Idea Transcript
Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
INFECTION CONTROL LEARNING RESOURCE PACK:
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
Sister Julie Kent For: SUHT INFECTION CONTROL TEAM June 2004
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
CONTENTS
Page Introduction to Pack
3-4
Worksheets: Introduction to Standard Precautions & the Chain of Infection.
5-7
Hand Hygiene
8-13
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
14-19
Sharps Safety
20-22
Safe Handling of Blood & Body Fluid Spillages
23-24
Cleaning & Decontamination of Equipment.
25-27
Care of linen
28-30
Disposal of Waste
31-32
References
33
Record of Completion of LRP
34
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
INFECTION CONTROL LEARNING RESOURCE PACK:
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
Introduction to Pack ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Welcome to this learning resource pack (LRP) for infection control mandatory education/ annual update. As part of the requirements of Clinical Governance, all staff must receive an annual update in Infection Control. New staff must also receive information about Infection Control during Induction. This pack has been designed by the Infection Control Team to enable infection control mandatory education to be undertaken on a selfdirected learning basis. N.B. This is the basic level of knowledge needed for good infection control clinical practice. The focus of the LRP is on Standard Infection Control Precautions. The LRP is designed for you to undertake with the purpose of enhancing and developing your knowledge with regard to standard infection control precautions in order to facilitate safe, effective infection control practice and thus prevent the spread of infection. The following topics are covered in this LRP:
Introduction to Standard Precautions & the chain of Infection Hand Hygiene Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Sharps Safety Safe Handling of blood & body fluid spillages Cleaning & Decontamination of Equipment Care of Linen Disposal of Waste & Excreta
In addition, SUHT policies will be focused on throughout the pack as a basis for guiding your practice. Created by kentj1© Standard Precautions - Learning Resource Pack
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
How to use the LRP ………………………………………………………………………………………….. The LRP can be undertaken as a whole, in one go, or as individual worksheets over a period of time. However, it must be remembered that despite being divided into sections, each section must be viewed as integral with the others to view Standard Precautions as a whole. Evidence of completion of the LRP should be kept by your manager or directorate education lead. You are therefore required to complete the record sheet that can be found on page 34, as you progress through the pack. Content ………………………………………………………………………………………….. The LRP contains a variety of materials – text, activities and reading, which have been developed to facilitate your learning and progression through the pack. Throughout the pack you will need to refer to identified SUHT policies that can be found in the infection control folder located in your clinical area or downloaded from the SUHTranet. In order to demonstrate that the learning outcomes have been met, activities are included for you to complete. You can check your learning and understanding against the answer sheets provided for each worksheet that can be found in the accompanying answer pack. Aims and Learning Outcome. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Aim: To develop and enhance knowledge and practice of Standard Infection Control Precautions, in order to facilitate the implementation of safe, effective infection control practice. Learning outcome: •
To understand and implement Precautions in practice.
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Standard
Infection
Control
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
Introduction to Standard Precautions & the Chain of Infection Within the hospital setting both patients and Healthcare workers are at risk of acquiring infection. Risk to patients. Emmerson et al (1996) identified that approximately 1 in 10 patients acquire an infection in hospital. However, patients will also develop an infection after they leave hospital. Risk to staff Gould & Brooker (2000) identify that infection is an occupational health risk for health professionals, the most serious threat being exposure to blood and body fluids leading to infection with blood borne viruses, e.g. HIV, Hepatitis B. E.g. Staff who have an accidental inoculation injury, have a 30% risk of developing Hepatitis B when the source patient is infected (UK Health Departments 1998).
Infection prevention and control is designed to protect you, patients, visitors and your colleagues.
We are all responsible for infection prevention and control.
Transmission of infection is considered as part of a cycle- ‘The Chain of Infection’. In order to prevent the transmission of infection it is necessary to break the chain.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
The Chain of Infection The transmission of infection can be considered as part of a cycle, which will continue as long as all of the following elements are in place:
The micro organism e.g. MRSA, C.diff
Person vulnerable to infection, reduced immunity, presence of invasive devices
e.g. an infected or colonised person, or contaminated equipment.
SOURCE
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
RESERVOIR
PORTAL OF ENTRY
Ingestion (faecal oral), inhalation (respiratory equipment), inoculation (via break in skin)
MODE OF SPREAD
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Body fluid (faeces, urine, Respiratory secretions, blood etc.)
