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I Have No Life
Minggu, 09 Juni 2013
Operation Claret, Borneo And Malaysian Peninsula
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These operations were given the code name 'Claret' and they were to change the fortunes of war for both the Indonesians and their Commonwealth opponents. No longer could the Indonesians feel secure in their border bases and camps even if they were within Kalimantan territory. Initially these raids were confined to a penetration depth of only 5,000 yards but this was later increased to a depth of 20,000 yards. No longer would the security forces ever feel as frustrated as they had been earlier in the campaign. It was doubtful whether the Indonesians realised that they were seeing the beginnings of a new Commonwealth strategy. While the Kalimantan border bases were being harassed by British and other Commonwealth troops, the cross border operations exacted a great mental and physical toll on the troops concerned. Courage and skill were required to overcome the tensions and problems of operating behind the enemy lines and the planning of such raids had to ensure that once the troops crossed the border in to Kalimantan that they would be within the limits of fire support from guns located just over on the friendly side of the border, guns that were often flown in by helicopter to a preplanned LZ for the duration of the operation. The main concern was the problem of getting their casualties back to Sarawak or Sabah without using helicopters. This meant they were faced with the tremendous task of manhandling wounded men through the thick jungle, up mountain slopes, and across fast flowing rivers.
Obviously for the badly wounded soldier, being carried over such hostile terrain, the chances of survival were greatly reduced. Fortunately for the British and Commonwealth forces, the Indonesian forces lacked efficient communications and relied on primitive support that was hampered by long and tenuous supply lines. Nevertheless, the Indonesian build up continued under the command of Gen. Maratan Panggabean. Panggabean was an experienced soldier who had been trained first by the Japanese and had completed his military training in the United States. His immediate subordinate was Col. Supargo who commanded No 4 Combat Command. He too had been trained in America. Dotted along the border were over 20,000 Indonesian troops. To meet these threats, the forces available within Borneo were pathetically small. West Brigade with a front of 600 miles had five battalions. One British, three Ghurkha, and one Malaysian, supported by 25 troop-carrying helicopters. The adjoining Central Brigade, with a front of 300 miles, had two Ghurkha battalions and 12 helicopters. East Brigade, with a front of 80 miles, had one Royal Marine Commando and one infantry battalion forward and no helicopters. At this time the total number of troops under Gen. Walker's Command within the Borneo territories was little more than 10,000 men. As a result of these reinforcements, by January of 1965 the British and Commonwealth forces in Borneo totalled some 14,000 soldiers supported by 29 guns, two squadrons of armoured cars and four field squadrons of engineers. Gen. Walker was convinced that the only way he could throw the Indonesians off balance was to increase the number of raids into the enemy stronghold of Kalimantan and in addition, the Royal Marine Special Boat Sections were to make small scale amphibious raids round either flank on the coast.
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In the 5th Division of Sarawak,'C' Company, 1/2nd Ghurkha Rifles, with its base at Ba Kelan was guarding the approaches that ran across the border. The valley from Ba Kelan stretched over the border to a village called Long Medan, which the Indonesians had converted into a stronghold. The natives of the whole valley belonged to the same tribe, the Murats. They had crossed the border time after time to carry on trading. The Indonesians had forbade any more cross-border trade causing the local community hardship, which eventually led to a petition from the villages to the commanding officer of the 1/2nd Ghurkha rifles to take action. Several reconnaissance patrols had been carried out and official permission for the cross border raid was granted.
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The plan was simple: one platoon was to give fire support to the assaulting forces if they came under heavy from any new and previously undetected positions using 3.5inch rocket launchers, LMGs and M-26 grenade launchers, while the company commander led the other two platoons into the assault against the enemy. Two 3inch mortars and two general-purpose machine guns were pre-positioned on a nearby hill and were guarded by a platoon from another rifle company. 'C' Company had to move by night approach to cover a distance of eight miles without being detected, which was quite a problem for 150 men when everything had to be carried including rocket launchers and rockets. Each of the Ghurkhas carried two mortar bombs in addition to his own weapon and load. The night of January 29th 1965 was selected for the attack. 'C' Company marched all night and reached the jumping off position in the early hours of the morning of the 30th. Everything went as planned until the attack was sprung by an Indonesian walking towards 11 Platoon's position. In retaliation, 12 Platoon sent a corporal and two riflemen to silence the gun and after taking a rocket launcher across a paddy field they approached the gun position. The corporal opened fire and the first rocket hit the gun pit killing its occupants. That was to be the end of the battle. It had taken one hour and fifteen minutes. The company commander ordered a withdrawal and by the late afternoon, using a more direct route, the raiding force was back across the border carrying two of its badly wounded men with it as well as the body of a dead Ghurkha rifleman. A few days later it was confirmed that 50% of the Indonesian strength in that area had been killed and that Long Medan was never reoccupied by Indonesian forces in the Ba Kelalan area again.
