
No
education
time,
encouragement
other
been
shouldered 1870,
first
never
inclusion
educational
in
t he
school
subject
and
th e
curriculum.
the
India
the
had
in
people,
to
education.
be
drills
of
of
For
Commission
training
interest
powers.
but
loving
school
education
existed
of school
sports
Government
state
other,
attention
responsibility a
or
always
and parcel
any
education
1833,
form
are
pay
had
spurred
take
physical
making
considered
th e
it but
a no
38
definite P olo,
policy
Cricket
a nd
Private gymnasia,
the
Kho
much
and
some
to
Madras
1^32.
into
F.ducatioH
was in
weeks
and
P.T.
The
1 92 0
by
In
1924,
vishadd'.
H er e,
H.C.
in
Flducation a n d
for
was
1945,
B uc k.
of In
as
Scouts
Physical
the
awarded
th e
National
Recre-a*:Ion o f
in
Training
Prasarak
aid
the
and
(BombaY)
came
Mandal'
of
institution
youngmen
India
Education
The
cause
of
1931,
Hyderabad
1938,
this
the
school
Education,
In
Khandiyali
serve
by
development
Physical
'Vyayam
I n d ia .
imparted
pre-independent
Education,
1914,
were
students
of
Education,
Kho-
'
in
Mr.
folk
Physical
re-employed the
College
course
popular.
outstanding
Physical
course
exercises,
exercises
prepared
to
^.hls
Physical
became
up
completing
interest
l i ke
set
summer
traditional
games
College
In
mandals
Indigenous
education
Physical
Kreeda
apparatus
established.
existence.
of
like
light
also
Christian
of
Amaravati,
five
of
a nd
education
with
also
in
were
Institute
spread
aa
popular.
physical
Akhadas
such
exercises
Y.M.C.A.
College
for
t ex-serviceman
by
physical
founded
Lucknow,
becoming
games
Yogic
ceremonies.
the
Western
Baithakas,
and
They
The
this.
attention.
schools
scientific
G ov t.
Dandas,
s u c h as d r i l l s
school
goes
th e
A t y e - patye
•authorities. f or
fo r
greater
education in
Shala,
wrestling
received
of
organisations
matter.
dances,
out
Hockey were
Vyayam
contributed in
came
Physical started
a
woti«?:1 , A yojtli
title
of
Wyayj.n
Association
India was
for me d.
of
39
PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
The
primary
established Public by
education
of
of
creation
some
Poona
in its for
Government
physical schools
a
in 1867.
boating,
introduced.
Miss England,
colleges
a
By
However,
it
the
visit
to
in
and
a
1 8 62
to
Gynastic
Poona College
tennis
and
and
be
the
Indian
said
that
in p r i v a t e
well Bombay
known in
social
t he
worker
sixties
of
of th e
the a t t e n t i o n of the g o v e r n m e n t of
schools.
first consideration
club
may
education
Elphinstone
neglected
urgent need of providing
government
the
this
the
institutions
provided
Bombay in
after
physical
and
She dr e w
t he
better Some
1881,
were
physical
neglected.
Khomb
last century. to
period,
this period.
Corpenter,
paid
t he
cricket
comparatively
of
to
little
Mull
of
attention
this
cricket
gynastics
education was and
had
Department
mind
example,
College
were
of
fo r p r o v i d i n g For
that
development
department.
a
schools
were
a
established
staff
the
totally
change
steps
the
least
was
aforesaid
Bombay
clubs
games
to
schools
of
During
institutions.
The
Trainer ha d
the
to take
College,
bo dy .
began
was
without
the students,
of
their
the
th e
creation
Bombay
facts
Things
1863,
the
Instructions,
development
in
o b j e c t ’ of
before
teaching
began
P R I O R T O 1 8 82
The
subject
physical thus
as a m a t t e r o f p o l i c y
education
received
after
1866.
its One
40
of
the
of
physical
In
the
all
results
a
in
part
however,
physical
of
to
this
secondary
in
depended
t he
mostly
t he
school
know-the
But
result
secondary
introduction
colleges and
f or
routine.
in p r i m a r y here
of
It
schools,
the person a l
as
result
inter es t of
is
as a
in
the
But here must
the
not
in w h i c h
training.
the
were
schools
al so ,
this
men.
drills
extent and man n e r
introduced
the
on
training
the
gymnastics
training.
schools,
as
the
of
education was
result
suggestion was
institutions
as
possible,
a ls o,
education
these
introduced
of her
h a ve
teacher.