E.g. Hands, Contaminated equipment.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
How to Break the Chain
‘Use Standard Precautions’. Used correctly they help to prevent the spread of infection from staff to patient, patient to staff and patient to patient.
What are Standard Precautions? Standard precautions are the basic principles of infection control that should underpin safe practice, in order to protect both staff and patients from infection: These include:
Hand Hygiene Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Sharps Safety Safe Handling of blood & body fluid spillages Cleaning & Decontamination of Equipment Care of Linen Disposal of Waste & Excreta
These basic standards of infection control should be used in the care of all patients at all times.
REMEMBER: You are personally responsible for implementing standard precautions in your personal practice to reduce the risk of infection to yourself, your colleagues and your patients.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
HAND HYGIENE
Activity 1 1. Read the SUHT Hand Hygiene Policy 2. Locate a hand hygiene poster demonstrating the steps of effective hand hygiene.
The hands play a major role in the transmission of infection. Effective hand hygiene is the single most effective method of preventing the spread of infection. Micro-organisms are commonly found on the skin and can be described as: Resident Flora Normal flora or ‘commensal organisms’, forming part of the body’s normal defence mechanisms, and protecting the skin from invasion by more harmful micro-organisms. They rarely cause disease and are of minor significance in routine clinical situations. However, during surgery or other invasive procedures they may enter deep tissues and establish infections. Removal is desirable in these situations. Transient Flora Those acquired by touch from the environment e.g. touching patients, laundry, equipment etc. They are located superficially on the skin, readily transmitted to the next thing touched, and are responsible for the majority of healthcare acquired infection. They are easily removed by hand washing.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
Activity 2
Make a list of when should you carry out hand hygiene
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hands must be decontaminated immediately before each and every episode of direct patient contact/care and after any activity or contact that potentially results in hands becoming contaminated. (Pratt et al 2001)
When to carry out hand hygiene • • • • • • • • • •
Before commencing work/after leaving clinical area Before and after direct contact with patients Before and after handling food Before handling medicines After contact with blood or body fluids Before donning and after removing gloves Before and after using the toilet Before performing aseptic procedures, e.g. catheterisation, wound dressings Before handling invasive devices, e.g. central venous catheters After handling linen
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
Hand hygiene includes • • •
Hand washing with soap and water Use of alcohol hand rubs and gels Surgical hand scrub
Activity 3
How would you decontaminate your hands in the following circumstances?
1. After removing soiled bed linen. Soap and water
ٱ
Alcohol gel
ٱ
Alcohol gel
ٱ
Alcohol gel
ٱ
2. Between patient observations. Soap and water
ٱ
3. Before handling food. Soap and water
ٱ
4. After emptying a urinary catheter bag. Soap and water
ٱ
Alcohol gel
ٱ
5. After cleaning up a blood spillage. Soap and water
ٱ
Alcohol gel
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
6. Before administering intravenous antibiotics. Soap and water
ٱ
Alcohol gel
ٱ
REMEMBER! All surfaces of the hands must be decontaminated during hand hygiene (soap and water and/or alcohol gel)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Compliance
It has been shown that hospital personnel wash their hands after contact with patients on only 41% of the occasions when hand washing was indicated. (Albert & Condie, 1981) Activity 4 How would you overcome the following obstacles to effective hand hygiene?
1. Lack of time
2.
No paper towels
2.
No hand towels
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
3.
Sink obstructed, e.g. medicine pots
4.
Soap/alcohol dispensers empty
5.
Wearing of rings or wristwatches
6.
Long or false nails.
If you identify any of these obstacles in your clinical area, discuss them with your line manager.
REMEMBER! Your skin is your defence to infection. Keep your skin in good condition by drying your hands properly and using a moisturiser regularly. Report any skin problems to Occupational Health.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
Activity 5
AND FINALLY Referring to the Hand Hygiene Poster, go to a sink and carry out effective hand hygiene. Ask a colleague to observe your practice.
--------------------------------------------------------
REMEMBER! Effective hand hygiene saves lives!