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A few months later, in November 1965, it was decided to send another raiding mission into the area opposite the First Division of Sarawak. This was to be a more ambitious operation. The mission, by another Ghurkha Company, was to ambush the main river supply route at two points near the Indonesian company-sized bases. It would take the raiding party over two days to reach the target area. Each man carried light rations to last 12 days, apart from his personal weapon, ammunition and other vital necessities. Two rivers were met in succession and each time the Assault Pioneers bridged each river with fallen trees. Once the tree was in position, a Ghurkha soldier went across securing hand ropes to enable the company to cross.
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A day later the company reached an area near the River Separan. Patrols had reported the area as being thick primary jungle with a fast flowing river that was about 25m wide. The company commander, realising he would be ambushing between two large Indonesian camps, crossed the final river with care. The Assault Pioneer Platoon was left behind to cover the rear while the rest of the company crossed unseen and set its ambush on a track that linked the two enemy camps. The company commander placed himself and the Anti-tank Platoon in the ambush area while the Reconnaissance Platoon and the Forward Observation Officer (FOO) remained on the other side of the river in order to protect the rear. The FOO by using his communication link could assist by bringing down diversionary fire on the approaches to the ambush as soon as it was sprung. Then it was just a question of waiting.
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After inflicting heavy casualties on the Indonesians, the company commander decided to withdraw across the river, while the FOO directed his guns on to shelling the immediate area of the ambush position. There was no time to waste. The company set off and pressed on hard until dark. Next day, the fifth day after setting out, it recrossed the border. It had been a model operation well planned and expertly executed and as a result the Indonesians in that area took no more offensive action during the confrontation.
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The fact that nothing was know about these "Claret" operations until the mid-1980', speaks volumes for the integrity of the soldiers and Marines of the time as these operations were graded top secret. Royal Marine Commandos, with their great experience, took part in several of these operations. The fact that they were concealed from the press and public for twenty years was a remarkable feat and is rather different from today of those that rush into print and describe the most secret of operations. In a media-conscious world, that in itself made the Borneo confrontation unique.
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Pada 1961, Kalimantan dibagi menjadi empat administrasi. Kalimantan, sebuah provinsi di Indonesia, terletak di selatan Kalimantan. Di utara adalah Kerajaan Brunei dan dua koloni Inggris; Sarawak dan Borneo Utara, kemudian dinamakan Sabah. Sebagai bagian dari penarikannya dari koloninya di Asia Tenggara, Inggris mencoba menggabungkan koloninya di Kalimantan dengan Semenanjung Malaya, Federasi Malaya dengan membentuk Federasi Malaysia.
Pada 9 Juli mendatang
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Rencana ini ditentang oleh Pemerintahan Indonesia; Presiden Soekarno berpendapat bahwa Malaysia hanya sebuah boneka Inggris, dan konsolidasi Malaysia hanya akan menambah kontrol Inggris di kawasan ini, sehingga mengancam kemerdekaan Indonesia. Filipina juga membuat klaim atas Sabah, dengan alasan daerah itu memiliki hubungan sejarah dengan Filipina melalui Kesultanan Sulu. Di Brunei, Tentara Nasional Kalimantan Utara (TNKU) memberontak pada 8 Desember 1962. Mereka mencoba menangkap Sultan Brunei, ladang minyak dan sandera orang Eropa. Sultan lolos dan meminta pertolongan Inggris. Dia menerima pasukan Inggris dan Gurkha dari Singapura. Pada 16 Desember, Komando Timur Jauh Inggris (British Far Eastern