Idea Transcript
U.S.NRC UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
Protecting People and the Environment
HRTD Human Resources Training & Development
Industrial Radioactive Material (Nuclear Gauges)
G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Gauge Presentation Outline ¾ Overview ¾ Portable Gauges ¾ Fixed Gauges ¾ Other Industrial Devices ¾ Regulatory Issues ¾ Accidents G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Comment ¾ For Irradiators, Industrial Radiography, and Well Logging, there are specific NRC technology courses which cover the equipment and radioactive sources used and the operations performed; however, there is no NRC sponsored technology course covering other industrial uses of RAM ¾ As a result, this overview will provide somewhat more detail than that which is provided for the other areas covered in this inspection course ¾ These slides were obtained from various sources and modified to correspond to current rules G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Overview ¾ The 1950’s & 1960’s were an era of research for commercial uses of radionuclides resulting in the development of numerous industrial RAM applications [Atoms for Peace] ¾ Ionizing radiation is now an integral tool for a wide variety of industries; in many cases, there are no economical substitutes capable of the tasks performed by radiation sources
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Overview Sealed Source ¾ The majority of industrial RAM applications use sealed sources, though unsealed RAM is also utilized ¾ Most applications are based on very simple principles to accomplish p the required q task ¾ Typically a source & detector combination employing basic nuclear interactions is used Sealed Source G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Overview Sealed Source
Double Encapsulation Sealed Source Assembly
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Overview ¾ Most devices in this overview are recent models; however, older/obsolete models may be encountered during inspections & incident responses ¾ Resources for identifying unknown RAM devices include: ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
NRC’s Sealed Source & Device Registry (SSDR) State & Federal radiation control agencies Manufacturers ORAU
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Overview ¾ This presentation will concentrate on Portable and Fixed Gauges which might be possessed under either a General or Specific license (GL or SL) - these devices have numerous applications pp in a wide variety of industries ¾ Also discussed will be ionizers, calibrators, self luminous devices and other industrial applications involving radioactive material
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Focus Elements (condensed version) We will be looking at the FEs as they apply to the devices: FE-1: Control of RAM (security & accountability) FE-2: Adequate RAM shielding FE-3: Limit hazards to RAM FE-4: Appropriate dosimetry (if required) FE-5: Proper radiation instrumentation FE-6: Training of workers FE-7: Appropriate management oversight & program/personnel audits G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Gauging Devices
Fixed Gauge Portable Gauge G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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PORTABLE GAUGES G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Portable Gauges ¾ Used in industries such as construction, civil engineering & agriculture to perform on-site measurements such as soil moisture or asphalt density in paving ¾ Moisture/density gauging is a form of non-destructive testing; eliminates need to take core samples ¾ Two basic methods used: ¾ Backscatter ¾ Direct Transmission G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Portable Gauges
Measures soil density by transmission and soil moisture by backscatter G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Direct Transmission ¾ most precise method ¾ to measure soil density, the source is placed beneath the surface through a punched hole - radiation travels a fixed distance to the detector on the base of the gauge
fixed distance detector source
¾ density of the soil measured by amount of radiation transmitted G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Backscatter ¾ eliminates punched access hole both source and detector is on the surface
detector source
¾ radiation reflected (scattered) back to the gauge by the material being measured ¾ insensitive beyond a depth of a few inches
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Portable Gauges ¾ Typical Sources : 8-10 millicuries of 137Cesium (gamma) & 40-50 millicuries of 241Americium/Beryllium (neutron) ¾ In ~9 9 minutes minutes, an unshielded 10 mCi 137Cs source can deliver 5 rem to a worker's extremities at a 1 cm distance (some gauges contain sources with even higher activities)
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Common Portable Gauges
Troxler Electronic Labs G-108 – Inspection Procedures
Humboldt Scientific Corporation
CPN (now Instrotek)
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Portable Gauges
Troxler Gauge Transport Case (DOT Type A 7A container) G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Portable Gauges ¾ Nuclear hydrotectors provide moisture measurements of water content in the thermal insulation of pipes and vessels (moisture build-up in piping insulation is an indicator of corrosion under the insulation)
