Review: [untitled] Author(s): Lawrence A. Reid Reviewed work(s): Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar: Ilocano-English, English-Ilocano by Carl Ralph Galvez Rubino Source: Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jun., 2002), pp. 238-243 Published by: University of Hawai'i Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3623336 Accessed: 03/12/2009 00:58 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=uhp. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
[email protected].
University of Hawai'i Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Oceanic Linguistics.
http://www.jstor.org
Book Reviews Carl Ralph Galvez Rubino. 2000. Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar: Ilocano-English, English-Ilocano.PALI Language Texts, Department of Linguistics, Universityof Hawai'i. Honolulu:Universityof Hawai'i Press. lxxxvi + 778 pp. ISBN 0-8248-2088-6. US$34.00. Among the Philippinelanguages,Ilokanois rankedthirdin termsof its numberof mother-tongue speakers(probablyover8,ooo,ooo),yet therehasneverbeena good, widely availabledictionaryof the languageuntil now. The two majorIlokanoEnglish dictionariespriorto this work (Vanoverbergh1957, henceforthV, and GeladeI993, henceforthG) werebothpublishedin thePhilippinesby CatholicMissionaryPress and were based on an originalIlokano-Spanishdictionary(Carro I888). All werewrittenby missionarylinguistsprimarilyas aidsto newmissionaries beginningtheirworkin the northernPhilippines.The presentwork,preparedby a linguistwiththe broadercommunityof scholarsinterestedin the languagein mind, as well as theneedsof IlokanolanguagelearnersoutsidethePhilippines,containsin additionto the approximately 20,000 headwords,a moresophisticatedcross-referthan in earlier works, encingsystem equivalentforms(notnecessarilycognates)in and other for Tagalog languages manyof the roots, an Englishindex, anda short forms,such grammaticaldescription.The appendixcontainschartsof grammatical as articles,pronouns,anddemonstratives,as well as severalchartslisting verbal affixes.Therearea few mapsshowingthenorthern Philippineprovinceswheremost nativeIlokano-speaking Ilokanotraditional peoplelive, andfinally46 (untranslated) songs,a numberof thewordsof whichcannotbe foundin thedictionaryitself. as R) statesthathe usedtheVanoverbergh AlthoughRubino(henceforth dictionary a basefor his own work,he notesthathe has searchedan extensivebodyof Ilokano literature,muchof it appearingin the highlypopularBannawagandBurnaymagazines, andhis own body of spokenIlokanodatacollectedthroughoutthe Ilokanospeakingregionfornewlexicalmaterial.However,mostof theforms,bothnativeand borrowed,appearin G, whose workwas also availableto R. Comparingsome one thousandentriesin R withthosein G (whichcontains18,500mainentries)fromthirty randomlychosenpages,I was able to identifyonly abouttwenty-fiveentriesthat couldbe characterized as previouslyundescribednativeIlokanoroots.In addition, therewere a similarnumberof botanicalor fishterms,apparently takenfromolder materials on these in that were not Close to G.' published topics, fiftyentriesnotin G werederivedformsof rootslistedelsewherein thedictionary. In addition,therewerea dozenvariantforms,severalcross-references, anda halfdozentermsidentifiedas borrowedfromTagalogor othergeographically adjacentPhilippinelanguages.Finally i.
It would be advisable for anyone interested in botanical terms to double check the identifications given in R with the most recent updated classifications provided in Madulid (2002). OceanicLinguistics,Volume 41, no. i (June2002) ? by Universityof Hawai'i Press. All rightsreserved.
