UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
CORRIDOR PLAN
93 , East US 6 , and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan US
INCLUDES US 93 FROM I-15 NORTH TO THE IDAHO STATE LINE AT JACKPOT, US 6 FROM WARM SPRINGS EAST TO THE UTAH STATE LINE, US 50 FROM NEW PASS SUMMIT EAST TO THE UTAH STATE LINE, AND ALT 93
DESIGN WORKSHOP June 24, 2008
Endorsement
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 corridor plan
message from the director of NDOT NDOT has made the commitment that landscaping and aesthetics are an important component when designing and constructing projects to ensure our highway system is an integral part of the community. This Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan for US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 helps realize our vision for the future of our highways. The plan will provide the guidance for our design teams, and help Nevada’s citizens participate in formulating context-sensitive solutions for our transportation needs. Together, we will ensure our highways reflect Nevada’s distinctive heritage, landscape, and culture.
i
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 corridor plan
Endorsement
Endorsement The Corridor Plan has been provided for review by the following groups and agencies. Endorsement means agreeing in principle with the identified opportunities and recommendations identified within agency jurisdiction. Alamo Town Advisory Board Austin Chamber of Commerce Austin Development and Community Fund Authority Esmeralda and Nye Counties (EDEN) Bureau of Land Management City of Caliente City of Ely City of Wells City of West Wendover Clark County Clark County Public Works Department Confederate Tribe of Goshute Association Coyote Springs Development Da Ka Doiyabe RC&D Duckwater Indian Reservation Eastern Nevada Landscape Coalition Eastern Nevada Lincoln Highway Association Elko County Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation Ely State Museum Ely Tree Board Eureka County Eureka County Economic Development Federal Highway Administration Great Basin Heritage Area Partnership Great Basin National Heritage Route Great Basin National Park High Desert Research Conservation and Development Council Historical Society of Austin Lander County Lincoln County Lincoln County Chamber of Commerce Lincoln County Public Roads Department Lincoln County Regional Development Authority Lincoln County Water Board ii
Moapa Band of Paiutes Natural Resources Conservation Service Nevada Arts Council Nevada Commission on Tourism Nevada Department of Transportation Nevada Division of Forestry Nevada Division of State Parks (including Eastern Region) Nevada Division of Wildlife, Eastern and Southern Regions Nevada Land Conservancy Nevada State Historic Preservation Office Nye County Nye County Natural Resources Office Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge Panaca Town Advisory Board Pardee Homes Pioche Town Advisory Board Sierra Club, Great Basin Chapter South Fork Band Council South Fork Band Te-Moak Tribe Town of Jackpot Town of Jackpot Advisory Board Town of McGill Town of Ruth U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Forest Service Wells Band Council Wendover Air Force Auxiliary Field White Pine County White Pine County Chamber of Commerce White Pine County Economic Diversification Council White Pine County Tourism and Recreation Board White Pine Public Museum Yomba Shoshone Tribe
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 corridor plan
Acknowledgements
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Technical Review Committee
State Transportation Board
George Agnor Mike Allison Jim Alworth David Ashby Mike Baughman Dennis Bill Debbie Block Susan Boskoff Luke Bowland Dan Braddock Joy Brandt C.P. Brechler Midge Carver Denis Cederburg Albert Chavez Steve Chouquer Holly Coughlin Mike Cracraft Wally Cuchine Darren Daboda Michael Dalton Ron Damele Tony Dietz Betsy Duncan-Clark Paula Elefante Gene Etcheverry Ernie Flangas Steve Foree Gene Frank Larry Friedman Bryan Fuell Nancy Gordon
Jim Gibbons (Chairman) Brian Krolicki Catherine Cortez Masto Kim Wallin Frank Martin Tom Fransway Paul Morabito
Governor Lt. Governor Attorney General Controller Member Member Member
STTAC (Statewide Transportation Technical Advisory Committee) Tom Brady Jim Braswell Steve Bunnell Denis Cederburg Kent Cooper Daryl Crawford Leo Drumm Jerry Duke Keyth Durham Paul Enos Jon Ericson Jeff Fontaine David Fraser Randy Fultz Debra Goodwin
Laurie Ann Grimes Wes Hendersen Sig Jaunarajs Mara Thiessen Jones Alauddin Khan Mark Kimbrough Pete Konesky Joe Locurto Patrick Pittenger Valerie Rodman Jonna Samsom Bruce Turner Roger Van Alyne Steve Weaver Steve Woodbury
Nevada Department of Transportation Kristena Shigenaga – Assistant Chief of Road Design Engineer, Design Services Lucy B. Joyce, ASLA, RLA 597 – Landscape Architect Supervisor Stacey Smith – Senior Landscape Architect Chris Rowden – Senior Landscape Architect
University of Nevada Las Vegas Landscape Architecture and Planning Research Office Mark Elison Hoversten – Executive Principal Investigator, FASLA, AICP Susan Jones – Principal Investigator, ASLA Brian Pugh – Research Assistant, ASLA Elizabeth Scott – Adjunct Co-Investigator, ASLA
Brad Hardenbrook Tamara Hawthorne Dee Helming Laurelle Hughes Stana Hurlburt Dave Jeppesen David Joseph Teri Knight Matthew Koepnick Denys Koyle Matt LaCroix Gary Lane Linda Lee Jack Lohman John Lovelady Delores Manchester Jim Marble Gayle Marrs-Smith Merry Maxwell Betsy McFarlan Chris J. Melville Gerald Miller Gerry Millett Jerry Morrill Dan Morris Candice Mortenson Cheryl Mose-Temoke Mike Nannini Greg Novak Mary Pete Jim Petersen Kevin Phillips
Evie Pinneo Sean Pitts Karen Rajala David Reis Terry Reynolds Barbara Rohde David Sangster Greg Seymour Donald Shanks Jo Sherwood Martin Sorenson Rollin Southwell Delaine Spilsbury Julie Stevens Becky Stock Jolene Supp Roger Sutton Phil Swain Mara Thiessen-Jones Dave Tilford Otis Tipton Lonny Walch John Watt Kathy Weaver Steve Weaver Jeff Weeks Selena Werdon Ron Williams Beth Winans Bill Wolf Ronnie Woods
Consultant Team Design Workshop Richard W. Shaw – Principal, FASLA Steve Noll – Principal, ASLA Stephanie Grigsby – Associate, ASLA Eric Roverud – Landscape Designer Trevor Ehlers – Landscape Designer Kristofer Johnson – Landscape Designer Christopher Walsh – Landscape Designer Nino Pero – Website Designer Kelan Smith – Environmental Graphics Jen Tarbet – Planner Juliana Prosperi – Planner Dori Johnson – Executive Assistant iii
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 corridor plan User’s Guide • Refer to the section beginning on page 1.5 to understand softscape and hardscape types and treatments. • Refer to the Introduction and Section One beginning on page 2.1 to understand how the corridor is organized into highway zones. • Refer to Sections A1-D3 beginning on page 2.17 for the design theme and design objectives related to each landscape design segment. • Refer to pages 2.23, 2.28, 2.34 and 2.43 for design interpretation. • Refer to the section beginning on page 3.2 for design guidelines. • Refer to the section beginning on page 3.21 for color palette information. • Refer to pages 3.35-3.43 for plant palettes associated with each softscape treatment type.
Executive Summary
Executive summary This plan establishes the vision for the landscape and aesthetics of the US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 corridor. The vision synthesizes historic, current, and future conditions into a comprehensive guide to improve the visual appearance of these highway corridors as they pass through communities, rural landscapes, and scenic environments. Chapter One provides an introduction to the NDOT Landscape and Aesthetics program. It outlines the mechanism by which corridor design will be managed, a description of programs and elements that influence highway aesthetics, and a summary of background information gathered and analyzed. Chapter Two describes the process through which sections of the highway were categorized into highway zones and divided into distinct landscape design segments: Hidden Gems, Silver State Passage, Pony Express Passage, and Cowboy Range.
Examples of appropriate design ideas, a theme description, and design objectives are given for each segment. Maps and sections provide additional detail regarding the location of specific projects and desired levels of aesthetic treatment. Chapter Three begins by outlining an approach to the design process. This process highlights the necessity of integrating landscape and aesthetics at the beginning of every project. Design guidelines are also included in the third chapter to provide the framework for improving the aesthetics of existing, new, and retrofit highway projects. They are written statements of recommended methods to meet the segment’s design objectives. The guidelines, accompanied by concept diagrams, sketches, or photographs, demonstrate ways in which to achieve the design intent.
going project maintenance. These estimates will inform NDOT during the decision-making process, and help influence budget allocations for the landscape and aesthetics highway improvements. The appendices provide information that will help readers understand the technical information presented in the document.
Chapter Four summarizes the cost implications associated with the improvements proposed by this Corridor Plan. Cost estimates are included for both preliminary project budgeting as well as on-
• Refer to the section beginning on page 4.14 for the description of funding opportunities. • Refer to the section beginning on page 4.16 for project priorities.
Figure 1 – Corridor Plan Development
DESIGN SYNTHESIS
PRELIMINARY CORRIDOR PLAN
FINAL CORRIDOR PLAN
program elements BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Program elements BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Program elements BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Landscape design segments THEMES DESIGN OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC FEATURES
iv
AGENCY, TRC, & PUBLIC REVIEW & COMMENT
Landscape design segments THEMES DESIGN OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC FEATURES
AGENCY, TRC, & PUBLIC REVIEW & COMMENT
Landscape design segments THEMES DESIGN OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC FEATURES
Design GUIDELINES
Design GUIDELINES
COSTS & PRIORITIES
COSTS & PRIORITIES
ENDORSEMENT BY TRC AGENCIES & ORGANIZATIONS
Table of Contents
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 corridor plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIGURE TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter ONE: Corridor Management and background inventory....................................................................................................1.0 SECTION ONE: Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................................................1.1 SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics...............................................................................................................................................1.5 SECTION THREE: Background Inventory...............................................................................................................................................................................1.19 Chapter TWO: landscape design segments.............................................................................................................................................................2.0 SECTION ONE: Highway Zones.................................................................................................................................................................................................2.2 SECTION TWO: Hidden Gems....................................................................................................................................................................................................2.12 SECTION THREE: Silver State Passage...................................................................................................................................................................................2.24 SECTION FOUR: Pony Express Passage.................................................................................................................................................................................2.29 SECTION FIVE: Cowboy Range...................................................................................................................................................................................................2.35 Chapter THREE: Design Guidelines...................................................................................................................................................................................3.0 Section One: Design Process Guidelines.........................................................................................................................................................................3.2 Section two: Community and Urban Context Guidelines.....................................................................................................................................3.4 Section three: Highway Facilities Guidelines..............................................................................................................................................................3.12 Chapter FOUR: Cost Analysis and Implementation..........................................................................................................................................4.0 Section One: Cost Analysis....................................................................................................................................................................................................4.1 Section Two: Implementation.............................................................................................................................................................................................4.14 Section Three: Priorities.........................................................................................................................................................................................................4.16 Chapter FIVE: Conclusion....................................................................................................................................................................................................5.0 Chapter SIX: Technical Appendix.....................................................................................................................................................................................A.0 Section One: Potential Community Funding Sources..............................................................................................................................................A.1 Section Two: Reference Studies.........................................................................................................................................................................................A.4 Section Three: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways............................................................................................................................A.5 Glossary...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................B.0 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................C.0
executive summary Figure 1 – Corridor Plan Development....................................................................iv Chapter ONE Figure 2 – Study Area for Nevada’s Eastern Highways................................. 1.1 Figure 3 – Corridor Design Management........................................................... 1.2 Figure 4 – Landscape Treatment Types............................................................... 1.5 Figure 5 – Application of Landscape Treatment Types..............................1.10 Figure 6 – Existing and Proposed Nevada Scenic Byways..........................1.16 Chapter TWO (1) Caption goes here. Figure 7 – Corridor Organizing Elements........................................................... 2.1 Figure 8 – City Streets – Highway Zones.............................................................. 2.3 Figure 9 – Rural Highways – Highway Zones..................................................... 2.5 Figure 10 – Landscape Design Segment Themes, Maps, and Sections............................................................................................. 2.9 Chapter THREE Figure 11 – Native Revegetation Plant Palette.................................... 3.35-3.37 Figure 12 – Enhanced Native Plant Palette........................................... 3.38-3.39 Figure 13 – Regionally Adapted Plant Palette...................................... 3.40-3.41 Figure 14 – Regional Ornamental Plant Palette................................. 3.42-3.43 Chapter FOUR Figure 15 – Landscape Treatment Types............................................................ 4.3 Figures 16 to 47 – Costing Diagrams..........................................................4.4-4.11 Figure 48 – Planning Level Cost Estimate.........................................................4.12 (2) Caption goes here. Figure 49 – Total Life Cycle Maintenance Costs............................................4.13 Figure 50 – Maintenance Costs for Landscape Treatment Types..........4.13 Figure 51 – Potential Funding Opportunities...................................................4.15
(3) Caption goes here.
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US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 corridor plan
Table of Contents
MAP TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
Chapter ONE: Corridor Management and background inventory............................................................................. 1.0 Map EC1: Environmental Considerations (US 93: I-15 Interchange to Caliente)....................................................................... 1.24 Map EC2: Environmental Considerations (US 93: Panaca to US 50/US 6 and US 6: Warm Springs to Utah Bndy)..... 1.25 Map EC3: Environmental Considerations (US 50: New Pass Summit to Ely and US 93: Ely to Schellbourne).............. 1.26 Map EC4: Environmental Considerations (US 93: Schellbourne to Wells and Alt 93).............................................................. 1.27 Map EC5: Environmental Considerations (US 93: Wells to Jackpot)................................................................................................ 1.28 Map VA1: Visual Analysis (US 93: I-15 Interchange to Caliente)........................................................................................................ 1.30 Map VA2: Visual Analysis (US 93: Panaca to US 50/US 6 and US 6: Warm Springs to Utah State Line).......................... 1.31 Map VA3: Visual Analysis (US 50: New Pass Summit to Ely and US 93: Ely to Schellbourne)............................................... 1.32 Map VA4: Visual Analysis (US 93: Schellbourne to Wells and Alt 93).............................................................................................. 1.33 Map VA5: Visual Analysis (US 93: Wells to Jackpot)................................................................................................................................. 1.34 Chapter TWO: landscape design segments...................................................................................................................................... 2.0 Map LDS1: Landscape Design Segments (Southern Nevada to Central Nevada)...................................................................... 2.10 Map LDS2: Landscape Design Segments (Central Nevada to Northern Nevada)...................................................................... 2.11 Map A1: Hidden Gems – Design Objectives (US 93: I-15 Interchange to Alamo) . ................................................................... 2.14 Map A2: Hidden Gems – Design Objectives (US 93: Alamo to MM 155)....................................................................................... 2.15 Map A3: Hidden Gems – Design Objectives (US 93: MM 155 to Ely and the Utah State Line)........................................... 2.16 Section A1: Hidden Gems – Longitudinal Section (US 93: I-15/ US 95 Interchange to Lincoln Co MM 90) ................. 2.17 Section A2: Hidden Gems – Longitudinal Section (US 93: Lincoln CO MM 90 to US 6/ US 95/ US 50 Intersection).2.18 Section A3: Hidden Gems – Longitudinal Section (US 93/US 50/US 6: Ely to the Utah State Line).................................. 2.19 Map A4: Hidden Gems – Specific Features (US 93: I-15 Interchange to Alamo) ....................................................................... 2.20 Map A5: Hidden Gems – Specific Features (US 93: Alamo to MM 155).......................................................................................... 2.21 Map A6: Hidden Gems – Specific Features (US 93: MM 155 to Ely and the Utah State Line).............................................. 2.22 Map B1: Silver State Passage – Design Objectives (US 6: Warm Springs to Ely)....................................................................... 2.25 Section B1: Silver State Passage – Longitudinal Section (US 6: Warm Springs to Ely)........................................................... 2.26 Map B2: Silver State Passage – Specific Features (US 6: Warm Springs to Ely)......................................................................... 2.27 Map C1: Pony Express Passage – Design Objectives (US 50: New Pass Summit to Schellbourne)................................... 2.30 Section C1: Pony Express Passage – Longitudinal Section (US 50: New Pass Summit to White Pine County).......... 2.31 Section C2: Pony Express Passage – Longitudinal Section (US 50: White Pine County to Ely & US 93: Ely to Schellbourne)...................................................................................................... 2.32 Map C2: Pony Express Passage – Specific Features (US 50: New Pass Summit to Schellbourne).................................... 2.33 Map D1: Cowboy Range – Design Objectives (US 93: Schellbourne to Wells and Alt 93)................................................... 2.36 Map D2: Cowboy Range – Design Objectives (US 93: Wells to Jackpot)...................................................................................... 2.37 Section D1: Cowboy Range – Longitudinal Section (US 93: White Pine CO MM 92 to Wells)........................................... 2.38 Section D2: Cowboy Range – Longitudinal Section (Alt 93).............................................................................................................. 2.39 Section D3: Cowboy Range – Longitudinal Section (US 93: Wells to Jackpot).......................................................................... 2.40 Map D3: Cowboy Range – Specific Features (US 93: Schellbourne to Wells and Alt 93)...................................................... 2.41 Map D4: Cowboy Range – Specific Features (US 93: Wells to Jackpot)........................................................................................ 2.42
Chapter FOUR: Cost Analysis and Implementation......................................................4.0 Map PR1: Hidden Gems – Priorities (US 93: I-15 Interchange to Alamo) . .......................4.17 Map PR2: Hidden Gems – Priorities (US 93: Alamo to MM 155)...........................................4.18 Map PR3: Hidden Gems – Priorities (US 93: MM 155 to Ely and the Utah State Line)...........................................................................................................................................4.19 Map PR4: Silver State Passage – Priorities (US 6: Warm Springs to Ely)...........................4.20 Map PR5: Pony Express Passage – Priorities (US 50: New Pass Summit to Schellbourne)...........................................................................................................................................4.21 Map PR6: Cowboy Range – Priorities (US 93: Schellbourne to Wells and Alt 93).........4.22 Map PR7: Cowboy Range – Priorities (US 93: Wells to Jackpot)...........................................4.23
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
Corridor Management and Background Inventory
TABLE of CONTENTS Section One: Introduction.................................................................................. 1.1 Section Two: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics.......................... 1.5 Section Three: Background Inventory........................................................1.19
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
Section One: Introduction
SECTION ONE: Introduction
Nevada has a renewed commitment to landscape and aesthetics for the state’s highways. In 2002, the Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) adopted the Landscape and Aesthetics Master Plan Pattern and Palette of Place (Master Plan), raising the bar for context-sensitive design.
Today, it is the policy of the State of Nevada to consider landscape and aesthetics in conjunction with other design factors in all transportation projects. Furthermore, NDOT recognizes that successful projects result when local communities, the public, other permitting agencies, and the private sector participate in the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of transportation projects. Partnerships are imperative to ensure Nevada’s highway system expresses the unique heritage, culture, and environment of the state and its communities.
The study area for this Corridor Plan includes US 93 from the I-15 interchange to the Idaho state line at Jackpot, US 6 from Warm Springs to the Utah state line, US 50 from New Pass Summit to the Utah state line, and ALT 93. The Corridor Plan is a method for improving the aesthetic qualities of the state’s highways, particularly in relation to adjacent cities, communities, and neighborhoods. The Corridor Plan is intended to affect both existing highways as well as future expansion projects. Landscape and aesthetic treatments identified and prioritized in the Corridor Plan may be funded from a variety of sources. As a general rule, up to 3% of total highway construction costs on all new construction and capacity improvements may be allocated to landscape and aesthetic treatments. Funding for the retrofit of landscape and aesthetic improvements to existing highways is based on community partnerships and the opportunity for communities to match state funds with a share of local money,
Jackpot
Wells Winnemucca
West Wendover
Elko Battle Mountain
“Local communities, the public, other permitting agencies, and the private sector are encouraged to be involved in planning, design, construction, and maintenance of transportation projects to express the unique heritage, culture and environment of the state and its communities.” Pattern and Palette of Place, 2002, p. 12 Furthermore, NDOT will work with local governments, private citizens, civic groups, and the business community to develop cooperative agreements for funding the design, construction, and maintenance of landscape and aesthetic improvements identified in this Corridor Plan. In locations where recommendations exceed NDOT’s normal financial responsibility and the community desires an elevated level of aesthetic treatment, NDOT will engage the community to create partnerships to find additional funding.
Reno
Fernley Austin
Fallon
Eureka
Ely
Carson City Hawthorne
Tonopah
CA
Pioche
LIF
Caliente
ORNI A Las Vegas Boulder City
ARIZONA
“We envision a system of state highways that reflect the land and people of Nevada. We believe that Nevada should have highways that are aesthetically pleasing, as well as safe and cost effective. Therefore, no state highway is complete until landscape and aesthetics are considered and addressed.” Pattern and Palette of Place, 2002, p. 10-11
Based on the recommendations of the Master Plan, the US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan (Corridor Plan) addresses Nevada’s eastern highways (Figure 2). This plan establishes the vision for landscape and aesthetics for each highway, synthesizing historic, current, and future conditions to improve the visual quality of each corridor. The plan describes the vision, not the promise, for highway landscape and aesthetic treatments and enhancements. Implementation of the vision will be achieved through the combined efforts of local governments, private citizens, civic groups, and the business community.
IDAHO
federal monies, or in-kind contributions. The Corridor Plan is a public-private partnership initiative. This unique approach is guided by the policy outlined in the Master Plan, which states:
UTAH
The Vision
Purpose of the Corridor Plan
Searchlight
Figure 2 - Study area for Nevada’s eastern highways
1.1
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory Corridor Design Management The Corridor Plan is a useful management tool for designing highway projects because it provides specific recommendations, programs, and a description of the intended result. The first portion of the Corridor Plan establishes a theme, or central design idea, for each highway segment (also called a landscape design segment). Projects within each landscape design segment are guided by the theme, associated design objec-
Section One: Introduction tives, examples that illustrate interpretation of the theme, and a program of facilities with common definitions. Design guidelines, estimated costs, and project priorities establish the viability of the Corridor Plan and are provided as part this report. NDOT will use the Corridor Plan as one of the tools to manage the design of highway projects. Prior to designing specific highway projects, NDOT personnel and the design consultant should review the Corridor Plan in order to understand the de-
sign idea and level of landscape treatment identified for a particular landscape design segment. Implementation of the designated treatment levels may depend on partnerships and funding opportunities. Overall, the vision and intent of the themes and treatment levels should be considered as the guide throughout the design process. Figure 3 outlines the necessary steps to achieve a desired outcome for this corridor.
