How to do a Word Study [PDF]

Theological Wordbooks or Dictionaries are collections of essays about Hebrew/Greek words in OT/NT. OT. NIDOTTE. New Inte

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How To Do A Word Study
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How to do a Word Study Bernard Bell, rev. September 2015 Example word: Bless The purpose of a word study is to find what a particular word means in its particular context, and thus arrive at a fuller understanding of the text. OT: “bless” is used three times in Gen 1:1–2:3—in 1:22, 28; 2:3. NT: “bless” or a cognate is used three times in Eph 1:3.

Finding the Word Numbering Systems Most concordances and many other works are keyed to one of two numbering systems: 1. Strong’s (S): James Strong (1822-1894) assigned numbers to every Hebrew/Aramaic word (1–8674) in the Hebrew Bible, and to every Greek word (1–5624) in the Textus Receptus (the Received Text) of the Greek New Testament. His Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the KJV was first published in 1890. 2. Goodrick/Kohlenberger (G/K): Edward Goodrick and John Kohlenberger developed a new numbering system which more accurately reflects the current understanding of the original languages. Hebrew and Aramaic words are numbered separately: Hebrew 1–9597, Aramaic 10001–10779. G/K numbers were first used in the Zondervan NIV Exhaustive Concordance, and have been adopted for many other reference tools, especially those published by Zondervan. Most of the tools that use G/K numbering include an index for converting to/from Strong’s numbering.

Concordance An English concordance lists the Biblical uses of English words in a particular translation. A Concise concordance lists only a selection of the occurrences (those deemed to be most significant) and covers only a selection of the words. An Exhaustive Concordance lists all uses of all words (except for such common words as “and,” “the,” etc.). Exhaustive Concordances are available for many English versions including KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT. Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance. Public domain, available from many publishers. KJV keyed to Strong’s New American Standard Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Edited by Robert L. Thomas. Nashville: Holman, 1981. NASB keyed to Strong’s. The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance. Edited by Edward W. Goodrick and John R. Kohlenberger III. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. Prev. publ. as The Zondervan NIV Exhaustive Concordance, 2000. Keyed to G/K. The Strongest NASB Exhaustive Concordance. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. Prev. publ. as The Zondervan NASB Exhaustive Concordance, 2000. NAS95 keyed to Strong’s. Consulting the NAS Exhaustive Concordance (Holman, pp 157-158), we find separate listings for five different English words: bless, blessed, blesses, blessing, blessings.

Next to each entry is the Strong’s number, regular face for Hebrew/Aramaic, italics for Greek. In many cases, a

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particular English word renders several different Hebrew or Greek words:

bless blessed blesses blessing blessings

OT 122×: 1288 ×119, 833 ×1, 3190 ×1 224×: 1288 ×171, 1289 ×4, 1293 ×2; 833 ×6, 835 ×36 1288 ×11 51×: 1288 ×3, 1293 ×48 1293 ×11

NT 2127 ×9 84×: 2127 ×25, 2128 ×8; 3106 ×2, 3107 ×47; 1757 ×2 0 20×: 2127 ×4, 2129 ×11, 2721a ×1, 3108 ×3, 5485 ×1 0

NASB uses “blessed” 224× in OT and 84× in NT, but this one English word is used to render five different Hebrew and five different Greek words (H833, 835, 1288, 1289, 1293; G1757, 2127, 2128, 3106, 3107). OT: The Strong’s number for the verb “bless” in Genesis is 1288, but note how often 833 or 835 is used, e.g. in Psalm 1:1 (“Blessed is the man…”). 2. NT: In Eph 1:3, three different Greek words are used: 2127, 2128 (both translated “bless”), 2129 (“blessing”). 1.

At the back of the Concordance is a complete listing of all Hebrew/Aramaic and Greek words, listed by Strong’s number. Each entry lists the different ways the Hebrew or Greek word is translated into English, in this case in NASB. After the Hebrew word, the number in square brackets (e.g. 1288…[138c]) indicates the page and quadrant (imagining the page divided into four quadrants) in BDB, a standard Hebrew lexicon.