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
The aim of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) is: • To protect the Health Care Worker (HCW) from occupational exposure to blood and body fluids. • To protect patients from infection Activity 1
Consider the area in which you practice. List the protective clothing that is available to you?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------The following protective clothing must be available in all a clinical areas at all times: • • • • •
Plastic aprons Sterile and non-sterile gloves Eye Protection (minimum requirement – goggles) Face Protection (minimum requirement – face masks) Water impervious gowns.
If you are unable to locate these in your clinical area, discuss with your manager.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
RISK ASSESSMENT PPE is used in addition to normal clothing and is designed to protect both the patient and healthcare workers from the potential risks of cross infection, particularly from exposure to blood borne viruses, e.g., Hepatitis B and HIV.
“Select protective equipment on the basis of an assessment of the risk of
transmission of micro organisms to the patient, and the risk of contamination of health care practitioners’ clothing and skin by patients’ blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions.” (Pratt et al, 2001)
The type of protective clothing worn should be based on a risk assessment of the task / clinical intervention to be undertaken.
P r o t e c t iv e C lo t h in g – R is k A s s e s s m e n t T o o l A s s e s s R is k o f T a s k N o B lo o d / B o d y
B lo o d / B o d y F lu id
B lo o d / B o d y F lu i d
F lu id
L o w R is k o f S p la s h in g
H ig h R is k o f S p la s h in g
N o P r o t e c t iv e
L a t e x * g lo v e s , P la s t ic A p r o n s
L a t e x * g lo v e s , P la s t ic A p r o n s E y e p r o t e c t io n S u r g ic a l f a c e m a s k W ate rproof gow n
C lo t h in g
These are the minimum requirements for Standard precautions. Specific guidance is available for other PPE that may be required in specific situations such as caring for patients with known infections. There is additional guidance on PPE in policies on the Suhtranet such as the Isolation Policy, SARS Policy and Tuberculosis Policy.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
GLOVES The aim of wearing gloves is to protect users hands from becoming contaminated with blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions. Activity 2 Answer the following: 1. Hands must be decontaminated prior to putting gloves on. True / False 2. A single pair of gloves can be used for multiple interventions / procedures. True / False 3. Gloves should be disposed of in clinical waste bag
True /False
4. Hand hygiene must be performed following glove removal True / False 5. Alcohol gel should never be used on gloved hands
True / False
GOWNS AND APRONS The aim of wearing either a fluid repellent apron or gown is to protect the healthcare workers clothing/ uniform from contamination with microorganisms, blood and body fluids, secretions and excretions, and protect the patient from micro-organisms. Activity 3 Answer the following: 1. A full body gown should be worn when there is a risk of extensive splashing of blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions onto the skin of healthcare practitioners. True/False 2. Aprons or gowns must be worn as single use items for one procedure or episode of patient care. True / False
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
3. Used apron/ gowns must be disposed of as clinical waste. True/False 4. Hand hygiene must be performed following removal and disposal of apron/gowns. True/False 5. With the colour coded apron system, what colour aprons should be worn for the following? a. General ward work/activities ……………………………………. b. Food Handling ……………………………………. c. Sluice/sanitary areas …………………………………….. d. Isolation Care ……………………………………..
FACIAL / EYE PROTECTION (Face Masks; Goggles; Visors; Face Shields). The aim of wearing facial protection is to protect the eyes, nose and mouth of the healthcare worker from contamination/ potential exposure to blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions, and chemicals. (NB. refer to specific guidance on the use of masks for infectious cases such as TB). Activity 4 Answer the following: 1. Facial protection should be used for one patient episode only. True/False 2. Disposable facial protection must be disposed of as domestic waste. True/False 3. Reusable facial protection can be cleaned and if necessary disinfected as per Trust policy. True/False 4. Masks should have a fluid repellent layer
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True/False
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
5. Hand hygiene does not need to performed following removal of facial protection. True/False ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Activity 5 Complete the following table:
Activity
Protective Clothing Required. (Include colour of apron and type of gloves)
Assisting with Patient hygiene needs. Handing out patient meals.
Emptying a urinary catheter bag.
Sealing used linen bags in the sluice
Bed Making
Suctioning a patient.