77, s 8 2--4 The
second
introduction which
of a c la u s e
permitted
gymnasium. t he
result
The
attention
third of
submit
special
annually
Report with
b)
physical
Indian
g a m es ,
officers
physical
as
an
of
which
be
grants
to
now
appendix
for
to d r a w
th e p r o b l e m of required
education to
the
a nd
to
these
Directors
I S P^ a N D 1 9 1 2
encouraged school
recommended by
by
education
before.
the
of
and
other
school.
This
government,
began
that
promotion
drills
individual
accepted
than
code
Commission
to
physical
attention
grant-in-aid
1 8 7 9- 8 0.
gynastics,
was
the
were
on
Education
suited
recommendation
greater
from
was
suggestion was
Inspectors
published
developments
exercises
result
The
report
effect
suggestion
building
r esult of her
PHYSICAL EDPCATION BETWEEN
The
native
of
departmental
education.
were
her
in th e r e v i s e d
sanction
physical a
of
as
a
to r e c e i v e m u c h
41
This the
trend
was
universities
attention t he
to
Bombay
further
and
public
physical
Government
t o ok
grant
Pelit as
condition
that
gymnastics. scheme in
organised
for
th e
s t a te .
Besides,
grounds Al l
gymnasia
education
wa s
pay
school
available, given
but
for p u r c h a s e
Early Government gymnasium
in
that
ground. to
grant
it
in c o l l e g e s
permitted
to
university
unless
land w a s
for
physical
attention
Inspectors to
physical
a more
physical
land
provided
As y e t n o r e g u l a r for
education
were
schools.
became
of
regular
gr an t was
education
was
of apparatus.
1894,
should
khanas
on
training
granted
Equipments
particular
staff
government
schools
primary
schools.
special
high
building
first
Government
wherever
the
teachers
physical
gymifa
feature of secondary
it s
of
play
to
to
for
a
teachers
and
supplied
given
th e
government
1892,
Sir Dinsha
as
schools
and
measures
competent
Bombay
more
1882
described
the
instructed
education,
to
was
grant
trained be
available.
were
it
of
give
The Central
Bombay
recurring
may
play
with
a
in
This
Bombay
for
as
number
the call of
to
Between
education.
Gymnasium
well
a
by
leaders
education.
d e v e l o p m e n t of physical Manikji
strengthened
be m ad e
appear
at
was an d
suggested
schools,
compulsory. any
he p r o d u c e d
higher
No
to
Bombay
a t t n d a n c e a t t he students would
examination
a certificate
of
be th e
of attendance
42
in
the
his
gymnasium
or
institution.
among the
the
not
on
Instructions
The
showed
inclination
and
Principal
high
favourable.
of
schools,
After
but
careful
felt that there was no need attendance
reports
that
the
suggestion was circulated
compulsory
classes.
from
colleges
the Government
insisting
training
of
was
consideration
grounds
The aforesaid
principals
response
for
play
there
towards physical
of was
in
Director
physical of
Public
a distinct voluntary
exercises
and
that
was
a
better way of promoting physical education than by making it
compulsory.
interest it
the
The
government
progress
continued
at
the
of
decided
to
watch
the voluntary movement,
present
rate,
the
with
and if
necessity
for
compulsion would not arise.
It have
is
happened
compulsory
for
speculation
physical
1894-1895
But
no
idle if
in
Government. lost
an
it
as
appears
apparent
imagine
education
had
suggested
by
that
reasons.
to
a
good
During
what
might
been the
made Bombay
opportunity
was
the next 18 years,
physical education continued to plod on along the general lines
as
indicated
earlier
during
the
early
British
period and thereafter. A gradual feeling began to develop that the policy laid
down
in
1894-95
had
become
absolete
time to give a new lead had atlast arrived.
and
that
the
43
P H Y S I C A L E D U C A T I O N B E T W E E N 1912-1937
During
the
first
decade
of
the twentith century,
physical education based on Swadish gymnastics, games and sports
was
introduced
curriculum
in
authorities schools
missionary 1903,
the
India
used
India, also
The
took
also
Joseph's
the
part
after
of
followed
school
educational
for
suit.
