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Infection Control 66,480 views Share Like Download ...
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Infection control
- Goal of infection control is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases
- Infe... Follow Published on Jan 13, 2010
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Infection - Generalized or systemic (throughout the body)
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Infection Control 1. 1. 1190L NURSING SKILLS LAB Infection Control Justine Clegg, MS, LM, CPM, LMHC Chair/Professor Emeritus Miami Dade College Midwifery Program 97 total slides 2. 2. Infection control - Goal of infection control is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases
- Infectious disease is any disease caused by the growth of pathogens in the body
- Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms (germs)
- Infectious diseases can cause unnecessary pain, suffering and death
97 total slides 3. 3. Maintain a safe environment - Follow specific polices and procedures designed to reduce risk of transferring infectious diseases
- Prevent pathogens from being transmitted:
- Patient to client, staff to client, client to staff, staff to staff
- Improperly cleaned instruments and equipment
97 total slides 4. 4. Infection - Generalized or systemic (throughout the body)
- Localized (affecting one part of the body)
- Signs and symptoms of infection:
- Systemic: headaches, fever, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, increased pulse and respiration
- Localized: History of infection control
- 1843 Oliver Wendell Holmes: contagious disease or communicable disease can be spread ... redness, swelling, painful, warm to the touch
97 total slides 5. 5. Microbiology - Microbiology: the study of microorganisms
- Microorganisms are one celled animals or plants invisible to the eye, can only be seen with a microscope
- 1600s: Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope
- 1800s: Louis Pasteur developed germ theory. Stated that microorganisms, called bacteria, cause specific diseases in humans and animals
97 total slides 6. 6. History of infection control - 1843 Oliver Wendell Holmes: contagious disease or communicable disease can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another through contaminated hands
- Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis observed high mortality rate from MDs going from morgue to patients’ bedside without washing hands
- 1864 Joseph Lister: developed surgical aseptic technique to prevent wound contamination
97 total slides 7. 7. Facts about microorganisms - Normal flora (microorganisms) are found on skin, in the intestines and vagina
- Some are necessary to maintain normal bodily functions
- Escherichia coli (E. coli):
- Aids the digestive process in the colon
- Can cause infection in the blood or urine; can cause spontaneous abortion
97 total slides 8. 8. Facts about microorganisms - Some microorganisms are part of the normal flora but have no beneficial role
- Normally they do no harm unless the person is susceptible to infection due to supression of the body’s immune response
- The immune response: the body fights infection by producing antibodies (protective proteins that combat pathogens)
97 total slides 9. 9. Facts about microorganisms - Antibiotics are drugs which inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms
- They also suppress the body’s normal flora and create an imbalance that can decrease the body’s ability to resist other infections
- Age, overall health, stress, nutrition and drugs can also weaken the body
- Opportunistic infections take advantage of the body’s weakened state to grow
97 total slides 10. 10. Growth of microorganisms - Aerobic – require oxygen to live
- Anerobic – do not require oxygen to live
- Many microorganisms thrive in warm, moist, dark environments like the human body which becomes a host to the microorganism
- Symbiosis – the host benefits
- Neutralism – no damage is done to the host
- Parasitic – the host is damaged, the pathogen causing damage is called the parasite
97 total slides 11. 11. Types of microbes - Microbe – a pathogenic microorganism
- Classifications of plant and animal microbes:
97 total slides 12. 12. Bacteria - Either pathogenic or non-pathogenic
- Many produce toxins (poisonous substances)
- Most bacteria are aerobic (need oxygen) and grow best in moderate temperatures
- A group of bacteria growing in one place is called a colony
97 total slides Facts about microorganisms - Normal flora (microorganisms) are found on skin, ... 13. 13. Categories of Bacteria
- Bacteria are categorized according to shape
- Each type causes certain conditions and diseases
97 total slides 14. 14. Round/Ovoid Bacteria - Round or ovoid bacteria are called Cocci
- Cocci are further defined by their appearance:
- Micrococci – appear singly
- Diplococci – appear in pairs
- Staphylococci – appear as irregular clusters
- Streptococci – form chains
97 total slides 15. 15. Infections caused by cocci - Micrococci cause skin and wound infections
- Diplococci cause gonorrhea, meningitis and some pneumonias
- Staphylococci are pus-producing and can cause abscesses, boils, wound infections, UTIs and some pneumonias
- Streptococci can cause rheumatic fever and strep throat
97 total slides 16. 16. Rod shaped bacteria - Rod shaped bacteria are called bacilli
- Bacilli are further defined by their appearance
- Coccobacilli – when rods are somewhat oval
- Diplobacilli – appear in pairs
- Streptobacilli – attached end to end to form a chain
- Bacilli diseases: TB, tetanus, pertussis, typhoid fever, botulism and diphtheria
97 total slides 17. 17. Spiral shaped bacteria - Spiral shaped bacteria are defined by their appearance
- Vibrios – form curved rods
- Spirilla: organism is rigid
- Spirochetes: organism is flexible
- Common diseases caused by spiral shaped bacteria are syphilis and cholera
97 total slides 18. 18. Bacteria and locomotion - Cocci are incapable of movement
- Some rod and spiral shaped bacteria have slender whip-like appendages called flagella (singular: flagellum ).