(1) The Corridor Plan establishes design concepts and guidelines that shape the design process of specific projects.
Figure 3 – Corridor Design Management
POLICIES
THEME
determine the vision, policies, process, and planning guidelines
determine and describe theme for each landscape design segment
policies program partnerships context funding
PROJECT DESIGN PROCESS
CORRIDOR PLANNING
MASTER PLANNING
INTERPRETATION OF THEME
develop program of facilities and types of treatment
develop landscape design segment objectives to be applied
DESIGN GUIDELINES
establish design guidelines
determine level of treatment with priorities
estimate project costs
1.2
SPECIFIC PROJECT
initiate ndot project Design
manage individual design project process
direct and review individual projects in accordance with the corridor plan recommendation
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
Section One: Introduction
Public Participation Early and continuous public involvement was critical to the success of the Corridor Plan. For this reason, NDOT fostered extensive public dialogue at every stage of planning and development, engaging communities to develop local support. The public participation process provided stakeholders with a forum for sharing knowledge of their communities, identifying opportunities for enhancing the landscape and aesthetics of the corridor, creating design objectives and guidelines for highways in their area, and prioritizing prospective projects. The public participation process ensured: • Identification of issues and concerns from each community • A method, strategy, and action plan to address community concerns • Opportunities for the public to express their level of support for the Corridor Plan • Release of full information about the Corridor Plan through public meetings, the corridor planning web site, and fact sheets
The public process involved a multi-layered approach to encourage maximum participation. • A Technical Review Committee (TRC), composed of a broad range of stakeholders, contributed significant local agency and community knowledge. • The public was able to identify issues, help establish priorities, ask questions, and provide input at a public open house meeting. • A fact sheet provided general information about the Corridor Plan. • The public was able to visit a project web site to learn more about corridor planning activities. Stakeholders for the US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 corridor were divided into three groups: a southern group held meetings in Caliente, a central group held meetings in Ely, and a northern group held meetings in Wells. Holding three sets of meetings shortened driving times to allow for better participation and representation. Public participation and community involvement were important components of the planning pro-
(1) , (2) From the inception of the corridor planning process, a Technical Review Committee helped to identify issues and opportunities, shape design objectives and guidelines, and establish priorities based on local knowledge.
cess because they helped ensure that the recommendations outlined in this Corridor Plan reflect the ideas and suggestions of local community members.
(3) Public workshops were held to inform and gather input from stakeholders and community members.
1.3
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
Section TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
Landscape Treatment Types
Figure 4
landmark
focal
ACCENTUATED
STRUCTURES AND HARDSCAPE TYPES AND TREATMENTS STANDARD
The elements of landscape and aesthetics provide the framework to define the purpose and intent of highway corridor improvements. These elements, described on the following pages, include varying degrees of softscape, structures and hardscape, statewide signage, rest area facilities, native wildflower program, approaches to address outdoor advertising, scenic byways, anti-litter campaign, and a Main Street Approach. Although NDOT currently incorporates some of these elements, the Corridor Plan redefines them and, in some cases, establishes new facility types.
Landscape treatment types include a combination of applications for both softscape and structures and hardscape. All sections of NDOT rights-of-way have an associated landscape treatment type to help define their design character and anticipated maintenance level. Softscape treatments vary from simple rock mulches to elaborate ornamental plant material. Similarly, structures and hardscape categories range from standard to landmark. Used in combination, these treatment levels establish the design character within the corridor. The matrix of possible combinations of softscape types and structures and hardscape types is shown in Figure 4.
Landscape Treatment Types
SOFTSCAPE TYPES AND TREATMENTS
GROUND TREATMENT
NATIVE plant REVEGETATION
ENHANCED NATIVE
REGIONALLY Adapted
REGIONAL ORNAMENTAL
1.5
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory Softscape Types and Treatments Softscape types and treatments are compositions of plant material including trees, shrubs, perennials, grasses, and ground treatments. The following descriptions and photographic examples define the specific softscape types that may be utilized in sections of the corridor. Although the treatments require varying levels of irrigation, an overall emphasis has been placed on water conservation. NDOT requires cooperative long-term maintenance agreements with local stakeholders for irrigated landscapes.
Ground Treatment Ground treatments along the roadway provide erosion and dust control. This treatment includes uniform applications of rock mulch or variable sizes of stone, combined with textures that match the existing environment. Soil stabilizer may be used in conjunction with these methods. In rural areas, palettes are derived from natural patterns found in playas, foothills, or ephemeral drainages. In urban environments, various forms of aesthetic rock treatment are used to create patterns and textures. Irrigation is not included in this treatment.
Native Plant Revegetation Landscape A palette of native southern Mojave or Great Basin plant material should be used to re-establish disturbed areas along the roadway. The primary focus is to cultivate native communities, such as sagebrush or blackbrush, and their associated grasses. Seedings should be interspersed with mature plants, such as creosote bush or sagebrush, to establish a plant community character. Plantings should be sparse to mimic natural patterns and may require temporary irrigation to assure plant establishment. Soil enrichment with mulch, topsoil, and other amendments is required. Preparation techniques include roughening grade for seeding applications.
Note: These photographs are illustrative examples of the softscape types and treatments.
1.6
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
Enhanced Native Landscape This treatment accentuates change by introducing a greater diversity of plant material from the Great Basin or Mojave Desert plant palettes. Plants are organized in greater densities and trees are used to increase vertical diversity. Special ground treatments for drainage and erosion control are included. Drip irrigation is required to assure plant survival.
Regionally Adapted Landscape Combinations of Great Basin or Mojave Desert plants and those from other dry land environments form this landscape palette. Greater densities and varieties of plant material are combined to create a layered effect. Trees provide a distinct overstory, while shrubs and perennials form a thick understory. Plants are selected for color, texture, seasonal interest, and form. For this landscape type to survive, drip irrigation to individual plants is required.
Regional Ornamental Landscape Regional ornamental landscapes include a diversity of plant species, some of which are imported to this region. Ornamental landscapes introduce taller and denser plant material. The regional ornamental landscape includes shade, varieties of form, and color. It provides a dynamic contrast to the arid landscapes of naturally occurring plant species. In the regional ornamental landscape, vegetation patterns and compositions are designed to reflect aesthetic and cultural qualities. Zoned drip irrigation systems are required.
Note: These photographs are illustrative examples of the softscape types and treatments.
1.7
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory Structures and Hardscape Types and Treatment The following classifications define a common language for the treatment levels used in highway facility design. Bridges, retaining walls, noise walls, pedestrian crossings, pedestrian fencing, railings, barrier railings, lighting, and transportation art are included in these classifications.
Standard Structures and Hardscape Standard treatment is simple and functional. Color and proportional adjustments improve aesthetic quality. Standard structure design is economical and satisfies vehicle movement requirements, but does little to establish design character or placemaking. NDOT standards for surface treatment and lighting include painted finishes, vertical rustication formliners, and overhead poles with cobra head illumination or high mast area lighting. Regular trash and graffiti removal maintenance programs are necessary.
Accentuated Structures and Hardscape Corridor pattern design is defined by a unified system of materials and textures. Adding accents and special finishes to built structures facilitates and enhances placemaking. These elements can include transportation art and the application of high quality finishes and color to highway structures. Drainage details and water harvesting techniques can be enhanced through the use of decorative rock and contour grading.
Note: These photographs are illustrative examples of the structures and hardscape types and treatments.
1.8
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
Focal Structures and Hardscape Focal structures and hardscape treatments facilitate the expression of a specific design character. Structures consist of self-weathering materials, integrated color or textural finishes, and may include detailed formliners on structural surfaces. Patterns consist of a motifbased multi-surface design. Barrier rails utilize custom construction and include designs that are artistically incorporated into the structure, ultimately elevating an engineered form to a work of art. Upgraded lighting elements combine form and function to include lower height standards and decorative elements.
Landmark Structures and Hardscape Landmark treatments call attention to unique elements. Extensive design treatments are used on bridge structures, retaining walls, acoustic walls, barrier rails, and pedestrian crossings. Unique formliner treatments on structural surfaces emphasize the special importance of a place. Subject and composition, combined with placement, denote the importance of transportation art. Elaborate lighting provides special nighttime effects.
Note: These photographs are illustrative examples of the structures and hardscape types and treatments.
1.9
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
The following figure illustrates how varying degrees of softscape treatments and structures and hardscape treatments may be appropriately applied over a section of the corridor. Figure 5
Application of Landscape Treatment Types
community Gateway Enhanced Native Focal
1.10
Native Revegetation Standard
Enhanced Native Accentuated
Regionally Adapted Focal
Enhanced Native Accentuated
Enhanced Native Standard
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
Statewide Place name Sign Program A statewide place name and point of interest sign program better connects people to places.
Benefits of the Program The State of Nevada is a large geographic area with diverse and oft-hidden features. The sign program will provide clear and consistent direction from the corridors to scenic areas, points of interest, historic sites, and local publicly owned attractions. Signs will welcome visitors and inform residents. In addition to stimulating local economies, signage will draw attention to these important assets and affirm the rich history and physical attributes of the state. The sign program will encourage visitors and residents to better understand the history, culture, and geology of the state.
How the Program Will Work Utilizing the current Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) as a guide, a family of iconic symbols specific to Nevada will be designed for use on standardized directional and identification signs. To ensure uniformity and consistency, the state will implement a policy manual for the signs, referred to as the Nevada Place Name Sign Manual. Program promotion will occur via informational brochures available at welcome centers, specific identification on state maps, and locally based advertisements. Recognizable icons will demarcate points of interest and directional symbols. FHWA approval for the Statewide Place Name Sign Program is mandatory prior to installation. The program will work in conjunction with Watchable Wildlife, an existing, but separately
run, organization that utilizes signage and guide books to promote wildlife viewing areas. An audio and multimedia interpretive program will be developed with the sign program. This program will provide travelers with audio interpretation of Nevada’s history and natural features. Eligibility Under a state-managed and -controlled program, NDOT will establish and approve an initial inventory of categories common to the state, including features specific to each highway corridor. Iconic imagery will be created to represent the general categories. After the initial inventory is confirmed, state and local entities can apply for inclusion based on specific criteria. Anticipated Categories Categories for sign icons common to the state of Nevada could include, but are not limited to: • Nevada historic points and landmarks, including cultural resources approved for public information • Native American resources approved for public information (check Native American Grave Repatriation Act and other governing organizations) • Mountains • Rivers • Sand dunes • Mining • Railroads • Historic downtowns • Ghost towns • Emigrant trails • Wildlife viewing areas
Associated Cost The sign program is expected to directly benefit smaller communities and local attractions. Increased tax revenues will give the state a tangible return on its investment. Business partnerships through sponsorships are possible, provided there are partial cost offsets.
Signs Included in the Program Interstate Level – Exit to Area of Interest or Town This primary sign type is used only on interstates and is included here for informational purposes only. It will be used as an informational listing, located in advance of interstate exits. It will include symbols and descriptions as well as the interstate exit number. Signs will be post mounted and use reflective graphics/lettering on a metal panel in accordance with applicable FHWA or MUTCD safety standards. A maximum of four symbols will be used on each sign (one per panel). Concise written descriptions are required to accompany iconic symbols. Highway Level – Directional Sign on State Roads Used primarily along highway corridors, this secondary sign type provides information for features located on state roads and intersections. It will incorporate symbols and a directional arrow (see illus. 2 on page 1.12).
(1) Nevada contains numerous special resources of interest to visitors. Interpretation enhances the traveler’s appreciation and understanding of the area.
(2) Iconic signage clearly directs travelers to unique resources and destinations, such as areas of geological or recreational interest.
Signs will be post mounted and use reflective graphics/lettering on a metal panel in accordance with applicable FHWA or MUTCD safety standards. A maximum of four symbols will be used on each sign.
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Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory Highway Level – Scenic Overlook or Viewpoint This sign type will be located prior to pull-offs and includes symbols and descriptions as well as the distance to the pull-off (see illus. 3).
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics with applicable FHWA or MUTCD safety standards. A maximum of two symbols will be used on each sign. Concise written descriptions are required to accompany iconic symbols.
Signs will be post mounted and use reflective graphics/lettering on a metal panel in accordance
GHOST TOWN: METROPOLIS
WHEELER PEAK
NEVADA NORTHERN RAILROAD
OLD DOWNTOWN: WELLS
(1) The Statewide Place Name Sign Program uses a family of iconic symbols specific to Nevada to identify features such as railroads, historic buildings, and geological points of interest.
GHOST TOWN
RAILROAD
(2) Directional signs on State roads use a family of iconic symbols along with a directional arrow. This type of sign uses a maximum of four symbols.
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RECREATION GATEWAY
(3) Signs for a scenic overlook or gateway use a maximum of two symbols along with the distance to the pull-off.
Road Services Program Road services are an important component of any roadway corridor experience. They are even more critical in areas of Nevada where long distances separate developed areas. A complete description of road service facilities and their program components is provided in the Rest Areas, Viewpoints, and Pull-offs guidelines on pages 3.14-3.16. These service areas provide travelers with designated spaces to rest, interpret history and geography, and discover information about nearby activities and communities. Community rest areas are a special type of road service facility that serves several important functions within the corridor and for the community. These facilities are integrated within the town structure to serve residents and visitors. Community rest areas function like a pocket park or town square. They provide a central location for visitors to learn more about local tourism opportunities, piquing their desire to further explore the community. Central locations or areas connected to community centers provide appropriate sites. Partnerships with towns, counties, or other organizations are required to site the facilities outside of the right-of-way.
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
Native Wildflower Program Inspired by a vision of native plant species along rights-of-way to enhance the beauty of the land, the FHWA has adopted two programs to promote the use of naturally occurring forbs and grasses in a particular region, state, or ecosystem. The Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act (STURAA) of 1987 requires that at least one-quarter of 1% of funds expended for any federal-aid highway landscape project be utilized for native wildflower plantings. The second is a voluntary program called “Operation Wildflower.” It promotes the use of native wildflowers through a cooperative relationship between the National Council of State Garden Clubs and state highway agencies. In addition, the FHWA recognizes that native forbs and grasses can also provide: • Reduced maintenance requirements for established native plants in comparison with non-native species • Reduced roadside fire hazards • Reduced use of herbicides when native plants are successfully established • Improved erosion control through droughttolerant species • Improved relationship between the highway corridor and the regional character of the landscape The University of Nevada’s Mapping Ecosystems along Nevada Highways and the Development of Specifications for Vegetation Remediation (Mapping Ecosystems) supports the use of forbs and grasses in highway rights-of-way. Forbs and grasses that are appropriate to specific regions and ecosystems require “little or no maintenance” and “create defensible space for wildfire along
the highway corridors” (Tueller, Post, and Noonan, 2002). As part of the wildflower program, plants should be utilized that do not create a fire hazard or overly attract wildlife.
Invasive and Noxious Weed Control Invasive species can have devastating effects on a landscape’s economic and environmental quality. Invasive species decrease diversity and can outcompete native species. The Nevada Department of Agriculture maintains a list of noxious weeds that should be contained through a revegetation program along the corridor. The list can be referenced at http://www.agri.nv.gov/nwac/PLANT_ NoxWeedList.htm. Nevada’s Coordinated Invasive Weed Strategy (University of Nevada, 2002) identifies additional species that have the potential to negatively impact Nevada’s environmental quality. NDOT’s continued coordination with the Nevada Weed Action Committee provides an organized effort for invasive and noxious weed control. Due to the frequency of invasive weeds along the corridor, control measures are necessary for any new landscape design project. Adhering to best management practices for successful revegetation is a suggested control method. Additional suggested procedures include: • Tailoring revegetation procedures to specific plant community types • Making recommendations for site and soil preparation • Including site-appropriate revegetation practices • Providing for adequate weed maintenance to allow for revegetation establishment
Outdoor Advertising Outdoor advertising, specifically with billboards, provides businesses, community groups, and other organizations with opportunities to inform travelers of various establishments and available services. Billboards can, however, impact the highway’s visual quality by obstructing views of scenic features and the natural landscape. As a result, community groups are committed to restricting new signage and removing existing billboards from areas adjacent to and within their communities.
Photo courtesy of Andy de Geus, 2003.
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
The Highway Beautification Act The intent of the Highway Beautification Act (HBA) of 1965 is to control billboard construction along federal-aid highways and provide methods for the removal of billboards that do not conform to state and local ordinances. The law, under Section C, defines effective control of billboards as limiting signage that is visible and intended to be read from the roadway to only include:
(1) The use of naturally occurring forbs and grasses as part of the Native Wildflower Program enhances the visual quality of roadsides and reflects the area’s natural beauty.
• Informational and directional signs pertaining to distinctive natural, scenic, or historic attractions • On-site real estate signs • On-site business signs • Landmark signs associated with historic, natural, or artistic purposes • “Free coffee” signs promoted by nonprofit organizations
Limitations In the 40 years since the passage of the HBA, few nonconforming billboards have been removed and many more have been constructed due to exclusions in the law. Enforcement is difficult because Section G of the law requires cities and counties to pay just compensation to owners for billboard
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Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory removal. Although the federal government is required to contribute 75% of the compensation, many communities do not have the funds to pay the 25% requirement, and their ability to use local land use controls to restrict construction was removed. Additionally, the federal government has stopped providing money for billboard removal (Brinton, 2001). (1) Outdoor advertising typically blocks scenic views and reduces the visual quality of the landscape. Methods for controlling outdoor advertising include signage ordinances that restrict the height, size, and location of billboards. The Director of NDOT has the ability to request the removal of any billboard that poses a safety hazard.
A second limitation within the HBA is the allowance for billboards to be constructed in areas zoned commercial and industrial, as well as in unzoned areas with commercial or industrial uses. The provision also acknowledges that the State has authority over the zoning laws. This entitlement allows the State to implement zoning regulations that effectively increase the difficulty of controlling billboards. Communities may specifically zone an area
(2) Outdoor advertising can be framed by natural materials and landscaping and built into the ground in order to limit scenic distractions.
(3) Billboards should consider proximity to road, distance between one to the next, distance from the ground, and overall size in order to lessen negative visual impacts.
(4) Outdoor advertising should complement the adjacent environment while informing travelers of services to come.
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SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics along the highway as commercial, or the outdoor advertising structure may be built on a parcel that has an obscure commercial use.
ahead.” Additionally, the statutes give the NDOT Director the authority to remove any sign that is a traffic hazard.
A third provision allows designated scenic byways to be segmented and excluded from federal control. An amendment to the HBA, passed by Congress with the 1995 National Highway System Designation Act, allows states to exclude portions of a scenic byway that conflict with the state’s standards for denoting scenic byways and utilize only local restrictions for billboard control. As a result, areas of lower scenic quality become more unattractive and reduce the overall scenic character of the byway.
The Role of Local Government
Nevada Statutes Removing billboards in Nevada became more difficult in 2001 due to the Nevada Revised Statute (NRS) 278.0215. This regulation prohibits the use of amortization—a method used by many states— for sign removal. Rather than utilizing the traditional cost approach, it defines the methodology for determining “just compensation” to include property uniqueness as well as income generation from the sign. This cost-prohibitive revision renders sign removal almost impossible. Although control of outdoor advertising seems daunting, there are regulations that provide restrictions to billboard construction. NRS 405.050 allows counties to deny permits for billboards that may “measurably destroy the natural beauty of the scenery or obscure a view of the road
Cities and counties have the ability to regulate the location and, to a limited degree, the type of billboard erected within their jurisdiction. Although a state must prove its jurisdictional rights to control outdoor advertising on Indian reservation lands and have a written statement from the State Attorney General, local governments may coordinate with the Bureau of Indian Affairs to determine a course of action to limit the negative visual impacts of billboards. Proactively planning for appropriate placement, size, and design of billboards can address the issue before signs are erected. Design standards that address height, size, color, spacing/frequency, and context are a valuable method for directing outdoor advertising. For example, signs can be relocated if they block visual resources. Material choices and architectural detail can be improved to reduce the visual distinction between the sign and the surrounding environment. Communities can regulate the location of billboards to reduce the scenic impact of billboards and improve visual quality along the state’s highways. Important viewsheds and scenic corridors may be designated within the county and land use regulations can be developed that discourage or prohibit outdoor advertising.
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
Nevada Scenic Byways Designation Nevada’s Scenic Byways program was established in 1983. Since then, 21 scenic byways have been designated. US 93 from the SR 318 intersection north to Ely including US 50/US 6 from the US 93 intersection east to the Utah state line is the only byway located within the corridor area. Several Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Back County Byways are accessible from the corridor. According to the FHWA, designating a roadway as scenic has several benefits. These benefits include preservation, promotion, pride, partnership, and, specifically, the protection of scenic and roadside vistas and historic buildings. In addition, the HBA prohibits the erection of new billboards along designated scenic byways that are inter-state, a part of the National Highway System, or federalaid primary roads. The National Highway Designation Act of 1995 amends the law to allow segmentation of portions of the byway, particularly if sections of the roadway fail to meet the scenic byway criteria. The segments in question are then controlled by local regulations only, allowing new billboards to be erected subject to existing state or local controls. Roadway scenic quality can also be regulated with scenic or conservation easements. These easements preserve landscape character and provide the participating entity with a one-time tax deduction equal to the foregone value of the use of the land.
The Nevada Commission on Tourism (NCOT) and the FHWA are responsible for promoting scenic byways. To facilitate an integrated system, tourism-related facilities such as visitor centers, rest areas, and the Place Name Sign Program should maintain coordinated informational material. Scenic designation increases local awareness about the roadway, attracting volunteers who want to help craft the story of the byway and share in making it a vital component of the community.
Opportunities for Partnerships Scenic designation can promote and expand public and private partnership opportunities. For example, America’s Byways Resource Center provides technical assistance and, together with the FHWA, can provide seminars and workshops to further facilitate the partnering process. Scenic roadway opportunities consist of federal, state, and local programs that provide assistance in achieving scenic designation in Nevada. • The federal BLM Back Country Byways and US Forest Service (USFS) Scenic Byways plans focus on infrequently traveled paved, unpaved, and four-wheel drive roads that access back country or wilderness areas. • The Nevada Scenic Byways program focuses on year-round accessible roadways. The program identifies, promotes, and protects the state’s most exceptional roadways. These byways must provide access to recreational areas or historic sites. • The Local Tourism Routes program allows communities to promote special roadways and other modes of travel (such as boat, balloon, and train rides and bicycling or rafting trips) that are not included under any other programs.