Troxler “Roof Reader” G-108 – Inspection Procedures
¾ Also used to detect moisture in other locations such as under roofing material
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FE-1: RAM Security & Accountability What actions can inspectors take? ¾ Become familiar with lost/stolen/orphaned source incidents (NRC INs, event reports, NMED database) ¾ Recognize program weaknesses - study licensees’ facilities & interview workers ¾ Portable gauge security at permanent facilities is not a significant problem ¾ Portable gauge security at temporary job sites is more of a problem ¾ Portable gauge security during transportation (particularly overnight stays) is a MAJOR problem G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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FE-1: RAM Security & Accountability ¾ Recent increased security measures for portable gauges include NRC’s 10 CFR 30.34(i) and compatible Agreement State requirements for two independent physical controls to prevent unauthorized access to gauges when not under constant surveillance. ¾ When opportunities present themselves (e.g., spot a gauge operator at a field site), perform partial inspection with particular focus on security issues ¾ Emphasize importance of security & accountability during inspections; appeal to licensee by emphasizing costly civil penalties & homeland security G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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FE-2: Adequate RAM Shielding Potential for compromises to portable gauge shielding: ¾ Shielding can be damaged if gauge is run over by a truck or heavy construction equipment ¾ Shielding can be compromised by damage to the gauge during routine operations ¾ Improper use and maintenance can damage shielding Inspector actions: ¾ Learn from past incidents, study program weaknesses, and look for trends… trends? G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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FE-3: Limit Other Hazards to RAM Moderate potential for other hazards ¾ Portable gauges are not typically at risk from fire, explosion and corrosive chemicals like fixed gauges are. Inspector actions: ¾ Discuss with the licensee the hazards identified during the inspection (portable gauge stored near a water heater, etc…)
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FE-4: Proper Dosimetry ¾ Portable gauge operators are typically monitored with whole body dosimetry, although it is not always required ¾ Personnel monitoring is not a key performance indicator, but can reveal trends Inspector actions: ¾ If personnel monitoring is required, evaluate use & records; look for any exposures that indicate poor work practices G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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FE-5: Proper Radiation Instrumentation ¾ Survey meters not typically possessed: Note: licensees must have access to a meter ¾ If meter(s) possessed possessed, review typical inspection items such as calibration dates
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FE-6: Training Of Workers ¾ Training for gauge operators is sometimes insufficient, either because initial training was poorly performed or not performed at all ¾ Most portable gauge users attend a training course provided by a specific gauge manufacturer ¾ Refresher training not typically required for safety, but is required every three years for transportation ¾ (49 CFR 172 Subpart H)
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FE-7: Appropriate Management Oversight & Program/Personnel Audits ¾ Management oversight & participation in radiation protection program (RPP) can vary widely among licensees, as can scope of program ¾ Program audits are often inadequate; field audits are not typically required for gauge users ¾ It is incumbent upon management to ensure proper training, since gauge users have little to no oversight in the field
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Key Performance Indicators Training ¾ Usually the root cause of all other problems ¾ Are operators aware of security requirements & procedures, such as the portable gauge security requirement of 2 independent physical barriers to prevent unauthorized removal of gauge when not under constant surveillance? ¾ If problems are identified with transportation in the field, ask about refresher HAZMAT training, required every 3 years G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Key Performance Indicators Security & accountability ¾ Stolen/lost gauges are common occurrences; lots of reasons they occur, but few easy solutions Are gauges A left unattended? Are security measures adequate?
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Key Performance Indicators Transportation ¾ Noncompliance is common; can lead to bigger problems ¾
Are gauges ttransported A t d iin th the b back k off th the ttruck, k out side of case, without blocking & bracing?
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Key Performance Indicators Maintenance ¾ Greatest potential for exposure ¾
Does worker know how to perform maintenance without ith t unnecessary exposures? ?
