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Introduction to Quaran ..The Personality of a muslim . 1. Respect and honour all human beings irrespective of their reli

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Introduction to Quaran ..The Personality of a muslim . 1. Respect and honour all human beings irrespective of their religion, colour, race, sex, language, status, property, birth, profession/job and so on [17/70] 2. Talk straight, to the point, without any ambiguity or deception [33/70] 3. Choose best words to speak and say them in the best possible way [17/53, 2/83] 4. Do not shout. Speak politely keeping your voice low. [31/19] 5. Always speak the truth. Shun words that are deceitful and ostentatious [22/30] 6. Do not confound truth with falsehood [2/42] 7. Say with your mouth what is in your heart [3/167] 8. Speak in a civilised manner in a language that is recognised by the society and is commonly used [4/5] 9. When you voice an opinion, be just, even if it is against a relative [6/152] 10. Do not be a bragging boaster [31/18] 11. Do not talk, listen or do anything vain [23/3, 28/55] 12. Do not participate in any paltry. If you pass near a futile play, then pass by with dignity [25/72] 13. Do not verge upon any immodesty or lewdness whether surreptitious or overt [6/151]. 14. If, unintentionally, any misconduct occurs by you, then correct yourself expeditiously [3/134]. 15. Do not be contemptuous or arrogant with people [31/18] 16. Do not walk haughtily or with conceit [17/37, 31/18] 17. Be moderate in thy pace [31/19] 18. Walk with humility and sedateness [25/63] 19. Keep your gazes lowered devoid of any lecherous leers and salacious stares [24/30-31, 40/19]. 20. If you do not have complete knowledge about anything, better keep your mouth shut. You might think that speaking about something without full knowledge is a trivial matter. But it might have grave consequences [24/15-16] 21. When you hear something malicious about someone, keep a favourable view about him/her until you attain full knowledge about the matter. Consider others innocent until they are proven guilty with solid and truthful evidence [24/12-13] 22. Ascertain the truth of any news, lest you smite someone in ignorance and afterwards repent of what you did [49/6] 23. Do not follow blindly any information of which you have no direct knowledge. (Using your faculties of perception and conception) you must verify it for yourself. In the Court of your Lord, you will be held accountable for your hearing, sight, and the faculty of reasoning [17/36]. 24. Never think that you have reached the final stage of knowledge and nobody knows more than yourself. Remember! Above everyone endowed with knowledge is another endowed with more knowledge [12/76]. Even the Prophet [p.b.u.h] was asked to keep praying, "O My sustainer! Advance me in knowledge." [20:114] 25. The believers are but a single Brotherhood. Live like members of one family, brothers and sisters unto one another [49/10]. 26. Do not make mockery of others or ridicule others [49/11] 27. Do not defame others [49/11] 28. Do not insult others by nicknames [49/11] 29. Avoid suspicion and guesswork. Suspicion and guesswork might deplete your communal energy [49/12] 30. Spy not upon one another [49/12] 31. Do not backbite one another [49/12] 32. When you meet each other, offer good wishes and blessings for safety. One who conveys to you a message of safety and security and also when a courteous greeting is offered to you, meet it with a greeting still more courteous or (at least) of equal courtesy [4/86] 33. When you enter your own home or the home of somebody else, compliment the inmates [24/61] 34. Do not enter houses other than your own until you have sought permission; and then greet the inmates and wish them a life of blessing, purity and pleasure [24/27] 35. Treat kindly-Your parents-Relatives-The orphans-And those who have been left alone in the society [4/36] 36. Take care of-The needy,-The disabled-Those whose hard earned income is insufficient to meet their needs-And those whose businesses have stalled-And those who have lost their jobs. [4/36] 37. Treat kindly-Your related neighbours, and unrelated neighbours-Companions by your side in public gatherings, or public transportation. [4/36] 38. Be generous to the needy wayfarer, the homeless son of the street, and the one who reaches you in a destitute condition [4/36] 39. Be nice to people who work under your care. [4/36] 40. Do not follow up what you have given to others to afflict them with reminders of your generosity [2/262]. 