Local groups and agencies nominate and manage scenic byways and local tourism routes. Scenic byway designation is reserved for routes approved by NDOT. The State Scenic Byways Committee, which is comprised of representatives of NDOT, NCOT, the Nevada Division of State Parks (NDSP), and the BLM, reviews and suggests approval. It is the NDOT Director, however, who makes the final designation. NCOT is responsible for the Local Tourism Route program. It reviews and approves all promotional material to ensure that scenic byway designation is not used for local tourist routes.
(1) Scenic byways should include a simple iconographic image that is related to the place, as part of the Statewide Place Name Sign Program.
Levels of Designations Available Two levels of scenic byway designation are available: basic and advanced. Byways of both classifications are placed on state tourism maps, in visitor information packages, and in other scenic byway promotional materials. The state prepares and distributes a brochure about the byway. Routes with an advanced designation are eligible for federal and state funds. Advanced designation requires a corridor management plan and a fiveyear recertification obligation. Interstate highways have not been included in the state program primarily because encouraging travel on non-interstate routes increases the tourism economic base of rural communities.
(2) Roadways designated as scenic byways have greater outdoor advertising controls than other highways, including the ability to remove billboards in some cases.
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Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
Angel Lake Road
Nevada Scenic Designation
(1) In addition to increasing tourism opportunities, the use of a scenic byway designation provides mechanisms to preserve areas of high visual quality.
• US 93 from Maynard Lake at the Pahranagat National Wildlife Range to the SR 375/318 intersection north of Alamo • Rainbow Canyon south of Caliente • SR 722 south of Austin
Lamoille Canyon
West Wendover
Elko
Sutcliffe/ Nixon Road Pyramid Lake Road Reno Mount Rose Highway
Gerlach Road
US
50
East Shore Lake Tahoe US 50
Baker Road Lehman Caves Road Austin Great Basin Highway: Portions of US 50, Ely US 6, and US 93 SR 722
Fallon
US 95
These proposed byways are coordinated with current community efforts to designate the highways as scenic.
Winnemucca
I-80
The Director of NDOT may establish a scenic designation for any section of highway right-of-way. The Corridor Plan recommends increasing the promotion of the Great Basin Scenic Byway along portions of US 50, US 93, and US 6 and highlighting access to numerous state parks and a national park. Three proposed scenic byways include:
Hawthorne
US
6
Tonopah Rainbow Canyon US 93 north of Maynard Lake US 95
White Domes Road Valley of Fire Mt. Charleston/Lee Canyon Road Beatty Deer Creek Road
LEGEND
Existing Scenic Byways Proposed Scenic Byways
Figure 6 - Existing and Proposed Nevada Scenic Byways
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Kyle Canyon Road Red Rock Road Blue Diamond Loop Road North Las Vegas Strip South Las Vegas Strip
Mesquite 0
I-8
Las Vegas US
93
SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
Anti-littering Campaign and Signage Fast food containers, bottles, trash bags, and rusty kitchen appliances found alongside the road are distracting and imply general neglect and disregard for the environment. A statewide anti-littering campaign would represent a significant step towards maintaining and improving Nevada’s highways. The campaign should be advertised in such a way as to command the attention of residents and travelers. Anti-litter messages should be part of a coordinated campaign. Similar to the “Don’t Mess with Texas” anti-littering campaign, this program could become a marketing showpiece for the state of Nevada. The program would be promoted through roadway signage, magazine advertisements, and bumper stickers. The signs shown to the right illustrate potential anti-littering concepts. Final design ideas should follow MUTCD or be used as part of signage and collateral material on billboards or at rest areas. Distribution of campaign materials would be focused at travel-oriented locations such as welcome centers, rest areas, and truck stops. Coupled with promotional materials, an “Adopt-A-Highway,” or “Sponsor-A-Highway” program would engage residents of Nevada, encouraging active participation in maintaining clean and beautiful highways. This plan recommends implementing an anti-littering campaign using highly visible signage; easily distributed collateral materials such as cups, maps, brochures, and fliers; and an active volunteer clean-up program.
(1) Recurring character has changing messages reminding travelers to keep the highway litter free.
(4) The negative visual impact of litter along the highway significantly impacts the motorist’s experience. Removing and managing litter along the highways is an important topic of the Corridor Plan.
(2) Recurring character has changing messages reminding travelers to keep the highway litter free. (5) The anti-littering campaign’s promotional materials need to grab the attention of motorists and residents. An edgy and provocative campaign will keep the issue of litter very visible to travelers. Highway graphics and signage posted along the highway where trash accumulates is the most significant part of the anti-trash program.
(3) Signage emphasizes the varied beauty and character of the west while providing anti-litter messages. (1,2,3) The three examples above illustrate a concept for an anti-littering signage campaign that can be developed around common themes. Design continuity improves driver recognition of the anti-littering message while varying the message also maximizes driver awareness. Motorists are interested to see what the next message will be.
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Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory MAIN STREET APPROACH
(1) The Main Street Approach uses street trees and other streetscape enhancements to improve aesthetics and create a safe environment for pedestrians and motorists. Streetscape plantings, accentuated pedestrian crossings, lighting, and banners create a pedestrianfriendly environment and invigorate commercial districts.
(2) The Main Street Approach is a long-term, comprehensive strategy designed to meet local needs and opportunities. It is a volunteer-based program that relies on community support.
Vibrant main streets are a critical component of all communities. Rural communities are especially dependant upon vital commercial districts. Bisected and altered by the interstate highway system and suburban sprawl, main streets across America have declined, both economically and physically, to a point where they are no longer viable community centers. Vacant buildings and declining businesses often line the highway. In some areas, revitalized commercial districts indicate continued community growth. The Main Street Approach, developed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, assists in revitalizing the older, traditional business districts while simultaneously preserving the history and character of downtowns. The program combines “historic preservation with economic development to restore prosperity and vitality to downtowns and neighborhood business districts.” The Main Street Approach does not promote a “quick fix.” It is a long-term, comprehensive strategy designed to meet local needs and opportunities. The strategy is based on a four-point approach that includes organization, promotion, design, and economic restructuring. It is a volunteer-based program that relies on community support. Volunteers form the governing board and standing committees, while a paid program manager coordinates and supports the operation. The National Main Street Center, or the local coordinating agency, provides assistance in the form of technical services, networking, training, and information. The Center can provide direct fee-for-
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SECTION TWO: Elements of Landscape and Aesthetics service technical assistance to cities and towns, both independently and in conjunction with state and citywide main street programs. Revitalization programs funded largely by local sources are more likely to succeed than those relying solely on state or federal funds. The Main Street program offers educational sessions related to facilitating local support and generating public and private partnerships. Local involvement in and coordination with the program helps communities find solutions that work best for them. The accomplishments of Main Street programs are many: improving aesthetics and safety of downtown areas, restoring historic buildings, and revitalizing economic viability. The program identifies potential economic niches; assists with promotional and fund-raising efforts; supports joint marketing efforts among local businesses; encourages and trains new business owners; and finds grants for facade, streetscape, and landscaping improvements. Results include reduced vacancy rates and renovated or restored downtowns. Physical improvements are quickly evident. Though long-term economic improvements may take up to three years to accomplish, the program’s impact on communities nationwide is indisputably positive and long lasting. Communities have experienced net gains in business development and job creation, with surges in local investment. Most importantly, community pride grows with increased personal involvement in a volunteer-driven program. As an example of the success of this program, seven communities in rural Iowa participated in the program for ten years. On average, each town
renovated 97 downtown buildings, gained 24 business starts, and saw $1.6 million in private sector reinvestment. Anyone can start a Main Street program in their community. The first step is to contact the statewide coordinating program for support, technical assistance, training, networking, and encouragement. Because Nevada does not currently have a coordinating program, contact should be made with the National Main Street Center in Washington, DC. A self-initiated program may be created without a state program. The National Main Street Center provides contacts to assist in networking with other independent programs and nearby state programs. Communities are welcome to utilize principles and tools from the Main Street Approach regardless of whether they qualify for the program or wish to follow it exactly. The program incorporates historic preservation with community revitalization. Communities designated as a National Historic District qualify for more assistance through the program. Additional information can be obtained by visiting the Main Street web site at www.mainstreet.org.
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
SECTION THREE: Background Inventory
SECTION THREE: Background Inventory Social Resources Community Growth
Settlement
Patterns
and
Urban Patterns Eastern Nevada’s historic settlement is tied to travel and mining. Many of the region’s communities are located along early pioneer routes or were established as a result of mining discoveries. Over time, mining camps grew into towns and discovery routes grew into wagon roads and, eventually, the Nevada state highways. The towns within the eastern corridor are located in the least populated region of the State. While some areas are expected to experience significant growth because of spin-off from Las Vegas, other communities will face the continuing challenges of the boom and bust mining cycles that have characterized their past. Corridor settlement remains relatively sparse and populations range from 450 people in the northeast quadrant of Nye County to approximately 4,500 people in the cities of West Wendover and Ely. Although demographics vary, the communities have similar settlement patterns due to their ties to agriculture, mining, and/or gaming. In addition, a traditional neighborhood street pattern and a main street/highway through the center of town are typical. In each county, a small number of communities house the majority of the county’s residents and active commercial centers. Many businesses rely on traffic from US 93 and special event weekends to carry them through the year.
The high percentage of public lands throughout this corridor reduces community growth opportunities by limiting the amount of land available for development. Recent public laws allow the BLM to transfer over 150,000 acres of public lands to state, local, and private entities in Lincoln and White Pine counties (Lincoln County Conservation, Recreation, and Development Act of 2006 and White Pine County Conservation, Recreation, and Development Act of 2006). Transfers of this type would allow private land holdings within Lincoln County to almost double from 148,000 acres to 278,00 acres over the next 10 to 30 years. As of 2007, most of the land available for transfer was located in southeast Lincoln County just north of the town of Mesquite. Along the corridor, land south of Alamo has been sold to develop an industrial park. Within White Pine County, the bill transfers two small parcels of land for the expansion of the industrial park and airport (located north of Ely on US 93) and 3,526 acres located south of Ely on US 93 to the Ely Shoshone Tribe for traditional, ceremonial, commercial, and residential purposes. Nevada’s history of mining is tied to both the growth and decline of many of the towns along the corridor. The opening and closing of mines has led to population fluctuations in towns like Austin, Eureka, and Ely. Although no longer as significant as it once was, mining constitutes a use of Nevada’s eastern rangeland. The heyday of silver extraction in towns like Pioche and Austin has come and gone, but in Ely mining is still important to the rural economy. Liberty Pit, one of the state’s largest open pit copper mines, continues to operate and its tailings can be seen from miles away along US 50. For many of these towns the prospect of future growth depends more on government-related industries than mining. Addition-
ally, the potential Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository is a federal facility that could impact local economic and development patterns. Lincoln County’s potential growth is dramatically different than the rest of the corridor. Las Vegas Valley’s rapid growth is spawning additional development along US 93 in Clark County at Coyote Springs. This new community is under construction and plans to cross the county line with 13,000 acres in Clark County and 30,000 acres in Lincoln County. The 49,000 units planned for Lincoln County could dramatically increase the current population of 4,000 to 200,000 within 20 years. Land Ownership The State of Nevada contains the highest percentage of federal lands among the contiguous 48 states, over 86% (BLM, 2000). In addition, several of Nevada’s eastern counties contain some of the highest percentages of federally-owned land in the state. At least 90% of the land in Lander, Lincoln, Nye, and White Pine counties is federally managed. The BLM owns the bulk of the federal lands with small and large in-holdings of other federal and state agencies including the USFS, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the State of Nevada. Land ownership patterns in the state have not changed much over the last several decades, and this stability in land ownership has provided some level of visual continuity within the state. Land ownership affects land use and visual character. Public agencies such as BLM and USFS operate under a multiple-use mandate. To the casual observer, a vast majority of the state may appear vacant, wide-open, and wild, but a closer look reveals that much of Nevada is a working landscape. From
Annual Population Estimate for 2006 Clark County 2,079,802 Elko County 48,339 Jackpot 1,293 Wells 1,449 West Wendover 4,871 Eureka County 1,460 Eureka 443 Lander County 5,655 Austin 287 Lincoln County 3,987 Alamo 432 Caliente 1,002 Panaca 558 Pioche 703 Nye County 44,795 Northeast Nye Cnty* 450 White Pine County 9,542 Ely 4,325 McGill 1,145 Ruth 405 (1) Population estimates per the Nevada State Demographer, 2005. *Estimate for northeastern Nye County population taken from Nye County Master Plan.
(2) Eastern Nevada communities have strong ties to the mining industry, and populations have historically fluctuated accordingly. The high percentage of public lands reduces the opportunity for substantial growth, focusing highway management efforts on preservation.
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Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory the highway, grazing, mining, power generation, and outdoor recreation are evident throughout the multiple-use federal lands. Although NDOT’s jurisdictional influence over the landscape only extends to the edge of the right-of-way, agreements with other public agencies make it possible for NDOT to develop a common vision that will shape visual character and land use decisions for areas adjacent to the roadway as well. (1) Areas of Clark County and Lincoln County must plan for large population increases and changes in the roadside conditions as planned communities generated from the rapid Las Vegas growth are constructed.
Implications to the Corridor Over the next 20 years, the anticipated changes most likely to influence the corridor include the development of Coyote Springs within both Clark and Lincoln counties and the disposal of BLM lands for public sale. Existing community services in towns such as Alamo, Caliente, and Pioche will face challenges as they adapt to the growth pressures from the southern region. Corridor aesthetics will be faced with maintaining a consistent natural landscape appearance while responding to large developments.
Travel and Tourism (2) Rest areas typically contain large amounts of paving and distracting barriers that decrease their aesthetic appeal and ability to provide an inviting place for motorists to stop. Corridor Plan guidelines suggest modifications to enhance function and appearance.
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Travel Patterns Eastern Nevada offers a rare American West experience with open, untamed landscapes. The Great Basin landscape boasts wide valleys and picturesque mountain ranges interspersed with ranches and historic mining towns. Tourism opportunities include the Great Basin National Park, historic sites, wildlife refuge areas, state parks, archaeological sites, and areas of geological interest. There are also annual celebrations and events in many eastern Nevada towns such as the Silver State Classic Open Road Race and White Pine County Fair. Recreational activities include mountain biking, ATV riding, gaming, geocaching, camping, fishing, and hiking.
SECTION THREE: Background Inventory US 93, also known as the “Great Basin Highway,” connects to US 50 and US 6 and provides access to many eastern Nevada destinations. The majority of visitors travel via automobile since major airport hubs are located between one to two hours away. Tourist stops typically occur as a side trip for travelers rather than a final destination. NCOT divided the state into five travel territories based upon major regional destinations and county boundaries. The eastern corridors fall mainly within the Pioneer Territory, the Pony Express Territory, and the Cowboy Territory. The southernmost portion of US 93 continues into the Las Vegas Territory. The Pioneer Territory includes the portions of US 93 and US 6 in Lincoln and Nye counties, respectively. The name refers to the fascinating boom and bust mining history associated with this region, more than any other in the state. Travel opportunities include the Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge, the historic mission-style railroad depot in Caliente, and five state parks. The Pony Express Territory covers US 93, US 6, and US 50 through White Pine, Lander, and Eureka counties. US 50, marketed as “The Loneliest Road in America,” parallels the old Pony Express route. Attractions include the historic old west towns of Austin and Eureka, Ely’s historic railroad, and the natural splendor of Great Basin National Park. The Cowboy Territory in northeast Nevada contains Wells, West Wendover, and Jackpot. Gaming attractions in Jackpot and West Wendover draw significant weekend crowds from Idaho and Utah and provide lodging facilities for travelers along US 93 and I-80. South of Wells, US 93 passes
through scenic valleys with panoramic views of the rugged Ruby Mountains. Overview of Existing Travel Facilities Highways play an essential role in connecting people to their surroundings. Visitor centers, viewpoints, and signage impact a traveler’s first impression of the state and directly influence their overall experience of key local, state, and national tourist destinations. For example, signs allow travelers to recognize that they are driving through historic mining locations. Signage provides valuable information and is a useful way to notify drivers of upcoming viewpoints and cultural and natural features. Currently Nevada uses the following signs to note tourism opportunities: • Brown-colored public recreation area and facility signage. • Brown-colored NCOT signs marking “territory” boundaries. • White and blue historical marker signs indicating the presence of a blue historical sign off the highway. • Blue-colored scenic byway signs. Roadside facilities currently consist of rest areas and welcome centers. This is a strategic way for visitors to orient themselves and gain knowledge of interesting places to visit along their journey. These facilities vary in the type of services and information provided. The majority of the corridor’s 12 NDOT-managed rest areas provide a picnic table with trash cans. Two facilities have chemical toilets, and the welcome center in West Wendover has running water with flush toilets and travel information. In addition to the 12 NDOT facilities, the BLM manages two rest areas with shaded picnic tables
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
SECTION THREE: Background Inventory and chemical toilet facilities. The presence of several state parks near US 93 also offers opportunities for picnicking and camping with water, restrooms, tables, and grills. Communities also provide places to stop. Facilities vary in architectural style and site planning. For example, the Jackpot rest area is a good example of a well-sited facility along Salmon Falls Creek. The grade separation from the highway reduces the exposure to traffic movement and reinforces the connection to the natural environment. The more common site planning method currently locates facilities just off the highway with little or no buffer. Opportunities to Enhance Travel Facilities Throughout the corridor an opportunity exists to present a better image of the state through the design and placement of highway facilities that connect people to the places they are visiting. Existing travel facilities can be improved by taking full advantage of an area’s unique features and incorporating an enhanced overall design and architectural consistency. Rest areas should be planned and designed in a consistent and comprehensive manner. Along lengthy stretches of highway, travelers can suffer from driving fatigue. One rest area located every hour is typical for safety measures; however, important historical, cultural, and/or natural site features should also serve as site planning criteria. Major site features to be considered in the location and design of rest areas include elements such as terrain, views and vistas, vegetation patterns, cultural or historic features, water elements, geological features, and wetlands.
In addition, there is potential for rest areas and/ or viewpoints to be located and designed as part of a larger trail or recreation system, such as a gateway to public lands, parks, and other tourist attractions in the region. Partnerships with federal and state agencies, such as BLM and NDSP, offer creative methods for planning and maintaining facilities as part of a comprehensive system. Community rest areas can be developed as part of a partnership with the town. These facilities provide services to travelers and encourage visitors to stop in a town, rather than on its outskirts.
Natural Resources
Adequate rest area facilities should include restrooms, picnic areas, pet exercise areas, paved parking, fresh drinking water, interpretive exhibits, and local area information based on traveler needs and frequency of use. Regional architecture, sensitive to the Great Basin environment, should be encouraged for all structures and facilities. In addition, where landscaping is implemented, attention to drought-tolerant landscape treatments is essential to success.
Precipitation averages nine inches per year with a few additional inches at higher elevations. Surface waters are typically channeled through a network of ephemeral streams and washes into playas, where the water gradually percolates downward into the water table or is lost to evaporation. Runoff rates throughout are generally less than 0.2 inches per year except in higher portions of the ranges.
Enhancements to historical marker signs should improve legibility and give motorists advance warning of turn-offs. In addition, marker sites should be reviewed every three to five years to monitor changes in the surrounding development and minimize placement of signs in obscure and unattractive locations.
Water Resources Natural Systems Nevada’s Central Hydrographic Region is the primary region underlying the corridor. It also crosses the hydrographic regions of the Ado, Humboldt, and Snake River Basins. Surface water systems readily visible along the corridor include the lakes and reservoirs of Pahranagat Valley, McGill Reservoir (north of Ely), and Salmon Falls Creek (south of Jackpot).
For over the past decade, the western United States has been mired in drought. For southern Nevada, which relies on the Colorado River for nearly 90% of its water supply, the drought has potentially serious consequences. In response to these concerns the Southern Nevada Water Authority has sought out alternative water resources to supply the increasing water demands within the Las Vegas valley. One of the plans that could alter the landscape of eastern Nevada is a proposed pipeline that would siphon rural groundwater from high desert basins. The area affected by the proposed project includes Lincoln and White Pine counties. Although this is one of the least populated regions of the country, opponents cite
(1) Separating rest areas from the highway can be achieved through grade or vegetation. Locating facilities in scenic areas enhances their attractiveness. The Corridor Plan suggests simple ways to reorganize amenities to further improve the function of facilities.
(2) Development of community rest areas as part of town improvements increases the number of motorists stopping in towns – an important outcome for rural communities.
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Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
(1) Water conservation and use of low-water use plants is mandatory in the arid landscape of Nevada. Highly controversial topics such as exporting water from eastern Nevada to Las Vegas intensifies the need for water conservation.
(2) The Corridor Plan emphasizes maintaining the existing landscape’s visual integrity. Use of species from the surrounding plant communities and other plants as recommended by the University of Nevada’s “Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada’s Highways and the Development of Specifications for Vegetation Remediation” is the first step towards preserving the scenic quality of Nevada’s eastern highways.
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SECTION THREE: Background Inventory
the environmental decline of Owens Valley in California as an example of what could happen in rural Lincoln and White Pine counties from the diversion of groundwater to the Las Vegas area.
sification of the Great Basin, which is an arid environment consisting of a series of isolated, often snow-capped mountain ranges and intervening valleys.
Water Use Regulations To address water sustainability issues, a group of rural leaders in central Nevada initiated stakeholder discussions in February, 2005. These discussions resulted in a joint recommendation for the creation of a central Nevada Regional Water Authority that includes all the eastern corridor counties except Lincoln, which is regulated by the Lincoln County Water District.
Extending north from I-15 to the SR 375 junction, the corridor is bounded by the northernmost stretches of the Mojave Desert. The Mojave is a 25,000-square-mile transitional area bridging the Great Basin Desert and the Sonoran Desert. The Mojave is composed of a typical mountain and basin topography with sparse, shrub-dominant vegetation. Lower elevations of the plant community include a profusion of creosote (Larrea tridentata). The saltbrush scrub plant community also exists and is dominated by the Atriplex species. Although trees are sparse, Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) occur at higher elevations. Water is scarce, making Pahranagat Valley stand out in the arid landscape. Here a series of natural springs and lakes create a fertile agricultural oasis, interspersed with pockets of cottonwoods, that extends approximately 40 miles.
Due to the limited water availability, highway landscapes should be drought tolerant. NDOT should also coordinate with local jurisdictions and water providers to ensure enough water is available to help establish revegetation efforts. The Corridor Plan recognizes the need to promote water conservation through design that incorporates low-water use vegetation. NDOT requires interlocal maintenance agreements with communities in order for permanent irrigation to be used on projects.
