! ! ! ! "#$%&%'%(!)*+!"#%(+#,%&*#,-!./*#*0&/!1*-&/2! 3456!.!7%8!9:;!7'&%(!5*&/(?!!@=34) First births High birth order (>4) Middle income country
Interaction (GDP*characteristic)
GDP -27.22
-25.52
[10.40]**
[10.20]**
-31.31
-12.32
[11.98]**
[14.00]
-21.28
-26.33
[11.81]*
[10.45]**
-44.20
22.52
[10.15]***
[15.86]
-36.05
-19.37
[8.24]***
[18.51]
-49.24
42.68
[10.81]***
[16.26]**
-30.42
-29.78
[9.55]***
[14.54]**
-46.14
14.14
[18.49]**
[23.32]
Low mother's education is defined as less than primary attainment. Robust standard errors are clustered at the country level. GDP is measured in year 2000 international (PPP) dollars. In this currency measure, the World Bank threshold for middle-income country status is a per-capita GNI of $755. * p -1.5 sd & < = 1.5 sd
> 1.5 sd
-52.81
-13.16
-67.25
[22.82]**
[15.48]
[19.67]***
< = -2 sd
> -2 sd & < = 2 sd
> 2 sd
-59.09
-18.07
-70.82
[26.47]**
[12.64]
[19.65]***
Magnitude and direction of GDP deviation
0
-55.43
-43.71
[13.90]***
[14.05]***
< = -1 sd
> -1 sd & < = 1 sd
> 1 sd
-75.81
-39.24
-47.27
[24.41]***
[21.84]**
< = -1.5 sd
[22.00]* > -1.5 sd & < = 1.5 sd
-104.71
-36.60
-58.66
[30.03]***
[15.97]**
[19.93]***
< = -2 sd
> -2 sd & < = 2 sd
> 2 sd
-148.47
-36.52
-69.12
[51.38]***
[14.04]**
[19.72]***
> 1.5 sd
Note: Slope coefficients are estimated from a continuous spline specification. Robust standard errors are clustered at the country level. GDP is measured in year 2000 international (PPP) dollars. * p