School hours
educational
steps
meant
High
the
British
similar
schools
schools St.
a
Britain.
in
and
as
at
in
European
nobility. For
The
example,
Biliary
for physical
in
in
South
training
exercises for all students.
The own
government
responsibility
of
to help
India
itself was
lay the
system of education all over
provinces This
grant
for school
of
25
the country.
lakhs
of
its
foundatipn of a sound
education department of government of non-recurring
aware
So in 1912 the
India
sanctioned a
for distribution
in all
hygiene and aquire of play grounds.
encouraged organised games
in the country as a part
of educational programme.
In 1908, man's
Dr. J. Henry established the first
Christian
Calcutta.
Association
(Y.M.C.A)
in
'Young
India
at
Soon many other Y.M.C.A. Associations came into
existence in the country. With the advent of Y.M.C.A, The Indian Physical education programme changed from Swadeshi
44
gymnastics team
and
sports
English and
and
sports
fiej-d
Y.M.C.A.
the
of
field
approach from
to
that
previous
to one of
drills
recreation
atheletics
different of
military
activities.
hockey,
was
given
the
years.
In
rugby, due
calisthenics of
individual addition
football,
and
drills
play
ground
to
track
encouragement.
retired military
The
and
was
The
quite
instructors
movement
initiated and recreation systems were established
was
in big
cities and towns.
Out India
also
salaries also of
of
the
grant of Rs.25
received
of
the
utilised
India.
Mr.
a
substantial
physical
by
the
P.C.
lakhs,
subsidy
director,
Education
Wren was
the Y.M.C.A.
whose
to meet services
in the
were
Department of Government
the first physical director
of the Y.M.C.A in India. Under his leadership a class was held train
in
1913
Poona
teachers
exercises book
in
and
for
to
games
the
by
the
teach in
Education
simple
Department
physical
training
their respective schools.
guidance
of
these
teachers
to
A hand
was
also
p ub lis he d.
This Madras
grant
enabled
all
the
European
schools
in
to create a post of physical director and to give
further impetus to organised games in such schools. The drive Curzon
in
reflected
the
for educational
early
in the
years
of
reforms
the
field of physical
started
twentieth
by Lord
century
was
education also. Plans
45
for
the
the
organisation
were
training
prepared
year,
Mr.
teachers.
of
teachers
of
and
Wren
of
physical,
put was
into
physical
activities
effect
placed
on
in
on modern
1913.
special
As a result of his initiative,
duty
to
train
the drill system
It was soon reported that the system was serving
excellent small
means
number
of
well
of
and
in
In the same
schools.
very
adopted
lines
by
purpose
was
and
devised
its
him
education
the
relaxation.
trained
almost
all
exercises But
teachers,
mainly the
government
served owing
work
of
as to
Mr.
an the
Wren
did not have any lasting impact in the growth of physical e du ca ti on .
After the end of the first World War in 1918 there was
general
Education
awakening
was
looked
in all at
sections of Indian society.
from national
point of view for
the first time.
The the
growth
national of
awakening
Vyamashalas,
of
the
Indian
people
and
Akhadas and Talim Khanas has
been dealt with in earlier pages.
An
organised
programme
of
physical
activities
based on children's
activities was regarded .an essential
for good education.
A great need was now felt for trained
physical teachers. To fulfill this demand the Y.M.C.A. at Madras Y.M.C.A.
took
the
school
of
lead
and
Physical
established Education
the
in India
National in 1920.
46
The
school
Mr. M.C.
functioned
Buck.
Y.M.C.A.
under
the
devoted
principal
In 1931-32 this school became known as the
College
international
of
Physical
reputation.
became co-educational Diploma,
well
Education
Since
194D
and offered
and
the
gained
institution
three types
of courses
Government Certificate High Grade and Government
Certificate Lower Grade. Thousands of young men and women had
been
trained
as
teachers
of physical education since
then.
