HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY I. Intellectual Origins Themes: [PDF]

-Although desire to understand ourselves and thought processes is thousands of years old, psychology can be dated to 186

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Idea Transcript


HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY I. Intellectual Origins 1. Philosophy: -what is the self, consciousness, how do we determine what is moral 2. Biology: -physical mechanisms of the brain and body -Evolution and Natural Selection of Traits

Themes: 1. Psychology is an empirical science -uses Scientific Method

2. Nature and Nurture are inextricably linked -Schizophrenia and other mental Disorders -Personality -epigenetics 3. The mind and brain are inseparable -Dualism and The “Mind-Body Problem” -DaVinci and “sensus communis” -The Mind is what the brain does 4. A new biological revolution is energizing research -anatomy/chemistry -genome -brain imaging 5. The mind is adaptive - idea that adaptive psychological traits , like physical ones, are selected and passed on -Adaptation: -“Risk-Taking” -Modern Minds in Stone Age Skulls

6. Psychological Science crosses levels of analysis -biological -individual -social -cultural 7. We are often unaware of the multiple influences on how we think, feel, and act. -Illusion of Conscious Will

II. Scientific Foundations -Ancient Philosophers John Stuart Mill: System of Logic. -call for psychology to leave speculation and philosophy behind and use scientific approach. -Although desire to understand ourselves and thought processes is thousands of years old, psychology can be dated to 1867: "It seems to me that perhaps the time has come for psychology to begin to be a science.. .Hemholtz and Wundt are working at it" - William James

Schools of Thought A. Structuralism: outlined scientific approach to psychology 1. Wundt -1879: first lab dedicated to psychology experiments; birth of Psychology -Focus on analyzing consciousness, person's subjective experience of the world and mind -Introspection: observation of one's subjective mental experience Ex: observers presented with stimulus, then asked to report raw sensory experience, without interpretation; Wundt then tried to describe feelings associated with sensory perceptions 2. Titchener: student of Wundt -started psychology laboratory at Cornell in 1893 -Structuralism: conscious experience can be broken down into its underlying parts -students trained to provide descriptions of conscious images and sensations -listed 44,000 elemental qualities of conscious experience: 32,820 Visual, 11,600 auditory

B. Functionalism William James -1875 offered a course at Harvard called "The relations between physiology and psychology" -first psychology lecture in US -1890: The Principles of Psychology - thought that conscious experience can't be broken down into separate elements, that trying to analyze and isolate one element distorts essential nature - Stream of Consciousness: idea that consciousness was like a flowing stream of thoughts, memories, sensations, etc. -large impact in literature and "stream of consciousness" writers like Joyce and Wolff. -Functionalism: idea that consciousness must serve an important biological function, task was for psychologists to understand function in natural environment -linked to evolutionary adaptations

C. Gestalt -Wolfgang Kohler -movement opposed to structuralism -idea that the whole is different than sum of its parts -phenomenological approach: totality of subjective conscious experience

D. Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory: - worked with hysteric patients -Hysteria: temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions after an emotionally upsetting experience -ignored by Wundt and other laboratory scientists

-Hysteria and dissociative states suggests that brain can create many conscious states -Psychoanalytic Theory: approach that emphasizes importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Belief that it is important to uncover a person's unconscious anxieties, conflicts, and desires. Need to bring unconscious material into conscious awareness. During psychoanalysis, patients recall past experiences, especially a thorough exploration of the person's early sexual experiences and unconscious sexual desires. -Huge influence in literature, art, history, and film. E. Behaviorism: -held that psychologists should restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior. 1. John Watson: thought that private experience was too difficult and vague to be object of scientific study. Emphasized replicable, observable measurements of observable behavior -emphasized stimulus- response relationship -Goal of Psychology was to predict and control behavior in a way that benefits society. 2. B.F. Skinner -idea of reinforcement and punishment as determinants of behavior, not conscious processes F. Cognitive Psychology: Looks at how behavior is influenced by the way in which people think about things -decision-making, language, etc. -Information-processing Model -George Miller; Herb Simon G. Social Psychology: looks at interplay between people and how the presence of others affects our behavior.

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