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Gauge Maintenance
Become familiar with the proper techniques for routine gauge maintenance so you know if it’s being done properly G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Inspection of Field Operations
Direct observation of licensed activities provides the best evaluation of a licensee’s performance G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Inspection of Field Operations Question: What’s wrong with this set up? Answer: Transport case lacks DOT labels
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Leak Testing RSO and/or designee(s) should be able to demonstrate the proper technique for taking a leak test sample
137Cs 241Am
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Factors Contributing to Accidents Use of the Survey Meter Equipment Failure
Lack of Regulatory Control
ACCIDENT
Not Following Safety Procedures
Poor or No Training
Inadequate or Missing Safety Program
“Understand why accidents can occur when using nuclear gauges” G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Accidents Involving a Portable Nuclear Gauge Moisture/Density Road Gauge ¾ Source: 137Cs & 241Am/Be ¾ Description: Gauge crushed by heavy equipment
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FIXED GAUGES G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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What is a Fixed Nuclear Gauge? ¾ Device used throughout industry, mostly in process control and quality control ¾ Basically a source + detector: the amount of radiation that passes through or reflects off of the material supplies real-time data ¾ Gauges used when rapid non-destructive measuring technique is needed
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Types of Fixed Nuclear Gauges ¾ Nuclear gauges can be divided in two types: ¾ ¾
Transmission Backscattering
¾ There are also gauges that use x-rays instead of radioactive isotopes
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Fixed Gauge Components Microprocessor
Source & Source Holder G-108 – Inspection Procedures
Detector March 2011- Slide 41 of 100
Transmission Gauges Primary Beam Shutter Process Material
Shield
Source Detector Source Holder
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The source is placed on one side of the material to be examined and the detector is placed on the other side so that when the shutter is open, the detector measures how much of the emitted radiation is actually transmitted through the material
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Backscatter Gauges The detector is placed on the same side as the source, measuring the amount of radiation scattered back from the material to the detector
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Continuous Level Applications
Single source, strip detector G-108 – Inspection Procedures
Potato Bin March 2011- Slide 44 of 100
Point Level Applications
Coal Chute Dual sources & detectors G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Other Fixed Gauge Applications
Multi-source, strip detector G-108 – Inspection Procedures
Vapor density configuration March 2011- Slide 46 of 100
Sample Fixed Gauges
In-line density gauge G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Sample Fixed Gauges
Level gauge mounted on a process tank at a paper mill
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(not always perpendicular to the pipe)
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Front used View Design of gauges at the power plant
¾ Gauges containing a nominal 50 millicuries of Cs-137 are used to monitor coal chute flow Detector
Hinge which allows detector arm to rotate outward
Cesium Source
Work entailed welding to install cleanout line
Rad Warning sign not present at time of work G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Gauge Installed on Conveyor Belt
Could someone get between the radiation beam and the detector? G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Sample Process Control Gauges Mineral Weight Mineral Level
Liquid Mud Flow
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Flow
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Sample Quality Control Gauges Film Thickness
Beverage Level
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Paper Thickness
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Fixed Gauges at Temporary Jobsites
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Fixed Gauges at Temporary Jobsites
Cement Density y Gauge
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Receipt, Transfer & Accountability Cradle to Grave Accountability
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Security
¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
locked to prevent unauthorized use and theft warning sign shielded inventory record
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Repair & Maintenance Fixed Gauges Routine Maintenance and Lubrication
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Leak Testing ¾ Leak tests shall be performed at the frequency required by the manufacturer or license pp analysis y methods ¾ Approved and instruments shall be used ¾ Procedures shall exist for removing the source from service if excess contamination is found G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Movement / Transportation
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Lockout Procedures ¾ Fixed gauges are subject to OSHA lock-out/tag-out standard specified in 29 CFR 1910.147
¾ Many licensees are unaware that their gauges are subject to the OSHA standard; address during inspection G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Limiting Public Dose Who is the “Public”?