Vegetation The vegetation community information for this report is based on Mapping Ecosystems (Tueller et al., 2002), a resource completed by the University of Nevada for NDOT. The highways within the corridor are situated in the transition zone between the Great Basin and Mojave Desert ecological communities. The vegetation along Nevada’s eastern highways falls within two major regions: the Great Basin Desert and the Mojave Desert. Both of these regions fall under the larger clas-
North of the US 93/SR 375 junction the landscape becomes more densely vegetated with plants typical of the Great Basin. Although shrubs dominate basin areas, forests of pinyon and juniper cover the higher slopes of mountain ranges. Salt desert shrub sites occur along valley floors. Sagebrush is the most prevalent type of vegetation. At low elevation sagebrush communities are dominated by two varieties: Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata var. wyomingensis) and basin big sagebrush (Artemisia nova). Upper elevation sagebrush communities occur at about 5,800 feet and are dominated by mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana).
Plant communities and native vegetation patterns should be used as a reference for landscape design along the corridor. Understanding these different vegetation community types is critical to the success of revegetation projects associated with highway improvements. Each community has unique soil and hydrologic characteristics that must be considered to ensure successful revegetation. The higher elevation mountain big sagebrush, pinyon/juniper/sagebrush, and pine/fir sites typically have the advantage of greater precipitation, deeper soils, and higher organic matter content. These areas, however, are also prone to snow cover and a shorter growing season. Revegetation efforts in these communities generally focus on addition of organic matter, seed drilling, and planting container-grown shrubs. Factors such as temporary irrigation and importing additional topsoil are less important. Lower elevation big sagebrush sites usually require additional soil amendments and temporary irrigation in comparison to their higher elevation counterparts. Salt desert shrub sites typically require imported topsoil and fertilizers for revegetation due to the low nutrient levels of native soils. Seeding often occurs two years in a row, particularly if temporary irrigation is not used. Mulch is recommended to help maintain soil moisture. Riparian/agricultural/grass sites generally exhibit good organic matter content and soil moisture, allowing for relatively simple establishment of new plant material. However, noxious weeds, erosion, and periodic flooding can become challenges to successful revegetation.
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
SECTION THREE: Background Inventory
Wildlife Habitat and Migration Eastern Nevada is home to a diversity of wildlife. Lack of water, combined with extensive federal government landholdings, renders much of rural Nevada as open and undeveloped, providing excellent wildlife habitat for a number of species. Availability of quality habitat largely determines the abundance and distribution of all wildlife species. Designated regions have been established to protect and preserve the ecological, natural, and cultural resources of specified areas. Almost 1.7 million acres (2%) of Nevada’s most ruggedly scenic areas is designated wilderness, and another 1.59 million acres are recommended as suitable for wilderness designation by the BLM. Locations along highways where significant collisions occur are prime candidates for wildlife crossing retrofit projects. Signage currently marks the location of wildlife crossings. Future improvement projects should pay particular attention to the location of high quality habitat areas to ensure that wildlife crossings and warning signage are appropriately located. Antelope, elk, mule deer, and big horn sheep are the large game species most commonly associated with vehicle-wildlife collisions within the corridor. Collisions, as documented for a four-year span by the Nevada Division of Wildlife (NDOW), are shown on the Environmental Considerations maps. Conflict areas include US 93 near the Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge, US 50/US 6/US 93 in the Steptoe Valley of White Pine County around Ely, and US 50 east of Austin and south of Eureka. Most collisions tend to occur around dusk or dawn when animals are looking for food and water or just after a storm. Other species typically involved in incidents are coyotes, raccoons,
birds, black- and white-tailed jack rabbits, desert cottontails, rattlesnakes and the desert tortoise.
Environmental CONSIDERATIONS Mapping of Environmental Features
Deer collisions along US 93 in Lincoln County occur mostly between mile markers 103 to 115. Deer cross from the low hills west of US 93 into the alfalfa fields east of the highway to feed in the evening hours and return to their resting areas in the early morning hours. Wild horse herds also frequent the area and collisions occur typically between mile marker 80 to 125. Wildlife species noted in this corridor include antelope, elk, big horn sheep, and mule deer. Mule deer and pronghorn antelope are common in the sagebrush and pinyon-juniper upland habitat. Pronghorn antelope are primarily found in the valleys between mountain ranges in northern and central Nevada. Much of the land east of US 93 from Caliente north to Jackpot is designated as mule deer corridors. Large elk corridors are documented south of Ely, and along US 93 south of Wells and east of the Ruby Mountains. Mule deer migrate from higher elevation forest edges to the lower elevation desert floor during the winter. The corridor also hosts several wildlife management and wildlife refuge areas. The Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge is of importance for its habitat and birding opportunities. Twelve miles south of Ely, the Ely Elk Viewing Area has an interpretive rest stop where the public currently can view elk wintering in the valley from October through April. The elk migrate northeast into the Schell Creek and Egan mountain ranges during the summer. NDOW efforts to disperse elk distributions throughout the area may reduce the number of elk seen and change the use of the viewing area in the future.
The landscape of central Nevada has many special environmental features, including plant communities, rivers, lakes, playas, wildlife, rock outcroppings, cliffs, and mountain ranges. These resources provide opportunities to create viewpoints, preserve natural systems, and enhance wildlife movement corridors. To assess the environmental features, data was gathered from a variety of sources and analyzed according to its relationship to the corridor highways. Data incorporated into the analysis includes wildlife habitats, lakes and playas, and riparian systems. Additional data obtained from the BLM identifies unique features of significant influence, including: wildlife refuges, wilderness areas, and areas of critical environmental concern (ACEC). The BLM designates areas as ACEC to preserve sites with unique biological, geological, historic, or scenic features. The boundaries shown are taken from the BLM database. Wilderness areas and ACEC are specially designated regions that should be carefully considered with all highway construction projects. Stands of pinyon-juniper and Joshua trees are unique plant communities that should also be preserved as they provide a unique experience along the highway corridor.
(1) Wilderness areas, areas of critical environmental concern, wildlife management areas, and wildlife refuges parallel the corridor. These designations reflect the importance of habitat conservation and the need for the highway system to consider and plan for wildlife movement.
(2) Antelope and many other wildlife species can be found along the corridor. Agency coordination with the Nevada Department of Wildlife is critical to providing appropriate crossing facilities. Additional partnerships should be created to look for opportunities to improve crossings.
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Lamoille
27
10
SR 228
5
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
29
e
west wendover 50
45
2 SR
45
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Environmental Considerations US 93: WELLS to Jackpot
50
RUBY MOUNTAINS WILDERNESS Area
2 SR
Deer Collision
dt Range
Arthur
Antelope Collision
55
0
elko
Elk Collision
0
umbol
WILDLIFE COLLISIONS
60
i-8
East H
9
State Park / State Recreation Area
65
Clover Valley
Area of Critical Environmental Concern
Elko County
Oasis
70
Pequop Mountains
Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forests
Deeth
SR 2 32
Wilderness Area
75
I-80
Ado be
sca
SR 225
National Wildlife Management Area & National Wildlife Refuge
Tu
Wilderness Study Area
wells
Ran
ror
National Recreation Area
ge
aM
Great Basin National Park
Toano Range
ou
Pinyon/Juniper Plant Communities
233
ins
SR
nta
Joshua Tree Plant Communities
Utah Nevada
Playas
ang
Streams / Rivers
Wilkins
Pilot R
County Line
100
Ind
Railroads (historic)
105
ains
SR 226
Railroads
ntains
North Fork
ount
Local Roads
County
110
ke M
Interstates Highways / State Routes
County
115
wilderness study area
3
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
Contact
Henry
Charleston
S na
6
120
US 9
Bu ll R u
nM
wilderness study area
LEGEND 5
125
nt a
rt
Delano Mou
se
JARBIDGE WILDERNESS Area
ang e
De
130
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FORESTS
te R
w
ee
San Jacinto
Jarbidge
Gran i
O
jackpot
140
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Chapter One — Corridor Management and Background Inventory
SECTION THREE: Background Inventory
Visual Resources Visual Analysis A visual analysis was conducted along the corridor as part of a three-day site visit to evaluate the highway system. Scenic resources were identified and highly visible landforms, such as mountain ranges and unique cliffs, were located. Overall, the corridor is highly scenic in quality with notable areas of special visual interest: • US 93 through Clark County travels through an open valley bounded by the impressive Las Vegas Range and Arrow Canyon Range. • Mountain ranges along US 93 north of Hiko are heavily clad with trees. This creates a striking appearance that differentiates them from other mountain ranges in the state. • Wheeler Peak, the second highest peak in Nevada and the highest peak located entirely within the state, can be seen by motorists traveling north along US 93 from Pioche. Its impressive headwall above a large glacial cirque makes it visually distinct. • Unique rock outcroppings and vegetation create visual interest just outside of Caliente. • Salmon Falls Creek crosses under US 93 near Jackpot and provides visual interest and changes in the plant community. • Historic towns like Austin and Eureka contain attractive buildings. Historic buildings and elements enhance the scenic quality of communities.
Scenic Resources The corridor passes through vast open stretches of the state. Expansive valleys create a distant backdrop for the wild and rugged landscape that characterizes much of Nevada. High mountain passes, agricultural valleys, and vast desert playas
combine to create a memorable impression for visitors and creates an indelible sense of identity for those who live in the region.
Areas of Future Development Significant areas of planned growth include Coyote Springs, the Alamo Industrial District, and the Ely Airport expansion. These developments will be visible from the corridor as new construction occurs within a relatively undeveloped landscape. Aesthetic considerations include setting development back from the highway and using native and enhanced native plant material to blend development into the surrounding environment.
Distance Zones Landscape features are perceived by drivers with varying levels of detail depending upon the distance between the driver and the feature. Distance zones, including foreground zones, middleground zones, and background zones, define the traveler’s viewing distances. Distance zones are delineated through a process developed by the USFS that relates the detail and importance of distance to the driver on the highway. Although the distance zones are not delineated on the following maps, the following narrative describes where distance zone boundaries are located in relation to the roadway. Understanding what areas are most clearly seen can guide planning decisions regarding what portions of the landscape are most sensitive to change and what areas are most critical to maintain the highway’s visual character. Management of these areas through multi-jurisdictional cooperation can protect them from billboards and other land uses that obstruct views and detract from the travel experience.
Foreground Zones Viewers can perceive details such as forms, lines, and colors within a one-quarter mile distance. Changes to the landscape are most significant within the foreground view because they are most immediate to the viewpoint. This zone can be easily manipulated through the Landscape and Aesthetic Program, in part because it includes the highway right-of-way. Middleground Zones Viewers can perceive details such as forms, lines, and colors in masses located from one-quarter mile to three miles away.
(1) Viewers perceive details such as forms, lines, and color in the foreground zone. Located up to a 1/4 mile distance from the road, this zone is the most easily manipulated because it includes the right-of-way.
Background Zones Background is the area beyond the middleground, extending to the horizon or limit of the area that is seen. Viewers can perceive broad forms, lines, wide valleys, distant hills, and mountains.
(2) Middleground zones extend from 1/4 mile to 3 miles from the highway. Forms, lines, and color are perceived in masses. Potential development and signage impact these areas.
(3) Background zones extend to the limit of area that is seen. Viewers perceive broad forms, wide valleys, and distant mountains.
1.29
US
8 31 SR
ang
Mou
e
ntain
s
ns ai
nt M
ou 5
Mo rm on
Arizona
10
Mormon Mountains wilderness area
US 93 coyote springs development
Clark County
mesquite
85
Bunkerville
75
95
65
60
anyon Range
US
5
I-1
168
rg
SR
Moapa Arrow Canyon wilderness area
Vi
80
Arrow C
Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
Meadow Valley wilderness area
Las Vegas Range
DESIGNWORKSHOP
R oc ahr
NORTH
in
r ve
Ri
D
IL RA T H
S
I AN SP
OL
Glendale Logandale
Gold Butte Back Country Byway
Overton Bitter Springs Back Country Byway
Lake Mead
55
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
1.30
hP Range
Indian Springs
AREAS OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
MAP VA1
Sheep
UNIQUE LANDSCAPE FEATURES
Clove r
15
70
HIGHLY VISIBLE LANDFORMS WITH SCENIC VALUE
20
Elgin
e
Mercury
ge
POTENTIAL SCENIC IMPROVEMENTS
Clark County
(SAMPLE SYMBOL IS LOOKING NORTH)
Nye County
OUTSTANDING VIEWPOINTS
Clover Mountains wilderness area
Delamar Mountains nevada wilderness area wilderness area
25
20
nge
VISUAL ANALYSIS
Tunnel Spray wilderness area
Lincoln County
Pintwat er Rang
Existing Rest Areas
caliente
30
Pahranagat NWR
Spotte d Ran
Playas
95
South Pahroc Range wilderness area
35
rt Ra
Streams / Rivers Lakes
10
Alamo
40
ge
City Boundary
5
93
ang e nR ma
Sea
t Sou
alamo industrial district
Dese
County Line
85
an
Railroads (historic)
0
45
East
Railroads
90
80
Joshua tree forest
tR
Existing Back Country Byways
County
5
ga na hra Pa
Existing Scenic Byways
75
60
55
37
Indian Springs Valley
Valley
Major Roads
County
SR
nt Emigra
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers Interstates Highways / State Routes
70
50
nge Groom Ra
Lincoln County
Nye County
Belted Range
Kawich Valley
Hiko Mt Irish wilderness area
319
100
Big Rocks wilderness area 65
ge
6
SR
105
Utah Nevada
an Kawich R
Tempiute
Rachel
LEGEND 5
CONTINUE ON MAP VA2
VISUAL ANALYSIS
US 93: I-15 Interchange to Caliente
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
nge Egan Ra
25
Nye County White pine range wilderness area bald Mountain wilderness area
20
Toq uim a Ra nge
85
Mount Moriah wilderness area 90
50
75
95 100 70
55
60 65
US
25
15
6/
S 50
Baker
U
ang e
+ wheeler peak
tor R
Mo ni
ang e
lley
Preston 15
Lund
120
Pan c
Currant
US
Big
Scenic Viewshed
White Pine County Lincoln County
6
115
110
5
Mt Grafton wilderness area
170
105
100
95
lava flows
Major Roads
Highland Ridge wilderness area
125
Utah Nevada
San d Sp ring
10
SR 318
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers Interstates Highways / State Routes
Shoshone
130
ake R
s Va
eek Ran ge
Hot Cr
9 37
table mountain wilderness area
LEGEND 6
20
10
currant mountain wilderness area red Mountain5 wilderness area
Duckwater
SR
alta toquima wilderness area
5
80
High Schells Wilderness area
45
CONTINUE ON MAP VA3
Eureka County
Lander County
90
Scenic Viewshed 165
Far South Egans wilderness area
Fortification Range wilderness Area
160
Existing Scenic Byways 80
75
85
Existing Back Country Byways Railroads
County Line
City Boundary 60
55
Existing Rest Areas
Quinn Canyon wilderness area
Warm Springs
135
(SAMPLE SYMBOL IS LOOKING NORTH)
Weepah Spring wilderness Area
0
5
10
20
ange
NORTH
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Ursine
115
110
Panaca
CONTINUE ON MAP VA1
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
pioche Caselton Prince
an R
Worthington Mountains wilderness Area
125
120
Seam
SR 375
Lincoln County
AREAS OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
Parsnip Peak wilderness Area
130
Nye County
ge
UNIQUE LANDSCAPE FEATURES
le Ran
HIGHLY VISIBLE LANDFORMS WITH SCENIC VALUE
Reveil
POTENTIAL SCENIC IMPROVEMENTS
White Rock wilderness Area
ey
OUTSTANDING VIEWPOINTS
140
Vall
VISUAL ANALYSIS
Grant Range wilderness area
Lake
Rai lr
Playas
mt wilson back country byway
145
oad
Streams / Rivers Lakes
150
y
65
Val le
County
US 93
County
155
lunar crater volcanic field lunar crater Back Country Byway
70
Railroads (historic)
VISUAL ANALYSIS
US 93: Panaca to US 50/US 6 and US 6: Warm Springs to Utah State Line
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP VA2
1.31
ty ine Coun White P nty a Cou
nt ain s ou
ert
sM
ou
Co
Ro b
sh o
105
Becky Peak wilderness area
TRA
IL 100
95
Schellbourne 90
Warm Spring Siding
SR 893
s
Eureka County
85
80
Pa rk M
ou
Lander County
nt ain s
to ri c
e Egan Rang
unty
Sh o
Hi s
in Mounta
ne Ra ng e
rte z
nt ain s
M
ey Vall
ES S
110
Goshute Canyon wilderness area
XPR
Butte
elop e
YE
Diamond Mountains
alley Diamond V
Lander Co
ounty
Churchill C
Ant
PON
Eurek
CONTINUE ON MAP VA4
25 20
on ps Sim
30
Bristlecone wilderness area
55 40
50
45
ang
20
kR
5
65
ely airport expansion
35
55
Cre e
30
McGill
50
40
25
10
60
Fish
Monit or R
alley Monit or V
45
70
k Range
40
ange
45
35
US 50
15
e
austin
25
eureka
10 5
Schell Cree
15 10
20
75 35
15
us 93
5
Scenic Viewshed
30
Ruth
Shellback wilderness area
60
65
55
High Schells Wilderness Area
ely
35
eC
(SAMPLE SYMBOL IS LOOKING NORTH)
Existing Scenic Byways Existing Back Country Byways Railroads (historic)
10
20
NORTH
MAP VA3
1.32
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
10
20
120
115
NORTH
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
VISUAL ANALYSIS
CONTINUE ON MAP VA2
6
20
Preston Lund
15
e
5
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
5
25
10
130
9
0
0
37
Existing Rest Areas
65
10
125
e
Valley
Playas Playas
y
currant mountain wilderness area
g Ran
AREAS OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
nt
60
15
SR
City Boundary Streams / Rivers Lakes
Springs
UNIQUE LANDSCAPE FEATURES
y
20 55
red Mountain 5 wilderness area
cake
County
County Line
ou
Duckwater
P an
County
HIGHLY VISIBLE LANDFORMS WITH SCENIC VALUE
Big Sand
Railroads
nt
eC
50
Egan Rang
POTENTIAL SCENIC IMPROVEMENTS
ou
Pin
US
alle ky V mo
Litt le S
OUTSTANDING VIEWPOINTS
ite
93
Ny
/ us
Major Roads
Wh
bald Mountain wilderness area
45
50
VISUAL ANALYSIS
White pine range wilderness area
25
Range
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers Interstates Highways / State Routes
US
6
Nye County
6/
5
LEGEND
e White Pin
Eureka County
US
y
40 30
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FORESTS
110
Mt Grafton South Egan wilderness Range area wilderness area White Pine County
5
Lincoln County 170
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
US 50: New Pass Summit to ELY and US 93: Ely to SCHELLBOURNE
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
22
ins nta ou
e
Pilot Ran g 35
lope
30
Vall
Rub yM
e Ant 25
ey
ard
ly V
20
20
Currie
15
tain
10
Utah Nevada
15
oun
en M
3
10
s
Playas
25
US 9
nty
a Cou
ounty
Eurek
Elko C
Range
County Line
45
40
Dol
Railroads (historic)
30
Huntington Valley
Railroads
Streams / Rivers Lakes
Jiggs
Pinion
Existing Back Country Byways
City Boundary
35
50
ge
8
22
Lee
Existing Scenic Byways
County
Spruce Mountain Ridge
SR
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers Interstates Highways / State Routes Major Roads
County
west wendover
40
LEGEND 6
50
ff uto sC
45
Carlin
5
ng s ti Ha
n Toano Ra
7
Lamoille
55
na atio N a i n or lif a C f o
alley Goshute V
RUBY MOUNTAINS WILDERNESS Area
SR
I-80
t Range
Arthur
60
SR
d umbol
Eureka County
Lander County
elko
ail
93
9
Tr
AL T
In d
SR 22
65
istor ic
Halleck
CALIFO
lH
EAST HUMBOLDT WILDERNESS Area
N
Angel Lake Scenic Byway (SR 231)
23
Oasis
Pequ o Mou ntaipn s
H IA RN
SR
potential scenic improvements
70
AL AT IO N
Adob e
nce n de epe
Deeth
East H
SR 225
Eureka County
r to
is
3
wells
Clover Valley232
Elko County
75
I-80
IL RA cT
i
Ran ge
Mo un
tain
s
CONTINUE ON MAP VA5
5
5
Existing Rest Areas
VISUAL ANALYSIS
Elko County
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Becky Peak wilderness area
100
alle y Tippett
95
90
US 93
alley Step t
Butt CONTINUE ON MAP VA3
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV
T ra il
oe V
lley
pre s s Hi s t oric
e Va
tains Moun
Vall ey
Long
Butte
NORTH
Ex
ange
20
105
ny
5
R lope
10
Po
alley
5
Goshute Canyon wilderness area
Newark V
0
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
y
AREAS OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
ntains nd Mou
UNIQUE LANDSCAPE FEATURES
110
Diamo
HIGHLY VISIBLE LANDFORMS WITH SCENIC VALUE
nd Valle Diamo
POTENTIAL SCENIC IMPROVEMENTS
115
Ante
potential scenic improvements
(SAMPLE SYMBOL IS LOOKING NORTH)
Ant elo pe V
White Pine County
OUTSTANDING VIEWPOINTS
Schellbourne
VISUAL ANALYSIS
US 93: SCHELLBOURNE to WELLS and Alt 93
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP VA4
1.33
Idaho Nevada
jackpot
140
Owyhee
California Trail Back Country Byway
Rowland 135
Jarbidge
w
Mountain City
yh
Patsville
125
ou
nt a
rt
JARBIDGE WILDERNESS Area
nM
120
Henry
Bu ll R u
Charleston 115
ang e
3
s ain unt Mo
Railroads
95
nde Ind
epe
ains
Existing Scenic Byways
California Trail Back Country Byway
Wilkins 100
ount
SR 226
Major Roads
Existing Back Country Byways
North Fork
nce
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers Interstates Highways / State Routes
105
ke M
6
ntains
US 9 110
S na
LEGEND 5
Contact
Delano Mou
se
130
te R
De
ins
ee
San Jacinto
unique canyon and riparian landscape
Gran i
O
Tuscarora
90
Montello
226
85
SR H AL ON
N
Halleck SR 22
NORTH
MAP VA5
1.34
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
Carlin
CONTINUE ON MAP VA4
VISUAL ANALYSIS
US 93: WELLS to Jackpot
Tr
ail
s
na atio nia N r o lif Ca f o f f o Cut
0
20
Lamoille
50
ng s ti Ha
Oasis
i-8
10
27
2 SR
5
SR 228
0
RUBY MOUNTAINS WILDERNESS Area
55
dt Range
Arthur
60
umbol
elko
AREAS OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
East H
9
65
istor ic
CALIFO
POTENTIAL SCENIC IMPROVEMENTS
SR 2 32
IA RN
UNIQUE LANDSCAPE FEATURES
70
EAST HUMBOLDT WILDERNESS Area
AT I
Eureka County
HIGHLY VISIBLE LANDFORMS WITH SCENIC VALUE
wells
Deeth
Clover Valley
(SAMPLE SYMBOL IS LOOKING NORTH)
is
e
Ran
Elko County
OUTSTANDING VIEWPOINTS
ic
r to
Ado be
VISUAL ANALYSIS
SR 225
Tu
Existing Rest Areas
75
AIL TR
ang
ge
aM ror sca
Playas
Toano Range
Streams / Rivers Lakes
Pilot R
80
Pequop Mountains
City Boundary
233
SR
lH
ins
County Line
nta
County
ou
County
Utah Nevada
Railroads (historic)
west wendover 50
45
29 R2
S
45
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
Landscape Design Segments
TABLE of CONTENTS SECTION ONE: Highway Zones............................................................................ 2.2 SECTION TWO: Hidden Gems.............................................................................2.12 SECTION THREE: Silver State Passage............................................................2.24 SECTION FOUR : Pony Express Passage.........................................................2.29 SECTION FIVE: Cowboy Range............................................................................2.35
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
Introduction
Introduction This chapter establishes the design direction for highway landscape and aesthetics and is organized into five sections. Section One discusses design objectives to address general design goals related to roadway type and surrounding land uses. Sections Two through Five describe the specific design objectives associated with each landscape design segment and its theme. These design objectives clarify how program elements should look. Figure 7 shows the two categories of highway organization: general and context-sensitive. Information from both categories is used to direct the design of both the functional aspects and physical form of highway facilities. General Highway Categories consider factors such as the road type, speed and volume of travel, type of access, and the density of adjacent land use. • Goals represent planning and design ideas that should always be considered for roads with similar functions. Context-Sensitive Categories consider placespecific features such as environment, culture, and history.
be further divided into highway zones. The program elements and goals established for each zone should always be considered when addressing projects located in areas of similar character. For example, low-speed roads that travel through downtown areas are considered community interface zones. Within these zones, traffic-calming techniques are appropriate and pedestrian needs dominate. As communities develop and adjacent land uses change, the highway zone associated with the new land use and development can be updated. Figures 8 and 9 (on pages 2.3 and 2.5) Figure 7 - Corridor Organizing Elements
The Master Plan organizes road systems into different highway types according to the type of road, the speed and volume of travel, and the type of access. They are classified as urban freeways, city streets, or rural highways; each of these may
Design Objectives in Sections Two through Five: Landscape Design Segments The last four sections of this chapter describe the design objectives, theme, and specific features associated with each landscape design segment. These segments organize the highway into areas of similar character based on elements such as topography, plant communities, and community development.