- Flagella enable the bacteria to move.
97 total slides 19. 19. Diagnosing bacterial infections - Essential for proper treatment of infection
- Gram staining: frequently used lab method
- Bacteria are stained with crystal violet
- Type of cell wall determines how it reacts to staining. Three categories of reactions:
- Gram positive: cell wall retains the stain
- Gram negative: cell wall loses the stain
- Acid fast: cell wall retains the stain even when treated with acid
97 total slides 20. 20. Diagnosing bacterial infections - Growing the microorganism in various culture media is also used for diagnosis
- Takes 24-72 hours for colonies to form
- Can identify exact bacteria
- Can choose a more precise antibiotic for a specific bacterium
97 total slides Facts about microorganisms - Some microorganisms are part of the normal flora but have no beneficial role
... 21. 21. Spores: the resting stage - Some bacteria can grow spores
- Spores are thick capsules which the bacteria creates for self-protection
- Spores are created when life-supporting conditions are not favorable
- Bacteria is alive but dormant, difficult to kill, resistant to heat, drying and disinfectants
- Can lie dormant for months or years until conditions are favorable for re-emergence
97 total slides 22. 22. Treating bacterial infections - Almost all bacteria can be destroyed with antibiotics
- Some are antibiotic-resistant, create threat to health care workers and patients
- Extremely high temperatures must be used for sterilization to kill bacterial spores
97 total slides 23. 23. Viruses - Need electron microscope to see them
- Viruses are not whole cells, they depend on other living cells to provide food, nutrients and for reproduction
- They are called obligate intracellular parasites because they can only live inside another living organism
97 total slides 24. 24. Viruses - Over 300 viruses have been identified by researchers
- Some appear to be harmless
- Cause infections like influenza, pneumonia, chicken pox, croup, hepatitis B, AIDS, measles, mumps, polio, herpes, and warts
- Transmitted through blood & body secretions
- Difficult to treat because they are resistant to disinfectants and not killed by antibiotics
97 total slides 25. 25. Fungi - Fungi are a large group of simple plants.
- Two forms of fungi are potential pathogens: yeast and molds
- Thrive in warm, moist, dark conditions
- Cannot produce their own nutrients, must rely on living and dead organic materials
97 total slides 26. 26. Fungi - Many yeasts and molds are non-pathogenic
- Penicillin (antibiotic) is produced from a mold
- Fungi can become pathogenic under the right conditions
- Can create various opportunistic infections:
97 total slides 27. 27. Fungal infections - Cutaneous infections: superficial infections of the skin or mucus membranes, including hair follicles and scalp. Example: ringworm, athlete’s foot
- Systemic infections: Example: histoplasmosis (respiratory disease)
- Difficult or impossible to treat or cure
- Treatment requires medications toxic to humans
97 total slides 28. 28. Rickettsia - Smaller than bacteria, with rod or spherical shapes
- Called obligate intracellular parasites - must live inside cell of another living organism
- Rickettsia transmitted through bites of fleas, lice, ticks and mites
- Diseases: several types of typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Typhus is the only rickettsial infection that can be transferred from 1 human to another
97 total slides 29. 29. Protozoa - The only microorganism classified as an animal.