Changing a wound dressing
Clearing spillage
up
a
large
blood
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
REMEMBER: PPE must be worn for your own protection as well as that of your patient
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
SHARPS SAFETY
Activity 1
1. Read the SUHT Sharps Safety Policy (July 2003)
Read again the ten key points in safe handling of sharps. 1. Do not re-sheath needles. 2. In exceptional circumstances, if resheating cannot be avoided, use a specific resheathing/removing device. 3. Always get help when using sharps with a confused or agitated patient. 4. Never pass sharps from person to person by hand – use a receptacle or ‘clear field’ to place them in. 5. Never walk around with sharps in your hand. 6. Never leave sharps lying around – dispose of them yourself. 7. Dispose of sharps at the point of use – take a sharps bin with you. 8. Dispose of syringes and needles as a single unit – do not remove the needle first. 9. When transporting a blood gas syringe, remove the needle using a removal device and attach a blind hub prior to transport. 10. Use needleless intravenous devices whenever possible, where available.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
REMEMBER!
Sharps injuries are avoidable
Activity 2
Consider the following obstacles to safe sharps practice and the actions necessary to overcome them.
1.
No sharps bin available.
ACTION:
2.
Sharps bin too full.
ACTION:
3.
Patient needing injection is confused and agitated.
ACTION:
4.
I do not know my hepatitis status
ACTION:
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
5.
The sharps bin is on the floor
ACTION:
If you identify any of these obstacles in your clinical area, discuss them with your line manager.
REMEMBER! Healthcare workers have contracted blood-borne viruses (Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B and HIV) as a result of a sharps injury. Several have died, and many more have suffered severe health consequences.
Activity 3 FINALLY Locate your Sharps Safety Poster and the Needlestick Hotline Number.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
SAFE HANDLING OF BLOOD & BODY FLUID SPILLAGES All blood or body fluids can potentially contain blood borne viruses or other pathogens, therefore dealing with spills of blood or body fluid may expose the healthcare worker to these blood borne viruses or other pathogens. The task can be carried out more safely if any pathogens in the spillage are first destroyed by a disinfectant (Coates & Wilson 1989). Activity 1 Locate the SUHT Cleaning & Decontamination Policy (1998) and read the sections that apply to blood and body fluid spillage management. Now answer the following questions: 1. What is the name of the disinfectant that should be used to decontaminate blood or blood stained body fluid spillages? 2. What two forms of the disinfectant should be available in the clinical area? 3. Are they available in your clinical area? 4. What strength of the disinfectant should be used to decontaminate blood or blood stained body fluid spillages? 5. How many tablets must be dissolved in a litre of water to make up this strength? 6. What protective clothing should be worn when dealing with blood and body fluid spillages? 7. How should waste contaminated with blood and body fluids be disposed of?
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
Activity 2 Read the following procedure for dealing with blood or blood stained body fluid spillages.
Procedure for dealing with blood or blood stained body fluid spillages. •
• • • •
Blood/blood stained body fluids 10,000 ppm Chlorine (Sodium dichloroisocyanurate –‘Sanichlor / Actichlor’) Non Blood stained/non infected spills detergent & hot water Wear protective clothing Ensure Adequate ventilation of area Clinical Waste disposal
Small spillages (no greater in surface area than opened paper hand towel) use: POWDER/GRANULES (Sanichlor or Actichlor) • Assess level of protective clothing required • • • • •
•
Cover spillage with powder Leave for 3 mins. Clear up spillage using paper towel/cloth Dispose of as clinical waste Clean area with detergent and water
Do not use on urine, carpets or large volume spillages – use Tablets
Large Spillages (spillage cannot be covered by an opened paper hand towel) use: TABLETS (Sanichlor) • Assess level of protective clothing required • • • • •
• •
Make solution – 10 tablets/1 litre water Blot up spillage with paper towel/cloth Wet area with solution & leave for 3 mins Blot up disinfectant Dispose of clinical waste Clean area with Detergent & water
Do not use on urine, carpets
Refer to ‘Cleaning & Decontamination Policy’
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
CLEANING & DECONTAMINATION OF EQUIPMENT Safe decontamination of equipment between patients is an essential part of routine infection control. The transmission of infection in association with equipment has been recognised as a problem since micro-organisms were first perceived as the cause of infection (Wilson 2003). A combination of re-usable and single use equipment is used in the hospital setting. • It is vital that re – usable equipment is adequately decontaminated between each patient to prevent the transmission of infection. • It is important to remember that single use items must not be reused. There are three levels of decontamination: STERILISATION: Removes all micro-organisms, including spores. DISINFECTION: Reduces the numbers of micro-organisms but not usually bacterial spores. CLEANING : Physical removal of organic material and many micro-organisms. The decision to clean, disinfect or sterilise is dependent on the risk of infection associated with the item involved, as demonstrated in the table below. Decontamination according to associated risks: RISK
HIGH RISK
INTERMEDIATE RISK
LOW RISK
APPLICATION OF ITEM • In close contact with a break in the skin or mucous membrane • Introduced into sterile body site • In contact with mucous membranes • Contaminated with particularly virulent or readily transmissible organisms • Prior to use on highly susceptible patients, e.g. immunocompromised patients. • •
In contact with healthy intact skin Not in contact with patient
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METHOD Sterilization
EXAMPLES. Surgical instruments
(or use single use disposable) Sterilization or disinfection
Respiratory & anaesthetic equipment, endoscopes.
