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Idea Transcript


Mr. Fitzgerald Global 10

Imperialism

Mr. Fitzgerald

Changes in Africa 1884-1975

G l o b a l 10

Mcliilo

tXSvNl

Angfo-Esyption

EZT®

Sponitb(S)

AFRICA

^

EZZ2 Portuguew(P) WNIUNJ _____ HfOFfi IIII 111 Belgian SOUTH' Turkiih Vilayols (T) AFRICA Independent "Footholds" or Troding Station*

BASUTOIAND

1900-1910

1. H o w would you characterize the European presence in Africa in 1884? 2. Which European countries controlled the most territory in A f r i c a by 1910? 3. Which nations remained independent? 4. Why did Europeans want to colonize Africa? 5. H o w were they able to gain control of so much land? INDEPENDENCE 1950 (Only Independent countries are shown.)

INDEPENDENCE:

1975

Date

Name.

CHAPTER 27

Section 1 (pages

TERMS

AND

NAMES

imperialism Control by a strong

The Scramble for Africa

nation over a weaker nation racism Belief that one race is superior to others Social Darwinism Use of Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution to explain human societies

BEFORE Y O U READ

Berlin Conference Meeting at whicr Europeans agreed on rules for colonizing Africa

In t h e last s e c t i o n , y o u read a b o u t m o v e m e n t s f o r d e m o c r a c y a n d self-rule.

Shaka Zulu chief who created a large centralized state

In this s e c t i o n , y o u w i l l learn a b o u t i m p e r i a l i s m in A f r i c a .

U S YOU

Boer Dutch colonist in South Africa

READ

Boer War War between the British and the Boers

Use t h e c h a r t b e l o w t o t a k e n o t e s o n t h e r e a s o n s w h y Europeans created overseas empires.

Economic

Cultural

Political

Sell Cjoods to new Markets

>

Imperialism

Africa Before European Domination; Forces Driving Imperialism (pages 773-775)

Why did imperialism begin in the 1800s? In the early 1800s, Europeans controlled a few areas along the coast of Africa. By the mid-1800s, Europeans were expanding their control to new lands. This policy is called imperialism.

There were four basic reasons for imperialism. The first reason for imperialism had to do with money. Europeans wanted colonies to provide raw materials for their factories. The Europeans also wanted to sell their goods in their new colonies. National pride was a second reason for imperialism. Some nations wanted to gain colonies to show their national strength. Racism was a third reason for imperialism. Racism is the belief drat one race is better than others. Many Europeans believed that whites were better than other races.

CHAPTER 27

T H E A G E OF IMPERIALISM

257

Racism is related to Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism is the use of Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution to explain human societies, One of Darwin's ideas was "survival of the fittest." This idea was that the fittest, or strongest, species would survive. Weak species would not survive. People who believed in Social Darwinism argued that fit people and nations survived. They also believed that weak people and nations would not survive. Christian missionaries also supported imperialism. They thought that European rule would end die slave trade. The missionaries also wanted to convert the people of other continents to Christianity. Europeans began to take lands in Africa for these reasons. Technology helped the Europeans succeed. The African peoples were divided. It was hard for them to resist European advances. 1 . What are four reasons for imperialism?

The Division o f A f r i c a

(pages 775-776)

How did European nations claim African lands? The "scramble for Africa" began in the 1880s. Diamonds were discovered in South Africa in 1867. Gold was discovered there in 1886. Europeans became more interested in the continent. The European nations did not want to fight over the land. They met at the • Berlin Conference in 1884-85. They agreed that any nation could claim any part of Africa by telling the others and by showing that it had control of the area. Europeans quickly grabbed land. By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia were free from European control.

2 5 8 CHAPTER 27

SECTION 1

2.

What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference?

Three G r o u p s Clash o v e r S o u t h A f r i c a (pages 776-778)

What groups fought over South Africa? In South Africa, three groups struggled over the land. In the early 1800s, the Zulu chief Shaka fought to win more land. Shaka's successors were not able to keep his kingdom intact. The Zulu land was taken over by the British in 1887. Meanwhile, the British took control of the Dutch colony on the southern coast. Thousands of Dutch settlers, called Boers, moved north to escape die British. This movement is known as the Great Trek. The Boers fought the Zulus whose land they were entering. At the end of the century, Boers fought a vicious war against the British called the Boer War. The Boers lost this war. The Boers then joined the British-ran Union of South Africa. 3.

Who were the Boers, and whom did they fight?

Name .