Command) mengklaim bahwa seluruh pusat pemberontakan utama telah diatasi, dan pada 17 April 1963, pemimpin pemberontakan ditangkap dan pemberontakan berakhir. Filipina dan Indonesia resminya setuju untuk menerima pembentukan Federasi Malaysia apabila mayoritas di daerah yang hendak dilakukan dekolonial memilihnya dalam sebuah referendum yang diorganisasi oleh PBB. Tetapi, pada 16 September, sebelum hasil dari pemilihan dilaporkan. Malaysia melihat pembentukan federasi ini sebagai masalah dalam negeri, tanpa tempat untuk turut campur orang luar, tetapi pemimpin Indonesia melihat hal ini sebagai Persetujuan Manila yang dilanggar dan sebagai bukti kolonialisme dan imperialisme Inggris. “ Sejak demonstrasi anti-Indonesia di Kuala Lumpur, ketika para demonstran menyerbu gedung KBRI, merobek-robek foto Soekarno, membawa lambang negara Garuda Pancasila ke hadapan Tunku Abdul Rahman—Perdana Menteri Malaysia saat itu—dan memaksanya untuk menginjak Garuda, amarah Soekarno terhadap Malaysia pun meledak. ” Demonstrasi anti-Indonesia di Kuala Lumpur yang berlangsung tanggal 17 September 1963, berlaku ketika para demonstran yang sedang memuncak marah terhadap Presiden Sukarno yang melancarkan konfrontasi terhadap Malaysia dan juga karena serangan pasukan militer tidak resmi Indonesia terhadap Malaysia. Ini berikutan pengumuman Menteri Luar Negeri Indonesia Soebandrio bahwa Indonesia mengambil sikap bermusuhan terhadap Malaysia pada 20 Januari 1963. Selain itu pencerobohan sukarelawan Indonesia (sepertinya pasukan militer tidak resmi) mulai memasuki Sarawak dan Sabah untuk menyebar propaganda dan melaksanakan penyerangan dan sabotase pada 12 April berikutnya. Soekarno yang murka karena hal itu mengutuk tindakan demonstrasi anti-Indonesian yang menginjak-injak lambang negara Indonesia[6] dan ingin melakukan balas dendam dengan melancarkan gerakan yang terkenal dengan nama Ganyang Malaysia. Soekarno memproklamirkan gerakan Ganyang Malaysia melalui pidato beliau yang amat bersejarah, berikut Kalau kita lapar itu biasa Kalau kita malu itu djuga biasa Namun kalau kita lapar atau malu itu karena Malaysia, kurang adjar! Kerahkan pasukan ke Kalimantan, kita hadjar tjetjunguk Malayan itu! Pukul dan sikat djangan sampai tanah dan udara kita diindjak-indjak oleh Malaysian keparat itu Doakan aku, aku bakal berangkat ke medan djuang sebagai patriot Bangsa, sebagai martir Bangsa dan sebagai peluru Bangsa yang enggan diindjak-indjak harga dirinja Serukan serukan keseluruh pelosok negeri bahwa kita akan bersatu untuk melawan kehinaan ini kita akan membalas perlakuan ini dan kita tundjukkan bahwa kita masih memiliki gigi dan tulang jang kuat dan kita djuga masih memiliki martabat Yoo...ayoo... kita... Ganjang... Ganjang... Malaysia Ganjang... Malaysia Bulatkan tekad Semangat kita badja Peluru kita banjak Njawa kita banjak Bila perlu satoe-satoe! Soekarno. WAR !!! Pada 20 Januari 1963, Menteri Luar Negeri Indonesia Soebandrio mengumumkan bahwa Indonesia mengambil sikap bermusuhan terhadap Malaysia. Pada 12 April, sukarelawan Indonesia (sepertinya pasukan militer tidak resmi) mulai memasuki Sarawak dan Sabah untuk menyebar propaganda dan melaksanakan penyerangan dan sabotase. Tanggal 3 Mei 1964 di sebuah rapat raksasa yang digelar di Jakarta, Presiden Sukarno mengumumkan perintah Dwi Komando Rakyat (Dwikora) yang isinya: Pertinggi ketahanan revolusi Indonesia Bantu perjuangan revolusioner rakyat Malaya, Singapura, Sarawak dan Sabah, untuk menghancurkan Malaysia Pada 27 Juli, Sukarno mengumumkan bahwa dia akan meng-"ganyang Malaysia". Pada 16 Agustus, pasukan dari Rejimen Askar Melayu DiRaja berhadapan dengan lima puluh gerilyawan Indonesia. Meskipun Filipina tidak turut serta dalam perang, mereka memutuskan hubungan diplomatik dengan Malaysia. Federasi Malaysia resmi dibentuk pada 16 September 1963. Brunei menolak bergabung dan Singapura keluar di kemudian hari. Ketegangan berkembang di kedua belah pihak Selat Malaka. Dua hari kemudian para kerusuhan membakar kedutaan Britania di Jakarta. Beberapa ratus perusuh merebut kedutaan Singapura di Jakarta dan juga rumah diplomat Singapura. Di Malaysia, agen Indonesia ditangkap dan massa menyerang kedutaan Indonesia di