Reverse Concordance A reverse concordance lists, in English, all the verses where a particular Hebrew or Greek word appears. The model for these concordances are the Englishman’s Concordances produced by George V. Wigram. Especially helpful are the editions prepared by Jay P. Green, in which he has added cross-references to other books. John Kohlenberger and

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colleagues have prepared new concordances in the Englishman’s tradition. George V. Wigram, The Englishman’s Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament. London: Bagster, 1843. George V. Wigram, The Englishman’s Greek Concordance. London: Bagster, 1840. Jay P. Green, The New Englishman’s Hebrew Concordance. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1984. Keyed to Strong’s, BDB. Jay P. Green, The New Englishman’s Greek Concordance and Lexicon. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1982. Keyed to Strong’s, BAGD, Kittel, Thayer. The Hebrew–English Concordance to the Old Testament. John R. Kohlenberger III and James Swanson. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1998. The Greek–English Concordance to the New Testament. John R. Kohlenberger III, Edward W. Goodrick and James Swanson. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997.

Bible Software Nowadays, Bible software will provide all the features of a concordance more easily and often more cheaply.

Lexicons A lexicon is a dictionary of words, giving a definition for each word.

Hebrew Lexicons BDB F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907. Jay P. Green. The New Brown–Driver–Briggs–Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1979. Bruce Einspahr, Index to Brown, Driver & Briggs Hebrew Lexicon. Chicago: Moody, 1976. For a long time the standard Hebrew lexicon has been BDB: A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, by Francis Brown with the cooperation of S. R. Driver and Charles A. Briggs, based upon the Lexicon of Wilhelm Gesenius (1842). Especially helpful is the version prepared by Jay P. Green, in which he has added Strong’s numbers. Bruce Einspahr’s Index lists by verse number every verse reference in BDB. This index shows that Gen 1:22, 28; 2:3 are mentioned on page 139a of BDB, in sections 2a, 2b (each page of BDB is imagined as divided into four quadrants a-d). Ch 1 1 2

v. 22 28 3

Heb ‫ברך‬ ‫ברך‬ ‫ברך‬

Eng BLESS BLESS BLESS

Page 139a 139a 139a

Sec 2a 2a 2b

Turning to BDB, we find: 2. God blesses a. men: …Gn 1²²,²⁸ … b. things: sabbath Gn 2³ …

BDB is not recommended for those not knowing Hebrew. KBL The standard lexicons used by Hebrew scholars are those prepared by Ludwig Koehler (d. 1956) and Walter

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Baumgartner (d. 1970) and their successors: L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros. Leiden: Brill ¹1953, ²1958, ³1967– (KBL) L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994–1999 (HALOT) William L. Holladay, A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971. The first two editions of the K-B Lexicon (KBL) gave both German and English renderings. The third edition of KBL (KBL³) gave only English; it was two-thirds complete when Baumgartner died. William Holladay made the essence of KBL available in English. J. J. Stamm revised the work of K-B to produce The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HALOT), which is now the academic standard. KBL, HALOT and Holladay are organized by Hebrew word, and not readily accessible to one who doesn’t know Hebrew. Furthermore, KBL and HALOT are very expensive. Holladay (p. 49) gives four meanings for !‫ר‬Ê in the piel stem: 1. subj. God: bless = bestow power for success, prosperity, fertility: animals Gn 1:22, men 1:28, 7th day 2:3. 2. bless = declare a person endowed w. power for success, prosperity, fertility 3. bless = wish s.one power for success, prosperity, fertility 4. bless God = declare God the origin of power for success, prosperity, fertility = praise God

Greek BAG The standard Greek lexicon is A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature by Bauer, Arndt, Gingrich and Danker (1st ed = BAG, 2d ed = BAGD, 3d ed = BDAG). BAG

Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957. BAGD Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. BDAG Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. John Alsop, An Index to the Revised Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich Greek Lexicon. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981 BAG et al list not only NT usage of a word but also its usage in classical literature. John Alsop’s Index is a helpful index to BAGD, listing for each verse of the NT the page(s) and section number in which each word is discussed in BAGD. This renders BAG somewhat accessible to the student unfamiliar with Greek, although BAG is probably too confusing for such a one.

