INTISARI Periode 1890—1942 merupakan periode ... - ETD UGM [PDF]

Periode 1890—1942 merupakan periode penting dalam sejarah kolonialisme Belanda di Indonesia karena pada periode ini te

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INTISARI

Periode 1890—1942 merupakan periode penting dalam sejarah kolonialisme Belanda di Indonesia karena pada periode ini terjadi perubahan kebijakan yang cukup signifikan yang berujung pada berakhirnya Pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Dinamika politik ini terepresentasikan dalam karya sastra Hindia Belanda sebagai representasi kolonialisme Belanda di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan ideologi pengarang, penstereotipan, ruang ketiga/liminal, dan fenomena uncanny dalam beberapa novel yang terbit pada era itu. Untuk mengungkapkan hal tersebut digunakan teori poskolonialisme Homi K. Bhaba. Objek formal penelitian ini wacana kolonialisme pada periode 1890— 1942. Sementara itu, objek materialnya adalah novel Soerapati (1887) karya Melati van Java, Goena-Goena (1889) karya P.A. Daum, De Stille Kracht (1900) karya Louis Couperus, Orpheus in de Dessa (1902) karya Augusta de Wit , dan Rubber (1930) karya Madelon Szekely-Lulofs. Penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan sebagai berikut. Pertama, sebagian besar pengarang novel Hindia Belanda mendapatkan inspirasi dari ideologi etis. Namun, ideologi etis dikontestasikan dengan ideologi-ideologi lain yang dominan, seperti ideologi konservatif dan liberal, sehingga pengarang berada dalam posisi yang ambivalen. Kedua, stereotip sosok bumiputra terbukti retak, tidak stabil, dan ambivalen. Konstruk stereotip ini menimbulkan ketakutan dan kecemasan bahwa sosok bumiputra tidak sepenuhnya dapat dikuasai dan ditundukkan. Ketiga, pemosisian penjajah dan terjajah bersifat stabil, menyatu, dan mengandaikan adanya perbedaan serta konflik antara yang satu dengan lainnya tidak dapat dipertahankan. Hubungan kolonial tersusun dari keyakinan yang plural dan kontradiktif. Masing-masing pihak, baik penjajah maupun terjajah membutuhkan dan bergantung satu dengan lainnya. Selalu ada negosiasi dan translasi dari kedua belah pihak.Keempat, Uncanny hadir karena penjajah menganggap tanah jajahan sebagai miliknya, padahal bukan miliknya sepenuhnya. Mereka mengalami eksklusi karena tidak mau menyesuaikan diri dan dianggap telah berubah. Kata kunci: stereotip yang ambivalen, ruang ketiga, uncanny, fokalisasi, wacana kolonialisme

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ABSTRACT The period of 1890-1942 was an important period in the history of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia because in this period there is a significant policy change and lead to the fall of the Dutch Indies. The political dynamics are represented in the literature of the Dutch Indies as a representation of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. This study aims to express the ideology of the authors, stereotyping, a third space / liminal, and uncanny phenomenon in several novels published in that era. To express it used post-colonial theory Homi K. Bhaba. The formal object of this study is discourse of colonialism in the period 1890-1942. Meanwhile, the material object is a Melati van Java’sSoerapati (1887) P.A. Daum’s GoenaGoena (1889) Louis Couperus’s De Stille Kracht (1900) Augusta de Wit’s Orpheus in de Dessa (1902) and Madelon Szekely-Lulofs’s Rubber (1930) This research results in the following conclusions. First, most of the novelist Indies are not consistent with the views and ideologies that originally disclosed/exposed. This shows that the ideology of the novelist Indies was ambivalent because there is a discrepancy between meaning and the author statement. This ambivalence allegedly occurred due to the dominance of colonial politics is still strong, so that the authors chose refuge behind ambivalence. Second, the concept of self and other is unstable because it depends on who is talking. The claim that there is a genetic basis for the superiority of one nation against another nation altogether unfounded. Third, positioning colonizer and colonized are stable, unified, and assumes the existence of differences and conflicts between one and the other can not be maintained. Colonial relationship composed of plural and contradictory beliefs. Each party, both colonizers and colonized needs and depends from one another. There is always a negotiation and translation of both parties. Fourth, Uncanny attend because the colonizer regarded the colonies as his own, but it's not their property. They face exclusion of natives. Keywords: ambivalent stereotypes, the third/liminal space, uncanny, focalization, the discourse of colonialism

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