- Plentiful in the environment – 45,000 different identified types of protozoa
Facts about microorganisms - Antibiotics are drugs which inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms
... - Animal parasites reside in and out of the body
- Seek locations that provide nutrients, warmth and moisture
- Protozoa constantly present in intestines, skin, and mucus membranes of the nose and throat
97 total slides 30. 30. Protozoa - Found in decayed materials, bird and animal feces, water contaminated with sewage waste, food washed in contaminated water or handled by unwashed hands, and insect bites
- Common diseases caused by protozoa: dysentery, trichomonas, toxoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia and malaria
97 total slides 31. 31. Chain of infection - Model of infectious disease transmission
- Six elements must be present for an infection to develop
- 3. Portal of exit from the host
97 total slides 32. 32. Chain of infection 97 total slides Infectious agent Reservoir Host Portal of exit Route of transmission Portal of entry Susceptible host 33. 33. Chain of infection - 1. Infectious agent : a pathogen must be present
- 2. Reservoir host : the pathogen must have a place to live and grow – the human body, contaminated water or food, animals, insects, birds, dead or decaying organic material.
- Humans who can transmit infection but how no signs of the disease are called carriers. Person may be unaware they are a carrier.
97 total slides 34. 34. Chain of infection - 3. Portal of exit : the pathogen must be able to escape from the reservoir host where it has been growing.
- Examples of portals of exit are blood, urine, feces, breaks in the skin, wound drainage, and body secretions like saliva, mucus and reproductive fluids
97 total slides 35. 35. Chain of infection - 4. Route of transmission : When the pathogen leaves the reservoir host through the portal of exit, it must have a way of being transmitted to a new host.
- Examples of routes of transmission are air, food, insects, and direct contact with an infected person
97 total slides 36. 36. Chain of infection - 5. Portal of entry : The pathogen must have a way of entering the new host. Common ports of entry are the mouth, nostrils, and breaks in the skin
- 6. Susceptible host : An individual who has a large number of pathogens invading the body or does not have adequate resistance to the invading pathogen will get the infectious disease
97 total slides 37. 37. Breaking the chain of infection - Breaking at least one link stops the spread of infectious disease
- early recognition of signs of infection
- Rapid, accurate identification of organisms
- Disinfectant/sterilization
97 total slides 38. 38. Breaking the chain of infection - 3. Portal of exit from the host
- Personal protective equipment
Growth of microorganisms - Aerobic – require oxygen to live
- Anerobic – do not require oxygen to ...
- Control of excretions and secretions
97 total slides 39. 39. Breaking the chain of infection - Transmission-based precautions
97 total slides 40. 40. Breaking the chain of infection - Treating underlying diseases
- Recognizing high-risk patients
97 total slides 41. 41. Defense Mechanisms - A number of defense mechanisms exist outside and in the body to break the chain, including decreasing the sources of microorganisms; preventing the transmission of microorganisms; and maximizing the host’s resistance to the microorganism
97 total slides 42. 42. Body’s natural defenses to eliminate/kill pathogens - Cilia - in respiratory tract, catch and move pathogens out of the body
- Coughing/sneezing, to propel pathogens outward
- Tears - contain chemicals to kill bacteria
- Hydrochloric acid in stomach
- Rise in body temperature (fever)
- Leukocyte (white blood cell) production increases, to destroy pathogens
97 total slides 43. 43. Scope of the problem - Health care facilities or “sick care buildings” have higher concentration of microorganisms than a normal environment
- Patients with lowered levels of resistance due to illness
- Health care personnel have frequent contact with body fluids
- Nosocomial infection – contracted by 5-10% of patients while receiving health care
- Results in 80,000 deaths per year
97 total slides 44. 44. Scope of the problem - Industrial illness – a disease contracted by a health care professional during work
- Blood-borne pathogens such as Hepatitis B and HIV can be transmitted through needle sticks
- 800,000 needle sticks occur each year
- Up to 500 health care workers die each year from Hepatitis B
- Follow precautions when performing procedures
- Dispose of all sharps in proper containers