BOOKREVIEWS
239
therewere aboutthirtySpanishborrowingsthatdo not appearin G. A few variant foundin G do notappearin R. forms,obsoleteterms,andSpanishborrowings on theorthogramaterialto thedictionaryprovidesinformation Theintroductory and an affix cross-reference the Ilokano of a chart list, pre-Hispanicsyllabary, phy, containingsome 400 prefixesand prefixalcombinations,fourteensuffixes and suffix-encliticcombinations,nine infixesandinfixalcombinations,andforty-four or meaningsareproNo functionalexplanations encliticsandencliticcombinations. videdin the list, althougheachof the affixesandthe clitcs,as well as some of their combinatorialpossibilities, appearas entriesin the dictionarywith appropriate The list also includesa summary explanationsof theirmeaningsanddistributions. statementof thereduplication patternsin Ilokano.Withreferenceto theCV-pattern, rootresultsin an open syllableof CV structure,the R states,"Whena reduplicated vowel of the open reduplicatedsyllable is lengthenedwith inherentsecondary functionsthatdevelstress"(xxxii).Thisis onlytrue,however,of thosereduplicative in which the final C was a from *CVC-, original glottalstopor a glide (xvii), oped and resultedin a patternin which the vowel carriedlengthand secondarystress. in Ilokano,suchas manynounpluralsandverbs ThereareotherCV-reduplications that not do havevowellength. actors (xlvi), havingplural difference betweenthetraditional notes the Theorthographic explain orthography, that in the used whichwas basedon Spanish,and dictionary,whichR claimsis the standardized alphabetof theTagaloglanguageas used in themagazineBannawag. thatR does notmention Oneof themajordifferencesbetweenthetwo orthographies of semivowels.In Tagalog,unstressedhighfrontandbackvowis therepresentation semivowelbeforea stressedvowel (e.g., els arealwaysfollowedby the appropriate whereasin Ilokanotheynever 'bent backwards', 'crocodile'), buwdya Tag Tagliydd, Ilk budya'crocodile').In otherwords,in Tagalog are(e.g.,Ilk lidd'bentbackwards', while in Ilothe canonicalstructureof the syllableis representedorthographically, kanoit is not.Thereareno phonemicvowel clustersin Ilokano.R notesthatevery onset(xxxviii). syllablein Ilokanohasa consonantal of stress. is theirrepresentation A furtherdifferencebetweenthetwoorthographies never writers and In newspapers, representstress, typically magazines, literaryworks, even thoughin both languagesstressis phonemicallycontrastive.Nevertheless, conventionsareto representstressonly on finalsyllaofficialTagalogorthographic mark is stressedon thepenultimate bles.A wordwithouta stress syllable.InIlokano, eachentry. headword of stresswhereverit occurs,butonlyon the R represents the InbothTagalogandIlokano,a contrasthasdevelopedbetween two backvowels, u ando, primarilyas the resultof the introductionof Spanishloans with an o rulethato only vowel.However,whileTagalogtypicallymaintainsan orthographic wordsin ultimatesyllables,andu elsewhere,thereseemsto appearsin (non-Spanish) rulefor theiruse in Ilokano,despite be no attemptto maintaina regularorthographic R's claim(389) thatthisis one of theconventionstypicallyused.Generally(butby no meansalways)in the dictionary,nonfinalstressedor unstressedbackvowels in nativeIlokanowordsarerepresentedas eitheru oru (butnote goro,olang, oriles, but katataxan), pold, etc.)exceptwhenfollowedby a suffix-en,or -an (panguloten,
OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 41, NO. I
240
in final syllables, a stressed back vowel is sometimes representedas 6 (asok, aggudg6d,dit6y,kutk6t,nabsog,rusros,sao, sall6y,etc.),butsometimesas ui (abtit, thatR didnot apuy,dalts, gudgid,kibut,kattit,kuskus,rutrnt,etc.).It is unfortunate take the opportunityto regularizethe representation of these vowels, one way or another,becausea dictionarysuch as this oftenbecomesthe standardthatwriters (andlanguagelearners)use whendecidinghow to spell a givenword.It shouldbe notedthato andu arealphabetized togetherin thedictionarybetweenng andp. R is carefulto be explicitaboutthephonemicstatusof glottalstopin Ilokano.He claimsthat,eventhoughnotrepresented initiallyor betweensequencesof vowelsin which the firstis a high vowel, thereis an underlyingglottalstop thatfrequently andotherphonologicalprocesses. appearsin reduplication R providesa briefstatementof Ilokanomorphophonemics. However,someof his statementsneed clarification.Specifically,he statesthat"ina few cases, high frequencyroots with t/d onsets precedingan unstressedvowel may lose a syllable formsarenot synchronically (*starred (xxxviii).To supportthisstatement, parsable)" he providesthefollowingexamples. i. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. o1.