41. Do not expect a return for your good behaviour, not even thanks [76/9] 42. Cooperate with one another in good deeds and do not cooperate with others in evil and bad matters [5/2] 43. Do no try to impress people on account of self-proclaimed virtues [53/32] 44. You should enjoin right conduct on others but mend your own ways first. Actions speak louder than words. You must first practice good deeds yourself, then preach [2/44] 45. Correct yourself and your families first [before trying to correct others] [66/6] 46. Pardon gracefully if anyone among you who commits a bad deed out of ignorance, and then repents and amends [6/54, 3/134] 47. Divert and sublimate your anger and potentially virulent emotions to creative energy, and become a source of tranquillity and comfort to people [3/134] 48. Call people to the Way of your Lord with wisdom and beautiful exhortation. Reason with them most decently [16/125] 49. Leave to themselves those who do not give any importance to the Divine code and have adopted and consider it as mere play and amusement [6/70] 50. Sit not in the company of those who ridicule Divine Law unless they engage in some other conversation [4/140] 51. Do not be jealous of those who are blessed [4/54] 52. In your collective life, make rooms for others [58/11] 53. When invited to dine, Go at the appointed time. Do not arrive too early to wait for the preparation of meal or linger after eating to engage in bootless babble. Such things may cause inconvenience to the host [33/53] 54. Eat and drink [what is lawful] in moderation [7/31]. 55. Do not squander your wealth senselessly [17/26] 56. Fulfil your promises and commitments [17/34] 57. Keep yourself clean, pure [9/108, 4/43, 5/6]. 58. Dress-up in agreeable attire and adorn yourself with exquisite character from inside out [7/26] 59. Seek your provision only by fair endeavour [29/17, 2/188] 60. Do not devour the wealth and property of others unjustly, nor bribe the officials or the judges to deprive others of their possessions [2/188] Note: The above points are some of simplified , the verses of Quran from which the lesson is drawn is given. The points above may not be word by word translations of Quranic verses. http://quranicteachings.co.uk/manners-of-life.htm-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------May Allah give us Tawfique and Hidayah to follow the Holy Book, Qura'aan and some beneficial tips mentioned in it. (Aameen)

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Satellite for International Broadcasting of Islamic Studies Introduction to Quaran ..The Personality of a muslim . Introduction to Quaran ..The Personality of a muslim . 1. Respect and honour all human beings irrespective of their religion, colour, race, sex, language, status, property, birth, profession/job and so on [17/70] 2. Talk straight, to the point, without any ambiguity or deception [33/70] 3. Choose best words to speak and say them in the best possible way [17/53, 2/83] 4. Do not shout. Speak politely keeping your voice low. [31/19] 5. Always speak the truth. Shun words that are deceitful and ostentatious [22/30] 6. Do not confound truth with falsehood [2/42] 7. Say with your mouth what is in your heart [3/167] 8. Speak in a civilised manner in a language that is recognised by the society and is commonly used [4/5] 9. When you voice an opinion, be just, even if it is against a relative [6/152] 10. Do not be a bragging boaster [31/18] 11. Do not talk, listen or do anything vain [23/3, 28/55] 12. Do not participate in any paltry. If you pass near a futile play, then pass by with dignity [25/72] 13. Do not verge upon any immodesty or lewdness whether surreptitious or overt [6/151]. 14. If, unintentionally, any misconduct occurs by you, then correct yourself expeditiously [3/134]. 