97 total slides 45. 45. Regulatory Agencies - Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Responsible for developing safe guidelines to help prevent and control the spread of infectious diseases
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - Responsible for maintaining minimum health and safety standards for employees
97 total slides 46. 46. Prevention: Medical Asepsis - Medical asepsis (clean technique): procedures to decrease the number and spread of pathogens
- Hand washing, good Types of microbes
- Microbe – a pathogenic microorganism
- Classifications of plant and animal micr... personal hygiene, cleaning rooms between patient use, proper disposal of gloves after contact with body fluids or contaminated objects
97 total slides 47. 47. Prevention: Surgical Asepsis - Surgical asepsis (sterile technique): procedures that completely eliminate the presence of pathogens from objects and areas
- Sterile caps, gowns, masks, and gloves
- Maintaining sterile fields
- Disposing of contaminated materials
97 total slides 48. 48. Breaking chain of infection - Most important concept: breaking at least one link stops the infectious disease
- Chain of infection summarized into 3 components:
- Source of infecting microorganisms (1 & 2)
- Means of transmission for the micro-organisms (3, 4 & 5)
97 total slides 49. 49. Breaking chain of infection - Decrease the sources of infecting microorganisms (1 & 2)
- Prevent means of transmission for the micro-organisms (3, 4 & 5)
- Maximize the resistance of the host (6)
97 total slides 50. 50. Methods to decrease the source of microorganisms - Perform proper hand washing
- Decontaminate surfaces and equipment with antiseptics, disinfectants and sterilization procedures
- Avoid contact with patients and others when harboring infectious microorganisms
97 total slides 51. 51. Preventing transmission of microorganisms - Wear PPE – personal protective equipment: caps, gloves, gowns masks, booties and eye protection
- Follow isolation procedures when indicated
- Take additional precautions when working with patients who have highly contagious diseases. Don’t ignore posted signs.
97 total slides 52. 52. Maintaining resistance - Provide and practice good hygiene
- Ensure proper nutrition and fluid intake
- Decrease stressors – physical and psychosocial - that weaken the immune response
- What can you do in your life to increase resistance to disease-causing pathogens?
97 total slides 53. 53. Standard Precautions - Follow at all times and apply to every patient
- To prevent contact with potentially infectious body fluids: blood, secretions, excretions, non-intact skin and mucous membranes
97 total slides 54. 54. Handwashing - Perform proper handwashing techniques:
- when coming on the clinical site
- when taking a break or leaving work
- before gloving and after ungloving
- before and after touching your face
- after contact with any contaminants
- before touching items considered clean
97 total slides 55. 55. Handwashing - See Practical Skills Guide for Midwifery:
- Procedure – step-by-step how to do it
- Explain why is it important to know Bacteria
- Either pathogenic or non-pathogenic
- (1) the procedure – what to do
- (2) the rationale – the reason you do it that way, why each step is important
97 total slides 56. 56. Personal Protective Equipment - Includes gloves, masks, protective eyewear, gowns, caps and shoes
- Use appropriate PPE in situations that could cause infection to you or your client
- Use clean, non-sterile gloves when handling blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, contaminated items, mucous membranes and non-intact skin
97 total slides 57. 57. Gloves - Change gloves between tasks/procedures on the same client if there is contact with material that may contain a high concentration of microorganisms (ex: feces)
- Remove gloves promptly after use, before touching non-contaminated items and environmental surfaces and before taking care of another patient
- After removing gloves, wash your hands
97 total slides 58. 58. Face Protection - Face protection: Mask, Eye Protection and Face Shield
- Hospital workers wear a mask and eye protection or a face shield to protect mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth during procedures that could involve splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions.
97 total slides 59. 59. Gowns - Gowns may be cloth or paper
- Paper gowns are disposable
- Some clinical sites provide gowns to clients for physical exams
- A clean, non-sterile gown protects skin and prevents soiling clothing during procedures that could involve splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions.