Date

SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE

Section 4

AnolyZlHg

BldS

^n author's bias can be revealed through such clues as tone, loaded language, and appeals to the reader's emotions. Bias is a one-sided, prejudiced point of view. As you read the passage below, look for clues that signal the author's point of view. Then answer the questions below. (See Skillbuilder Handbook.)

E

very Englishman is born with a certain miraculous power that makes him master of the world. When he wants a thing he never tells himself that he wants it. He waits patiently till there comes into his head, no one knows how, a burning conviction that it is his moral and religious duty to conquer those who have got the thing he wants. Then he . . . conquers half the world and calls it Colonization. When he wants a new market for his adulterated Manchester goods, he sends a missionary to teach the natives the gospel of peace. The natives kill the missionary: he flies to arms in defense of Christianity; fights for it; conquers for it; and

takes the market as a reward from heaven. , . , You will never find an Englishman in the wrong. He does everything on principle. He fights you on patriotic principles; he robs you on business principles; he enslaves you on imperial principles; he bullies you on manly principles; he supports his king on loyal principles, and cuts off his kings head on republican principles. His watchword is always duty; and he never forgets that the nation which lets its duty get on the opposite side to its interest is lost. from George Bernard Shaw, The Man of Destiny, 1905

1. What negative bias about Englishmen does the author make?

2. What are some words in the passage that reflect value judgments and appeal to the reader's emotions? .

£

3. Which statements are factual? Which statements are opinions or judgments?

5 ,i

4. How would you describe the tone of the passage?

a o © 5. What is the author's point of view?

The Age of Imperialism 5 3

Date

Name

CHAPTER 27

Section 2

;

(pages 779-785)

TERMS

NAMES

paternalism Governing in a "parental" way by providing for needs but not giving rights

Imperialism

assimilation Absorbing colonized people into the culture of the imperialist nation

Case Study: Nigeria B E F O R E YOU

AND

READ

In t h e last s e c t i o n , y o u l e a r n e d a b o u t t h e r e a s o n s for imperialism.

•f B l

In this s e c t i o n , y o u w i l l r e a d a b o u t h o w t h e c o l o n i e s w e r e controlled.

AS Y O U

/i

Menelikll Leader of Ethiopian resistance

Bii iBf

READ

H •Ml

Use t h e c h a r t b e l o w t o c o n t r a s t direct a n d i n d i r e c t rule.

mum llill Wm

DIRECT

RULE

Colonisers controlled colonial affairs

INDIRECT

Local

RULE

powers controlled

daily

matters

! i

1

1 | I

! 1 |

\ \ \

A New Period of Imperialism; A British Colony (pages 779-732) What forms and methods did imperialist nations use to control their colonies? Each imperial power had goals for its colonies. Imperialist nations had four forms of control: colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism. A colony is an area ruled by a foreign government, A protectorate runs its own daily affairs, but is controlled by an imperialist nation. A sphere of influence is an area where an imperialist nation has exclusive economic rights. Economic imperialism

refers to a situation where an independent nation is controlled by foreign businesses rather than foreign governments. Imperialist nations also developed two basic methods to manage their colonies. France and other European nations used direct control. They felt native peoples could not handle the tough job of running a country. Instead, the imperialist power governed. This policy was called paternalism. The French also had a policy of assimilation. All colonial institutions were patterned after French institutions. The French hoped that the native peoples would learn French ways. Britain used indirect control. In this system, local rulers had power over daily matters. There were also councils of native people and government CHAPTER 27

T H E A G E OF IMPERIALISM 2 5 9

officials. These councils were supposed to help native people learn to govern themselves in die British method. When the United States began to colonize, it also used die indirect method of control. Britain tried to rale Nigeria through indirect control. The British let local chiefs manage their areas. The system did not always work. The local chiefs in some regions of Nigeria resented having their power limited by die British. 1 . What forms and methods did imperialists use to control and manage colonies?

African Resistance

(pages 782-784)

How did Africans resist imperialism? Some Africans resisted imperialism. People in Algeria fought against the French for almost 50 years. In German East Africa, thousands of Africans died when they tried to use magic to fight German machine guns. Only Ethiopia resisted the Europeans successfully. There, Emperor Menelik II played one European country against another. In 1896, he used European weapons to defeat an Italian army.

2.

Who resisted imperialism in Africa, and what were the results?

The Legacy of Colonial Rule (page 784) •

How did colonial rule affect Africa? Africans enjoyed some benefits from colonial rule. European governments reduced local conflicts. The Europeans also brought Africa deeper into the world economy. Railroads, dams, and telephone and telegraph lines were built. But imperialism mostly caused damage. Africans lost control over much of their land. Many African traditions were destroyed. People were forced out of their homes. Many were made to work in bad conditions. The boundaries that Europeans drew had no relation to ethnic divisions in Africa. These boundaries caused problems when the colonies became independent nations. 3 . What were three benefits and three problems of colonial rule?