Kuala Lumpur. Di sepanjang perbatasan di Kalimantan, terjadi peperangan perbatasan; pasukan Indonesia dan pasukan tak resminya mencoba menduduki Sarawak dan Sabah, dengan tanpa hasil. Pada 1964 pasukan Indonesia mulai menyerang wilayah di Semenanjung Malaya. Di bulan Mei dibentuk Komando Siaga yang bertugas untuk mengkoordinir kegiatan perang terhadap Malaysia (Operasi Dwikora). Komando ini kemudian berubah menjadi Komando Mandala Siaga (Kolaga). Kolaga dipimpin oleh Laksdya Udara Omar Dani sebagai Pangkolaga. Kolaga sendiri terdiri dari tiga Komando, yaitu Komando Tempur Satu (Kopurtu) berkedudukan di Sumatera yang terdiri dari 12 Batalyon TNI-AD, termasuk tiga Batalyon Para dan satu batalyon KKO. Komando ini sasaran operasinya Semenanjung Malaya dan dipimpin oleh Brigjen Kemal Idris sebaga Pangkopur-I. Komando Tempur Dua (Kopurda) berkedudukan di Bengkayang, Kalimantan Barat dan terdiri dari 13 Batalyon yang berasal dari unsur KKO, AURI, dan RPKAD. Komando ini dipimpin Brigjen Soepardjo sebagai Pangkopur-II. Komando ketiga adalah Komando Armada Siaga yang terdiri dari unsur TNI-AL dan juga KKO. Komando ini dilengkapi dengan Brigade Pendarat dan beroperasi di perbatasan Riau dan Kalimantan Timur. Di bulan Agustus, enam belas agen bersenjata Indonesia ditangkap di Johor. Aktivitas Angkatan Bersenjata Indonesia di perbatasan juga meningkat. Tentera Laut DiRaja Malaysia mengerahkan pasukannya untuk mempertahankan Malaysia. Tentera Malaysia hanya sedikit saja yang diturunkan dan harus bergantung pada pos perbatasan dan pengawasan unit komando. Misi utama mereka adalah untuk mencegah masuknya pasukan Indonesia ke Malaysia. Sebagian besar pihak yang terlibat konflik senjata dengan Indonesia adalah Inggris dan Australia, terutama pasukan khusus mereka yaitu Special Air Service(SAS). Tercatat sekitar 2000 pasukan Indonesia tewas dan 200 pasukan Inggris/Australia (SAS) juga tewas setelah bertempur di belantara kalimantan (Majalah Angkasa Edisi 2006). Pada 17 Agustus pasukan terjun payung mendarat di pantai barat daya Johor dan mencoba membentuk pasukan gerilya. Pada 2 September 1964 pasukan terjun payung didaratkan di Labis, Johor. Pada 29 Oktober, 52 tentara mendarat di Pontian di perbatasan Johor-Malaka dan membunuh pasukan Resimen Askar Melayu DiRaja dan Selandia Baru dan menumpas juga Pasukan Gerak Umum Kepolisian Kerajaan Malaysia di Batu 20, Muar, Johor. Ketika PBB menerima Malaysia sebagai anggota tidak tetap. Sukarno menarik Indonesia dari PBB pada tanggal 20 Januari 1965 dan mencoba membentuk Konferensi Kekuatan Baru (Conference of New Emerging Forces, Conefo) sebagai alternatif. Sebagai tandingan Olimpiade, Soekarno bahkan menyelenggarakan GANEFO (Games of the New Emerging Forces) yang diselenggarakan di Senayan, Jakarta pada 10-22 November 1963. Pesta olahraga ini diikuti oleh 2.250 atlet dari 48 negara di Asia, Afrika, Eropa dan Amerika Selatan, serta diliput sekitar 500 wartawan asing. Pada Januari 1965, Australia setuju untuk mengirimkan pasukan ke Kalimantan setelah menerima banyak permintaan dari Malaysia. Pasukan Australia menurunkan 3 Resimen Kerajaan Australia dan Resimen Australian Special Air Service. Ada sekitar empat belas ribu pasukan Inggris dan Persemakmuran di Australia pada saat itu. Secara resmi, pasukan Inggris dan Australia tidak dapat mengikuti penyerang melalu perbatasan Indonesia. Tetapi, unit seperti Special Air Service, baik Inggris maupun Australia, masuk secara rahasia (lihat Operasi Claret). Australia mengakui penerobosan ini pada 1996. Pada pertengahan 1965, Indonesia mulai menggunakan pasukan resminya. Pada 28 Juni, mereka menyeberangi perbatasan masuk ke timur Pulau Sebatik dekat Tawau, Sabah dan berhadapan dengan Resimen Askar Melayu Di Raja dan Kepolisian North Borneo Armed Constabulary. Pada 1 Juli 1965, militer Indonesia yang berkekuatan kurang lebih 5000 orang melabrak pangkalan Angkatan Laut Malaysia di Semporna. Serangan dan pengepungan terus dilakukan hingga 8 September namun gagal. Peristiwa ini dikenal dengan "Pengepungan 68 Hari" oleh warga Malaysia. Source wikipedia.org Diposting oleh Lock Heed di 09.06 0 komentar Label: Artikel
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