15. Do not be contemptuous or arrogant with people [31/18] 16. Do not walk haughtily or with conceit [17/37, 31/18] 17. Be moderate in thy pace [31/19] 18. Walk with humility and sedateness [25/63] 19. Keep your gazes lowered devoid of any lecherous leers and salacious stares [24/30-31, 40/19]. 20. If you do not have complete knowledge about anything, better keep your mouth shut. You might think that speaking about something without full knowledge is a trivial matter. But it might have grave consequences [24/15-16] 21. When you hear something malicious about someone, keep a favourable view about him/her until you attain full knowledge about the matter. Consider others innocent until they are proven guilty with solid and truthful evidence [24/12-13] 22. Ascertain the truth of any news, lest you smite someone in ignorance and afterwards repent of what you did [49/6] 23. Do not follow blindly any information of which you have no direct knowledge. (Using your faculties of perception and conception) you must verify it for yourself. In the Court of your Lord, you will be held accountable for your hearing, sight, and the faculty of reasoning [17/36]. 24. Never think that you have reached the final stage of knowledge and nobody knows more than yourself. Remember! Above everyone endowed with knowledge is another endowed with more knowledge [12/76]. Even the Prophet [p.b.u.h] was asked to keep praying, "O My sustainer! Advance me in knowledge." [20:114] 25. The believers are but a single Brotherhood. Live like members of one family, brothers and sisters unto one another [49/10]. 26. Do not make mockery of others or ridicule others [49/11] 27. Do not defame others [49/11] 28. Do not insult others by nicknames [49/11] 29. Avoid suspicion and guesswork. Suspicion and guesswork might deplete your communal energy [49/12] 30. Spy not upon one another [49/12] 31. Do not backbite one another [49/12] 32. When you meet each other, offer good wishes and blessings for safety. One who conveys to you a message of safety and security and also when a courteous greeting is offered to you, meet it with a greeting still more courteous or (at least) of equal courtesy [4/86] 33. When you enter your own home or the home of somebody else, compliment the inmates [24/61] 34. Do not enter houses other than your own until you have sought permission; and then greet the inmates and wish them a life of blessing, purity and pleasure [24/27] 35. Treat kindly-Your parents-Relatives-The orphans-And those who have been left alone in the society [4/36] 36. Take care of-The needy,-The disabled-Those whose hard earned income is insufficient to meet their needs-And those whose businesses have stalled-And those who have lost their jobs. [4/36] 37. Treat kindly-Your related neighbours, and unrelated neighbours-Companions by your side in public gatherings, or public transportation. [4/36] 38. Be generous to the needy wayfarer, the homeless son of the street, and the one who reaches you in a destitute condition [4/36] 39. Be nice to people who work under your care. [4/36] 40. Do not follow up what you have given to others to afflict them with reminders of your generosity [2/262]. 41. Do not expect a return for your good behaviour, not even thanks [76/9] 42. Cooperate with one another in good deeds and do not cooperate with others in evil and bad matters [5/2] 43. Do no try to impress people on account of self-proclaimed virtues [53/32] 44. You should enjoin right conduct on others but mend your own ways first. Actions speak louder than words. You must first practice good deeds yourself, then preach [2/44] 45. Correct yourself and your families first [before trying to correct others] [66/6] 46. Pardon gracefully if anyone among you who commits a bad deed out of ignorance, and then repents and amends [6/54, 3/134] 47. Divert and sublimate your anger and potentially virulent emotions to creative energy, and become a source of tranquillity and comfort to people [3/134] 48. Call people to the Way of your Lord with wisdom and beautiful exhortation. Reason with them most decently [16/125] 49. Leave to themselves those who do not give any importance to the Divine code and have adopted and consider it as mere play and amusement [6/70] 50. Sit not in the company of those who ridicule Divine Law unless they engage in some other conversation [4/140] 51. Do not be jealous of those who are blessed [4/54] 52. In your collective life, make rooms for others [58/11] 53. When invited to dine, Go at the appointed time. Do not arrive too early to wait for the preparation of meal or linger after eating to engage in bootless babble. Such things may cause inconvenience to the host [33/53] 54. Eat and drink [what is lawful] in moderation [7/31]. 