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Postings
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Industrial RAM Inspection Objectives ¾ PERFORMANCE - To determine if licensed activities are being performed in a manner that protects the health & safety of workers, the public & the environment ¾ COMPLIANCE - To determine compliance with regulatory requirements & license conditions
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Generic Tips ¾ Industrial facilities present a multitude of potential hazards, & most are non-radiological (e.g., moving vehicles, machinery, unsafe scaffolding, spills, electrical hazards, chemicals, explosives, poor lighting, noise, vibration, extreme temperatures, confined spaces) ¾ Be cognizant of basic OSHA regulations so that you can recognize when conditions are unsafe for others and YOU ¾ If in doubt about conditions at a site, err on the margin of safety - never take unnecessary risks G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Generic Tips ¾ Most industrial facilities require completion of sitespecific safety training & can require inspectors to provide their own safety gear… go prepared. protective personal p ¾ In addition to standard OSHA p equipment, it may be necessary to use safety vests, harnesses, respirators or other specialized safety equipment to gain access to areas where industrial RAM is used; use of such equipment may require additional training (HF acid areas, elemental phosphorus areas, etc…)
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OSHA Gear
steel toe boots
safety glasses ear plugs
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Safety harness is required when on ladders & scaffolding
hardhat March 2011- Slide 66 of 100
Generic Tips ¾ Interview as many users as possible; you will learn more from them than from the RSO ¾ Observe the licensee using the device, performing licensed activities; if no work is being done, ask for demonstrations (leak tests, shutter checks, maintenance, surveys, etc..) ¾ Users are typically not experts; sometimes they won’t understand a question, so rephrase it in plain language; don’t just assume they are untrained ¾ Cross-check records against statements G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Fixed Gauge Inspections Evaluate environmental conditions to determine what hazards ((to the gauges) are present
Combine radiation measurements with inspection of the physical condition of gauge, labels, supports, etc. G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Environmental Damage Harsh conditions can obscure warning labels, damage gauge housings and supports,
and compromise source shielding G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Key Performance Indicators Fixed Gauges ¾ Training - Root cause of most problems ¾ Examples ¾ Are operators aware of user limitations? ¾ Do operators know/follow lock-out procedures? ¾ Do they know how to respond to an emergency? ¾ Are there unauthorized, un-informed workers removing and/or working on gauges? ¾ Security & accountability - Especially post 9/11 ¾ Operating procedures - Lapses in following lock out procedure have resulted in worker exposures G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Emergency Intervention Requirements Examples of potential accidents in nuclear gauging: ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Melting of the gauge and source Lost or stolen source Physical damage to the gauge Shutter stuck in the open or shut position Transportation accident Radiation overexposure of persons Leaking source
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Accidents Involving a Nuclear Gauge Source - 137Cs (111 GBq) ¾ Source capsule was corroded by environmental conditions (sea air) which caused leakage.
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Accidents Involving a Nuclear Gauge Source - 85Kr (10 GBq) ¾ Servicing of the gauge with the shutter open
Source - 60Co (10 GBq) ¾ Hot molten metal leaked out of process onto gauge and melted the shielding around the gauge G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Gauge use at power plant ¾ Fixed nuclear gauges containing a nominal 50 millicuries of Cs-137 are used at the coal burning power plant to monitor coal flow through coal chutes.
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Overexposure to several members of the public ¾ A group of 14 welders were working at the power plant in the immediate vicinity of the gauges. ¾ 6 welders ld received i d greater t than th 100 millirem illi exposure over a 10 day period.
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Front View
Design of gauges used at the power plant ¾ Gauges containing a nominal 50 millicuries of Cs-137 are used to monitor coal chute flow Detector
Hinge which allows detector arm to rotate outward
Cesium Source
Work entailed welding to install cleanout line
Rad Warning sign not present at time of work G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Front view before cleanout installation with detector arm rotated 90º
Rotation
Detector
Cesium Source
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Side View showing orientation after rotation
Cesium Source
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Probable Doses RSO initially estimated doses of exposed workers to range from 60 to 1700 millirem.
After performing Aft f i time ti motion ti studies t di and d interviewing i t i i workers, the doses received by the welders were determined to be between 2 millirem and 650 millirem
The NRC’s estimates of radiation exposure were slightly lower than the licensee’s estimates.
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Response to Event NRC Region IV dispatched a Special Inspection Team to the Laramie River Station to determine the causes of the event and to independently verify the probable radiation exposures to the welders. The Team also verified corrective actions taken and planned to prevent recurrence. By th B the conclusion l i off the th iinspection, ti th the T Team identified id tifi d several apparent violations, including one that was not associated with the event. These violations included: 1) the failure to post warning signs where nuclear gauges were used, 2) overexposure of members of the public, 3) failure to report fire damage to a nuclear gauge, 4) failure to close the shutter of nuclear gauges prior to working around them, and 5) the failure to wear personnel monitoring devices when performing shutter checks on nuclear gauges.