General*
Highway Types
Highway Zones/ Design Objectives
Urban Freeways
Urban Confluence
(Not present in this corridor) High-speed, high-volume, controlled access roads. Includes elevated highways and some bypasses.
Managed Landscape Character
City Streets
Community Interface
Urban Background
Slower-speed, high volume roads that pass through a community with the potential for many different adjacent land uses.
Community transition Managed Landscape Character
Rural Highways
Community Interface Preserved Landscape Character Scenic Designation
High-speed, lower volume road with very low-density residential, agricultural, or open space adjacent land uses.
• Goals describe how general design objectives should be interpreted in context.
Design Objectives in Section One: Highway Zones
show where different design objectives are appropriate according to general highway categories and zones.
COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN CONCEPT The corridor design concept can be articulated for undeveloped and developed rural segments. In rural or predominately undeveloped areas, the highway should blend with the natural landscape. The presence of the road is muted by design interpretations of naturally occurring patterns of geology, vegetation, and soils. The successful emulation of these patterns results in a landscape environment that avoids the distinct separation between road and land that often characterizes rural highways. In towns, the perception of community character is often shaped by a highway’s design and its features. This is especially evident when a highway also serves as a community’s main street. Creating a coherent visual environment that unifies a community is key to the success of the highway system. The highway should consist of a range of landscape treatments that focus attention on important places, reveal community character and information, and blend the roadway with surrounding uses.
Context-Sensitive** Theme Landscape Design Segment
Design Objectives Specific Features Design Interpretation
* General: Includes design goals and objectives that should always be considered during the design of a project as it relates to the types of surrounding land uses, development, and street patterns regardless of the landscape design segment in which they are located. ** Context-sensitive: Includes themes, design goals and objectives, and projects that relate specifically to the landscape design segment in which they are located. The goals and objectives should be considered in addition to the general goals and objectives.
2.1
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
SECTION ONE: Highway Zones
SECTION ONE: Highway Zones
US
93
ELY (1) Community Interface Zone
US 50
US 6
N (2) Throughout central Nevada, design objectives relate to community interface and preserve landscape character. Outside of town, the highway runs through open landscape with little development. Within town the highway often serves as a main street.
Community Interface
•Pedestrian needs dominate with
frequent intersections and crosswalks •Slower design speeds •Shorter block lengths •Traffic-calming features •High-cost treatments are appropriate •On-street parking •Buildings, sidewalks, and parking in close proximity to travel lanes
2.2
Managed landscape Character
• Areas of growing or planned development • Indications of potential community expansion in an otherwise natural setting • Vehicular needs dominate this zone • Infrequent pedestrian crossings • Frontage roads are common • Low-cost treatments are appropriate
Preserve landscape Character
(3) Preserve Landscape Character Zone
Scenic Designation
•Rural highways •High speeds •Agriculture or low-density residential
•Existing scenic byway •Potential scenic byway •Unique scenic, cultural, historic,
•Native vegetation and landforms
•High level of visual management •Mid-cost treatments are appropriate
development
dominate views
•Low-cost treatments are appropriate
recreational, and/or natural qualities
Design objectives form the parameters for landscape and aesthetics along the roadway. The Master Plan’s general categories of city streets and rural highways are illustrated in Figures 8 and 9. (Because the urban freeways designation is not applicable to this corridor, it is not shown.) Figure 8 provides an overview of the general objectives for city streets; a more detailed description of the zones associated with city streets (community interface, community transition, and managed landscape character) follows on the next page. Figure 9 illustrates the general objectives for the highway zones of rural highways. Specific descriptions of community interface, preserve landscape character, and scenic designation zones along rural highways are found beginning on page 2.6.
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
SECTION ONE: Highway Zones Figure 8 - City Streets – Highway Zones
General Highway Categories: city streets – Highway Zones
Managed Landscape Character
Community Transition
Community Interface
Adjacent Land Uses: Vary from residential to industrial. Located in areas of current growth or planned growth at community edges.
Adjacent Land Uses: Range from commercial to residential with larger setbacks. Located between a community’s downtown and its undeveloped edges.
Adjacent Land Uses: Typically commercial, but may include other uses. Travel speeds are lower with frequent curb cuts and cross streets.
ransition
Community T
Community In
terface
ter
harac
ape C andsc
ged L
Mana
Managed Landscape character “Transition Zones” in the Master Plan • Areas of growing or planned development • Indications of potential community expansion in an otherwise natural setting • Vehicular needs dominate this zone • Infrequent pedestrian crossings • Frontage roads are common • Low-cost treatments are appropriate
Community transition “Suburban Zones” in the Master Plan •Zone between downtown and undeveloped edge •Curb cuts and cross streets generously spaced •Buildings set back from right of way •Vehicular and pedestrian needs are balanced •Pedestrian crossings at signalized intersections •Bike lane or shared-use path easily integrated •Buildings have parking in front •Low- to mid-cost treatments are appropriate
Community interface “Urban Zones” in the Master Plan •Pedestrian needs dominate with frequent intersections and crosswalks •Slower design speeds •Shorter block lengths •Traffic-calming features •On-street parking •Buildings, sidewalks and parking in close proximity to travel lanes • Mid- to high-cost treatments are appropriate
2.3
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments CITY STREETS Community Interface Description In many communities, highways provide the central point of access to all parts of the community. Pedestrian amenities are of primary importance in these areas. The highway must be compatible with pedestrian activities and unify, not divide, the town center.
(1) Areas of managed landscape character indicate locations of planned or expected growth such as Coyote Springs in Clark County and south Lincoln County. Management focuses on transitioning development into the surrounding landscape through the use of native and enhanced native treatment types as depicted.
(2) Outlying industrial areas and areas zoned for development are included in the managed landscape character zone. Emphasis is placed on developing partnerships and proactively working with agencies and towns to preserve viewsheds and prevent disturbance to rightof-way vegetation.
2.4
Community interface zones are characterized by lower travel speeds, frequent curb cuts, cross streets, traffic control devices, and increased pedestrian and other non-vehicular traffic. Adjacent land uses are typically commercial, but may include residential areas, schools, parks, and other civic uses. Block lengths are generally shorter than in community transition zones, with buildings, sidewalks, and parking in close proximity to the travel lanes.
SECTION ONE: Highway Zones
Community Transition
Managed Landscape Character
Description Community transition zones include stretches of highway between the center of a community and its undeveloped edges. These zones provide access to outlying areas of a community and form a buffer between pedestrian-oriented town centers and open stretches of highway on their outskirts. Vehicle needs are balanced with pedestrian needs in these areas. Travel speeds vary, but are generally midway between those in community interface zones and those on the open highway. Pedestrian crossings may be present at intersections, although curb cuts and cross streets are used less frequently than in community interface zones. Adjacent land uses may be commercial, residential, industrial, or agricultural, but setbacks are typically greater than in community interface zones. Where adjacent uses are commercial, building setbacks commonly consist of large parking lots accessible from the highway.
Description The managed landscape character zone is distinguished by areas of growing or planned development at community edges. The frequency and density of residential, commercial, or industrial development indicates potential community expansion in an otherwise natural landscape setting. Built elements interrupt the natural environment in a somewhat regular pattern, but without the intensity of urban density.
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
SECTION ONE: Highway Zones Figure 9 - Rural Highways – Highway Zones
Rural Highways – Highway Zones
Community Interface
Preserve Landscape Character
Scenic Designation
Adjacent Land Uses: Commercial and local community development.
Adjacent Land Uses: Typically includes agricultural or low-density residential. Federal or state land ownership dominates.
Adjacent Land Uses: Varies from conservation and recreation to significant, historical commercial uses. Includes scenic byways and other portions of the highway that travel through areas of high scenic, cultural, or recreational value.
Preserve Landscape Character
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Preserve Landscape Character Community interface “Rural Communities” in the Master Plan •Pedestrian needs dominate with frequent intersections and crosswalks •Slower design speeds •Shorter block lengths •Traffic-calming features •On-street parking •Buildings, sidewalks, and parking in close proximity to travel lanes • Mid-cost treatments are appropriate
“Rural Landscape Segments” in the Master Plan •High speeds •Maintain integrity of existing landscape – “do no harm” •Agriculture or low-density residential development •Native vegetation and landforms dominate views •Low-cost treatments are appropriate
Scenic Designation “Rural Landscape Segments” in the Master Plan •Existing scenic byways or potential scenic byway •Located along rural highways, city streets, and urban freeways •Unique scenic, cultural, historic, recreational, and/ or natural qualities •High level of visual management •Low- to mid-cost treatments are appropriate
2.5
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments Trees and planting soften the street and help slow traffic
SECTION ONE: Highway Zones Parallel parking
Wide sidewalks
Minimum lane widths slow traffic
Curb extensions (bulb outs) add sidewalk space, provide place for trees, bike parking, etc. and shorten crossing distance
RURAL HIGHWAYS Community Interface Description Community interface zones along rural highways are similar in description to those along city streets. They are primarily located in the developed town centers and the primary design objective focuses on the highway’s ability to accommodate a variety of town center activities without reducing its function as a through street.
(1) The primary design objective for community interface zones is to improve the highway’s ability to accommodate a variety of town center activities without reducing its function as a through street. On-street parking buffers pedestrians from travel lanes and helps slow traffic through town.
(1) Traffic-calming features such as street tree planting, on-street parking, and curb extensions accentuate downtown community areas. Pedestrian crossings use a change of paving materials
Appropriately sized sidewalks provide pedestrian space
Trees and planting soften the street and help slow traffic
Bike lane incorporated into road design
In small towns, the highway often becomes the main street, a key component of the community’s economic and social vitality. Limited commercial development reinforces the need to quickly establish a defined community image for motorists as they are welcomed into town and slow their travel speeds significantly. Towns serve as resting points along lengthy highway stretches. Community rest areas with travel information orient the driver while providing economic returns for the town. Program Elements Roadway design in these areas must incorporate traffic-calming features that minimize conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles. The following goals establish the approach:
(2) Pedestrian movement and amenities are of high concern in community interface zones. Highway improvements consider not only the street but the adjacent development and pedestrian needs. (2) Five-lane highways can be softened through raised, planted medians. Roadway design incorporates bike lanes to promote multi-modal transportation through downtown.
2.6
• Manage speed by reducing the appearance of wide roadways. Install raised or planted medians to create pedestrian refuge islands that can double as speed-reduction devices. • Reduce vehicle-pedestrian conflicts with consolidated curb cuts and planted medians. • Increase pedestrian safety and reduce crossing distances by combining angled or parallel parking with bulb-outs at crosswalks. Bollards located at bulb-outs, a buffer zone separating travel lanes, and angled
SECTION ONE: Highway Zones
•
•
• • • •
•
parking offer additional levels of pedestrian safety. Parallel parking is recommended in areas of limited right-of-way. Install pedestrian-activated signals for heavily used mid-block crossings or where the distance between crosswalks exceeds one-quarter mile. Develop community rest areas that combine travel service facilities with local park and community gathering spaces. Encourage motorists to stop in towns for travel information and use of facilities. Encourage slower travel speeds by adding pedestrian-scaled amenities. Utilize street trees for shade and visual interest. Provide lighting that is appropriate in height, style, and intensity. Provide signage that is compatible with preferred architectural styles and is visible to pedestrians and motorists. Provide street furnishings that include seating, shelters, trash containers, and wayfinding aids such as sidewalk inlays.
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
(2) Before streetscape improvements.
(1) A 60’ right-of-way provides space for on-street parking and widened sidewalks. Streetscape and pedestrian amenities enliven the downtown area.
(3) After streetscape improvements. (2), (3) The potential for streetscape improvements exists for roadways through commercial and residential areas. Enhancements have the ability to change the character of the roadway and provide a more inviting atmosphere.
(4) An 80’ right-of-way accommodates dual travel lanes and a planted median. A striped bike lane accommodates cyclists through the community center. Pedestrian amenities may be enhanced with widened sidewalks.
2.7
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments • Incorporate clearly marked bike lanes. Coordinate efforts with local multi-modal transportation plans. Parallel parking is most compatible with bike lanes. Where angled parking exists, parking areas must be deep enough to ensure adequate visibility of cyclists.
Preserve Landscape Character Description Landscape character is best preserved in rural highway design. In rural areas, roadside development consists of agricultural or low-density residential uses. The potential for significant future growth appears low. Land ownership is dominated by federal or state entities such as the Department of Defense or Bureau of Land Management. Built elements and human interventions are sparsely distributed throughout the landscape. Native vegetation, geologic features, and landforms dominate the view. (1) Scenic byways and highways through areas of high visual quality such as the Great Basin National Park warrant design treatments equal to their natural setting.
Program Elements Objectives for project design include the following goals: • Utilize existing native vegetation to preserve the aesthetic integrity of the roadside. • Preserve scenic views and viewsheds from the highway. • Restrict outdoor advertising in scenic locations. Coordinate with local jurisdictions to prevent billboards from obstructing scenic views. Promote outdoor advertising requirements. • Provide pedestrian and bicycle access to recreation destinations. • Provide ample space for road bikers on a paved shoulder that is not disrupted by the rumble strip.
2.8
SECTION ONE: Highway Zones • Incorporate the Place Name Sign Program and audio interpretation (radio transmission) at areas with significant historic or natural features. • Partner with federal and state agencies to coordinate the Corridor Plan with longterm planning. • Fit the alignment of the highway into existing topography so structures blend into the surrounding landscape. • Regrade, stain, and revegetate rock cuts to blend with the adjacent hillside. • Prevent the degradation of surrounding landscapes. Minimize vegetation removal during construction and maintenance activities. • Prevent the practice of spreading asphalt millings on road shoulders. Use materials that blend with the natural landscape. • Revegetate disturbed highway areas with native seed mix or salvaged plant materials where possible. • Identify locations for new wildlife crossings and opportunities for improvements to existing wildlife crossings. • Screen maintenance facilities from the roadway or visually blend them with their surroundings. • Improve litter collection along the corridor.
Scenic Designation Description Scenic designation includes existing and proposed scenic byways where scenic, cultural, historic, recreational, and/or natural qualities dominate the highway landscape. Facilities in these areas require the highest level of management and should incorporate accentuated treatment levels with a higher level of detail. Designation is indicated where scenic preservation, viewshed management, and access to recreational opportunities are needed Program Elements In addition to the objectives set in preserve landscape character zones, areas of scenic designation include the following goals: • Protect scenic areas by discouraging structures that obscure views. • Provide rest areas that serve a diversity of purposes, including access to recreational opportunities, locations for trailheads, and stopping points along shared-use trails. • Incorporate a separated, shared-use trail within the right-of-way. • Promote the scenic byway and its statewide importance. • Create structures that blend with the landscape yet express the special quality of the scenic byway. • Integrate interpretative elements throughout the corridor. • Form partnerships with federal and state agencies to maintain scenic intactness of the surrounding landscape.
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
SECTIONS TWO – FIVE Design Interpretation Summary –
The following aerial image is meant to illustrate landscape and aesthetic treatments at one of the key points along the Pony Express Passage Landscape Design Segment.
Pony Express Passage
direction for project level design. Examples illustrate forms and materials that US 93/US 6/ US 50
US 93/US 6/US 50 Intersection
Garnet Hill
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could be used to accomplish the stated design objectives.
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Community Interface
(1) Although short lived, remnants of pony express stations stand as reminders to the early period of western settlement and should be incorporated into roadside facilities.
Preserve Landscape
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Accentuated
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(2) Interpretation of sites and activities that established the towns along US 50 and US 93 allows travelers to better appreciate the historic and scenic qualities of the landscape.
Key Highway Intersection Landscape and Aesthetics Element
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PONY EXPRESS PASSAGE LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
(5) Nevada contains a rich supply of Native American history and culture. Culturally significant objects and patterns can be reinterpreted to create contemporary facilities that convey the traditional feel of the region.
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1. Relocate existing rest area located just outside of town to downtown Eureka. Rest area should double as a community park. 2. Promote Eureka’s historic district..
Pinto Summit Rest Area
Duckwater Reservation access Provide shade
1. Highlight connection to Duckwater Reservation. Incorporate architecture and design materials evocative of Native American culture. 2. Enhance facilities to provide shade 2. Incorporate aesthetic enhancements through replacement of brightly colored fencing and jersey barriers with context-appropriate alternatives.
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PONY EXPRESS PASSAGE – DESIGN OBJECTIVES
1. Highlight mining history and historic structures. 2. Provide travel information for historic walking tour. 3. Incorporate enhanced native street tree program to reinforce town character. 4. Emphasize main street improvements that enhance pedestrian facilities and amenities.
Mining Historic walking tour Relocate rest area outside of town to within historic downtown
PINTO SUMMIT REST AREA Native Revegetation Standard • •
1. Relocate existing Bean Flat rest area to nearby Hickison Summit. Emphasize Nevada’s Native American history and cultures and highlight Hickison Petroglyphs.
Community Interface - Eureka
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Design objectives and landscape and aesthetic elements are located within the segment.
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
PONY EXPRESS PASSAGE – LONGITUDINAL SECTION Design Objectives - Section View UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
US50: NEW PASS SUMMIT TO WHITE PINE COUNTY
Landscape treatment types and interpretive themes provide additional direction for design objectives and the development of specific landscape and aesthetic elements. The elements shown include improvements to both existing and proposed roadside facilities, major intersections, and statewide gateways.
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Relocate Bean Flat Rest Area to take relate more with Hickison Petroglyphs Highlight Native American culture Architecture and features should reflect Nevada’s Native American cultures Provide shade
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Sections of the highway organized according to the surrounding environmental and cultural context. Themes correlate with the segment name and location.
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AUSTIN COMMUNITY REST AREA Enhanced Native Accentuated
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1. Provide community park that serves as a rest area for travelers. Promote Austin as the gateway to the Toiyabe Mountains. 2. Provide interpretative information enhancing motorists recognition of Native American history and culture in the area. Provide signage to the Yomba Reservation south of Austin. Integrate simple interpretive features of Native American history and culture.
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1. Highlight mining history. 2. Incorporate enhanced native street tree program to define downtown and slow traffic.
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1. First priority is to maintain and preserve existing landscape. Minimize disturbance and preserve existing vegetation.
Community Interface - Austin PRESERVE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
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A group of highways evaluated to address a topic such as landscape and aesthetics.
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1. Sound protection or acoustic wall 2. Bridge and structure aesthetic 3. Information and directional signage 4. Highway maintenance practices Note: Includes maintenance practices for milled asphalt by-products for entire corridor 5. Highway facility enhancement 6. Landform or contour grading enhancement 7. Geometrics, alignment, and land relationship enhancement 8. Sustainable corridor practice opportunity
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1. Ground treatment 2. Revegetation with native grasses, forbs and herbaceous plants 3. Enhanced native planting 4. Great Basin regionally adapted planting 5. Great Basin ornamental planting
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Roadside Services Viewpoints and points of interest Travel information program Highway art Community Rest Area
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1. Statewide gateway 2. Community gateway 3. Pedestrian linkage and circulation 4. Bike and multi-use trail linkage 5. Highway archaeology, cultural, or historic awareness 6. Highway and community compatibility improvement 7. Partnerships and resource leveraging
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Potential projects and improvements identified within the segment. Projects are grouped into six categories – community, travel and tourism, planting, natural resource and wildlife, views and landmarks, and roadway practices and structures.