55. Do not squander your wealth senselessly [17/26] 56. Fulfil your promises and commitments [17/34] 57. Keep yourself clean, pure [9/108, 4/43, 5/6]. 58. Dress-up in agreeable attire and adorn yourself with exquisite character from inside out [7/26] 59. Seek your provision only by fair endeavour [29/17, 2/188] 60. Do not devour the wealth and property of others unjustly, nor bribe the officials or the judges to deprive others of their possessions [2/188] Note: The above points are some of simplified , the verses of Quran from which the lesson is drawn is given. The points above may not be word by word translations of Quranic verses. http://quranicteachings.co.uk/manners-of-life.htm-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------May Allah give us Tawfique and Hidayah to follow the Holy Book, Qura'aan and some beneficial tips mentioned in it. (Aameen)

Diposting oleh Achid Mardlia di 03.46 Reaksi: Tidak ada komentar:

Kamis, 21 April 2011

Tak salah bila dunia mendapuknya sebagai bapak ki mia modern. Ahli kimia Mus lim terkemuka di era kekhalifahan yang dikenal di dunia Barat dengan pang gilan Geber itu memang sangat fenomenal. Betapa tidak, 10 abad se be lum ahli kimia Barat bernama John Dal ton (1766-1844)? mencetuskan teori mo lekul kimia, Jabir Ibnu Hayyan (721M – 815 M) telah menemukannya di abad ke-8 M.Hebatnya lagi, penemuan dan eksperimennya yang telah berumur 13 abad itu ternyata hingga kini masih tetap dijadikan rujukan.?? Dedikasinya dalam pengembangan ilmu kimia sungguh tak ternilai harganya. Tak heran, jika ilmuwan yang juga ahli farmasi itu dinobatkan sebagai renaissance man (manusia yang mencerahkan). Tanpa kontribusinya, boleh jadi ilmu kimia tak berkembang pesat seperti saat ini. Ilmu pengetahuan modern sungguh telah berutang budi kepada Jabir yang dikenal sebagai seorang sufi itu. Jabir telah menorehkan sederet karyanya dalam 200 kitab. Sebanyak 80 kitab yang ditulisnya itu mengkaji dan mengupas seluk-beluk ilmu kimia. Sebuah pencapaian yang terbilang amat prestisius. Itulah sebabnya, ahli sejarah Barat, Philip K Hitti dalam History of the Arabs berujar, ?’Sesudah ilmu kedokteran, astronomi, dan matematika, bangsa Arab juga memberikan sumbangan yang begitu besar di bidang kimia.’? Penyataan Hitti itu merupakan sebuah pengakuan Barat terhadap pencapaian yang telah ditorehkan umat Islam di era keemasan. Sejatinya, ilmuwan kebanggaan umat Islam itu bernama lengkap Abu Musa Jabir Ibnu Hayyan. Asal-usul kesukuan Jabir memang tak terungkap secara jelas. Satu versi menyebutkan, Jabir adalah seorang Arab. Namun, versi lain menyebutkan ahli kimia kesohor itu adalah orang Persia.? Kebanyakan literatur menulis bahwa Jabir terlahir di Tus, Khurasan, Iran pada 721 M. Saat terlahir, wilayah Iran berada dalam kekuasaan Dinasti Umayyah. Sang ayah bernama Hayyan Al-Azdi, seorang ahli farmasi berasal dari suku Arab Azd. Pada era kekuasaan Daulah Umayyah, sang ayah hijrah dari Yaman ke Kufah, salah satu kota pusat gerakan Syiah di Irak. Sang ayah merupakan pendukung Abbasiyah yang turut serta menggulingkan Dinasti Umayyah. Ketika melakukan pemberontakan, Hayyan tertangkap di Khurasan dan dihukum mati. Sepeninggal sang ayah, Jabir dan keluarganya kembali ke Yaman. Jabir kecil pun mulai mempelajari Alquran, matematika, serta ilmu lainnya dari seorang ilmuwan bernama Harbi Al-Himyari. Setelah Abbasiyah menggulingkan kekuasaan Umayyah, Jabir memutuskan untuk kembali ke Kufah. Di kota Syiah itulah, Jabir belajar dan merintis karier. Ketertarikannya pada bidang kimia, boleh jadi lantaran profesi sang ayah sebagai peracik obat. Jabir pun memutuskan untuk terjun di bidang