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εὐλογέω εὐλογητός εὐλογία

Ephesians 1 bless blessed blessing

3 3bα

refers to p 322, quadrant c, §3 p 322, quadrant d p 323, quadrant a, §3bα

322c 322d 323a

Louw & Nida Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains. Edited by J. P. Louw and E. A. Nida. 2d ed. 2 vols. New York: United Bible Society, 1989. This Lexicon, colloquially referred to as Louw & Nida, gives words by semantic domain.

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Theological Wordbooks Theological Wordbooks or Dictionaries are collections of essays about Hebrew/Greek words in OT/NT.

OT NIDOTTE New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by Willem A. VanGemeren. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997. A compilation of evangelical scholars, developed as the counterpart to NIDNTT. The five volumes contain four sections: 1. Guide to Old Testament Theology and Exegesis: 1:1-218. Several good introductory essays, available also as a separate paperback volume: A Guide to Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999). Especially recommended for the purposes of Word Studies are the following: a. 7. Peter Cotterell, “Linguistics, Meaning, Semantics, and Discourse Analysis,” 1:134-160. b. 8. John H. Walton, “Principles for Productive Word Study,” 1:161-171. 2. Lexical Articles: 1:219–4:343. 3. Topical Dictionary: 4:345-1322. Cross-references to articles in the Topical Dictionary are indicated by an asterisk. 4. Indexes: 5:1-834. a. Index of Semantic Fields, 5:1-216. b. Hebrew Word Index, 5:217-240. This index references discussion of words only outside the main lexical entry. c. Scripture Index, 5:241-594. d. Subject Index, 5:595-757. e. Numbering System Indexes, 5:759-834. i. Strong’s numbers—Goodrick/Kohlenberger numbers, 5:761-796. ii. Goodrick/Kohlenberger numbers—Strong’s numbers, 5:797-834. Words are arranged by G/K number. Each entry discusses use of the word [or its cognates–similar words in related languages] under three categories: ANE (Ancient Near East), OT, P-B (Post-Biblical). For “bless” as used in Genesis 1:1-2:3, the relevant entry is brk, #1385, 1:757-767, written by Michael Brown. The Index of Semantic Fields contains the following entry for Blessing: Blessing: → ’ašrê (truly happy, blessed, how happy, #897; ’šr II, be, make, or pronounce happy, blessed, #887; ’ôšer, happiness, #891); brk II (bless, praise, greet, #1385; berakâ, blessing, #1388); see *Happiness; *Praise

The asterisk before “Happiness”; “Praise” indicates that these entries are in the Topical Dictionary, 4:345-1322. In the Subject Index the listing for “blessing” first lists the primary entries for the word: 1:570-572, 644, 757-767; 4:221. Then follows a list of 27 sub-categories of blessing. NIDOTTE classifies brk into two separate words: brk I kneel G/K 1384; brk II bless G/K 1385. These are homonymns: words spelt the same way but with different meanings. TWOT treats brk as a single word. TWOT Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Edited by R. Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer & Bruce K. Waltke. 2 vols. Chicago: Moody, 1980. Now available in one volume. TWOT uses its own numbering scheme, based on the Hebrew root of each verb. An index at the back of volume 2 cross-references the Strong’s and TWOT numbers. NIDOTTE is now more comprehensive and current than TWOT.