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(6) This segment highlights the preservation and presentation of scenic desert landscapes. Use of architectural windows can make the view more vivid.
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(3), (4) Artistically designed features can be inspired by the forms and patterns of historic structures. Integrated design elements infuses history into daily life.
(1) This aerial view looks east towards Ely along US 50 and US 93. This stretch of road is located within the Pony Express Passage Landscape Design Segment and landscape treatments should highlight community gateway connections and points of interest within the town of Ely.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
West Wendover
The segment theme describes the vision for the segment in terms of how the highway should appear. Images that depict how the theme may be interpreted and applied through individual project design are provided.
design. The corridor plan establishes the
US 93
Figure 10 – Landscape Design Segment Themes, Maps, and Sections
Wells
Theme and Design Interpretation
Interpretation of the segment’s design themes occurs during individual project
Churchill Count
General program elements, described in the previous section, are further developed through the application of landscape design segment objectives. Because landscape design segments relate to place and community character, design objectives at this level refine program elements to express special features.
SECTION FOUR: Pony Express Passage
Aerial Landscape and Aesthetic Treatment Simulations
ey Diamond Vall
Sections Two through Five describe the design objectives, theme, and specific features associated with each landscape design segment. The major design theme for each segment provides a unifying design concept that is interpreted during individual project design. Figure 10 shows how landscape design segments are used to develop context-sensitive designs.
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
Ante
Sections Two – Five: Landscape Design Segments
Using the Landscape Design Segments Landscape design segments provide an organizational tool for applying design concepts along the highway. After understanding the project components that may be applied within each highway zone (community interface, managed landscape character, etc.), it is important to understand the theme and design objectives of the segment. The theme and design objectives describe how features should look. Design interpretation images provide physical examples of potential projects. Supporting maps, sections, aerial photos, and imagery illustrate the design objectives, specific features, and their appropriate application throughout the corridor.
DESIGNWORKSHOP SECTION Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
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M
Pony Express Passage LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
A1
I-1
AN
LE
Y
HI
Silver State Passage LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
Nye County
ST OR
IC
TR AI
Mojave Desert Vista Sub-Segment
SCALE: 1 inch equals 22 miles
MAP LDS1
A
37
Arizona
D1
Panaca
US 93
D
Hidden Gems LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
Hidden Gems LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
LE
C
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor
SR
VA L
B
a
B
AT H
A1
ni
Silver State Passage LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
DE
A
or
da
pioche
Lincoln County
8
Ca
va
tonopah
Nye County
31
Ne
A
Warm Springs
SR
US 6
S6
eP
SR
3 US
Lyon County
0/U
W
Mineral County
Gabbs
US 5
Eureka County Nye County
Yerington
ely
Landscape Design Segments Southern Nevada to Central Nevada
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Oregon
Idaho
Nevada California
winnemucca
Elko County
Elko County
Lander County
Eureka County
D
D
Ruby Mountains sub-segment
I-80
D1
Wells
elko
D1
west wendover NG SC UT O HAS TI
er C
hing
Land
Pers
Churchill County
Mojave Desert Vista Sub-Segment
Pony Express Passage LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
Alt
50
N
Silver State Passage LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT Y
ES PR EX
TORIC T S HIS
IL RA
Schellbourne Warm Springs Siding
Austin
US 50
fallon
Eureka McGill
C Nye County
9
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Nye County
Mineral County
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV
Eureka County
US
37
NORTH
SCALE: 1 inch equals 22 miles
ely
Lander County
SR
44
SR 361
22
Churchill County
SR 839
11
Alt 95
0
Ruby Mountains Sub-Segment
6/U
S5
0
US 6
D1
SR 3 7
6
Cowboy Range LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
C
White Pine County
US 93
D
Pershing County
US 95
C
Pony Express Passage LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
PO
B
Hidden Gems LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
Elko County
SR 278
A1
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor
FF
ALT 93
LEGEND
SR 305
Cou nty oun ty
I-80
A
R VE
Utah Nevada
Cowboy Range LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
RI
C HI ALIF ST OR OR NIA IC T /HU RAI MB L OL
US 93
Humboldt County
US 95
Humboldt County
Washoe County
I-8 0
DT -
Jackpot
Baker
Landscape Design Segments Central Nevada to Northern Nevada
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP LDS2
2.11
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
Section Two: Hidden Gems THEME
(1) Hidden Gems Landscape Design Segment key map.
The Hidden Gems Landscape Design Segment includes US 93 from the I-15 interchange to Ely and US 50/US 6 east to the Utah border. Geographic differentiation and shifting plant communities compel the designation of the Mojave Desert Vista Sub-segment from the I-15 interchange to the SR 318 intersection. Here, southern desert and salt desert vegetation along with interspersed Joshua trees dot the landscape. Traveling along the segment, plant communities merge together as Joshua trees and Utah juniper are seen in the same setting. This transition to higher elevation plant communities marks the passage out of the Mojave Desert Vista Sub-segment. Numerous recreation destinations are easily accessible from the corridor, including eight state parks, one national park, and two national wildlife refuges. Objectives for this segment focus on providing travelers with the necessary signage, information, and facilities to experience the treasures lying just off the highway. This segment also provides scenic opportunities; except for the Mojave Desert Vista Sub-segment, the entire segment has a Nevada scenic byway designation.
(2) A segment’s theme considers the region’s culture, history, and natural resources. Design elements used along the segment reinterpret these features to provide depth of meaning to road facilities and connect travelers to the region.
Communities along the corridor respond by providing community rest areas that support outdoor recreation and encourage motorists to stop. The new development of Coyote Springs appropriately transitions into the surrounding landscape
2.12
SECTION TWO: Hidden Gems with right-of-way landscaping that utilizes enhanced native softscape treatment types. Rather than looking out of place in the desert landscape, intersection and potential interchange improvements blend into the topography with minimal disturbance. The general highway experience preserves scenic continuity and emphasizes the beauty of the natural resource. Panoramic views are uninterrupted and native revegetation heals any roadside disturbance.
DESIGN SEGMENT OBJECTIVES Outdoor recreation is diverse and widely available along this segment; design goals emphasize its importance. Design objectives for this segment also include enhancing the interface between communities and the highway and preserving the existing natural landscape. The following objectives are specific to this segment:
Preserve Landscape Character • Preserve scenic views of distant mountain ranges. Work with other state and federal agencies to maintain visual quality. • Proactively work with Clark County to influence the placement of any industrial uses zoned for the southern part of the corridor. Site planning should minimize disruption of the area’s scenic quality. • Partner with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to influence the roadside facilities provided at the Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). Provide appropriate signage to mark pull-offs. Design shelters and seating areas that are comfortable and visually inviting. • Utilize signage to interpret geological, cultural, and recreational resources such as the Desert NWR and Sheep Range.
• Promote the use of US 93 as the route to Ely and other northern destinations in order to support tourism growth in communities like Caliente and Pioche. • Partner with Lincoln County to ensure that planned BLM land disposals do not negatively affect the existing visual continuity.
Managed Landscape Character • Recognize the development of the Coyote Springs new community adjacent to US 93. Develop working relationships that support the use of subdued softscape and hardscape materials. Focus design efforts on visually blending the development into the larger natural landscape. • Utilize signage at the SR 168 intersection to encourage exploration of the recreation opportunities along the corridor. Tie signage into the recreational gateway at the Glendale I-15 interchange.
Scenic Designation • Preserve the scenic quality of the byway. Prevent any billboard construction and other visual distractions along the highway. • Connect travelers to the landscape through place name signage. Interpret distinct features such as the merging of plant communities west of Caliente. • Coordinate roadside facilities to provide ample information on the area’s parks. • Partner with USFWS to enhance viewpoints around Pahranagat. • At Pahranagat rest area, partner with USFWS to provide vault toilets and information on the Pahranagat NWR. Include information on the valley’s pre-refuge establishment and ranching history. • Partner with USFWS to provide a kiosk with information on the valley and refuge water management for migratory birds at the Pahranagat Middle Marsh access/pull-off point. • Partner with USFWS to provide a pull-off
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
SECTION TWO: Hidden Gems
•
•
•
•
• •
•
•
and informational kiosk at Maynard Lake at the southern boundary of the Pahranagat NWR. Create a “history trail” of information including the valley’s early settlement, rock mustang corrals located near the canyon, Paiute use of the canyon, origin of the Red-tailed Hawk story, and history of the ancient White River that created the valley and canyon. Partner with Nevada Division of State Parks (NDSP) to develop a multi-use trail connecting the state parks around Caliente, Panaca, and Pioche. Encourage visitors to stay within a community and bike to various park destinations. Consider creating acceleration/deceleration lanes to and from the Pahranagat NWR headquarters and campground entrances. Develop community rest areas that promote the many recreation opportunities and describe each town’s history and services. Enhance scenic byway signage through the incorporation of iconic imagery that evokes meaningful aspects of the byway. Emphasize the connection to the Great Basin National Park. Create an appropriately scaled statewide gateway at the Utah border. Design and scale should reflect the culture and history of the area as well as the volume of traffic along US 50/US 6. Partner with NDSP to develop a multi-use trail connecting the Ward Charcoal Ovens and Cave Lake state parks. Partner with Lincoln County to ensure that planned BLM land disposals do not negatively affect the existing visual intactness.
• Designate US 93 as a scenic byway from Maynard Lake to the intersection with SR 375/318. • Partner with Pahranagat NWR to develop a shared-use path between the refuge and the Town of Alamo. • Work with NDOW to address vehicle-deer collision issues from Maynard Lake Canyon to Alamo.
Community Interface Alamo • Reinforce town entry with gateway signage. Locate signage according to growth boundary that proactively plans for development spurred by Las Vegas and Coyote Springs outgrowth. • Recognize and interpret the environmental and recreational resources of the Pahranagat NWR as part of community and signage improvements. • Where water is available or in naturally moist zones, plant native cottonwoods or similar plant material to emphasize sense of place. Highlight the importance of cottonwoods to the Alamo settlement.
Caliente • Utilize signage and streetscape design to promote exploration of downtown Caliente. Reinforce the community main street through pedestrian enhancements and downtown gateways. • Preserve scenic quality and provide signage to Rainbow Canyon, a regional visual resource. Pioche • Emphasize the town’s history and mining culture. • Encourage visitation and exploration of the downtown. Develop gateways and signage to the town and downtown areas.
(1) Eight state parks, a national park, and several wildlife refuges are accessed directly off the Hidden Gems scenic byway. Travel information and facilities should be coordinated to elevate the traveler’s awareness of recreation opportunities and promote exploration.
(2) Highlighting town historical elements and architectural sites enriches the traveler’s experience. Clear connections to downtown areas and enhanced pedestrian amenities increase the highway’s compatibility with community goals.
2.13
Alamo
ns
Elgin
De lam
35
Utah Nevada
South Pahroc Range
40
ar M ou nt ai
75 SR 3
Scenic Designation
elgin schoolhouse state historic site
South Pahroc Range wilderness area
45
t ga na hra e Pa Rang
nge Groom Ra
Belted Range
Kawich Valley
CONTINUE ON MAP A2
Pahranagat NWR Rest Area nt Emigra
Delamar mountains wilderness Area
30
Pahranagat NWR Maynard lake
Tule Desert
25
Valley
Preserve Landscape Character
meadow valley range wilderness Area
20
Arizona
15
Indian Springs
rt se De st ge Ea Ran
Valley
0
2.14
ge an rt R se
95
Preserve Landscape Character
Historic Trail US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers 4
8
16
NORTH
SCALE: SCALE: 11 inch inch equals equals 88 miles miles
MAP A1
Mojave Desert Vista Sub-segment US
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
I-15/US 93 Interchange
Note: Interchange enhancements for I-15 are provided in the I-15 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan. Refer there for related design objectives.
70
SR
I-15
168
er
Moapa
Glendale
in
O
Arrow Canyon Rang e
6
75
US 93
Key Highway Intersection
Indian Springs
Bunkerville
arrow canyon wilderness ARea
80
Las Vegas Range
Landscape and Aesthetics Element
5
desert national wildlife refuge
Hidden Gems Landscape design segment
Scenic Designation
US 93
r Rang e
Managed Landscape Character
Managed Landscape Character
mesquite
Coyote Springs
85
nge
Preserve Landscape Character
Clark County
Pintwat e
Community Interface
US 93/SR 168 Intersection
Lincoln County
Spotted Ra
Mojave Desert Vista Sub-segment
Mormon Mountains wilderness ARea
De
Hidden Gems Landscape design segment
5
rg
LEGEND
Mormon Mountains
10
LD
AN SP
ISH
A TR
IL
v Ri
Vi
Nye County
Desert National wildlife Refuge
I-15/SR168 Interchange Logandale
Note: Interchange enhancements for I-15 are provided in the I-15 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan. Refer there for related design objectives.
Overton
65
Valley of fire State park Lake mead national recreation area
60
55
A1
Lake Mead
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Hidden Gems – Design Objectives US 93: I-15 Interchange to Alamo
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
CONTINUE ON MAP A3
85
80
Rai lroa dV alle
y
Lunar Crater Volcanic Field
e
145
37
140
5
V Lake
Warm Springs
White rock Range Wilderness area
Pony Springs Rest Area
Grant range Wilderness area
55
SR
150
Gra nt R ang
60
Wh ite R iver
KIRCH WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA
155
US 93
70
65
A2
Va l ley
75
135
130
Nye County Lincoln County
ange
ma
pioche
ang
en G ate R
nR
Pioche Community Rest Area
Gold
e
Community Interface
Cathedral Gorge Visitor Center/ Recreational Gateway Caliente Community Rest Area
Mojave Desert Vista Sub-segment
Key Highway Intersection
8
16
Panaca
SR 319
105
NORTH
90 70
75
95
80
caliente
Tunnel Spring Wilderness
85
Hiko 60
kershaw-Ryan State Park
55
Hidden Gems Landscape design segment
Mt. Irish Wilderness area
Mojave Desert Vista Sub-segment SR
Scenic Designation
37
5
A1
South Pahroc Range
50
45
Clove r elgin schoolhouse state historic site
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Alamo
beaver dam state park
Clover mountains Wilderness area
South Pahroc Range Wilderness area
40
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
110
100
Tempiute
SCALE: SCALE: 11 inch inch equals equals 88 miles miles
UNLV
Cathedral Gorge State park
big rocks Wilderness area
65
Groom Range
Historic Trail US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
Nye County
Landscape and Aesthetics Element
Rachel Lincoln County
Scenic Designation
4
Echo canyon state park
115
3
18
3 SR
Managed Landscape Character
0
Caselton Prince
US 9
Preserve Landscape Character
6
spring valley state park
120
Community Interface
Community Interface
5
Ursine
125
Sea
WORTHINGTON MOUNTAINS Wilderness area
Scenic Designation
Weepah Spring Wilderness Area
LEGEND Hidden Gems Landscape design segment
Utah Nevada
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
alley
quinn canyon Wilderness area
parsnip peak Wilderness area
CONTINUE ON MAP A1
Hidden Gems – Design Objectives US 93: Alamo to MM 155
Mou
ntain
s
Elgin
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP A2
2.15
ely
55
65
bald Mountain wilderness area
35 40 30 45
6/
25
eR
and
e ang
S Big
Spr
Duckwater
95 100
6 US
70 60
s Va lley
25
9
US 93/US 6/US 50 Intersection Preston
Egan Range
15
6
10
US
5
Currant 115
far south egans wilderness
ge
160
ek Ra n
KIRCH WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA
fortification wilderness area
ll Cre Sche
155
150
lley
Pony Springs Rest Area 145
0
4
8
16
2.16
Parsnip Peak Wilderness
NORTH
SCALE: SCALE: 11 inch inch equals equals 88 miles miles
MAP A3
Utah Nevada
6
165
iver Va
5
Historic Trail US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
170
US 93
Key Highway Intersection
White Pine County Lincoln County
White R
Landscape and Aesthetics Element
lley
Scenic Designation
e Grant Rang
Managed Landscape Character
south Egan Wilderness
SR 318
iver Va
110
Community Interface Preserve Landscape Character
Scenic Designation
Area
White R
Mojave Desert Vista Sub-segment
Shoshone
Scenic Designation
120
Hidden Gems Landscape design segment
Great basin National park
Great Basin National Park Recreational Gateway
Highland Ridge Wilderness area
Great Basin National Park mt grafton Southwest Kiosk Rest Area Wilderness
130
+ Wheeler peak
20
Hidden Gems Landscape design segment
5
125
LEGEND
A2
Charcoal ovens State Park
Statewide Gateway
ange
37
Baker
65
Lund
SR
A3
90
Snake R
ing
red Mountain wilderness area
50
55
Lund
10
US
93
cak
lley
20
15
currant mountain Ny Pin wilderness area eC eC ou nt ount y y
ite
6/
75
/ us
50
Recreational Gateway
Wh
US 85
50
Va oad
Pan
Ely Elk Viewing Area Rest Area White Pine Range Ward Charcoal Ovens
80
Cave Lake State Park
US
Railr
Cave Lake State Park Recreational Gateway
Mount Moriah wilderness area
US
White pine range wilderness
ange
Ruth
Swamp Cedars Forest Viewpoint
High Schells Wilderness area
nge reek Ra
Little Smoky Valley
60
Snake R
Schell C
60
Shellback wilderness area
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
CONTINUE ON MAP A2
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Hidden Gems – Design Objectives US 93: MM 155 to Ely and the Utah State Line
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Elements Preserve Landscape Character
HIDDEN GEMS LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT – US 93 MOJAVE DESERT VISTA SUB-SEGMENT PRESERVE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
MANAGED LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
Native Revegetation Standard
PRESERVE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
Scenic designation
Native Revegetation Standard
Native Revegetation Standard
1. Buffer the highway from new development. 2. Use subdued landscape treatments to blend development into the larger landscape.
Scenic designation
Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge
Clark County
Lincoln County
5000 FT
ALAMO
6000 FT
3000 FT
Managed Landscape Character
1. Designate US 93 from Maynard Lake to SR 375/318 intersection as scenic byway. 2. Coordinate with other federal and state agencies to promote recreational opportunities along the byway.
Native Revegetation Standard
4000 FT
1. Consider place name signage to interpret geological and vegetative areas of interest. 2. Maintain existing vegetation and landforms. Preservation of existing native landscape is the first aesthetic approach for any capacity improvement or maintenance projects. 3. Preserve scenic quality through Pahranagat Valley.
2000 FT US 93/SR 168 intersection Enhanced Native Accentuated •
A1 MileMile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile 52 55 75 60 65 70 80 85
• •
Blend highway improvements into greater landscape Minimize disturbance Highlight scenic resources
Pahranagat National wildlife refuge Native revegetation Standard • • • • • •
Coordinate with USFWS Incorporate shade Provide toilets Provide travel information for recreational opportunities Interpretation of valley history, pre-refuge settlement, Native American history, ranching, migratory birds, and other “history trail” elements Provide bike/walking path to connect Pahranagat NWR to Alamo
1. Partner with USFWS to enhance viewpoints and rest area around Pahranagat. 2. At Pahranagat rest area partner with USFWS to provide vault toilets and information on the Pahranagat NWR. Include information on the valley’s pre-refuge establishment and ranching history. 3. Partner with USFWS to provide kiosk with information on the valley and refuge water management for migratory birds at the Pahranagat Middle Marsh access/ pull-off point. 4. Partner with USFWS to provide pull-off and informational kiosk at Maynard Lake at the southern boundary of the Pahranagat NWR. Create a “history trail” of information including the valley’s early settlement, rock mustang corrals located near the canyon, Paiute use of the canyon, origin of the Red-tailed Hawk story, and history of the ancient White River that created the valley and canyon. 5. Consider creation of acceleration and deceleration lanes into the Pahranagat NWR headquarters and campground entrances. 6. Create a mountain bike/walking path from Alamo to the Pahranagat NWR. 7. Work with NDOW to address vehicle-deer collision issues from Maynard Lake Canyon to Alamo. Consider reducing speed and signing.
Alamo
1. Highlight the historic importance of cottonwoods. Use native cottonwoods in riparian and wet areas as part of plant selections.
Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile 65 70 45 15 25 55 60 75 35 40 80 85 90 30 5 10 20 50 (Horizontal and vertical scales vary)
Landscape Type/Treatment Structures and Hardscape Type/Treatment
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Hidden gems – Longitudinal Section
US 93: I-15/us 95 interchange to Lincoln CO mm 90
DESIGNWORKSHOP SECTION Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
A1
2.17
Elements Community Interface
HIDDEN GEMS LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT – US 93
Caliente
1. Integrate a modern interpretation of railroad facilities as part of streetscape character. Use Rainbow Canyon and unique vegetation communities as design inspiration. 2. Encourage visitation of downtown area. Consider connections and signage during US 93 enhancements. 3. Coordinate travel information and facilities with state parks, Panaca, and Pioche. Provide a consistent message that markets the region as an abundant source of recreation and history. 4. Connect towns to state parks and rest areas by a coordinated multi-use trail loop.
COMMUNITY Interface
1. Reinvent entry experience into the scenic byway. Enhance signage to visually tell the story of the byway’s resources. 2. Rename the scenic byway to Hidden Gems to encourage travelling along the highway.
Native Revegetation Standard
Enhanced Native
Enhanced Native
Accentuated
Accentuated
Caliente
7000 FT 6000 FT 5000 FT
Caliente & Pioche community rest areas Regionally Adapted Accentuated
4000 FT 3000 FT
• •
2000 FT
•
A2
Highlight mining history Provide connections to state parks Encourage town exploration
• • • •
•
•
•
Promote exploration of other state parks and surrounding towns Connect to multi-use trail
•
Provide interpretation of Lake Valley Highlight high quality viewsheds Incorporate shade Replace existing barriers around tables and seating with aesthetic alternative Interpret historic agriculture and ranching and importance of bison Highlight connection to Great Basin National Park Provide restroom facilities
Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile 90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
Proposed great Basin National Park southwest kiosk Rest area Native Revegetation Standard
PONY SPRINGS rest area Enhanced Native Standard
Cathedral gorge Visitor center/ Recreational gateway Regionally Adapted Accentuated
•
White Pine County
Scenic Designation
Native Revegetation Standard
Lincoln County
1. Encourage travelers to drive to historic downtown. Develop a strong gateway and enhance signage at business route intersection to promote town exploration. 2. Use mining history and recreation opportunities as inspiration for design concepts. 3. Coordinate travel information and facilities with state parks, Caliente, and Panaca. Provide a consistent message that markets the region as an abundant source of recreation and history. 4. Connect towns to state parks and rest areas by a coordinated multi-use trail loop.
