Idea Transcript
Learning Outcomes Students will be able to: • Identify the structures of the musculoskeletal system. • Describe the functions of muscles and joints. • Correctly use combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes in the analysis of musculoskeletal vocabulary. • Correctly spell and pronounce terminology related to the musculoskeletal system. • State the meaning of abbreviations related the musculoskeletal system. • List and define the combining forms most commonly used to create terms related to the musculoskeletal system. • Name tests and treatments for musculoskeletal system abnormalities or pathologies. • Interpret medical records that document musculoskeletal conditions and treatments.
Translation, Please?Translation, Please?Translation, Please? Read this excerpt from an orthopedist’s records and answer the questions that follow. She is status post THR and is able to ambulate well after physical therapy. In terms of her juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, she had arthroscopic surgery on the right knee, which is well healed, and she continues her Naprosyn 500 mg p.o. b.i.d. Previous surgery on third left metatarsal has healed completely. 1. Is THR a medication or a procedure? 2. Is arthroscopic surgery performed with a large or small incision? 3. How would metatarsals be related to tarsals? Answers to “Translation, Please?” 1. THR is an abbreviation for total hip replacement. 2. Arthroscopic refers to a small incision. Remember the combining form arthr/o means joint and scopic means see. Arthroscopy is the process of looking into a joint with a tiny fiber optic tube. 3. “Meta” indicates beyond, so metatarsals are beyond—distal to—the tarsals. Similarly, a carpal is proximal to a metacarpal.
Identifying the Specialty The System and Its Practitioners The musculoskeletal system gives the body strength, structure, and the capability of movement. Think of the skeleton as similar to the framework of a house. The function of this framework is to support the internal components and to protect the contents from outside forces. The body’s joints are the places where two pieces of the structure (bones) meet, and the ligaments connect them. Bone also is the site of blood cell formation and the storage place for minerals, such as calcium. The field of medicine concerned with the musculoskeletal system is orthopedics, and the physician is an orthopedist. Another caregiver in this specialty is the chiropractor, who practices chiropractic, an area of medicine devoted to restoring health by optimizing the relationship between the musculoskeletal system and body
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Figure 4.1 - Musculoskeletal System: Anterior View (A) and Posterior View (B)
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Figure 4.2 - Structure of Long Bones
Structure of Long Bones With the exception of any joint area, the outer surface of a long bone is covered by a dense, fibrous membrane called the periosteum, which contains nerves, blood, and lymph vessels. The diaphysis is the shaft of the bone, tube-shaped and made of hard, compact bone. It is strong but light, which allows for easy movement. Within the bone is the medullary cavity, which is lined with a fibrous membrane called the endosteum, and which contains bone marrow—a gritty, fatty substance that produces blood cells. (The function of bone marrow will be described further in Chapter 5.) The epiphysis, found at either end of the bone, is the area where the bone articulates, or meets, with another bone or bones. The epiphyses are composed of spongy bone that is more porous than compact bone. Covering each epiphysis is a thin layer of cartilage called the articular cartilage, which functions as a cushion at the joint where two bones meet.
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Figure 4.5 - Diarthrotic Joint
To provide a smooth motion, diarthroses have a joint capsule made of a strong, fibrous tissue (Figure 4.5). The capsule is lined with a synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid, a smooth, slippery substance that prevents rubbing between the bone and the joint. Areas that support the most impact contain small sacs called bursae that are filled with synovial fluid. A joint cavity provides the space for the motion, and the articular cartilage covers the ends of the bones where it absorbs bumps and jolts. There are several types of diarthroses: ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, and condyloid. Figure 4.6 shows each type, its movement, and gives one or more examples of that type of joint in the body. Tendons are like heavy cords that attach muscles to bones. They are composed of dense regular connective tissue that provides great strength at their attachment sites. Ligaments are fibrous bands of dense regular connective tissue that run from one bone to another to support and strengthen joints and to prevent movement in the wrong direction.