By the end of schools tdoor
had
a
games
became
good
importance
of
a
in
deal
sports
main
physical
for physical
good
Private
centres
the well organised government
lay-out
received
popular.
important
1920,
of
education
Out-
encouragement
clubs
cities.
education.
By
were
formed
this
time,
and at the
as a part of education
curriculum received recognition from the higher education authorities. They
Drill
conducted
masters
all
physical
were
employed
activities
in
with
schools enthusiasm.
But their educational qualification was too low and hence much different from other members of the school staff and this tended to set them apart.
Government, permanent education Director Mr.
p'red
it. He
therefore,
arrangement .
For
Weber
for training
this
of,Physical of
conducted
decided
purpose,
a
to
Y.M.C.A,
courses
a
more
teachers for physical special
Education was create^
the
make
post
of
the
in 1^25,
and
Bombay w^s appointed to
47
of physical
training and mass f^rill in several cities of
the province. The system advocated by him was taken up in government
secondary
schools
and
given
considerable
publicity.
The
government
established as
at Hyderabad,
Principal.
all
the
Physical
primary,
1^45,
control
In
and
ePlducation.
It
and
the
was
high
as
was
with Mr. Weber
made compulsory
schools
of
the
in
former
principal of the college was
the
reverted
education
in 1931,
college
known
then
physical
education
He remained
1952, was
of
Deccan
middle
state of Hyderabad. till
college
to
put
under
Academy
of
private Physical
government control.
Its
course lasts one academic year. At the end of the course, graduates
were
awareded
'Diploma'
and
non-graduates
ce rt if i ca te s. Mr.
Wren,
Mr,
Weber
and others could
not succeed
in making any lasting impression on physical education in schools.
This
institutions their Mr.
work
^'^ren
was
to work was
in
so
because
through.
broken
by
the
organisation The
health
of
no
training
the continuity of
untimely
retrenchment of
1 ”?'^.
Calcutta
basis.
had
Further
In 1^30 Mr. James Buchan; Y.M.C.A.
they
of
called youth
object the
of
Indian
Physical Director of the
a meeting
welfare the youth
of
citizens
councils
councils through
services and instructions in schools.
was
on to
for
the
provincial promote
extention
of
the
health
It aimed to provide
48
qualified hing
a
teachers
college
of
of
physical
physical
education
education
in
by
establis
each
province.
His plan proved to be major success in the development of physical
education
both before and after
independence of
the Government of Bengal
established the
India.
In 1932,
Government College of Physical Education at Calcutta. Mr. James
Buchanan was appointed
trainingn was
a
of
great
physical
teachers demand
was
for
education.
as principal.
His intensive
so highly regarded 'Buchanan
In
1956,
trained' the
that there teachers
college
of
became
c o e d u c a ti o na l.
In
1932,
Education
was
The
Christian
established
missionary management. principal. College
The
and
Governors. of
Public
The
Lucknow
of
Physical
under
private
Dr. Arthur W. Howard was appointed
college
was
at
College
was
under
College
for one academic year,
the was
Instructions,
a
unit
of
control
Lucknow
Christian
of
Board
its
of
recognised
by the Department
Uttar Pradesh.
The course lasted
admitting graduates to the diploma
course and under graduates to the certificate course.
An experiment the Bombay University mention. that
The
the
(Rawbinson, year
physical
Principals Kanitkar
successfully
in physical during
education
the period deserves special
education
committee
of
three
Art
and
Shah)
have
carried
undertaken by
out
a
(1927)
writes
Colleges
at
for
than
scheme
more of
Poona one
compulsory
49
physical training of students of the colleges. The scheme created
treat
worked The
very
enthusiasm
successfully
interesting
drills
and
among
part
of
gymnastics
for
over
this
have
the
students
three
experiment
and
has
college
terms.
is
games,
that
been coordinated
and a touch
of military training has been given with a view to create interest.
The measures
Government for
was
development
not of
this period. The inadequacy, extent
by non-official
able
to
physical however,
efforts.
take
adequate
education
during
was made up to some
These were
the days when
the movement for National Education was at its height and physical task
of
training
Education creating
found
public
specialised
a
prominent
interest
teachers
of
in
place this
physical
in
it.
matter
and
education
The of was
u n d er ta ke n.