Scenic designation
Pioche
Pioche
Scenic designation
150
155
160
165
170
• • •
Partner with NDSP Provide shade and restrooms Kiosk for Great Basin National Park
Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile 5
10
15
20
25
(Horizontal and vertical scales vary)
Landscape Type/Treatment Structures and Hardscape Type/Treatment
SECTION DESIGNWORKSHOP A2 Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
2.18
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Hidden gems – Longitudinal Section
US 93: Lincoln CO mm 90 to us 6/us 95/ us 50 intersection
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Elements Scenic Designation
HIDDEN GEMS LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT – US 93/US 6/US 50
1. Reinvent entry experience into the scenic byway. Enhance signage to visually tell the story of the byway’s resources. 2. Rename the scenic byway to Hidden Gems to encourage travelling along the highway.
Scenic designation Native Revegetation Standard Great basin national park Recreational gateway Native Revegetation Accentuated
US 93/US 6/ Us 50 Intersection
7000 FT
•
Enhance road signage
6000 FT 5000 FT Ely Elk Viewing Area Rest Area Native Revegetation Standard
4000 FT 3000 FT
•
2000 FT •
A3
Coordinate facilities with Cave Lake and Ward Charcoal Ovens state parks improvements BLM removing toilets
• •
• •
Connect to Cave Lake State Park by multi-use trail Enhance road signage
Highlight Home of Shoshone Provide historical information, including massacre history
Statewide gateway Native Revegetation Accentuated
Cave Lake State Park Recreational Gateway Native Revegetation Standard •
SWAMP Cedars Forest Viewpoint Native Revegetation Accentuated
Ward Charcoal Ovens Recreational Gateway Native Revegetation Standard
• • • •
Connect to Ward Charcoal Ovens State Park by multi-use trail
Create highway-level entry Use regional materials Highlight Native American history Interpret mining
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(Horizontal and vertical scales vary)
Landscape Type/Treatment Structures and Hardscape Type/Treatment
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Hidden gems – Longitudinal Section US 93/US 50/ US6: Ely to Utah state line
DESIGNWORKSHOP SECTION Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
A3
2.19
1. Ground treatment 2. Revegetation with native grasses, forbs and herbaceous plants 3. Enhanced native planting 4. Mojave Desert regionally adapted planting 5. Mojave Desert ornamental planting
4
Viewpoint / rest area ENHANCEMENTS See SECTION A1 FOR DETAILS
2
Travel information for Pahranagat NWR, Ash Springs, and State Parks
3
PLACE NAME SIGN FOR Pahranagat NWR
3
Place name sign for Desert National Wildlife Refuge and sheep range
1. Highway scenic designation 2. Highway scenic improvement
0
4
8
16
NORTH
Indian Springs
US
Enhanced Native Planting for Roadside treatments directional signage for coyote springs, moapa band Paiutes, moapa, warm springs, and mesquite
2.20
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving while maintaining integrity of existing Landscape
5 8
Desert National wildlife Refuge
8 10
3 5
85
wilderness access and elgin schoolhouse state historic site travel information: note vehicle Requirements
8
Address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
Mormon Mormon Mountains Mountains wilderness ARea
mesquite
Coyote Springs
Bunkerville I-15
80
SR
3 75
mojave yucca preservation and big horn sheep wildlife crossing
1
95
Daylight headlight use to alamo note distance to next gas services
4
3
3
Partnership to minimize scenic impacts of power plant and zoned industrial uses
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation
15
7
Arrow canyon pull-off and place name sign with interpretation of inland sea and rock beds
7
3
2
70
er
168
arrow canyon wilderness ARea
Moapa
Glendale
moapa valley national wildlife refuge
in
v Ri
Refer to I-15 Corridor Plan for interchange enhancements – recreational gateway
3
Logandale Overton
65
Valley of fire State park Lake mead national recreation area
60
55
1 Gateway rest area with great basin scenic byway and Recreation information
Lake Mead
SCALE: 1 inch equals 8 miles
MAP A4
3
2
4 Thin roadside vegetation for safety
meadow valley range wilderness Area
20
Las Vegas Range
ROADWAY PRACTICES and STRUCTURE OPPORTUNITIES
1. Sound protection or acoustic wall 2. Bridge and structure aesthetic 3. Information and directional signage 4. Highway maintenance practices Note: Includes maintenance practices for milled asphalt by-products for entire corridor 5. Highway facility enhancement 6. Landform or contour grading enhancement 7. Geometrics, alignment, and land relationship enhancement 8. Sustainable corridor practice opportunity
Delamar mountains wilderness Area
US 93
VIEWS and LANDMARK OPPORTUNITIES
Potential partnership with Coyote Springs for scenic preservation
Pintwater Range
nge
1. Environmental resources preservation 2. Wildlife movement enhancement 3. Water resources enhancement 4. Rare, unique, or special natural resource enhancement
Spotted Ra
NATURAL RESOURCE and WILDLIFE OPPORTUNITIES
Connect Pahranagat NWR TO ALAMO WITH MOUNTAIN BIKE / WALKING PATH
Coyote Springs New Community
Lincoln County Clark County
2
rg
Valley
PLANTING OPPORTUNITIES
DEER CROSSING SIGNAGE: SLOW TRAFFIC
Hidden Gems – Specific Features US93: I-15 Interchange to Alamo
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Arizona
1. Roadside Services 2. Viewpoints and points of interest 3. Travel information program 4. Highway art 5. Community Rest Area
2
US 93
Indian Springs
TRAVEL and TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES
Chamber of Commerce information kiosk
25
Valley
1. Statewide gateway 2. Community gateway 3. Pedestrian linkage and circulation 4. Bike and multi-use trail linkage 5. Highway archaeology, cultural, or historic awareness 6. Highway and community compatibility improvement 7. Partnerships and resource leveraging
30
nge
COMMUNITY OPPORTUNITIES
3 35
Pahranagat nwr
nt Emigra
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
Alamo
Sheep Ra
6
6
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the story of the region’s history and culture Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas
Vi
75 SR 3
LEGEND 5
40
7
Scenic designation from Maynard lake to sr 375/318 intersection Elgin
Utah Nevada
1 Improve ACCESS TO ALAMO AND PLAN FOR FUTURE GROWTH
Entire corridor
elgin schoolhouse state historic site
South Pahroc Range wilderness area
45
t aga ran Pah ange R
nge Groom Ra
Nye County
Belted Range
Kawich Valley
CONTINUE ON MAP A5
P
2
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation
4
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving
Wilderness area
PLANTING OPPORTUNITIES
Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services
WORTHINGTON MOUNTAINS Wilderness area
Va l ley
improve wayfinding signage
2
Enhance Pedestrian Crossings
3
Traffic calming through community
6
Lincoln County Weepah Spring Wilderness Area
Create community rest area with state parks travel information
Wildlife crossing signage
White river narrows archeological signage for cathedral gorge district state park with mileage
NATURAL RESOURCE and WILDLIFE OPPORTUNITIES 1. Environmental resources preservation 2. Wildlife movement enhancement 3. Water resources enhancement 4. Rare, unique, or special natural resource enhancement
Enhanced signage for scenic byway and E.T. Highway
VIEWS and LANDMARK OPPORTUNITIES 1. Highway scenic designation 2. Highway scenic improvement
Rachel
NORTH
scenic designation from maynard lake to sr 375/318 intersection
Hiko
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Caselton Prince
4 Cathedral Gorge State park
3
110
1 55
2
50
Coordinate signage with blm for hell’s high kitchen rock crawling area
3
South Pahroc Range Wilderness area
40
Alamo
caliente
3 Delamar Mountains
Panaca community signage for services
3
Access to Utah Signage Beaver dam state Park travel Information Tunnel Spring Wilderness
Caliente community
Kershaw-Ryan State Park
silver state O.H.V. Trailhead (All Locations)
45
95
Shared-use trail from Caliente to Cathedral Gorge to link State Parks
2
3
80
Place name sign for Cathedral Gorge
SR 319
100
85
Place name sign FOR northernmost Joshua tree forest, convergence of great basin and mojave desert ecosystems, and BLM Trilobite area
Mt. Irish Wilderness area
Panaca
105
Wildlife crossing signage for wild horses and deer 75
spring valley state park Echo canyon state park
3
115
2
2
70
pioche
120
South Pahroc Range
60
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV
5
VIEWPOINT GATEWAY TO CALIENTE TRAVEL INFORMATION FOR county PARKS and depot big rocks Wilderness area
3
Ursine
125
90
t naga Pahra nge Ra
16
18
parsnip peak Wilderness area
130
1
65
375
8
SR
3
SR
4
nge Groom Ra
0
SCALE: 1 inch equals 8 miles
Nye County
1. Sound protection or acoustic wall 2. Bridge and structure aesthetic 3. Information and directional signage 4. Highway maintenance practices Note: Includes maintenance practices for milled asphalt by-products for entire corridor 5. Highway facility enhancement 6. Landform or contour grading enhancement 7. Geometrics, alignment, and land relationship enhancement 8. Sustainable corridor practice opportunity
135
RAINBOW CANYON PROPOSED SCENIC BYWAY
Tempiute
Lincoln County
ROADWAY PRACTICES and STRUCTURE OPPORTUNITIES
140
Nye County
Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
1. Ground treatment 2. Revegetation with native grasses, forbs and herbaceous plants 3. Enhanced native planting 4. Mojave Desert and Great Basin regionally adapted planting 5. Mojave Desert and Great Basin ornamental planting
2
ange
8
quinn canyon Wilderness area
Enhance community gateways to encourage visitation of historic downtown
an R
8
address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION
Pioche community
Utah Nevada
1. Roadside Services 2. Viewpoints and points of interest 3. Travel information program 4. Highway art 5. Community Rest Area
5
Thin roadside vegetation for safety while maintaining integrity of existing landscape
White rock Range Wilderness area
alley
TRAVEL and TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES
4
signage to great basin national park
V Lake
1. Statewide gateway 2. Community gateway 3. Pedestrian linkage and circulation 4. Bike and multi-use trail linkage 5. Highway archaeology, cultural, or historic awareness Pahranagat Range 6. Highway and community compatibility improvement 7. Partnerships and resource leveraging
3
+ MT. Wilson
Seam
COMMUNITY OPPORTUNITIES
150
ange
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
Travel information for state parks and lake valley
145
en G ate R
6
Utilize revegetation methods for Grant range disturbed areas
3
155
Gold
5
2
Rest area enhancements at Pony springs rest area
3
LEGEND
AREA
1
US 9
Lunar Crater Volcanic Field
65
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote KIRCH WILDLIFE national and state parks, and tell the story of the region’s history and culture MANAGEMENT
US 93
7
70
CONTINUE ON MAP A6
Entire corridor
Wh ite R iver
85
80
75
Clover mountains Wilderness area
3 elgin schoolhouse state historic site
CONTINUE ON MAP A4
Hidden Gems – Specific Features US 93: alamo to MM 155
3 Elgin
2
Enhance community gateway
3
Enhance pedestrian crossings
6
Traffic calming beaver dam through community state park
3
city parks signage
5
Create community rest area with state park travel information - coordinate with county parks
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP A5
2.21
9
125
6 US 120
Currant
8
16
NORTH
MAP A6
2.22
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
8 8
5
3
165
far south egans wilderness
MANAGEMENT AREA
address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
Travel Information for Great Basin National Park and State Parks
3
Place Name Sign for majors station
3
Place Name Sign for Wheeler peak
1
Proposed basic rest area with great basin national park southwest exhibit
fortification wilderness area
Atlanta
ge
160
ek Ra n
Thin roadside vegetation for safety and potential pull-offs while maintaining integrity of existing landscape KIRCH WILDLIFE
Entry to great basin national heritage route
Travel Information for Great Basin National Park improve clarity of Directional signage Improved access to baker Turn-off
1 3
155
3
150
3
Utah Nevada
4
5
Entry to great basin national heritage route
170
US 93
0
4
3
3
3
lley
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving
Enhanced signage for scenic byway
10
White Pine County Lincoln County
SR 318
ROADWAY PRACTICES and STRUCTURE OPPORTUNITIES
4
3
5
iver Va
2
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation
Statewide Gateway
3
south Egan Wilderness
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the story of the region’s history and culture
VIEWS and LANDMARK OPPORTUNITIES
SCALE: 1 inch equals 8 miles
US 9
6 ite P e C ine C ou nt ount y y
Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas
1. Sound protection or acoustic wall 2. Bridge and structure aesthetic 3. Information and directional signage 4. Highway maintenance practices Note: Includes maintenance practices for milled asphalt by-products for entire corridor 5. Highway facility enhancement 6. Landform or contour grading enhancement 7. Geometrics, alignment, and land relationship enhancement 8. Sustainable corridor practice opportunity
Highland Ridge Wilderness area
Ny
2
1. Highway scenic designation 2. Highway scenic improvement
3
mt grafton Wilderness Area
ll Cre
110
Great basin National park
Shoshone
Wh
1
25
Lund
Entire corridor 115 7
Baker
65
15
5
White R
1. Environmental resources preservation 2. Wildlife movement enhancement 3. Water resources enhancement 4. Rare, unique, or special natural resource enhancement
Preston
35
100
60
20
signage to Minerva
Sche
NATURAL RESOURCE and WILDLIFE OPPORTUNITIES
10
Bike lane along us 50
95
50
+ Wheeler peak
130
PLANTING OPPORTUNITIES
1. Ground treatment 2. Revegetation with native grasses, forbs and herbaceous plants 3. Enhanced native planting 4. Great Basin regionally adapted planting 5. Great Basin ornamental planting
7
red Mountain wilderness area
Charcoal ovens State Park
4 90
US
ange
37
15
6/
70
55
5
US
75
Snake R
SR
Travel information signage for ward Charcoal Ovens State Park
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
Place Name Sign for Wheeler Peak; northwest great basin national park exhibit (blm Sacramento pass restrooms)
ge
1. Roadside Services 2. Viewpoints and points of interest 3. Travel information program 4. Highway art 5. Community Rest Area
20
50
93
TRAVEL and TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES
3
85
Cave Lake State Park
/ us
1. Statewide gateway 2. Community gateway 3. Pedestrian linkage and circulation 4. Bike and multi-use trail linkage 5. Highway archaeology, cultural, or historic awareness 6. Highway and community compatibility improvement 7. Partnerships and resource leveraging
25
50
COMMUNITY OPPORTUNITIES
80
45
nge Egan Ra
Travel information for state parks and Great Basin National Park Enhance traveler awareness of fishing, bird watching, and elk viewing Partnership with NDOW and Steptoe plan to develop picnic area at wildlife management area entrance
40
an
1
3
eR
Highlight steptoe wildlife Management area
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
35
US
6
Schell Creek Range
6/
5
65
Mount Moriah wilderness area
30
3
partnership with BLM
7
55
US
LEGEND
ely
bald Mountain wilderness area
6
Travel information signage for Cave Lake State Park
White pine range wilderness
Ruth
3
High Schells Wilderness area
ak
Ely shoshone cultural and heritage gateway at north and south entries Lighting, sidewalk, and gateway improvements. Partnership with Tribe.
60
Swamp cedars forest viewpoint and travel information
2
US
Ely Shoshone Community
60
3
Sn
Little Smoky Valley
Enhanced Signage for scenic byway
Shellback wilderness area
Rest area enhancements at Pony springs rest area Travel information for state parks and lake valley
signage to great basin National park (back entry route) signage for Mt Wilson Back country byway Parsnip Peak Wilderness
145
2
preservation of prime viewsheds
CONTINUE ON MAP A5
Hidden Gems – Specific Features US 93: MM 155 to Ely and the Utah State Line
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
SECTION TWO: Hidden Gems Aerial Landscape and Aesthetic Treatment Simulations The purpose of the following aerial image is to illustrate landscape and aesthetic treatments at one of the key points along the Hidden Gems Landscape Design Segment.
PIOCHE
Gateway to Spring Valley and Echo Canyon State Parks Regionally Adapted Accentuated
PANACA
Design Interpretation Summary – Hidden Gems Interpretation of the segment’s design theme occurs during individual project design. The Corridor Plan establishes the direction for project-level design. Examples illustrate forms and materials that could be used to accomplish the stated design objectives.
(1),(2) Colors and textures should be muted earth tones that echo hues of historic structures. Enhancements use cultural and geological elements as design inspiration.
Scenic Designation
US 93
CALIENTE
Community Interface
LEGEND
Gateway to Kershaw-Ryan State Park Regionally Adapted Accentuated
Community Interface Scenic Designation Landscape and Aesthetics Element
A
Gateway to Cathedral Gorge State Park Regionally Adapted
(3) Nevada’s harsh arid climate mandates shelter from the wind and sun be provided at all rest areas. Structures should provide travelers shelter without detracting from the overall surroundings.
(4) The Hidden Gems segment emphasizes coordinated access to recreation opportunities. Rest areas and state park visitor centers are linked to provide a variety of services and visitor information.
(5) Softscape treatment levels include native revegetation and enhanced native plantings. Plant material relates to the native plant community, whether it be Mojave Desert or Basin and Range.
(6) Structures should be oriented to highlight scenic vistas and constructed with materials that blend with their desert surroundings.
Accentuated
Hidden Gems LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
(1) This aerial view looks north towards Meadow Valley along US 93. This stretch of road is located within the Hidden Gems Landscape Design Segment and landscape treatments should highlight gateway connections to the region’s many state parks.
2.23
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
SECTION THREE: Silver State Passage Theme The Silver State Passage Landscape Design Segment includes US 6 from Warm Springs to Ely. The segment mainly travels through BLM and USFS lands. Development is limited to ranches and a few small clusters of homes along the corridor.
(1) Silver State Passage key map
(2) Maintaining an undisturbed right-of-way is the prime focus for the Silver State Passage segment. Revegetation uses native plants that fit within the surrounding plant community.
2.24
East US 6 is one of the least traveled highways in the state. The number of road services and the level of landscape treatments reflect this fact. Two annual road races, the Nevada Open Road Challenge and the Silver State Classic Challenge are held just off the highway on SR 318 southward to Las Vegas. These events typify the untamed spirit of the segment. Lunar Crater Volcanic Field subtly changes the landscape and provides interpretive opportunities. Otherwise, the highway is simple and rural, highlighted only by the use of native revegetation and standard hardscape treatments. Vegetation and landforms are consistent and maintain the integrity of the existing landscape.
Section Three: Silver State Passage
Design Segment Objectives The Silver State Passage segment beautifully integrates road facilities into the landscape. Design efforts focus on little to no landscape disturbance within the right-of-way and the viewshed beyond. Segment-specific design objectives (in addition to previously described corridor-level objectives) include the following:
Preserve Landscape Character • Minimize landscape disturbance and revegetate according to appropriate plant community requirements. • Preserve scenic views of distant mountain ranges and adjacent sagebrush plant communities. • Enhance travel tourism connection to Lunar Crater and surrounding lava fields. • Keep rest area facilities simple; provide shade and a consistent, welcoming visual image.
lley ring
nge
San
Pan cak
ang e ek R Cre
Hot
White Pine County Lincoln County 170
100
95
85
fortification range Wilderness Area
165
south egan range Wilderness Area
160
Val ley
Rai lroa d
US 93
KIRCH WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA
150
145
140
grant range wilderness area
Lake
135
Nye County Lincoln County
ey
Vall
SR 375
quinn canyon wilderness area
130
Seaman Range weepah spring Wilderness Area
e
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Shoshone
5
105
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV
US
6 US
110
Rang
NORTH
20
Mt grafton Wilderness Area
Currant
d Sp
Mo ni
120
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
le Reveil
20
50
10
115
Lunar Crater Volcanic Field
55
ange Kawich R
10
U
25
US
155
60
alley
5
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
/ S6
65
15
70
Stone Cabin V
0
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
60
130
65
B1
Historic Trail
Preston
70
55
125
Warm Springs
Key Highway Intersection
10
SR 318
80
Landscape and Aesthetics Element
6
37
Deer Creek Rest Area
Preserve Landscape Character
20
90
75
75
Lund 9
e Ra
76
Arm-Chair Crater Viewpoint
Belmont
SILVER STATE Passage Landscape design segment
5
SR
s Va
ge Ran tor
Preserve Landscape Character
Big
Big Sm oky V
Toq uim a Ra nge
alle
y
Ran ge abe Toi y
SR 3
Silver State passage Landscape design segment
table mountain wilderness area
LEGEND
currant mountain wilderness area red currant Mountain wilderness area 5
50
93
alta toquima wilderness area
25
15
Duckwater
80
45
/ us
Carvers
30
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
Proposed Basic Rest Area
High schells wilderness area
50
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
ely
40
nge Egan Ra
arc dome wilderness area
35
bald Mountain wilderness area
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
55 65
US
Nye County
Ruth
US 93/US 6/US 50 Intersection
6/
Lander County
60
US
Eureka County
nge White Pine Ra
White pine range wilderness area
93
schellback wilderness area
Silver State Passage – Design Objectives US6: Warm Springs to Ely
125
pioche Caselton
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
120
MAP B1
2.25
Elements Preserve Landscape Character
SILVER STATE PASSAGE LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT – US 6
1. Highlight areas of geologic or cultural interest. 2. Provide signage for Pancake Range. 3. Manage the highway for visual consistency without disruption to the surrounding landscape.
Deer Creek Rest Area
1. Enhance aesthetic appeal of facilities. Replace concrete barriers and brightly colored features with elements that meet safety requirements while being visually inviting and attractive. 2. Utilize agrarian landscape and cultural features as cues for design ideas. 3. Incorporate shade. 4. Provide travel information for surrounding towns and nearby Lunar Crater and BLM recreation opportunities. Include vehicular requirements in travel information.
Lunar Crater Viewpoint
1. Maintain existing scenic integrity of surrounding landscape. 2. Ensure appropriate signage and lighting while minimizing disturbance to vegetation and the night sky.
7000 FT 6000 FT 5000 FT Arm-chair Crater Viewpoint Native Revegetation Standard
4000 FT 3000 FT
• •
•
US 93/US 6/ Us 50 Intersection
Create viewpoint for crater and lava fields Provide travel information for BLM Back Country Byway and Lunar Crater site
Proposed Basic Rest Area Native Revegetation Standard
Deer creek rest area Native Revegetation Standard •
White Pine County
US 93/US 6/US 50 Intersection
Native Revegetation Standard
Nye County
1. Provide viewpoint of Lunar Crater, the surrounding lava fields, and Pancake Range. 2. Incorporate travel information for BLM recreation opportunities and the Back Country Byway accessed from the highway.