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TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Edited by G. J. Botterweck, H. Ringgren, and H-J. Fabry. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974–. 15 of projected 16 vols. Translation of the German Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament [ThWAT] (1970–). 15 volumes have been translated so far. International, interdenominational, mostly liberal. TDOT is the OT counterpart of TDNT. Not recommended for those not knowing Hebrew. TLOT Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by Ernst Jenni, with assistance from Claus Westermann. Translated by Mark E. Biddle. 3 vols. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1997. Translation of the German Theologisches Handwörterbuch zum Alten Testament [THAT] (1971-1976). TLOT/THAT is the product of mostly German liberal scholarship. Though the work is dated in some respects, many of the essays are “classics” in their field, and hence still worth reading. Words are arranged in Hebrew order. TLOT covers a much more limited selection of words than do NIDOTTE, TDOT, TWOT. Volume 3 contains a Statistical Appendix, and five Indexes: 1. Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Word Arranged by Main Entry, pp 1449-1468 2. Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words Arranged Alphabetically, pp 1469-1483 3. Index of English Glosses, pp 1484-1487 4. Index of Modern Authors, pp 1488-1507 5. Index of Scripture References, pp 1508-1638. The Index of English Glosses (a gloss is a translation of a word) refers to page 266 (volume 1) for the word “bless.” An especially helpful feature of TLOT is that each entry lists the reference number or page number in the other reference tools (Strong’s, BDB, TDOT, TWOT, NIDOTTE) of the word under discussion. The entry for “bless” on p 266 begins thus: ‫ ברך‬brk pi. to bless S 1288; BDB 138b; HALOT 1:159b; TDOT 2:279–308; TWOT 285; NIDOTTE 1385 In order, these refer to the Strong’s number, page number of Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon, page number in Kohler & Baumgartner’s Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, TDOT page numbers, TWOT number, NIDOTTE number (G/K).

NT NIDNTT New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. Edited by Colin Brown. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975, 1986. Translation, revision and expansion of the German Theologisches Begriffslexikon zum Neuen Testament (1967-71). Volume 4 consists of indexes. Colloquially referred to as “Colin Brown” after its editor. Recently thoroughly revised as: New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by Moisés Silva. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2014. TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Edited by Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich. Translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964-76. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Abridged in One Volume by G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.

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Translation of the German Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament (TWNT; 1932-1979). TDNT is available in an abridged 1-volume edition, popularly known as “Little Kittel.” TLNT Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. Edited by Ceslas Spicq. Translated by James Ernest. 3 vols. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1994. Translation of the French Notes de lexicographie néo-testamentaire (Fribourg, 1978).

Antonyms Etymological fallacy “Literally” Context Semantic domain

The Word The word “bless” as used in Gen 1:1–2:3 and Eph 1:3. Hebrew vb. n.

!‫ ַר‬Êָ barak ‫ ָר ָכה‬Êְ berakah

S 1288 1293

G/K 1385 1388

OT 327 71

Gen 72 16

BDB 138b, TWOT 285. Michael L. Brown, “‫ברך‬,” NIDOTTE 1:757-767. John N. Oswalt, “!‫ ַר‬Êָ (bārak),” TWOT 132-133. Josef Scharbert, “‫ ברך‬brk” TDOT 2:279-308. C. A. Keller and Gerhard Wehmeier, “brk pi. to bless,” TLOT 1:266-282. Greek vb. n. adj.

εὐλογέω εῦλογία εὐλογητός

eulogeō eulogia eulogētos

S 2127 2129 2128

G/K 2328 2330 2329

NT 42 16 8

Eph 1 1 1

U. Becker, “Blessing,” NIDNTT 1:206-218. “εὐλογέω etc.,” NIDNTTE 2:317-326. Hermann W. Beyer, “εὐλογέω, εὐλογητός, εῦλογία, ἐνευλογέω,” TDNT 2:754-765. Jerome F. D. Creach, “Bless,” in The Westminster Theological Wordbook of the Bible, 39-43. A. C. Myers, “Bless,” ISBE 1:523-524. Kent H. Richards, “Bless/Blessing,” ABD 1:753-755.