A large number of teachers trained by three H.V.P. Mandal,
A m a r a v a t i , worked
in
the
schools
of
this
state
particularly of Vidarbha.
These physical
institutions
did
a
lot
in
popularising
education among the people and in promoting the
cause
of
indigenous
owing
to the efforts
games
and
of these
exercises.
It was mainly
institutions that physical
education made a little progress during this period.
50
Prior regarded
to
as
1937,
being
entirely optional upon
even
'strong'
by
a
confined
to
education 'school
was
generally
drill'
which
was
in character and frequently looded down
the
pupils.
To
be
delicate
in
health
and
in mind was a matter of pride in those days.
Since as
physical
part
1937,
of
physical
general
education
education
and
has
made
been
compulsory
all school children in Bombay, The first syllabus education
was
introduced
experience
gained,
the
in
1928.
syllabus
regarded
In
for the
from class
for
physical light
of
I to IV, V to
VIlT,and XI was revised from time to time. The Government also introduced a scheme for medical inspection of school children on compulsory basis. to undergo medical
Every student was required
examination atleast thrice during his
school life. ROLL OF CENTRAL ADVISORY BOARD OF EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION.
The
Central
Advisory
Board
of
Education
was
established in 1935 by the Government of India. The twelveth
Board
adopted
Meeting
proceedings
in
a
1946,
given special
specific where
in
resolution
at
its
item
of
the
XVIII
importance by mentioning the note
that the Board then proceeded to consider the question of making
physical education
Schools. objectives
While of
the
the
an examination subject in High
Board
proposal
were
in
sympathy
that schools
should
with
the
take all
51
possible
care
children view
in
that
Board
would
their
promotiori care,
'physical
examination the
for
be
that
if
the Board
J^e
be
of
welfare
of
accept
the
to
included
practical
the ir ,object
defeated
Further,
unable
could
from
Apart
physical
were
fitnes^'
subject. felt
they
of
an
difficulties,
physical
suggestion
as
was
education accepted.
of opinion that establishment of
an expert committee on physical education would not serve any useful purpose. like the
to
The Board in the first instance would
see what provisions
health
of
the
school
have been made
child
in
the
in regard
first
five
to
year
programme of educational development.
r o a r d 's
fifteenth
meeting
(1949)
Physical training became a compulsory subject from this year and the council of .physical culture is steadily widening and
its
technical
sphere
of
influence,
through
money
grants
advice over the general population both in
urban and rural areas.
In this meeting the Board took note of the interim report
of
the
suggested
that
committee
should
(a)
In
committee in
provincial
preparing
keep
allocation
of
governments
programme of physical centre
should
be
for
the
physical its
for
the
education,
and
report,
the
final
following
expenditure
education
points
between
in
central
implementation
of
and the
the contribution of the
50 percent and not 90 percent,
cooperation of the Ministry
mind:-
of Defence
(b) The
should be secured
52
for
furthering
the
country
training
the
and
development
full
schools
at
of
benefit
physical
be
taken
education in
of
the
physical
Poona and other centres by the said
ministry.
BOARDS NINETEEN MEETING
(1952)
The Board in its Nineteenth Meeting considered the report
of
movement annual
its
in
India.
training
guides.
It
also
providing advised needs
the
emphasised to
stressed
recommended
that
on
train the
promotion the
need
scouts
need
of
for
leaders
for
youth opening
including
starting
Olympic
for promotion of atheletic activities.
travel
of
It
camps
also
organisations Board
committee
and
special
children
the
The
opening of youth hostels and
other
facilities
attention
leaving
for
should
schools
at
students
and
be
paid
to
the
the
age
of
12.
Further suitable organisations should be set up for their educational and other needs.
B A O R D ’S TWENTEETH MEETING The
Board
in
recommended
that
hobbies
establish
stressed schools.
and the
the
(1953)
its state scout
importance
of
twentieth
meeting
government and
should
further promote
guide organisations and
athletics
and
N.C.C.
in
the
53
BOAR'S TWENTY FIRST MEETING
(1954)
The Board in its twenty first meeting considered a note on
stuc^ents indiscipline
Ministry
of
Education.
government
should
governments college
for
hostels
It
give
prepared by the secretary.
recommended
loans
on
easy
improving ’ facilities and
play
that
grounds.
the
terms like
Central
to
state
school
and
The state governments
should similarly float loans for the purpose and students in secondary schools and colleges should be given greater opportunities activities
for
participating
as the N.C.C.,
in
such
co-curricular
scouting and guiding and other
social services.