I.
mangg6d panggedan mangng6g makang6g(sic)2 pangngegin mambi pagpagt6ng mapagt6ng makagt6ng pamkuatan pambar
maN-tegg6d paN- tegg6d-an maN-dengng6g maka-dengng6g paN- dengng6g-an maN-tibbi pag- CVC-dat6ng mapag-dat6ng maka(pa)g-dat6ng paN- *takkuat-an3 paN- *tebbar
'work' 'employment' 'ear,listen' 'be ableto hear' 'insinuate,hint' 'cottonspinner' 'experiences' 'experience,undergo' 'be ableto arrive' 'reasonfor doing' 'excuse'
ThedifficultythatR hasin correctlycharacterizing themorphophonemic changesin these forms stems from two factors, one a failure to recognize certainregularassim-
ilativeanddissimilativechangesthatareoperating,the otherhis requirementthat affixation operate on roots whose medial consonants are already geminated follow-
ing the unstressedschwavowel.As can be seen fromtherestatementbelow,if one treatsthe base formfor affixationas being withoutthatgemination,quitenatural statementsaccountfor all of the data.The geminationof a rootmorphophonemic medialconsonantfollowingschwais a regularprocessin Ilokanothatapparently developedafterthe threeprocessesdescribedbelowin (1-3) werealreadyoperating in the language:(I) the finalnasal(N) of maN-andpaN- assimilatesto thepointof articulation of thefollowingconsonant,withdeletionof thatconsonantafterassimilation, as in I, 2, 3, 5, 6, Io, and I I; (2) an unstressed first vowel (usually schwa) of
thebaseis deleted,resultingin a medialconsonantcluster(allexamples);(3) theinitialconsonantof theclustereitherassimilatesor dissimilatesto thefollowingconsonant accordingto the following rules; (3a) if the sequence begins with a nasal consonant,the nasalassimilatesto the pointof articulationof a following voiced 2. 3.
The form should be makangngleg. The associated root form here should not be takklait, but pekkildt (p. 452).
BOOK REVIEWS
241
consonant,as in I, 2, 3, 5, 6, and I , butnot in io, wherethenasalis followedby a voicelessconsonant;(3b) if the sequencebeginswitha voicedstopandendswitha nasalconsonant,the firstconsonantassimilatesto it, bothin point andmannerof articulation,as in 4; and(3c) if the sequenceconsistsof a voiced alveolarstop followed by a voiceless stop at the samepointof articulation,the firstconsonantdissimilatesto a voicedvelarstop,as in 7, 8, and9. > man-eged > man-ged > man-teged > mangged I. maN-teg6d > pan-teged-an > pan-eged-an> 2. paN-teged-an pan-ged-an> panggedan 3. maN-deng6g> man-deng6g> man-engeg> man-ng6g> mangng6g 4. maka-dengeg> maka-dngeg> makangng6g > pan-deng6g-an > pan-eng6g-an > pan-ngeg-an> pangngegin 5. paN-deng6g-an 6. maN-tebf> man-tebi> man-ebi> man-bi> mambi4 > pagpa-dt6ng > pagpagt6ng 7. pagpa-dat6ng5 > mapa-dt6ng > mapagt6ng 8. mapa-dat6ng > maka-dt6ng > makagteng 9. maka-dat6ng > pam-pekuat-an > pam-ekuat-an > pam-kuat-an > pamkuatan io. paN-pekuat-an > pan-ebar> pan-bar> pambair I I. paN-tebir> pan-tebar
Grammar outline. The grammaroutlineis a highly abbreviatedsummmaryof R's doctoraldissertation(RubinoI997). He doesn'tstatehis theoreticalorientation, butit appearsto be somewhateclectic,withthe inevitableinconsistenciesthatsuch descriptionsof Philippine approachesproduce.AlthoughR breaksfromtraditional as for example,the distinction languagesby analyzingIlokano ergative,noting, betweentheabsolutive(ornominative),andergative(orgenitive)pronouns,in many analyses.He followstheseanalyses respectshis analysisfollowsthemoretraditional in referringto Ilokanoverbclassesas "focustypes,"andclaimingthatverbsassign Thisis a positionthathastraditionally "focus"to theirabsolutivenominalargument. been consideredto be a syntacticprocessof voice assignment.But R thenrestates thenatureof focusby notingmoreaccuratelythattheverbsareclassifiedin "semantic terms,by the semanticrelationshipbetweenthe verbandthe role of the referent indicatedby theirabsolutiveargument" (lxi). He follows moremodemapproaches that six verb classes6 that have a "nonactor" absolutiveargumentare all by noting the others are either intransitive or detransitive. while transitive, He followsthe traditional analysisthatshowsIlokanoas havinga classof adjectivesdistinctfromnounsandverbs,andstatesthatadjectivesandnounscanoccurin (ng)a.This any orderas long as they areseparatedfromeachotherby a "ligature" an article or a demonto allows follow "adjectives" immediately analysis,however, andthuswouldrequirethat strative,a positionthathe noteselsewhere7is "nominal" his adjectives,at leastin thisposition,be nouns.It alsoignoresthefactthatall struc4. The associatedform tibbiis the resultof regularassimilationof an initialunstressedschwa preceding a high vowel in the following syllable, afterregulargeminationof a root medial consonantfollowing schwa (thustebi> tebbi> tibbi). 