kimia. Jabir yang tumbuh besar di pusat peradaban Islam klasik itu menimba ilmu dari seorang imam termasyhur bernama Imam Ja’far Shadiq. Selain itu, ia juga sempat belajar dari Pangeran Khalin Ibnu Yazid. Jabir memulai kariernya di bidang kedokteran setelah berguru pada Barmaki Vizier? pada masa kekhalifahan Abbasiyah berada dibawah kepemimpinan Harun Ar-Rasyid. Sejak saat itulah, Jabir bekerja keras mengelaborasi kimia di sebuah laboratorium dengan serangkaian eksperimen. Dalam karirnya, ia pernah bekerja di laboratorium dekat Bawwabah di Damaskus. Salah satu ciri khasnya, ia mendasari? eksperimen-eksperimen yang dilakukannya secara kuantitatif. Selain itu, instrumen yang digunakan dibuat sendiri, menggunakan bahan berasal dari logam, tumbuhan, dan hewani. ?’Saya pertama kali mengetahuinya? dengan melalui tangan dan otak saya, dan saya menelitinya hingga sebenar mungkin, dan saya mencari kesalahan yang mungkin masih terpendam.’? Kalimat itu kerap dituliskan Jabir saat mengakhiri uraian suatu eksperimen yang telah dilakukannya. Setelah sempat berkarier di Damas – kus, Jabir pun dikabarkan kembali ke Kufah. Dua abad pasca-berpulangnya Jabir, dalam sebuah penggalian jalan telah ditemukan bekas laboratorium tempat sang ilmuwan berkarya. Dari tempat itu ditemukan peralatan kimianya yang hingga kini masih mempesona serta sebatang emas yang cukup berat. Begitu banyak sumbangan yang telah dihasilkan Jabir bagi pengembangan kimia. Berkat jasa Jabir-lah, ilmu pengetahuan modern bisa mengenal asam klorida, asam nitrat, asam sitrat, asam asetat, tehnik distilasi, dan tehnik kristalisasi. Jabir pulalah yang menemukan larutan aqua regia (dengan menggabungkan asam klorida dan asam nitrat) untuk melarutkan emas. Keberhasilan penting lainnya yang dicapai Jabir adalah kemampuannya mengapli kasi kan pengetahuan me? ngenai kimia ke dalam proses pembuatan besi dan logam lainnya, serta pencegahan karat. Ter nyata, Jabir jugalah yang kali pertama mengaplikasikan penggunaan mangan dioksida pada pembuatan gelas kaca. Adalah Jabir pula yang pertama kali mencatat tentang? pemanasan anggur akan menimbulkan gas yang mudah terbakar. Hal inilah yang kemudian memberikan jalan bagi Al-Razi untuk menemukan etanol. Selain itu, Jabir pun berhasil menyempurnakan proses dasar sublimasi, peng uapan, pencairan, kristalisasi, pembuatan kapur, penyulingan, pencelupan, pemurnian, sematan (fixation), amalgamasi, dan oksidasi-reduksi. Apa yang dihasilkannya itu merupakan teknikteknik kimia modern. Tak heran, bila sosok dan pemikiran Jabir begitu berpengaruh bagi para ahli kimia Muslim lainnya seperti Al-Razi (9 M), Tughrai (12 M) dan Al-Iraqi (13 M). Tak cuma itu, buku-buku yang ditulisnya juga begitu besar pengaruhnya terhadap pengembangan ilmu kimia di Eropa. Jabir tutup usia pada tahun 815 M di Kufah.? heri ruslan (Republika) === Adikarya Sang Ilmuwan Besar Dedikasi dan prestasi yang dicapai Jabir Ibnu Hayyan dalam bidang kimia terekam dengan baik lewat buku-buku yang ditulisnya. Tak kurang dari 200 buku berhasil ditulisnya.? Sebanyak 80 judul buku di antaranya mengupas hasil-hasil eksperimen kimia yang dilakukannya. Buku-buku itu sungguh amat berpengaruh hingga sekarang.Sebanyak 112 buku karya Jabir secara khusus ditulis untuk dipersembahkan kepada Barmakid? sang guru?yang juga pembantu atau wazir Khalifah Harun Ar- Rasyid. Buku-buku itu ditulis dalam bahasa Arab. Pada abad pertengahan, orang-orang Barat mulai menerjemahkan karya-karya Jabir itu ke dalam bahasa Latin (Tabula Smaragdina).Bukubuku itu lalu menjadi rujukan pada ahli kimia di Eropa. Selain itu, sebanyak 70 buku karya Jabir lainnya juga? dialihbahasakan ke dalam bahasa Latin pada abad pertengahan. Dari ke-70 kitab berpengaruh itu, salah satu yang terkenal adalah Kitab Al-Zuhra yang diterjemakan menjadi Book of Venus, serta Kitab Al-Ahjar yang dialihbahasakan menjadi Book of Stones. Sebanyak 10 buku yang ditulis Jabir lainnya adalah kitab pembetulan yang berisi penjelasan mengenai ahli kimia Yunani seperti Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato dan Aristoteles. Sisanya, kitab yang ditulis Jabir merupakan buku-buku keseimbangan. Dalam buku kelompok ini, Jabir melahirkan teori yang begitu