- Follow the procedures on your clinical site(s)
97 total slides 60. 60. Removing a Gown - Remove a soiled gown as promptly as possible
- Fold front of gown into itself, outside in
- Place cloth gowns in a closed receptacle marked with the biohazard symbol to be picked up, laundered and re-used
- Place paper gowns in a closed waste can in a red plastic bag marked with the biohazard symbol
- Wash hands promptly to avoid transferring microorganisms
97 total slides 61. 61. Client care equipment - Handle used/soiled client care equipment to prevent skin, mucous membranes and clothing from exposure to blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions which could be transferred to other patients and environments
- Reusable equipment must be properly cleaned and reprocessed before being used on another client
- Discard single-use items appropriately
97 total slides 62. 62. Environmental Control - Follow procedures for the routine care, cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces, beds, bedside equipment, and other frequently touched surfaces
- For used linen that is soiled with blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions – fold with soiled surface in, handle to prevent exposing skin, mucous membranes and clothing which could transfer microorganisms to other environments, and place in designated biohazardous medical waste receptacle
97 total slides 63. 63. Occupational Health and Blood-Borne Pathogens - Take care to prevent injuries when using and cleaning/disposing of “sharps” - needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments
- Place used disposable syringes, needles and scalpel blades in appropriate puncture-resistant containers
- Containers should be located Categories of Bacteria
- Bacteria are categorized according to shape
- Each type causes certain cond... close by for convenient disposal
- Placer reusable syringes and needles in a puncture resistant container for transport to be reprocessed (sterilized)
97 total slides 64. 64. Occupational Health and Blood-Borne Pathogens - Follow facility policies on how to handle contaminated needles
- If the facility allows recapping (for example, drawing up from a multi-dose vial), use either a one-handed “scoop” technique or a mechanical device to hold the needle sheath
- Do not remove used needles from disposable syringes by hand
- Do not bend, break or manipulate used needles
97 total slides 65. 65. Occupational Health and Blood-Borne Pathogens - Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or other ventilation devices as an alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation methods.
- Keep these devices available in areas where clients may need to be resuscitated (ie, birth rooms)
97 total slides 66. 66. Self-inflating resuscitation bag (Ambu bag) 97 total slides 67. 67. Using a flow inflating resuscitation bag on a baby 97 total slides 68. 68. Environmental control - Follow facility infection control procedures for cleaning the environment, jacuzzi tubs, etc.
- Use Transmission-Based Precautions:
97 total slides 69. 69. Airborne Precautions - Airborne droplets or dust particles containing infectious agents can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time
- Air currents can blow them long distances
- Can be emitted during talking, sneezing, coughing and whispering
- Examples: Mycobaterium tuberculosis, Rubeola (measles) and Varicella (chicken pox)
97 total slides 70. 70. Droplet Precautions - Propelled short distances through the air
- Deposited on host’s conjunctiva, nasal mucosa or mouth
- Can be emitted during talking, sneezing, coughing and during procedures like suctioning and bronchoscopy
- Examples: streptococcal pharyngitis, mumps, influenza, rubella, some some pneumonias, meningitis and sepsis
97 total slides 71. 71. Contact Precautions - Most important and frequent mode of transmission for nosocomial infections
- Nosocomial = originates/takes place in hospital or other health care facility
- Nosocomial infection = the client gets it as a result of being in the health care facility
- Example: herpes (HSV), impetigo, scabies, some gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin and wound infections
- Direct-contact & Indirect-contact transmission
97 total slides 72. 72. - Direct Contact Transmission
- Occurs when touching the infected client’s dry skin during client care activities like giving a massage
- Can occur between two clients: a source of the infecting micro-organism and a susceptible host
- Indirect contact transmission
- Occurs when Round/Ovoid Bacteria
- Round or ovoid bacteria are called Cocci
- Cocci are further defined by thei... a contaminated object is touched.
- For example, coming in contact with needles, instruments, environmental surfaces or client care items.