COMBINING FORMS FOR THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Table 4.1 lists the essential combining forms for the skeletal system, and Table 4.2 lists some anatomy and physiology terms related to the system. Refer to Figure 4.1 as you learn the skeletal combining forms. Table 4.1
Combining Forms for the Skeletal System Combining form arthr/o cervic/o crani/o dactyl/o ili/o lumb/o mandibul/o orth/o osse/o oste/o pelv/o pod/o sacr/o scapul/o spondyl/o stern/o tars/o tempor/o vertebr/o zyg/o
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Meaning joint neck head fingers or toes ilium; hip lower back lower jaw straight bony bone pelvis foot sacrum scapula vertebrae chest tarsal bones in the foot temporal (a skull bone) vertebra a yoke; a type of joining; the cheek bone
Example arthritis cervical spine craniospinal polydactyly iliosacral lumbosacral submandibular orthopedic osseous osteoarthritis pelvimetry podiatrist sacroiliac scapulopexy spondylosis sternocostal tarsoclasis temporoauricular vertebrocostal zygomatic bone; zygomaticofacial
Table 4.2
Anatomy and Physiology Terms Relating to the Skeleton Term amphiarthrosis am-fee-ar-thrO-sis
Meaning a fibrocartilaginous joining of two bones
articular cartilage ar-tik-yoo-lar kar-tih-lij articulate ar-tik-yoo-layt bone marrow
firm connective tissue covering the bone surface in a synovial joint to join or meet loosely in a way that allows motion gritty, fatty substance that produces red blood cells a closed sac containing synovial fluid found in areas of the most friction relating to the wrist bones
bursa ber-sah carpal kar-pl cartilage kar-tih-lij chiropractic kI-rO-prak-tik chiropractor kI-rO-prak-tor chondrocyte kon-drO-sIt diaphysis dI-af-ih-sis diarthrosis dI-ar-thrO-sis diffusion dih-fyoo-zhun endochondral en-dO-kon-dral endosteum en-dos-tee-um epiphyseal line eh-ih-fiz-ee-al epiphyseal plate eh-ih-fiz-ee-al epiphysis eh-pif-eh-sis femur fee-mer humerus hyoo-mer-us joint joynt
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Word Analysis amph/ on both sides; around arthr/o joint -osis condition articular a forming of vines cartilage gristle articulate a forming of vines mearh
for marrow
bursa
purse
carpus
term
a nonvascular, firm connective tissue
cartilage
gristle
medical practice that teaches manipulation of the musculoskeletal system to restore health to bodily functions the professional who practices chiropractic
chir/o practic/o
hand efficient
a cartilage cell within the matrix of cartilage shaft of a bone
chondr/o -cyte diaphysis
cartilage cell growing between
synovial joint
diarthrosis
articulation
movement of molecules from one area to another to produce a uniform population in both within the cartilage
diffusion
moving in different directions
end/ chondr/o end/o oste/o epiphysis linea epiphysis plate epiphysis femur
within cartilage within bone upon growth string upon growth flat, broad upon growth thigh
humerus
shoulder
joindre
point of contact
layer of cells lining the inner bone structure an area of the long bone that remains after bone growth has ceased and epiphyseal plates are gone area of the long bone where growth takes place; it becomes the epiphyseal line after growth has ceased area of the long bone where growth takes place thigh bone bone in the arm between the shoulder and elbow area where two bones meet
Exercise 1
Word Analysis
Identify the anatomical structures on the skeleton opposite. Write the letter of the correct term beside the bone; on the line next to the bone name, write the root from which the term is formed. A. cranium
_____________________________
B. mandible
_____________________________
C. sternum
_____________________________
D. ribs
_____________________________
E. scapula
_____________________________
F.
_____________________________
humerus
G. radius
_____________________________
H. ulna
_____________________________
I.
ilium
_____________________________
J.
femur
_____________________________
K. patella
_____________________________
L. tibia
_____________________________
M. fibula
_____________________________
N. tarsal bones
_____________________________
Exercise 2
Define the Problem
Match the list of terms in Column 1 with the definition in Column 2. Write the letter of the definition in the space beside the term. Column 1
Column 2
1. humerus
__________
a. outer covering of bone
2. scapula
__________
b. bone cells
3. sternum
__________
c. shaft of a long bone
4. periosteum
__________
d. cartilage changes to bone
5. osteocytes
__________
e. bone of the upper arm
6. chondrocytes
__________
f. within cartilage
7. diaphysis
__________
g. breastbone
8. ossification
__________
h. sac of synovial fluid
9. endochondral
__________
i. shoulder blade
__________
j. cartilage cells
10. bursa
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Performance 4 Assessment Crossword Puzzle 1
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Across 3. extra fingers or toes 6. bone of the lower arm 8. inflammation of a bursa 10. bending at a joint 11. fingers and/or toes 14. pertaining to cartilage 15. physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of joint disorders 20. areas where bones of a newborn’s skull meet 21. setting a broken bone 22. bones of the hand
Down 1. pertaining to the spine 2. heelbone 4. pertaining to both the lumbar and sacral areas of the spine 5. joint 7. physical, structural body 9. range of motion 12. bowleg 13. total hip replacement 16. bone at the back of the skull 17. inflammation of bone 18. first thoracic vertebra 19. pertaining to the skeleton
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Build the Terms In this exercise you will construct words from roots, prefixes and suffixes. Select word parts from the lists to build a complete medical term for each definition given. Note that not all terms will have a root or combining form, prefix, and suffix. Some word parts may be used more than once. Combining forms arthr/o tendon/o articul/o physi/o oste/o orth/o burs/o femur/o chondr/o osse/o spondyl/o mandibul/o
Chapter 4
Suffixes -itis -logy -logist -icle -ous -sis -al -ar -ic -in -cyte -lysis
1. study of the body’s function
___________________________
2. bony
___________________________
3. breakdown of cartilage
___________________________
4. inflammation of vertebrae
___________________________
5. pertaining to the mandible
___________________________
6. condition of straight
___________________________
7. inflammation of cartilage
___________________________
8. pertaining to inside a joint
___________________________
9. bone cell
___________________________
10. under cartilage
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Prefixes hyperepisubhypointradisanpredeantiperbi-
___________________________
Word Maps Identify the anatomical structures by number on the accompanying diagram and write the combining form on the line under each structure name. 1. cranium _____________________________________ 2. mandible _____________________________________ 3. humerus _____________________________________ 4. metacarpal bones _____________________________________ 5. vertebral column _____________________________________ 6. femur _____________________________________ 7. patella _____________________________________ 8. tibia _____________________________________ 9. tarsal bones _____________________________________ 10. metatarsal bones _____________________________________ 11. phalanges of lower extremity _____________________________________
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