terkenal, yakni ?teori keseimbangan alam.? Risalat-risalat karya Jabir yang secara khusus membedah ilmu kimia antara lain? Kitab Al-Kimya dan Kitab Al-Sab?een. Kitab penting itu juga telah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Latin di abad pertengahan. Kitab Al-Kimya menjadi sangat populer di Barat setelah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Ingris oleh orang Inggris Robert of Chester pada 1144 M. Al-Kimya versi alih bahasa berjudul ?The Book of Composition of Alchemy?. Sedangkan, Kitab Al-Sab?een diterjemahkan oleh Gerard of Cremona. Beberapa karya Jabir lainnya juga dialihbahasakan oleh Berthelot ke dalam bahasa Inggris antara lain; ?Book of Kingdom?, ?Book of the Balances?, serta ?Book of Eastern Mercur.? Buku karya Jabir lainnya juga mendapat perhatian dari ilmuwan Inggris bernama Richard Russel. Pada abad ke-17 M, Russel menerjemahkan buku yang ditulis Jabir ke dalam bahasa Ingris berjudul ?Sum of Perfection?. Dalam buku itu, Russel memperkenalkan Jabir dengan nama Geber?seorang pange? ran Arab terkenal yang juga seorang filsuf. ?Sum of Perfection? selama beberapa abad begitu populer dan berpengaruh. Buku itu telah mendorong terjadinya evolusi kimia modern. Begitu berpengaruhnya buku-buku karya Jabir di Eropa dan Barat umumnya telah dibuktikan dengan munculnya beberapa istilah teknis yang ditemukan dalam kamus kimia Barat dan menjadi kosa kata ilmia yang sebelumnya digunakan Jabir seperti istilah “alkali.” Diposting oleh Achid Mardlia di 11.07 Reaksi: Tidak ada komentar:

tingkat reaksi Definisi menurut Guldenberg dan Waage, “Kecepatan reaksi pada sistem homogen (satu fase) berbanding langsung dengan konsentrasi zat-zat yang bereaksi dipangkatkan dengan koefisien masing-masing zat yang bereaksi sesuai dengan persamaan reaksinya” Definisi ini menekankan pada konsentrasi dan pangkatnya yang berasal dari koofisien reaksi. Jumlah dari pangkat zat-zat yang bereaksi disebut dengan Tingkat reaksi. Perhatikan contoh dari persamaan reaksi dibawah ini: H2(g) + I2(g) Õ 2 HI(g) Kecepatan reaksinya adalah: V = k [H2] [I2] Zat-zat yang bereaksi adalah H2 dan I2 masing-masing zat memiliki pangkat 1. Jumlah pangkat dari kedua zat tersebut adalah 2, dan tingkat reaksinya adalah dua. Untuk lebih mudah kita memahaminya, kita coba bahas contoh yang lannya, Misalkan diketahui kecepatan suatu reaksi adalah: V = [A]² [B]³ Dari persamaan ini kita dapat simpulkan bahwa tingkat reaksinya adalah 5 (berasal 2 + 3 dari pangkat [A] + pangkat [B]). Secara parsial reaksi adalah tingkat dua terhadap zat A dan reaksi tingkat tiga terhadap zat B. Pada umumnya penentuan tingkat suatu reaksi tidak dapat ditentukan langsung dari persamaan reaksinya, tapi ditentukan melalui eksperimen, lihat Tabel 10.1. tabel 10.1 Tabel 10.1. Tingkat reaksi atau orde reaksi hasil eksperimen Perhitungan kecepatan reaksi dapat dilakukan dengan melihat harga Δ[C] yang didukung oleh data eksperimen, misalnya; kecepatan reaksi sebuah reaksi meningkat 2 (dua) kali untuk setiap terjadi kenaikan temperatur 10oC, Berapa kali lebih cepat jika kita membandingkan reaksi yang berlangsung pada suhu 100oC dengan 20oC. Penyelesaian contoh soal ini, Perubahan suhu ( 100 – 20 ) = 80ºC Setiap 10ºC naik = 2 kali lipat, Untuk 80ºC : 28 kali : 256 kali lipat lebih cepat. Untuk perhitungan harga k yang dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa persamaan dibawah ini Untuk tingkat reaksi 1 (satu) artikel 36 dimana CAo : konsentrasi zat mula-mula CAt : konsentrasi setelah bereaksi selama waktu t t : waktu (detik) t½ : waktu paruh, adalah waktu yang diperlukan oleh separuh dari jumlah zat untuk bereaksi. Untuk tingkat reaksi 2 (dua) artikel 37 Perhatikan Contoh soal dibawah ini Diketahui dalam sistem yang homogen dalam ruang 4 Liter terdapat 40 gram zat A (Mr = 20) dan 96 gram zat B dengan Mr = 32. dalam ruang tersebut berlangsung reaksi menurut persamaan reaksi A + 2B Õ C + D Jika tetapan kecepatan reaksi k = 0.5, tentukan a. kecepatan reaksi mula-mula b. kecepatan reaksi ketika zat A tinggal separuh Penyelesaian pada Bagan 10.5. bagan 10.5 Diposting oleh Achid Mardlia di 06.54 Reaksi: Tidak ada komentar:

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