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Alphabets Hebrew There are several different translation schemes for Hebrew. The SBL system has attained dominant popularity. The TDOT system is outdated. consonants ʾālep, alef bêt, bet gîmel, gimel dālet, dalet hê, he wāw, vav zayin ḥêt, khet ṭêt, tet yôd, yod kāp, kaf lamed, lāmed mêm, mem nûn, nun sāmek, samek ʿayin, ayin pê, pe ṣādê, tsade qôp, qof rêš, resh śîn, sin šîn, shin tāw, tav

‫א‬ ‫בּב‬ ‫גּג‬ ‫דּד‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ו‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ט‬ ‫י‬ ‫ךכּכ‬ ‫ל‬ ‫םמ‬ ‫נ‬ ‫ס‬ ‫ע‬ ‫ףפּפ‬ ‫ץצ‬ ‫ק‬ ‫ר‬ ‫שׂ‬ ‫שׁ‬ ‫תּת‬

SBL¹

SBL²

TDOT

TWOT

vowels

ʾ b g d h w z ḥ ṭ y k l m n s ʿ p ṣ q r ś š t

ʾ / none b, v g, gh d, dh h v, w z h, kh t y k, kh l m n s ʿ / none p, f ts q r s sh t, th

ʾ b, bh g, gh d, dh h v, w z ch, ḥ ṭ y k, kh l m n s ʿ p, ph ts, ṣ q r ś sh, š t, th

ʾ b g d h w z ḥ ṭ y k l m n s ʿ p ṣ q r ś sh t

pataḥ qāmeṣ final qāmeṣ hē sĕgōl ṣērê ṣērê yōd ḥîreq ḥîreq yôd qāmeṣ-ḥātûp ḥōlem full ḥōlem qibbûṣ šûreq vocal šĕwâʾ ḥāṭēp-pataḥ ḥāṭēp-segōl ḥāṭēp-qāmeṣ

ַ ָ ‫ָה‬ ֶ ֵ ‫ֵי‬ ִ ‫ִי‬ ָ ֹ ‫וֹ‬ ֻ ‫וּ‬ ְ ֲ ֱ ֳ

SBL¹

SBL²

TDOT TWOT

a ā â e ē ê i î o ō ô u û ĕ ă ĕ ŏ

a a ah e e e i i o o o u u

a ā â e ē ê i î o ō ô ū û ĕ ă ĕ ŏ

¹ SBL academic style, ² SBL general purpose style

Greek The only disagreement in the transliteration of Greek is whether to render upsilon as u or y. alpha bēta gamma delta epsīlon zēta ēta thēta iōta kappa lambda mu

Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ

α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ

a b g d e z ē th i k l m

nu xi omicron pi rhō sigma tau upsilon phi chi psi ōmega

Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω

8

ν ξ ο π ρ σς τ υ φ χ ψ ω

n x o p r s t u/y ph ch ps ō

a o

a ā âh e ē ey i î o ō ô u û e a e o

Word Studies

Resources Concordances Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance. BS425.S8. 220.52. New American Standard Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Edited by Robert L. Thomas. Nashville: Holman, 1981. BS425.N385 1981. 220.52. The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance. Edited by Edward W. Goodrick and John R. Kohlenberger III. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. BS425.G62 2004. 220.52 The Strongest NASB Exhaustive Concordance. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. BS425.N27. 220.52. The Hebrew–English Concordance to the Old Testament. John R. Kohlenberger III and James Swanson. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1998. BS1121.K65 1998. 221.44. The Greek–English Concordance to the New Testament. John R. Kohlenberger III, Edward W. Goodrick and James Swanson. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997. BS2302.K657 1997. 225.48. The New Englishman’s Hebrew Concordance. Jay P. Green. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1984. BS1125.W5. 221.44. The New Englishman’s Greek Concordance and Lexicon. Jay P. Green. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1982. BS2302.W495 1982. 225.48. Concordance to the Greek New Testament. W. F. Moulton, A. S. Geden, and H. K. Moulton. 5th ed. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1978. BS2302.M8 1978. 225.4. A Concordance to the Septuagint. E. Hatch and H. A. Redpath. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1897. Reprinted Grand Rapids: Baker, 1983. BS1122.H3. 221.48. The NIV English-Greek New Testament: A Reverse Interlinear. Edited by W. D. Mounce. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, . BS1965.5 2000. 225.48. NASB-NIV Parallel New Testament in Greek and English. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1987. BS1965. 225.48.