(or use single use disposable)
Cleaning may be acceptable in some agreed situations. Cleaning
Commodes, wash bowls, baths.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
Activity 1 Locate and read the SUHT Cleaning & Decontamination Policy (1998) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------CLEANING •
The majority of re usable equipment in the ward setting is low risk and will only require cleaning with detergent and water or
detergent based wipes.
•
Equipment must be dried following cleaning, as bacteria will thrive in a moist environment.
•
In some circumstances items may need to be cleaned with a chlorine based cleaner, e.g. Baths that are soiled with blood or blood stained body fluids or used by a patient with a known infection risk.
•
Items contaminated with blood / blood stained body fluids must be cleaned / disinfected with a chlorine releasing disinfectant, including blood spillages.
•
Moving & Handling equipment must be single patient use and sent to laundry for cleaning between patient uses.
•
ALL equipment must be cleaned between patient use, e.g. beds, observation equipment, commodes
“Where a piece of equipment is used for more than one patient, e.g. commode, bath hoist, it must be cleaned following each and every episode of use” (Pratt et al 2001).
REMEMBER Equipment should be cleaned & dried between every patient use. If you have used that piece of equipment it is your responsibility to clean it.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
Activity 2 For each of the following pieces of equipment, list how you would decontaminate them from the following options: Clean with detergent & water, disinfect with alcohol, disinfect with hydrex spray, send to hospital laundry, clean in dishwasher, disinfect with chlorine disinfectant or cleaner, send for sterilisation, dispose of. EQUIPMENT
ACTION
Commode Bladder Syringe Medicine pot Hoist sling Suture set Bed frame PAT slide Bath (following use by a patient with a known infection) Wash bowl Dressing Trolley Dynamap and Cuff Blood stained mattress Bed pan holder
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
CARE OF LINEN
Used hospital linen may be contaminated with micro-organisms that cause infections. The most important measures to prevent transfer of these organisms are: • • • • •
Careful handling of linen e.g. remove with care/wear protective clothing. Hand hygiene after handling used linen. Disposal into a linen skip at the point of removal. Appropriate segregation and storage. Laundering in an appropriate facility.