5. The form of this base must have originallybeen detelg (from whence also dunmteng, datngdtn, etc.), becauseunstresseda vowels are not normallydeletedon affixationin Ilokano. andcomitative. 6. R labelsthese"focus"types:patient,directional,theme,benefactive,instrumental, 7. "Any lexeme in a nominal position (i.e., after an article or demonstrative)functions as a noun."(xlviii).
242
OCEANICLINGUISTICS,VOL. 41, NO. I
turesfollowingthe ligaturein nominalphraseshavethe structure of relativeclauses dependenton a precedingheadnoun.Numbersarelistedas a separatewordclass, buthe also notesthattheycanoccuras adjectives. Dictionary. Eachof the headwordsin the dictionaryis followedby an abbreviationgivingeitherits wordclass(adj,adv,art,conj,dem,interrog,interj,n, num,part, pron,v, etc.),its statusin thelanguage(obsolete,colloquial,vulgar,literary,etc.),or its provenance(Spanish,English,Tagalog,Ibaloi,etc.).Forformswithlimiteddistributionwithinthe Ilokano-speaking areas,R notes thatit has a regionaldistribuwithout the actual but tion, area(s)where the form is used. A large specifying numberof prefixedformsthatresultfromsome sortof morphophonemic changeof as have their source forms root word headwords. These the typically appear specified(butfrequentlywithoutthe stressedsyllablebeing indicated).Following thedefinition,one or moreformsthataresynonymousorhavesome semanticsimilarityto the headwordare providedin parentheses.One, and sometimesseveral, drawnfromliterature, areprovidedfor a largepercentexamples,often apparently age of theforms.A set of semanticallysimilarformsin a few of theotherlanguages of thePhilippinesis givenat theendof theentryin squarebrackets. Unaffixedformsfor whichmeaningscanbe providedappearinitiallyin anentry, followedby anyderivedforms,withtheirmeanings.Commonderivationsaregiven for mostverbs,as well as variousnominalizedformsandtheirmeaning. Althoughit is clearthatR attemptedto provideseparateentriesfor homonymous entrieseachfor hutto,sakscik,etc.,large forms,as, for example,thefoursubscripted numbersof formsthatareclearlyunrelated semantically appeartogetherundera single as school of mudfish'.The derived 'hut; headword,separatedby semicolons, dcbong relatedto 'hut',andhavenothing formsthatarelistedforthisrootareall semantically to do withthesecondmeaning.Similarly, barkds'a skindisease,usuallycaughton the one derivedformwith a relatedmeaning,agbarkes'to be waist with blisters',has afflictedwiththebarkesskindisease',buttwo otherderivedforms,neitherof which hasanythingto do withskindisease:harkese 'totie intoa bundle',andbinarkes'six bundlesof palaybundledintoone'. Thisfollowsthestyleof entrygivenin V. G was morecarefulto distinguishsuchhomophonousforms.Comparethelatterentrywith thatgivenby G:barkes(hisdefinitionsareidenticalto thosein V) I. 'aninflammatory at thewaist,andcharacterized diseaseof theskin,oftenoriginating by thepresenceof rednessanditchinganddischargeof a wateryexudation; probablya kindof eczemaor herpes';agbarkes'tobe afflictedwithsuchkindof skindisease'.barkes2. barkesen'to tieintoone bundle';binarkes'a bigbundleof palaycomposedof six smallones'. R haselimiPerhapsbecauseof thenecessityto restrictthesize of thedictionary, natedfromhisdefinitionsanyexplanatory materialrelatingto theformandfunctionof in V (andalsoin G).Forexample,in R, humay culturalitems,materialthatis prevalent is definedsimplyas 'a kindof deepjar',whilein V it is 'a kindof vaseorjar,a deep vesselof earthenware, rounded,witha flatbottomandusually strongbroad-mouthed of greaterdepththanwidth;it is commonlyusedto holdwaterforcleaningpurposes, Likebutseveralcommodities,as sugar,xisi,etc. areveryoftensoldby thehIrndcy'.