Forms of Imperialism i^Ufhiiiii. Colony

Protectorate

A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power

Sphere of Influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

260

CHAPTER 27

Use the chart to answer these questions.

A country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power

Economic Imperialism

Skillbuilder

An independent but less-developed nation controlled by private business interests rather than other governments

SECTION 2

1.

Under which type of imperialism is the local government most independent?

2.

What is the difference between a sphere of influence and economic imperialism?

World History: Patterns

oflnte

Test Practice

Transparencies

SECONDARY SOURCE

Four Speakers' Statements—Multiple Choice Directions;

Use the speakers' statements about colonialism in Africa and your knowledge of world history to answer the questions below.

Speaker 7:We simply do not have the manpower to control every bit of territory we have. It is far easier to allow their local rulers to govern these people as long as they are answerable to us. Speaker 2: We villagers have our own traditions and way of life. We must fight these people who want to change them and make us produce goods they can carry away with them instead of food. Speaker 3: It is our duty to bring Western ways to these people and bring cultural and economic advancement to these lands. Speaker 4: It is good to have these neighboring people under our control, but they are a nuisance to govern.They insist on doing everything differently, and they do not speak our language.

1. The four speakers are explaining A. different perspectives on imperialist government. B. whether to follow European models to establish a sphere of influence. C. cultural differences between Europeans and Africans. D. the military advantages of the Europeans in the late 19th century.

CO 3

©

2. A. paternalistic attitude is most clearly expressed by Speaker A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.

>

a oo

Test Your

3. What would Speaker 2 most likely want to see happen? A. He or she would like to establish political control over neighboring groups. B. He or she probably wants to see the native people defeat the colonists and force them to leave. C. He or she would prefer the colonial power to follow a policy of association rather than assimilation. D. He or she probably wants to establish African nations on the basis of culture regions rather than prior colonial possession. 4. Which speaker favors an indirect method of governing colonies? A. 1 C. 3 B. 2 D. 4

Knowledge

Which speaker is likely to be a native ruler of an area? Why might this person be accepting of colonialism?

Date

Name.

CHAP

TERMS

AND

NAMES

sepoy Indian soldier under British command

British Imperialism in India

"jewel in the crown" Term referring to India as the most valuable of all British colonies Sepoy Mutiny Uprising of Indian soldiers against the British

BEFORE YOU R E A P

Raj British rule over India from 1757 to 1947.

In the last section, you saw how Europeans grabbed Muslim lands. In this section, you will read about British control of India.

AS Y O U R E A D Use the chart below to take notes on the causes of the nationalist movement in India.

Racist attitudes of British

Causes of Nationalist Movement in India

British Expand Control over India (pages 791-795)

How did British rule affect India? The Mughal Empire of India fell into decline in the early 1700s. By the mid-1700s, the British East India Company was the most important power in India. The company held huge amounts of land. The company even had its own army. This army was led by British officers. It was staffed by sepoys, Indian soldiers.

India was the main supplier of raw materials for Britain. The British called India the "jewel in the crown" because it was Britain's most valuable colony, India enjoyed some benefits from British rule. India's rail system was die diird largest in the world. The railroad helped make India's economy more modern. The British made other improvements, too.. They built telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and canals. They also improved sanitation and public health and built schools,

CHAPTER 27

T H E A G E OF IMPERIALISM

263

But British rule also caused problems. A great deal of wealth flowed from India to Britain. Indian industry died out because of British trade laws. Many farmers and villages could no longer feed themselves because they were forced to grow cash crops. India suffered famines in the late 1800s. In addition, most British officials had racist attitudes that threatened Indian culture. 1.

What problems did British rule bring?

The S e p o y Mutiny

(pages 793-794)

Why did Indians rebel? By the mid-1800s, many Indians resented British rule. In 1857, some Indian soldiers heard rumors about British weapons. The rumors offended the Indians' religious feelings. The British handled the situation badly. The Indian soldiers rebelled. This rebellion has been called the Sepoy Mutiny. It took the East India Company and British troops a year to put it down. The Sepoy Mutiny failed because the Indians were divided. Muslims and Hindus did not trust each other. After the revolt, the British government took direct control of British India. The term Raj refers to British rule over India from 1757 to 1947. 2.

What was the Sepoy Mutiny?