Activity Locate and read 1. SUHT Used linen policy 2. Care of Linen Poster A. Answer the following questions: 1. All used linen should be laundered by the dedicated Trust laundry facility. True / False 2. Moving and handling equipment may be laundered in ward washing machines. True / False
B. Identify the correct bags for disposing of the following used linen (Tick correct option) 1. Non- soiled bed linen. Water soluble+ Red Plastic Water soluble+ Green Plastic
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White Plastic Purple Plastic + record card
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
2. Bed linen soiled with urine/ faeces. Water soluble+ Red Plastic Water soluble+ Green Plastic
White Plastic Purple Plastic + record card
3. Non – soiled linen from a patient who is MRSA positive. Water soluble+ Red Plastic Water soluble+ Green Plastic
White Plastic Purple Plastic + record card
4. Linen contaminated with a small spot of blood. Water soluble+ Red Plastic Water soluble+ Green Plastic
White Plastic Purple Plastic + record card
5. Non – soiled hoist sling. Water soluble+ Red Plastic Water soluble+ Green Plastic
White Plastic Purple Plastic + record card
6. Uncontaminated bed linen from a patient with infective diarrhoea. Water soluble+ Red Plastic Water soluble+ Green Plastic
White Plastic Purple Plastic + record card
7. Moving & handling slide sheet contaminated with faeces. Water soluble+ Red Plastic Water soluble+ Green Plastic
White Plastic Purple Plastic + record card
8. Uncontaminated linen from theatre Water soluble+ Red Plastic Water soluble+ Green Plastic
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White Plastic Purple Plastic + record card
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
REMEMBER: By not caring for linen appropriately you are potentially putting yourselves, patients and others, e.g. laundry workers, at risk.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
DISPOSAL OF WASTE & EXCRETA WASTE Waste from hospitals may be toxic, hazardous or infectious and therefore needs to be properly segregated, handled, transported and disposed of to ensure that it does not harm staff, patients, the public or the environment (Wilson 2003). Activity 1 Locate and read the SUHT Waste disposal poster. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------All staff have a ‘Duty of Care’ to ensure that waste is segregated and disposed of correctly. Types of Waste: Clinical Waste – Any item contaminated with blood or body fluids. Sharps Domestic Waste – All other items of waste e.g. flowers, newspapers, paper towels, wrappings from dressing packs etc. Activity 2 Answer the following questions: Q1. What colour bag would you use to dispose? A. Clinical Waste? B. Domestic Waste? Q2. What would the following items be disposed as? (tick correct option) Item Clinical Waste Domestic Waste A. Incontinent pad (soiled) B Paper hand towels used in an isolation room C Protective clothing (e.g. gloves & aprons) D Dressing removed from wound E Newspapers from a patient in isolation Created by kentj1© Standard Precautions - Learning Resource Pack
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
F G H
Flowers Wrappings from IV giving set Sputum pot
EXCRETA Excreta and other body fluids can contain considerable numbers of potential pathogens and must be discarded safely to minimise the risk of transmission of infection to others (Wilson, 1995). Excreta must be discarded directly into the macerator or toilet. Activity 3 Answer the following question:
Q. What actions would you take if the macerator in your clinical
was not working?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REMEMBER Protective clothing must be worn when handling body fluids or items contaminated with body fluids.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
REFERENCES
ALBERT, R.K & CONDIE, F. (1981)’ Handwashing Patterns in Medical Intensive Care Units’ In: ICNA, (2002) Guidelines for Hand Hygiene. UK:ICNA COATES, D and WILSON, M (1989). Use of dichloroisocyanurate granules for spills of body fluids. In: Wilson (1995), Infection Control in clinical Practice. London: Balliere Tindall. EMMERSON, A.M.et al., (1996). ‘The second National prevalence survey of infection in hospitals’. Journal of Hospital Infection. 32 (3), pp. 175-190.
GOULD & BROOKER (2000) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Applied
Microbiology
for
Nurses.
LARSON, E. (1989). ‘Handwashing: It’s essential – even when you use gloves’. In: ICNA, (2002) Guidelines for Hand Hygiene. UK:ICNA LARSON, E (1985). ‘Handwashing and skin physiologic and bacteriologic aspects’. In: ICNA, (2002) Guidelines for Hand Hygiene. UK:ICNA PRATT, R.J. et al (2001). ‘The epic project: Developing national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare associated Infections’. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 47(supplement). UK HEALTH DEPARTMENTS (1998). Guidance for Clinical Health Care Workers: Protection against infection with blood borne viruses – Recommendations of the Expert Advisory Group on AIDS and the Advisory Group on Hepatitis. London: Department of Health
WILSON, J., (1995), Infection Control in clinical Practice. London: Balliere Tindall. WILSON, J., (2003), Infection Control in clinical Practice. London: Balliere Tindall.
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Record of Completion of Infection Control Learning Resource Pack.
Section
Date Completed
Signature
Introduction to Standard Precautions & the Chain of Infection Hand Hygiene Personal Protective Equipment Sharps Safety Safe Handling of blood & body fluid spillages Cleaning & Decontamination of Equipment Care of Linen Disposal of Waste
Name: Grade/Job Title:
Area:
I confirm that I have completed this learning resource pack as my annual infection control update. Signature: Date:
Please hand this form to your manager on completion of this learning resource pack.
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Infection Control Learning Resource Pack – Standard Precautions.
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