POST INDEPENDENCE ERA
India necessiated build
up
new
to of
her
freedom
in
1947,
the formulation of new educational
a
entrusted affairs
regained
nation.
the
The
subject
of
states
and
the
centre
co-ordination
and
formulation
This
policy to
education
was
retained
the
of
national
policy on education keeping in view national obectives. A large number of schools were established Education i 14 years.
was
made
free and compulsory
in the country.
up to the age of
Hundreds of new colleges and universities came
into existence to forster to the needs of the country. Through physical education was considered part and parcel
of
school
education,
the
sufficiently vigorous. No doubt,
drive
was
still
not
a considerable number of
institutions had
come
up
machinery schemes of
for
after
were
put
failure
"catch
them
almost
into
But or
teachers
for
independence
remained
sports.
utter
training
the
of
were
limping
became
to
these
a
schemes
only.
thing
(i)
Central
Recreation
in
Advisory 1950
The
of
number up
All
the
of
met
off-quoted
the
new
standards
either
with slogan
past.
Government of India set
Board of Physical
(ii)
education
administrative
A
boost
The Ministry of Education, up
the
same.
operation
most
young"
but
physical
India
Education and
Council
of
sports
in
1954. The purpose of these bodies was to suggest ways and means
to
further
the
cause
of
physical
education
and
sports in the country.
NATIONAL
PHYSICAL
The
introduction
Efficiency
Drive
education
in
sports
the
and of
certain
items
prescribed it
would
and
National
Physical
the
colleges- of
physical
encouraging
other
agencies
swimming
pools
education.
Education of
arouse
fitness.
in
It
1959-60.
physical
standards
their performances physical
and
the
to were
taken by the Government
physical
Ministry
of
country and
stadia
important steps
DRIVE
strengthening
councils
fields,
sports
EFFICIENCY
was
and
thus
in
develop some
play
of
the
for promotion of launched
efficiency
men
states
by
the
The plan consisted of
for achievements.
interest
the
and
tests
which
It was hoped that women
to
improve
stimulate their keenness for
55
NETAJI SUBHASH NATIONAL INSTITDTE FOR SPORTS On
the
recommendation
c o m m i t t e e o f 1958, was
e stablished
the N e ta ji
by
the
of
the
Ad-hoc
Subha sh I n s t i t u t e
Government
of
enquiry o f Sports
In d ia
at
P a tia la .
c a lib re
in
various
The m ai n o b j e c t i v e s w e re : i)
Producing
coaches
of
high
games• ii)
Rendering
assistance
hunt
tra in in g
its iii)
an d
sports
bodies
up- com ing
in
tale nt
a th e le te s
through
R e g io n a l Coaching C e ntre s.
P o lish in g
the
p a rtic ip a tio n iv)
of
to
C onducting
N ational
in
Teams
In te rn a tio n a l
re- orientatio n
before
th e ir
com petitions.
courses
for
p hy sical
education teachers. v)
C arrying
out
Research
in
issues
re latin g
to
sports. vi)
O rgan isin g
se m in a rs >
tournaments v ii)
H elping th e ir
v iii)
in
conferences#
c lin ic s
and
games and s p o r t s .
Afro-Asian
co untrie s
in
the
tra in in g
of
p e r s o n n e l as coaches.
A w a r d in g
sch olarsh ip
secondary
stage
who
to are
students
studying
p ro fic ie n t
in
games
in and
sports. ix)
Functioning
as
the
Coaches A s s o c i a t i o n ,
S e cre tariat
of
A sian
A th le tic
In d ia n A s s o c ia tio n n o f Sports
M e d i c i n e and I n d i a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f t r a c k and f i e l d coaches.
56
x)
C arry ing
out
the
Gove rn me nt o f
rural
sports
programme
of
the
In d ia .
NATIONAL DI SC IP LIN E SCHEME The N a t i o n a l on
July
1965
that
C o rp s)
(a) in
the
th is
at
L ajp at
Nagar,
was merged w i t h
recommendation
scheme came t o
(N .F .C ).