2 6 4 CHAPTER 27

SECTION 4

N a t i o n a l i s m Surfaces in India (page 795)

What were the goals of the Indian nationalist movement? Indians also resisted British control in other ways. Leaders such as Ram Mohun Roy urged changes in traditional Indian practices, He wanted to make Indian society more modern and to free India of foreign control. Nationalist feelings also started to grow in India. Indians resented the British discrimination against them. Indians were barred from the best jobs in tire Indian Civil Sendee. British workers were paid more than Indian workers doing the same job. Indians formed two groups-—the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. Both groups pushed the British to make changes, In the early 1900s, they called for self-government. 3.

What groups called for change?

10. Date

Name.

TERMS

AND

NAMES

Opium War War between Britain and China over the opium trade

China Resists Outside Influence

extraterritorial rights Rights of foreign residents to follow the laws of their own government ratherthan those of the host country

BEFORE YOU

Taiping Rebellion Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty .

READ

sphere of influence Area in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment

In the last section, you read about imperialism in Asia. In this section, you will see h o w China dealt with foreign influence.

Open Door Policy Policy proposed by the United States giving all nations equal opportunities to trade in China

AS Y O U R E A D Use the chart below to take notes on events that occurred

Boxer Rebellion Rebellion aimed at ending foreign influence in China

in China.

EFFECT

CAUSE

ON

CHINA

bn'tish brinq opium to China

China a n d t h e West (pages 805-806)

Was China able to resist foreign influence? In the late 1700s, China had a strong farming economy based on growing rice. Other crops, such as peanuts, helped to feed its large population, The Chinese made silk, cotton, and ceramics. Mines produced salt, tin, silver, and iron. China needed nothing from the outside world. China limited its trade with European powers. All goods shipped to China had to come through one port. Britain bought so much Chinese tea that it was eager to find something that the Chinese

would want in large quantities. In the early 1800s, the British began shipping opium, a dangerous drug, to China. The opium came mostly from India. The Chinese tried to make the British stop. As a result of the Opium War that followed, the British took possession of Hong Kong. Later, the United States and European nations won extraterritorial rights and the right to trade in five ports. The Chinese resented these treaties but could not stop them. 1 . What happened as a result of the Opium War?

CHAPTER 28

TRANSFORMATIONS AROUND THE GLOBE

269

G r o w i n g internal Problems (pages 806-807)

What problems did China face? China had internal problems as well. The population had grown quickly, When rains were too light or too heavy, millions starved. The Chinese government was weak and too corrupt to solve its problems. A leader arose who hoped to save China. His name was Hong Xiuquan, and he led the Taiping Rebellion. More than one million peasants joined his army. The rebels won control of large parts of the south. The government needed 14 years to put down this rebellion. The fighting destroyed much farmland. At least 20 million people died. 2.

What was the Taiping Rebellion?

Foreign Influence Grows (pages 807-808)

What was the official attitude toward reform? In the late 1800s, one person ruled China—the Dowager Empress Cixi. She supported a few reforms in education, civil service, and the military. Despite her efforts to bring change, China continued to face problems. Other countries were well aware of Chinas weakness, and they took advantage of the situation. Throughout the late 1800s, many foreign nations won a sphere of influence in China. A sphere of influence is a region in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment. The United States opposed these spheres of influence. Americans urged an Open Door Policy, in which all powers had equal access to Chinese markets. The Europeans agreed. This policy did not help China, however. Although it was

2 7 0 CHAPTER 28

SECTION 1

not a colony or group of colonies, China was dominated by foreign powers. 3.

How did foreigners begin to gain control over China?

A n Upsurge i n Chinese Nationalism (pages 808-809)

What actions resulted from growing nationalism? Humiliated by their loss of power, many Chinese wanted strong reforms. In 1898, the young Emperor Guangxu, Cbd's nephew, tried to put in place broader reforms. Conservatives didn't like this. The retired Empress Cixi had him arrested and she took back control of die government. China had lost a chance for reform. Some Chinese peasants and workers formed the Society of Harmonious Fists, known as. the Boxers. They wanted to get rid of all Western influence. That included any Chinese who had accepted Western culture or the Christian religion. At the start of the Roxer Rebellion in early 1900, Boxers surrounded Beijing's European section. After many weeks, they were driven out by a multinational army. Cixi finally began to allow major reforms. But change came slowly. In 1908, Chinese officials said that China would become a constitutional monarchy by 1917. However, unrest soon returned. 4.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

0

Date

Name

G E O G R A P H Y APPLICATION: M O V E M E N T

The Opium Wars Section 1

Directions: Read the paragraphs the questions that follow.