97 total slides 73. 73. Double-bagging technique - Used when disposing of medical waste from clients with infections (ex HIV)
- Health care worker “A”, wearing proper PPE, takes the contaminated bag from the area
- “ A” slips it into another bag held by co-worker “B”
- “ B” does not touch the contaminated bag
- “ A” does not touch the clean bag
- The bags are labeled according to the facility policy with hazardous waste or linen markers to alert to the need for special handling
97 total slides 74. 74. Sterilization - Chemical agents and physical methods used to destroy or inhibit growth of pathogens
- Bacteriostatic – inhibits growth
- Bacteriocidal/germicidal – kills microorganisms
- Antiseptics – bacteriostatic chemical agents, mild enough to use on skin: 70% isopropyl alcohol
- Disinfectants – destroy most bacteria and viruses. Used for instruments that do not penetrate the skin and for cleaning the environment – floors, bathrooms, equipment
97 total slides 75. 75. Disinfectants - Chemical disinfectants can be harmful to the skin. When using chemical disinfectants follow manufacturer’s directions for dilution and for antidoting any exposure
- 10% household bleach in water meets OSHA requirements, kills HBV, HIV and TB
- Soaking for 20-30 minutes in 70% isopropyl alcohol acts as a disinfectant: used for some instruments, glass thermometers
- Boiling instruments in water: cover and boil in “rolling water” for 20 mins. Rarely used today.
97 total slides 76. 76. Sterilization - Agents/methods that totally destroy all microorganisms including viruses and spores
- Include chemical agents, gas, radiation, dry or moist heat under pressure
- Most common method used is the autoclave, which sterilizes by steam created by a pressurized heating system
- Small units used in a medical office; large units used in hospitals
97 total slides 77. 77. Surgical Asepsis – Sterile Technique - Aseptic: free from pathogenic microorganisms
- Sterile Technique: refers to a group pf principles and procedures designed to eliminate pathogens
- Sterile field: an area designated as free from microorganisms
- Example: a sterile towel placed on a clean, dry surface – the towel becomes the sterile field
- Consider the field as a 3-dimensional area
97 total slides 78. 78. Maintaining a sterile field - Field should be above the waist height
- Do not bring contaminants into the field
- Actions that contaminate the field: touching it, allowing it to become wet, reaching across it, talking or coughing directly over the surface
- Work to the side of the field
- Sterile gloves come in sealed packages that must be opened at the edge of the sterile field and placed onto the field
- See PSGM Skills Book to put on sterile gloves
97 total slides 79. 79. Blood borne diseases - HBV and HIV: put health care workers at risk
- Transmitted by infected blood, mucous, secretions, excretions, any moist body Infections caused by cocci
- Micrococci cause skin and wound infections
- Diplococci cause gonorrhea... fluid (except sweat)
- Parenteral – blood transfusion, needle sharing, stick by needle or other sharp instrument
- Mucous membranes – eye or mouth
- Perinatal – from infected mother to her baby
97 total slides 80. 80. HBV - When infected with HBV, the liver becomes inflamed and can be destroyed
- Symptoms range from mild to severe -jaundice (yellowing of the eyes, skin, mucous membranes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, joint pain, rash and fever
- Prevention: HBV vaccine, use of PPE, preventing puncture injuries, disinfecting and sterilizing equipment and environments
97 total slides 81. 81. HBV vaccine - OSHA requires employers to provide the HBV vaccine free for employees with exposure risk
- A series of 3 doses given over 6 months
- Induce protective antibody levels in 85 – 97% of healthy adults
- Blood test can determine antibody levels
- An employee has the right to refuse the HBV vaccine but must sign a form to release the facility from responsibility if the health care worker becomes infected
97 total slides 82. 82. HIV - The Human Immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS
- HIV virus destroys cells in the host that are vital to the immune system function
- Testing: tests for HIV antibodies
- Most infected people test positive within 6-12 weeks up to 6 months from exposure
- HIV positive = infected with the virus, can transmit to others even if non-symptomatic
- AIDS = weakened immune system
97 total slides 83. 83. AIDS - Most but not all HIV infected people will eventually develop AIDS and die from “opportunistic infections” such as PCP (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)
- Signs and symptoms of AIDS: weakness, chronic fever, night sweats, swelling of lymph nodes, weight loss and diarrhea
- Managed by treating symptoms with antiviral drugs and a healthy supportive lifestyle
97 total slides 84. 84. HIV transmission - HIV has been isolated from blood, semen, breast milk, vaginal secretions, saliva, tears, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and amniotic fluid