Scheme came i n t o
them
a
in
A .C .C. the
It
was
in
( A u x i l i a r y Cadet
Kunzuru
Committee. Fitness
The a i m s and o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e scheme were
s e n se
of
i n mind and body and i n s t i l
p atrio tis m ,
se lf- sa c rific e ,
b u ild
of
New D e l h i .
existence
be known as N a t i o n a l
To make t h e y o u t h h e a l t h y
and
at
N .D.S.
on
F in a lly Cor ps
1954
2 4 ,
D isc ip lin e
(b)
them a d e s i r e
se lf- re lian c e ,
To d e v e l o p to
human
tolerance
values
and
to
s e r v e t h e c o u n t r y and h u m a n i t y
large. The
programme
of
p hy sical
tra in in g ,
cu ltu ra l
programmes.
the
scheme c o v e r e d
a d m in istra tio n ,
items
suc h as
o rg a n isatio n
and
NATIONAL CADED CORPS The N . C . C was i n t r o d u c e d o f the p a r lia m e n t. the
country.
De fe n ce
in
through
the
The
Since then i t
t h e y e a r 1948 by an a c t has expanded t h r o u g h o u t
scheme was o p e r a t e d
co-operation D irector
three se c tio n s
in
i.e .
w ith
General
senior,
the of
by t h e state
N.C.C.
It
j u n i o r and g i r l s .
M inistry
of
governments, consisted
of
b/ There over a ll
by
was
the
a
Central
De fe n ce
m atters
M inister
concerning
The t r a i n i n g
Advisory
the
was u s u a l l y
to
C om mi tt e e
a d v i s e t h e g o v e r n m e n t on
expansion
given
presided
in
of
N.C.C
and M.C.C
s c h o o l s and c o l l e g e s ,
AUXULIARY CADED CORPS ( A . C . C ) The as
aux u liary
a supplement
was
serv ice
age
group
tra in in g firs t
to
to
the
the
of
P.T.#
home-nursing
was
su b je ct.
A .C.C.
N .C.C.
in
Jr.
Bo th
and
boys
being
and
to
In
the
the
merged
It's
w ith
1952 motto
w ith in
corps. fie ld
addition
g irls
in
g irls
team games,
hygiene. to
was
into
adm itted
d rill,
taught
came
D i v i s i o n o f N .C.C.
were
sa n ita tio n
The
corps
country.
13-16
included
a id ,
caded
as
a
The
craft,
to
these
sp e cial
th e ' programme
of
1965.
INDIAN OLYMPIC ASSOCIATION In
1927,
existence. and
is
the
Since
Indian
then
a ffilia te d
Com mi tt e e
it
Olympic has
w ith
A ssociation
been
the
fu n ctio n in g
In te rn a tio n a l
came i n t o in
India
O ly m p ic
fl.O .A ).
COMPULSORY PHYSICAL EDOCATION IN SCHOOLS In of
India
scheme was of
1^6 2,
the the
of
after
decided
the to
compulsory
policy army
in
of a ll
the
I n d o - C h i n e s e w a r,
give
serious
p hy sical
t h e go ve rn m en t
consideration
education
in
schools.
g o v e r n m e n t t o r e l y on t h e
m atters
of defence.
to
a It
strength
Rut the a fo r e s a id
58
experience defence the
showec^
m u st
general
a
always
for of
students
class
less
that
tra in in g . in
its
from
the
lin e s
recruitm ent
scheduled
The p l a n n i n g and
class
ea ch
th ird
by
was
were
scheme
of from
scheme o f to
be
put
c o m m i s s i o n made
forty
new scheme.
VT t o
However,
and
a new i n t e g r a t e d
crores
the
45 m i n u t e s
true
1963.
six
im plem entation
th is
education
from J u l y
provision
second
replenished
For
p h y sical
effect
the
be
p u b lic.
compulsory in to
that
lakhs
for
the
The scheme c o v e r e d a l l XT.
Five
periods
of
not
t o be d e v o t e d t o p h y s i c a l fa ile d
to
come i n t o
force
s p irit.