I

below and study the map carefully. Then

n the 1700s, Britain began smuggling from India into China a narcotic known as opium in order to open Chinese trade markets. The English had been desperate to find a product the Chinese would buy. Opium became that product, The East India Company, the English company chartered to trade in Asia, opened Chinese trade markets by addicting the Chinese to opium. In the beginning, the Company kept the distribution of the narcotic to a small amount in order to increase the price. At that time, opium was a drug used only by wealthy Chinese—it was not yet a drug of the common people. However, in 1819, the British began distributing massive amounts of opium in order to eliminate the competition. Though flooding the market temporarily dropped the price, the cheaper price of the drug increased the amount of

answer

users. Opium became a recreational drug and created a vast market of opium addicts. The British government had a vested interest in not only maintaining, but increasing the amount of opium sold in China. Silver gained from the sale of opium helped purchase Chinese tea, which the English drank by the millions-of-gallons eveiy year. The tax on this tea provided the British government with ten percent of its revenue. Britain's expanding sales of opium to China caused the Opium War of 1839. China wanted sales stopped and destroyed an opium shipment at Guangzhou. The British responded by attacldiig the port cities shown on the map, The war ended in 1842 with a treaty favorable for the victorious British.

Chinese Opium Imports, 1700-1840

Transformations Around the Globe 7 7

Name

The O p i u m Wars continued

Interpreting Text a n d Visuals 1, In the graph what does each box represent? 2, How many chests were imported by China in 1820?

.

3, By how many chests did the annual opium imports increase between 1770 and 1800? between 1830 and 1840? " 4. Describe the route by which opium reached China.

5. What is the approximate sailing distance from Bombay to Guangzhou? 6. How do you think British control over India and Singapore supported and protected its opium trade?

7. Why did the British government encourage the opium trade?

8. Describe the cycle of silver from Britain to China and back to Britain again.

7 8 UNIT 6, C H A P T E R 28

.

Mr. Fitzgerald Global 10

Imperialism: A Summary/Review Imperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life. This type of foreign policy was practiced by European nations and Japan throughout the 1800s and early 1900s. In every case, a nation would experience industrialization prior to practicing imperialism on a foreign nation or region. This was due to the nearly insatiable demand for cheap raw materials and the need for markets to buy manufactured goods.

Industrial Roots: Abundant raw materials and vast markets are needed in order to maintain an industrialized economy. Raw materials such as iron and cotton can be turned into products such as steel and textiles. Finally, these products need to be sold to a market in order to realize a profit. The forces of industrialization caused nations to begin looking outside of their borders for cheaper and more abundant raw materials. Foreign populations were also viewed as vast markets where goods produced in domestic factories could be sold.

Other Causes: Nationalism, or pride in one's country, also contributed to the growth of imperialism. Citizens were proud of their country's accomplishments, which sometimes included taking over foreign areas. As European nations became competitive with one another, there was an increased pressure to practice imperialism in order to maintain a balance of power in Europe. As Europeans took over foreign lands, they viewed the culture of the native population to be inferior to their own. This concept became know as "The White Man's Burden" after a popular poem by the same name was published by Rudyard Kipling in 1899. Some interpreted this poem to mean that it was the duty of imperializing nations to bring western culture and sensibility to the savage native populations that were encountered in far off lands. This is sometimes referred to as Social Darwinism, or the belief that all human groups compete for survival, and that the stronger groups will replace

© the weaker groups. Others saw it as a warning to western nations to stop the harmful practice of imperialism.

THE. W H I T E MAN'S B U R D E N , —

From The Detroit

Journal

r

The Journal, Detroit,

February 18, 1899

Results: In the short-term, imperialism was a very profitable foreign policy which came at the expense of the foreign regions where it was being practiced. Cultural diffusion also occurred, leading to an exchange of ideas between the West and the East. For example, European methods of education were adopted, leading foreigners to study ideas of liberty and democracy embraced during the Enlightenment and various political revolutions. This exchange eventually led to the demise of imperialism and colonialism throughout the world after World War Two.

Causes of Imperialism Economic Motives Nationalism

Balance of Power

White Man's Burden

Imperialism Directions: Use the reading on the previous pages to answer the following questions

1. Define Imperialism

2. Who was it practiced by and when?

3. What was necessary before a nation would become imperialistic?

4. What advantages did foreign nations provide imperialistic nations?

5. How is nationalism related to imperialism?

6. What is the "White Man's Burden"? How is it related to imperialism?

7. What is Social Darwinism? How does it justify imperialism?

8. Identify 2 results of imperialism.

9. In. what way did imperialism bring about its own downfall?

10. Copy the following 2 into your notebook: a. Definition of Imperialism b. "Causes of Imperialism" chart i. Complete the chart using the information from your answers above

Mr. Fitzgerald Global 10

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