- Only blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk have been proven to transmit HIV
- Transmission not through casual contact:
- Parenteral – blood transfusion, needle stick
- Mucous membranes – eye or mouth
- Perinatal – from infected mother to baby
97 total slides 85. 85. HIV transmission - HIV is NOT transmitted through:
- Sharing household facilities, food, eating utensils, plates, drinking glasses or towels
- Hugging and kissing on the cheek
- Mosquitoes or other animals
- Infection from exposure is determined by:
- Amount of the virus transmitted
- Overall health of the person
97 total slides 86. 86. HBV& HIV: Relative risk - Most health care workers are afraid of getting HIV, but HIV is much harder to catch than HBV
- The infection and death Rod shaped bacteria
- Rod shaped bacteria are called bacilli
- Bacilli are further defined by their... rate from HBV far exceeds HIV
- Only 3-5 health care workers out of 1000 injured with a needle contaminated with HIV will become infected
97 total slides 87. 87. Tuberculosis - Airborne pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis primarily affects the lungs
- Working with TB clients requires using special PPE, individually fitted masks, to avoid inhaling tiny droplets which carry the disease
- Cases of TB have increased in recent years
- Medication must be taken for 6 months
- If clients don’t complete the course of treatment, a drug-resistant strain can mutate and re-infect the person
97 total slides 88. 88. Tuberculosis - Screening for TB is a skin test
- Positive test result means the person has been exposed to the disease
- A chest x-ray confirms active disease
- Signs and symptoms: lethargy, fever, night sweats, cough, weight loss, coughing up blood-tinged sputum, chest pain, and SOB.
- Patients hospitalized with suspected TB are put in isolation for 2-3 weeks and begin antibiotic treatment
97 total slides 89. 89. Drug-resistant organisms - A fairly recent occurrence
- the overuse of antibiotics in the USA to treat minor conditions
- Using wide-spectrum antibiotics instead of testing/prescribing for a specific pathogen
- patients not completing an entire course of prescribed treatment of antibiotics
- These create conditions that encourage pathogens to become resistant to antibiotics
97 total slides 90. 90. Drug-resistant organisms - Two drug resistant organisms encountered in health care:
- MRSA – Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureas
- VRE – Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
- Both are difficult to control and can cause serious, life threatening infections esp. in susceptible people (ex: premature babies)
- Treatment is expensive and has severe side effects – liver, kidney & hearing damage
97 total slides 91. 91. Reporting accidental exposure - Report any injury or accident involving exposure to blood or body fluids immediately to your clinical preceptor/supervisor
- Complete a written incident or injury report
- Reporting facilitates evaluation, appropriate treatment and follow-up
- Failure to report can result in negative health consequences and is in violation of OSHA requirements
97 total slides 92. 92. OSHA Regulations - Every facility must have an Exposure Control Plan:
- Predetermines employee exposure risk to blood-borne pathogens
- Describes how employees at risk will be protected
- Gives training and annual retraining and testing requirements for employees
- Gives policies and procedures to follow in case of employee exposure
97 total slides 93. 93. SUMMARY - What is an opportunistic infection?
- Define: Aerobic, Anerobic, host, Symbiosis, Neutralism and Parasitic
- Differentiate plant and animal microbes: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Rickettsia, Protozoa
97 total slides 94. 94. SUMMARY - Explain the chain of infection and how to break it at each point
Spiral shaped bacteria - Spiral shaped bacteria are defined by their appearance
- Vibrios – form...
- 3. Portal of exit from the host
97 total slides 95. 95. SUMMARY - What are the body’s natural defense mechanisms?
- Explain the concept of a sterile field and how to avoid contaminating it
- Describe standard precautions including handwashing, gloving, PPE
- Explain the differences between antiseptics, disinfectants and sterilization
97 total slides 96. 96. SUMMARY - How is HIV transmitted? How is it NOT?
- What are the 3 major disease risks for health care workers
- How do pathogens become drug-resistant?
- What is the role of government agencies: CDC, OSHA
- Explain environmental control and transmission precautions
97 total slides 97. 97. 1190L NURSING SKILLS LAB Infection Control 97 total slides
Recommended Bacteria and locomotion - Cocci are incapable of movement
- Some rod and spiral shaped bacteria have...
Diagnosing bacterial infections - Essential for proper treatment of infection
- Gram staining: frequ...
Blackboard 9.x Essential Training: Instructors Online Course - LinkedIn Learning
Diagnosing bacterial infections - Growing the microorganism in various culture media is also used for diagnosis