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OTHER INDUSTRIAL RAM USES G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Other Industrial RAM Uses ¾ There are numerous applications of radioactive material in industry besides portable and fixed gauges such as ionizing devices, calibrators, selfluminous devices, diagnostic devices and R&D applications ¾ Let’s take a look at some
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Ionizers ¾ Smoke detectors use a small Am241 source to ionize air molecules passing between a pair of electrodes, permitting a small current to flow between the pair ¾ if smoke particles from a fire enter the space, they reduce the current flow by adhering to the ionized molecules; the drop in current sets off an alarm G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Ionizers Static Eliminators ¾ Most consumer & commercial static eliminators use Po-210, though some commercial ones use Sr-90 older models used Am-241 & Ra-226
Po-210 static eliminators G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Ionizers ECDs in GCs ¾ Gas chromatography (GC) - a technique used to separate volatile organic compounds ¾ Electron capture detector (ECD) used to analyze organic molecules such as PCBs & pesticides ¾ Most ECDs use 15 mCi Ni-63 plated/foil sources; older models used H-3 sources (few remain in operation) ¾ ECDs distributed as Generally Licensed (GL) or Specifically Licensed (SL) depending on source access ¾ Common for licensees to have a mix of GL & SL ECDs; most new ones are GL G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Ionizers ECDs in GCs
analyzing samples for PCBs
ECD with 15 mCi 63Ni plated foil source G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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ECDs
Easy y to see how they y can be mistaken for junk or spare parts ECD label tags are important for maintaining control - ECDs often stored outside of GCs tags may come off
ECD exchange assembly G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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ECDs
ECD General License labels G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Self Luminous Devices
Tritium exit signs - even GL models contain multi-curies G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Custom Applications
Custom grenade fill level gauge Sr-90 source & detector array
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Grenade Fill Level Gauge
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Calibrators ¾ Used to calibrate survey meters, alarming ratemeters, pocket dosimeters, etc. ¾ Typically use 137Cs, though some models use 60Co or, for neutron calibrations, calibrations 252Cf ¾ Calibrators may be GL (for mCi sources) or SL (mCi & Ci sources) ¾ Used by instrument manufacturers, commercial calibration vendors and licensees performing calibrations in-house G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Survey Meter Calibrators
shielding to reduce mR/hr G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Survey Meter Calibrators Shutter Handle Down Up Green Light Sh tt Shutter Closed (safe)
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Red Light Shutter Open (danger)
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Pocket Dosimeter “Calibrators”
6-Hole PD Calibrator (Exempt) G-108 – Inspection Procedures
12-Hole Pocket Dosimeter Calibrator (Generally Licensed) March 2011- Slide 95 of 100
XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) Analyzers XRF analyzers use one or more small (mCi) sources to irradiate samples - electrons, protons or x-rays emitted by the source eject inner bound orbital electrons leaving voids - as outer shell electrons fill the vacancies, the material fluoresces (emits characteristic x-rays) with specific energies enabling ID of the sample (source in XRF analyzer)
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XRF Analyzers Warrington lead paint analyzer Common sources 55Fe, 57Co, 109Cd, 153Gd, 38Pu, 241Am & 252Cf Beta emitters used are 3H & 147Pm
Niton uses 30-50 mCi 109Cd, 55Fe or 241Am sources G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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Gamma Scanners ¾ Co-60 (1 Ci) or Cs-137 (1.6 Ci) used to scan cargo containers for for hidden contraband ¾ Used by U.S. Customs Service & FL Dept. of Agriculture
Illegal immigrants detected inside truck G-108 – Inspection Procedures
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New concern, post 9/11: RAM could be used as a “dirty bomb” - radiological dispersion device (RDD)
Many iindustrial M d t i l RAM sources are considered ‘high risk’ for an RDD (e.g., industrial radiography, irradiator & high-activity fixed gauge sources)
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THE END
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