DEVELOPMENT BY THE ONION GOVERNMENT IN TRE FIELD ALLIED TO PHYSICAL EDOCATION. a)
C onstruction o f S tadia The
Adhoc
(1^58- 59)
Enquiry
appointed
recommended
that
'shram adan'
basis.
follow ed sized
where
stadium
fin a n c ia l
D is tric t
by
the
'u tility
Games
an d
Sports
of
In dia
Go vernment
stadium s'
fin a n c ia l from b e i n g
states
Boards
on
should
be
b u ilt
on
T h i s re c o m m e n d a t io n was e x p e c t e d t o be
assistance
government,
C om mi tt ee
for
reasons
m ight
constructed.
was
to
be
of
a
Under t h i s extended
sports .c o u n c ils . construction
prevent
fu ll
scheme,
to
state
M u n ic ip a litie s stadia
and
on a m a t c h i n g
b asis. Under P a tia la .
the
scheme,
the
firs t
stadium
w as
b u ilt
at
59
b)
M o u n t a in e e r in g M ountaineering
g ain in g after in
much
the o u t s ta n d in g the
M ountaineering useful
committee
c)
sports
1965 of
of
adventure
up
w orld.
at
mention
Indian
teams
H im a l a y a n
D arjeeling
was d o i n g
had
set
r e c o m m e n d a t io n s
Eastern
been
The
Government
make
has
sp ecial
1065 by t h e
the
U n io n
to
the
in
set
The
of
deserved
success
In stitu te
in
It
sumrnit
w or k.
development In stitu te
a
p o p u la rity .
conquering
much
as
H im a l a y a n
up
about
a
the
M ountaineering
a t M anali,
A r ju n and o t h e r Awards t o s p o r t s p e r s o n s The Un ion
honour
sports-men
performance
in
in stitu te d games
in
were
awards
in
aw ards
are
fu n c tio n . honour
Gov ern me nt
for
and
and
and
honoured. 1962,
Nine
by
the
"Arjuna
sports
Bhusan".
w ith
the
and
in
is
In d ia.
the It
in
d iffe re n t
in
In dia
these
1964.
in
h ig h e st is
to
were
received
seven
of
awards
men
men
Awards"
outstanding
These
sports 1963
India
th e ir
sports
Award"
The Go vernment o f
for
P resident
person
r e c o m m e n d a t io n o f A l l
p e rso n alitie s
in
"Arjuna
sports.
twenty
se ven
given The
women
games 1961
in s titu te d
a
The
sp e cial
national
awarded
on t h e
Sports C o u n c il.
India award
also of
decorated
"Padma
Sh re e "
some s p o r t s and
"Padma
60
d)
D e v e l o p m e n t of V y a y a m a s a l a s and Akhadas
Under
th is
Vyayamasalas, etc.
for
scheme,
Akhadas,
purchase
of
sports
lib ra ry
b a s i s o f 7S p e r c e n t o f e'
grants
were
paid
clubs, books
scheme
scholarships indigenous
and e q u i p m e n t s on t h e
the
scholarship
for
one
year.
w re stling of
and
Physical
th is
in
for
award
sp e c ia lisa tio n
p h y sical
education
was
Rs.200/-
Three fo lk
centres
the e x p e n d itu re .
provided
for
d iffe re n t
recreatio n
S c h o la r s h i p s f o r H ig h e r S t u d ie s P h y s ic a l E d u c a t io n This
to
Education
some
a c tiv itie s . per
candidates
dances
in
month
were
Recreation
in
value
was
selected
Advisory
Hoard
of
P hysical
of
tenable
for
yo g a ,
Advisory
Board
1960-61.
Later
scheme was a b o l i s h e d a l o n g w i t h t h e a b o l i t i o n
Central
four
selected
The
and
by The C e n t r a l
and
of
o f the
Education
and
R rcre a tio n . THE NATIONAL POLICY ON EDDCATION (1967-68)
The
N ational
Go vernment on
sports,
and
stated large
of
that
a
o^
im proving
average
India
games
on
P o licy
scale
in
and
the
education attached
sp e cial
other
vigorous
p h y sical
Games and
and
a n no u n c e d
1968
on
p hy sical
student
on
rather
than
importance exercises
s p o r t s shouT