BOOKREVIEWS
243
wise, in R, adaw:innadawis definedsimplyas 'a childen'sfingergame',whilein V, nineteenlines areprovideddetailinghow the gameis played.In R, bantakis 'a raft withsail usedin fishing'.V, however,providesa detaileddescriptionof the shapeof thesailandthewayit is attachedto theraft.Similarly, definitionsof plantsareabbreviatedin R. Thus,whileR describesbangaras 'a kindof treewithbad-smelling flowers, V describesthecolorof theflowersandthefactthatthefruitis edible Sterculiafoetida', whenyoungandyieldsa kindof oil usedforlightinganddyeingpurposes. In general,the work is well edited, but as is inevitable,typographicalerrors appearsporadicallythroughoutthe dictionary,andtherearea few mistakentranslations and analysesas well, such as the following:(xxxv, 1. 3) Pagabbarungnak is mistranslated as 'She reachesup to my chest.'It shouldbe 'I reachup to herchest' (the former translates Pagabbarungko isuna); (xxxvi, 1. 14) ag-al-al-dl shouldbe agal-al-al[?a.gal.?al.?al] [?ag.?al.?al.?al] 'panting';(liii,lastline)balasdng shouldbe stressedon thepenultimatesyllable,baldsang;(Ixxxiv,1.22) the translation of Maawdtanka uraydimonbaliksenshouldbe 'I understand you althoughyou don'tverbalizeit'; (17, entry-ak) the -akendingon nominalizations is saidto be a combinationof thefirstsingularenclitic[nominative] -ak and thesuffix-an pronoun in combination the of the enclitic first (it is, fact, genitive personpronoun-koandthe suffix -an; the correctanalysisof -am is given as the combinationof the genitive encliticsecond-person pronoun-moandthe suffix-an). In sum,despitethe criticalcommentsprovidedabove,I believethis dictionary deservesa placeon the shelvesof anyoneinterestedin theIlokanolanguage.It does of Newell'sBatadIfugaodictionary(Newnothavethelexicographicsophistication ell I993), northeextensivecoverageof Wolff'sCebuanoVisayandictionary(Wolff it is a handyreferenceguideto thesyntax,phonology,andlexiI972). Nevertheless, con of the language,andits Englishindexis an indispensableaid.But don'tthrow andGelade! outyet yourcopiesof Vanoverbergh A. REID LAWRENCE
Universityof Hawai'i REFERENCES Carro,Andres. I888. VocabularioIloco-Espaiol. Manila:Estab.Tipolitograficode M. Perez e Hijo. Geladd,George P. I993. Ilokano-Englishdictionary.Quezon City, Philippines:CICM Missionaries,Inc. PlantNames.2 vols.Manila:Bookmark,Inc. cf Philippine Madulid,Domingo.2002.Dictionary Newell, LeonardE., compiler,with FrancisBon'og Poligon,consultant.1993.BatadIfugao notes.Manila:LinguisticSocietyof thePhilippines. dictionarywithethnographic Rubino, Carl R. G. 1997. A referencegrammarof Ilocano. Ph.D. dissertation,University of California,SantaBarbara. Morice.I956. IlIco-Englishdictionary.A translated, augmented,andrevised Vanoverbergh, CatholicSchoolPress. versionof AndresCarro(1888).BaguioCity,Philippines: Wolff,JohnU., compiler.1972.A dictionaryof CebuanoVisayan.PhilippineJoural of LinguisticsSpecialMonographIssueNo. 4. Manila:LinguisticSocietyof thePhilippines.