Idea Transcript
BI 231: Human Anatomy & Physiology Business 2. Introductions 3. Syllabus 4. Lecture 1.
Homework Due in lab this week
Homework #1 – What Does the Syllabus Say? 2. Basic Principles 9 & 10 – Anatomical Terms & Body Cavities 1.
Due Monday 10/1/12, beginning of class 1.
Study Guide Introduction Section, Read pages 5 & 6 Complete Page 7 to turn in (also found as HW #2-Studying for Success)
2.
Homework #3 (pages 5, 6 & 7) – Composition of Matter
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Two complementary branches of science Anatomy Structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Physiology Function of the body
Events at the cellular or molecular level
Basic Concepts 1. Structural-functional relationships 2. Emergent properties 3. Homeostasis
Basic Concepts Relationship between structure and function Structure (anatomy) of a component is defined by its function (physiology) Function always reflects structure Principle of complementarity
Examples 1. Bone 2. Skin 3. Blood vessels
Examples 1. Bone a) b)
What is it’s function? How does the structure of bone serve it’s function?
Bones
Joint
Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3b
Examples 2. Skin a) b)
What is/are it’s function(s)? How does the structure of skin serve it’s function(s)?
Skin
Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3a
Examples 3. Blood vessels a) b)
What are their function(s)? How does the structure of a blood vessel serve it’s function(s)?
Heart
Blood vessels
Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3f
Emergent Properties Characteristics that develop or emerge as a result of the
organization within the system Living organisms are more than a sum of their parts!
Hierarchical Levels of Organization a) b) c) d) e) f)
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
Atoms
Molecule
1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1, step 1
Atoms
Molecule
1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organelle Smooth muscle cell
2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
Figure 1.1, step 2
Atoms
Molecule
1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
Organelle Smooth muscle cell
2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1, step 3
Atoms
Molecule
1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
Organelle Smooth muscle cell
2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1, step 4
Atoms
Organelle Smooth muscle cell
Molecule
1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels
2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1, step 5
Atoms
Organelle Smooth muscle cell
Molecule
1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels
2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Figure 1.1, step 6
Homeostasis Ability to maintain an internal environment within
defined parameters Example: interstitial fluid Exchange between external and internal environment Stress Dynamic equilibrium
Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Food
All of these organ systems interact and contribute to maintenance of homeostasis
O2
CO2
Cardiovascular system Blood
CO2 O2
Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid
Urinary system
Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Feces Protects the body as a whole Urine from the external environment
Figure 1.2
Homeostatic Mechanisms Restore balance of set parameters Example Exercise decreases normal oxygen concentration in blood. How
does the body compensate?
Homeostatic Feedback Sensor (receptor) Controller Effector
01_02
A negative feedback mechanism
01_03
1
Stimulus produces change in variable.
BALANCE
Figure 1.4, step 1
2
Receptor detects change.
Receptor
1
Stimulus produces change in variable.
BALANCE
Figure 1.4, step 2
3 Input: Information
sent along afferent pathway to control center. 2
Receptor detects change.
Receptor
Control Center Afferent pathway
1
Stimulus produces change in variable.
BALANCE
Figure 1.4, step 3
3 Input: Information
sent along afferent pathway to control center. 2
Receptor detects change.
Receptor
4 Output:
Control Center Afferent Efferent pathway pathway
Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Effector
1
Stimulus produces change in variable.
BALANCE
Figure 1.4, step 4
3 Input: Information
sent along afferent pathway to control center. 2
Receptor detects change.
Receptor
4 Output:
Control Center Afferent Efferent pathway pathway
1
Stimulus produces change in variable.
BALANCE
Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Effector
5
Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level.
Figure 1.4, step 5
Positive Feedback
Types of Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Relatively rare, usually
Most mechanisms are of this
Result or response
Cause variable to change in
control infrequent events
enhances original stimulus
Ex: Childbirth or blood
clotting
type direction opposite to that of the initial change Ex: Maintenance of blood
pressure or body temperature