Dictionaries Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by D. N. Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. BS440.A54 1992. 220.3. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Edited by G. W. Bromiley. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975. BS440.Z63 1975. 220.3. Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Edited by J. D. Douglas. 3 vols. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1980. BS440.D6. 220.321.

Lexicons Alsop, J. R. An Index to the Revised Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich Greek Lexicon. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981. PA881.B382 1977. 487.4. Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957. PA881.B38 1979. 487.4. Einspahr, Bruce. Index to Brown, Driver & Briggs Hebrew Lexicon. Chicago: Moody, 1976. PJ4833.B683E35. 221.2. Green, Jay P. The New Brown–Driver–Briggs–Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1979. PJ4833.B73 1979. 492.4321. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains. Edited by J. P. Louw and E. A. Nida. 2d ed. 2 vols. New York: United Bible Society, 1989. PA881.G68 1989. 487.4. A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by W. L. Holladay. Eerdmans, 1971. PJ4833.H6 1971. 221.4403.

Wordbooks New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. Edited by Colin Brown. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975, 1986. BS2397.N48 1975. 230.03 New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by Moisés Silva. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2014. BS2312.N48 2014. 225.3.

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New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by W. A. VanGemeren. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997. BS440.N438 1996. 221.3. The NIV Theological Dictionary of New Testament Words. Edited by Verlyn D. Verbrugge. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000. BS2397.N48 2000. 225.3. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Edited by G. Kittel and G. Friedrich. Translated by G. W. Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964-76. PA881.K513. 225.3. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Abridged in One Volume by G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985. PA881.T4713 1985. 225.48. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Edited by G. J. Botterweck, H. Ringgren, and H-J. Fabry. 15 of projected 16 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974–. BS440.B5713. 221.440321. Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. Edited by Ceslas Spicq. Translated by James Ernest. 3 vols. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1994. PA875.S613 1994. 487.4. Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by E. Jenni & C. Westermann. Translated by M. E. Biddle. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. BS440.T4813 1997. 221.447. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Edited by R. L. Harris, G. L. Archer & B. K. Waltke. 2 vols. Chicago: Moody, 1980. BS440.T49 1980. 221.440321. Westminster Theological Wordbook of the Bible. Edited by D. E. Gowan. Louisville: Wesminster John Knox. BS543.W47 2003. 220.3.

Abbreviations ABD BAG

Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by D. N. Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957. BAGD Bauer, W., W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. BDAG Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. BDB Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford, 1907. HALOT Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden: 1994–1999. ISBE International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Edited by G. W. Bromiley. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975. KBL Koehler, L., and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros. 2d ed. Leiden: 1958. NIDNTT New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. Edited by C. Brown. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975-1985. NIDNTTE New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by M. Silva. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2015. NIDOTTE New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. Edited by W. A. VanGemeren. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997. TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Edited by G. Kittel and G. Friedrich. Translated by G. W. Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964–1976. TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Edited by G. J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren. Translated by J. T. Willis, G. W. Bromiley, and D. E. Green. 15 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974–. THAT Theologisches Handwörterbuch zum Alten Testament. Edited by E. Jenni, with assistance from C. Westermann. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1971–1976. ThWAT Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament. Edited by G. J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren. Stuttgart, 1970–. TLNT Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. C. Spicq. Translated and edited by J. D. Ernest. 3 vols. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1994. TLOT Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by E. Jenni, with assistance from C. Westermann. Translated by M. E. Biddle. 3 vols. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1997.

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Word Studies

TWNT TWOT

Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament. Edited by G. Kittel and G. Friedrich. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1932–1979. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Edited by R. L. Harris, G. L. Archer Jr., and B. K. Waltke. 2 vols. Chicago: Moody, 1980.

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