Preserve landscape character
• Create rest area with restrooms • Interpret ranching
Provide travel information for nearby towns and Lunar Crater Provide shade for seating and picnic areas
B1 Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile 55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
(Horizontal and vertical scales vary)
Landscape Type/Treatment Structures and Hardscape Type/Treatment
SECTION DESIGNWORKSHOP B1 Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
2.26
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Silver State Passage – Longitudinal Section US6: Warm Springs to Ely
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
e ng Ra or
nge
lley
e Ra
s Va ring
San
d Sp
Pan cak
1
ang e ek R Cre
Travel information for railroad wildlife management area
Grant Range
Place name sign for Lunar crater volcanic field
3
Signage for Lunar Crater Back country Byway grant range
165
160
KIRCH WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA
150
145
140
Rest area enhancement to provide shade, restrooms, and aesthetic Improvement HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE
135
NATIONAL FOREST
Nye County Lincoln County
ey
quinn canyon wilderness area
Vall
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
south egan range Wilderness Area
fortification range Wilderness Area
155
130
Seaman Range weepah spring Wilderness Area
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV
93
6 US
basic rest area with restrooms interpret ranching
Lake
NORTH
SR 375
20
170
3
e
10
White Pine County Lincoln County
entry sign to great basin national heritage route at access points
3
1
Rang
5
115
3
5
Mt grafton Wilderness Area
Currant
Viewpoint of Arm-chair Crater interpret Lava fields and craters
1
Warm Springs
Shoshone
10
wilderness area
le Reveil
0
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
Lunar Crater Volcanic Field
20
130
120
Railroad Valley
55
ange Kawich R
1. Sound protection or acoustic wall 2. Bridge and structure aesthetic 3. Information and directional signage 4. Highway maintenance practices Note: Includes maintenance practices for milled asphalt by-products for entire corridor 5. Highway facility enhancement 6. Landform or contour grading enhancement 7. Geometrics, alignment, and land relationship enhancement 8. Sustainable corridor practice opportunity
alley
ROADWAY PRACTICES and STRUCTURE OPPORTUNITIES
60
50
125
85
65
U
25
US
Wilson Creek Range
1. Highway scenic designation 2. Highway scenic improvement
9
90
70
/ S6
15
95
80
60
US 93
VIEWS and LANDMARK OPPORTUNITIES
37
100
75
70
55
Lund
105
techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
Stone Cabin V
1. Environmental resources preservation 2. Wildlife movement enhancement 3. Water resources enhancement 4. Rare, unique, or special natural resource enhancement
Preston
110
8 Utilize rainwater harvesting
Hot
NATURAL RESOURCE and WILDLIFE OPPORTUNITIES
10
SR 318
1. Ground treatment 2. Revegetation with native grasses, forbs and herbaceous plants 3. Enhanced native planting 4. Great Basin regionally adapted planting 5. Great Basin ornamental planting
8
nit
PLANTING OPPORTUNITIES
5 table mountain wilderness area
Mo
wilderness 1. Roadside Services 2. Viewpoints and points of interest 3. Travel information program 4. Highway art 5. Community Rest Area
Thin roadside vegetation for safety while maintaining integrity of existing landscape address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services
Big
alta toquima TRAVEL and TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES
SR
US
y
Big Sm oky V
Ran ge abe
alle
4
Duckwater reservation
75
65
15
currant mountain wilderness area red currant Mountain wilderness area 5
50
93
4
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving
Ward Mountain recreation area
20
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
Duckwater
2
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation
25
/ us
2
1. Statewide gateway 2. Community gateway 3. Pedestrian linkage and circulation 4. Bike and multi-use trail linkage 5. Highway archaeology, cultural, or historic awareness 6. Highway and community compatibility arc dome improvement wilderness 7. Partnerships and resource leveraging
1
50
COMMUNITY OPPORTUNITIES
80
45
Egan Range
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
30
bald Mountain wilderness area
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the story of the region’s history and culture Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas
High schells wilderness area
US
7
Nye County
ely
40
6/
Lander County
55 65 35
recreational gateway to ely shoshone recreation / spiritual area
Eureka County
LEGEND 6
Ruth
White pine range wilderness area
Entire corridor 5
60
US
Toi y
schellback wilderness area
Silver State Passage – Specific Features US6: Warm Springs to Ely
125
pioche Caselton
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
120
MAP B2
2.27
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments Aerial Landscape and Aesthetic Treatment Simulations The purpose of the following aerial image is to illustrate landscape and aesthetic treatments at one of the key points along the Silver State Passage Landscape Design Segment.
Lunar Crater
SECTION THREE: Silver State Passage Design Interpretation Summary – Silver State Passage Interpretation of the segment’s design theme occurs during individual project design. The Corridor Plan establishes the direction for project-level design. Examples illustrate forms and materials that could be used to accomplish the stated design objectives.
(1),(2) Shade structures provide respite from the intense desert sun while also creating architecturally interesting shadow patterns.
Preserve Landscape
LEGEND Preserve Landscape
Lunar Crater Viewpoint Native Revegetation Standard
Landscape and Aesthetics Element
B
(3) The history of abandoned mining towns across the state provides a unique interpretive opportunity.
(4) Ancient lava flow and volcanic craters provide travelers with an indication of the natural forces that helped shape the Great Basin landscape.
Silver state passage LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
(1) This aerial view looks west towards Big Sand Springs Valley along US 6. This stretch of road is located within the Silver State Passage Landscape Design Segment and landscape treatments should focus on restoring plant communities and minimizing disturbance.
2.28
(5) This segment emphasizes the preservation of healthy native roadside plant communities and appropriate revegetation methods. Roadside facilities are minimal due to the low traffic volumes, however, rest areas may include simple path systems that engage the traveler with interpretative signage and native desert plants.
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
SECTION FOUR: Pony Express Passage
SECTION FOUR: Pony Express Passage Theme The Pony Express Passage Landscape Design Segment includes US 50 from New Pass Summit east to Ely and continuing north on US 93 to Schellbourne. Paralleling the highway is a series of trails used by Pony Express riders to deliver mail and encourage western settlement. This segment is a continuation of the Pony Express Passage segment described in the Central US 93, West US 6, and Central US 50 Corridor Plan. The influence of Native Americans on the corridor is prominent. Hickison Summit’s rare petroglyphs are an important feature. Signage and interpretive opportunities exist for four different tribes that are accessed directly off the corridor: • Yomba Tribe south of Austin • Duckwater Tribe southwest of Ely • Ely Shoshone Tribe in Ely • Goshute Tribe west of Schellbourne Native American culture and history are expressed along with mining as part of the corridor’s landscape features and road service facilities. Color and material choices tell the story. Motorists are encouraged to stop at the community rest areas within developed towns. Enhanced landscape treatments and accentuated hardscape treatments increase community visibility and visual interest. Similar to other segments, design interventions are minimal and the focus is on the surrounding landscape. Roadside disturbance is minimized as
the native plant communities thrive and support a beautiful working landscape.
• Provide signage to interpret the Lincoln Highway at roadside service areas and SR 722.
Design Segment Objectives
Community Interface
The Great Basin landscape is dotted with historic remnants from the Pony Express Trail and early human settlements. The preservation and management of this history is a key component of the design objectives. In addition to applicable corridor-level objectives, these specific design objectives have been established:
Austin • Promote historic sites such as Stokes Castle, frontier churches, and cemeteries within the town. Utilize the community rest area to promote town exploration. • Promote connections to the Toiyabe Mountains and the town’s gateway to mountain biking and recreation opportunities. • Support the creation of a community rest area.
Preserve Landscape Character • Provide signage for important cultural and historic resources, including Pony Express stations, sites of Native American heritage, and mining. Connect travelers with the area’s history. • Improve facilities at the Schellbourne rest area. Reduce paving and reorganize seating areas. Do not store roadway materials at the rest area. • Recognize the use of the highway as part of the American Discovery Trail and provide appropriate shoulder width for bike travel that is not disrupted by rumble strips. • Relocate the Bean Flat roadside pull-off. Improve its connection to the Hickison Petroglyph Recreation Area and highlight Native American culture. • Create a viewpoint of Austin and the Reese River Valley on the westbound side of Austin. Include community services information encouraging motorists to stop in Austin. • Provide opportunities to discover the stories and history attached to the region. Interpret the importance of cultural and recreational resources such as the Native American petroglyphs, Illipah Reservoir Recreation Area, and the Pony Express. • The Pony Express and Native American heritage should be a predominant focus of interpretive efforts along the corridor.
Eureka • Emphasize the area’s well-preserved historic buildings and mining history to reinforce community identity. • Utilize the town’s listing on the National Register of Historic Places to facilitate improvements through the Main Street Program. • Relocate the Eureka rest area to a community rest area within the town. Design the facility to serve as a town pocket park. Provide travel information to enhance motorists’ enjoyment of the town and region. Ely
• Enhance signage and information for tourist and historic destinations such as the Nevada Northern Railway Museum and the many murals celebrating Ely’s multicultural heritage. • Emphasize the town’s role as a gateway community to the Great Basin National Park and its unique environment.
Managed Landscape Character • Maintain the visual intactness of the natural landscape on the outskirts of Ely. • Reinforce a clear entry into developed portions of Ely from the north. • Screen or buffer industrial and storage uses paralleling the highway. Elevate the importance of the natural landscape in creating a desirable scenic presence.
(1) Pony Express Passage key map.
(2) Community rest areas provide travelers with space to relax, stretch, and explore the town. They also double as a place for the community to gather for town events. Along the Pony Express Passage segment, development of these road facilities reinforces the importance of travel tourism for local economies.
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Pony Express Passage landscape design segment Preserve Landscape Character
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US 50/US 93/US 6 Intersections e White Pin
Nye County
Community Interface
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HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
High Schells Wilderness area
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Springs
Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
McGill
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DESIGNWORKSHOP
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Hickison Petroglyph Recreation Area
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
SCALE: SCALE: 11 inch inch equals equals 10 10 miles miles
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Key Highway Intersection
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HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
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Landscape and Aesthetics Element
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Fish Creek Range
Eureka County
Community Interface Preserve Landscape Character
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Pony express passage Landscape design segment
Community Rest Area 35
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MAP C1
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k Range
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Goshute Canyon Wilderness Area
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Mt Grafton Wilderness Area
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White Pine County Lincoln County 170
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Pony Express Passage – Design Objectives US 50: New Pass Summit to Schellbourne
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Elements Preserve Landscape Character
PONY EXPRESS PASSAGE LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT – US 50
1. First priority is to maintain and preserve existing landscape. Minimize disturbance and preserve existing vegetation.
Community Interface - Austin Preserve landscape Character
Preserve landscape Character
COMMUNITY Interface
Native Revegetation Standard Enhanced Native
Austin Viewpoint
Interpret mining Highlight historic structures Highlight Stokes Castle Create gateway to Toiyabe Mountains with mountain biking and hiking
• • • •
Mile Mile Mile
5
10
15
20
• • •
Enhance rest area and design to relate more with Hickison petroglyphs Emphasize Native American culture Reflect Nevada’s Native American cultures through architecture and features Provide shade and restrooms
•
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•
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Mile 40
Mile Mile Mile 45
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Mile
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Mile Mile Mile 15
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1. Relocate existing rest area located just outside of town to downtown Eureka. Rest area should double as a community park. 2. Promote Eureka’s historic district.
Pinto Summit Rest Area
1. Highlight connection to Duckwater Reservation. Incorporate architecture and design materials evocative of Native American culture. 2. Enhance facilities to provide shade. 2. Incorporate aesthetic enhancements through replacement of brightly colored fencing and jersey barriers with context-appropriate alternatives.
Mile Mile Mile 30
1. Enhance existing Bean Flat rest area to emphasize Nevada’s Native American history and cultures and highlight Hickison petroglyphs. Provide shade and restrooms.
Eureka Community Rest Area
Highlight Duckwater Reservation access Provide shade
Mile
Bean Flat Rest Area
1. Highlight mining history and historic structures. 2. Provide travel information for historic walking tour. 3. Incorporate enhanced native street tree program to reinforce town character. 4. Emphasize main street improvements that enhance pedestrian facilities and amenities.
Interpret mining Highlight historic walking tour Relocate rest area outside of town to within historic downtown
Create viewpoint of Austin and Reese River Valley
Mile Mile
25
•
1. Provide viewpoint overlooking Austin and the Reese River Valley. 2. Incorporate travel information regarding Austin and the Yomba Reservation.
Community Interface - Eureka
Pinto summit Rest area Native Revegetation Standard
austin Viewpoint Native Revegetation Standard
C1 Mile
Eureka community rest area Enhanced Native Accentuated
Bean Flat rest area Enhanced Native Accentuated
White Pine County
• • • •
Eureka County
Austin community rest area Enhanced Native Accentuated
Eureka County
Lander County
3000 FT
Lander County
4000 FT
Churchill County
5000 FT
Enhanced Native Accentuated
1. Provide community park that serves as a rest area for travelers. Promote Austin as the gateway to the Toiyabe Mountains. 2. Provide interpretative information enhancing motorists recognition of Native American history and culture in the area. Provide signage to the Yomba Reservation south of Austin. Integrate interpretive features of Native American history and culture.
Eureka
7000 Ft 6000 Ft
Austin Community Rest Area
Native Revegetation Standard Austin
Accentuated
1. Highlight mining and ranching history. 2. Incorporate enhanced native street tree program to define downtown and slow traffic.
COMMUNITY Interface
35
40
Mile 45
(Horizontal and vertical scales vary)
Landscape Type/Treatment Structures and Hardscape Type/Treatment
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Pony Express Passage – Longitudinal Section Us50: New Pass Summit to White Pine County
DESIGNWORKSHOP SECTION Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
C1
2.31
Elements Preserve Landscape Character
PONY EXPRESS PASSAGE LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT – US 50 & US 93
1. First priority is to maintain and preserve existing landscape. Minimize disturbance and preserve existing vegetation.
Community Interface - Ely
1. Highlight mining and railroad history. 2. Promote community as gateway to the Great Basin National Park and eastern Nevada’s state parks. 3. Incorporate regionally adapted street tree program to define downtown and slow traffic. 4. Emphasize pedestrian movement and enhance streetscape and sidewalk amenities.
5000 FT 4000 FT
Accentuated
Ely
6000 FT
US 93/US 6/ Us 50 Intersection
White Pine County
1. Highlight Egan Canyon Pony Express Station. 2. Highlight connection to Goshute Reservation. Incorporate architecture and design materials evocative of Native American culture. 3. Enhance facilities to provide shade 4. Incorporate aesthetic enhancements through replacement of brightly colored fencing and jersey barriers with context-appropriate alternatives. 5. Remove or provide screening of maintenance materials and storage piles. 6. Simplify parking and automobile movement to reduce paving and reintroduce the natural environment into the rest area.
Native Revegetation Standard Regionally Adapted
7000 FT
Eureka County
Pony Express Station Rest Area
Preserve landscape character
Native Revegetation Standard
Ely Community Rest Area
1. Redefine community park area as a community rest area to encourage travelers to stop and explore the community. 2. Provide interpretative information enhancing motorists recognition of the rich mining and railroad history. Utilize local artists and highlight murals located throughout town. 3. Incorporate cultural information for the Duckwater Shoshone and Ely Shoshone tribes. Integrate interpretive features of Native American history and culture.
COMMUNITY Interface
Preserve landscape character
Pony express Station rest area Enhance Native Standard
Ely community Rest area Regionally Adapted Accentuated
3000 FT • • • • • • •
• •
Interpret Nevada Northern Railroad Interpret mining Highlight Murals Utilize local artists Highlight Great Basin National Park Create gateway to eastern Nevada’s state parks Highlight access to Duckwater Reservation
• • •
Interpret Pony Express history Highlight gateway to Goshute Reservation Emphasize Native American history and culture Provide aesthetic enhancements Provide shade
C2 Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile Mile 5
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(Horizontal and vertical scales vary)
Landscape Type/Treatment Structures and Hardscape Type/Treatment
SECTION DESIGNWORKSHOP C2 Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
2.32
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Pony Express Passage – Longitudinal Section US 50: White Pine County to Ely & US 93: Ely to Schellbourne
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Enhance community gateways / signage
3
sM ert
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Monitor Valley
3 sIGNAGE FOR PETROGLYPHS AT TOQUIMA CAVES Place name sign for pony express historic trail
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US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
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NATURAL RESOURCE and WILDLIFE OPPORTUNITIES
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LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
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60 Shellback Place name sign for PROVIDE SIGNAGE FOR BIKE TRAIL 3 wilderness area Ruth Moorman ranch CONNECTIONS 55 65 Develop partnerships with state and Ely community 35 federal agencies to preserve visual 30 quality, promote national and state Enhance community gateways 2 Ward Mountain parks, and tell the story of the region’s Recreation area history and culture 25 Enhance Pedestrian Crossings 3
2
Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas
2
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation
4 4 5 8 8
High schells Wilderness area
55
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving
White pine range wilderness area
Travel information for enhanced awareness of murals
Highlight importance of nevada northern railway with signage and directions Traffic calming through community
Thin roadside vegetation for safety while maintaining integrity of existing Duckwater relocate existing rest area to landscape downtown and develop comaddress SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE munity rest area with travel MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY information, seating, and ROADSIDE VEGETATION signage Utilize sustainable practices and Complete west entry tree planting alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services 115 Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage 110 and stormwater issues
5
bald Mountain wilderness area
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Gateway to Ruth
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Place name sign for mining and railroads at ruth
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US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV
McGill
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/ us
1. Ground treatment 2. Revegetation with native grasses, forbs and herbaceous plants 3. Enhanced native planting 4. Great Basin regionally adapted planting 5. Great Basin ornamental planting
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e
PLANTING OPPORTUNITIES
45 15
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Egan Rang
1. Sound protection or acoustic wall 2. Bridge and structure aesthetic 3. Information and directional signage 4. Highway maintenance practices Note: Includes maintenance practices for milled asphalt by-products for entire corridor 5. Highway facility enhancement 6. Landform or contour grading enhancement 7. Geometrics, alignment, and land relationship enhancement 8. Sustainable corridor practice opportunity
1. Roadside Services 2. Viewpoints and points of interest 3. Travel information program 4. Highway art 5. Community rest area
40
Place name sign for white pine mining district / hamilton historic ghost town
50
ROADWAY PRACTICES and STRUCTURE OPPORTUNITIES
TRAVEL and TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES
Rest area ENHANCEMENTS AND Restrooms
TRAVEL INFORMATION ON COMPANY TOWN AND LINCOLN HIGHWAY
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US
1. Highway scenic designation 2. Highway scenic improvement
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
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VIEWS and LANDMARK OPPORTUNITIES
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SR 379
1. Statewide gateway 2. Community gateway 3. Pedestrian linkage and circulation 4. Bike and multi-use trail linkage 5. Highway archaeology, cultural, or historic awareness 6. Highway and community compatibility improvement 7. Partnerships and resource leveraging
90
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1. Environmental resources preservation 2. Wildlife movement enhancement 3. Water resources enhancement 4. Rare, unique, or special natural resource enhancement
COMMUNITY OPPORTUNITIES
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Entire corridor 7
LEGEND 5
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Schellbourne
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ang Toi
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Warm entry into great basin Spring Siding national heritage route Place name sign for partner with blm to require 7 ruby marshes mitigation for power plants and preserve viewshed
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eureka
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partner with ndow to Relocate rest area to the west enhance wildlife viewing with a community rest area pull-offs (pronghorn antelope pull-off)
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US 93
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HIST ORIC
Traffic calming through community
6
Travel information for Hickison Petroglyph Recreation Area 25
5 20
Enhance pedestrian crossings
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Eureka County
Viewpoint of Austin and reese river valley BOB SCOTT PULL-OFF 1 ENHANCEMENT AND SIGNAGE (develop north pull-off)
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nt ain s
HISTORIC FEATURES SIGNAGE (stokes Castle, MUSEUM, HISTORIC Cemetery)
ou
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Develop main street development tourist stop as community rest area
Lander County
IMPROVE SIGNAGE FOR IONE AND BERLIN
Traffic calming through community
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PRE SS
Goshute Canyon Wilderness Area
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SR 893
unty
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DESIGNATE SR 722 AS SCENIC BYWAY
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Lander Co
Churchill C ount
SIGNAGE FOR YOMBA TRIBE AND REESE RIVER
Enhance pedestrian crossings
White Pine County
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alley Diamond V
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Austin community
110
Rest area enhancement – Pony Express and great basin Eureka community national heritage route P 2 Enhance community gateways ONY EX travel information
Cortez Mountains
Pony Express Passage – Specific Features US 50: New Pass Summit to Schellbourne
mt grafton Wilderness Area
5
White Pine County Lincoln County 170
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP C2
2.33
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
SECTION FOUR: Pony Express Passage
Aerial Landscape and Aesthetic Treatment Simulations The purpose of the following aerial image is to illustrate landscape and aesthetic treatments at one of the key points along the Pony Express Passage Landscape Design Segment. US 93
US 93/US 6/US 50 Intersection
Garnet Hill
US 93/US 6/ US 50
ELY
US
6
Design Interpretation Summary – Pony Express Passage Interpretation of the segment’s design theme occurs during individual project design. The Corridor Plan establishes the direction for project-level design. Examples illustrate forms and materials that could be used to accomplish the stated design objectives.
Community Interface
(1) Although short lived, remnants of pony express stations stand as reminders to the early period of western settlement and should be incorporated into roadside facilities.
Preserve Landscape
US
50
LEGEND Community Interface
Ely Community Rest Area Regionally Adapted Accentuated
Preserve Landscape Key Highway Intersection Landscape and Aesthetics Element
C
(2) Interpretation of sites and activities that established the towns along US 50 and US 93 allows travelers to better appreciate the historic and scenic qualities of the landscape.
(3), (4) Artistically designed features can be inspired by the forms and patterns of historic structures. Integrated design elements infuses history into daily life.
Pony Express Passage LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
(1) This aerial view looks east towards Ely along US 50 and US 93. This stretch of road is located within the Pony Express Passage Landscape Design Segment and landscape treatments should highlight community gateway connections and points of interest within the town of Ely.
2.34
(5) Nevada contains a rich supply of Native American history and culture. Culturally significant objects and patterns can be reinterpreted to create contemporary facilities that convey the traditional feel of the region.
(6) This segment highlights the preservation and presentation of scenic desert landscapes. Use of architectural windows can make the view more vivid.
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
Section Five: Cowboy Range
Section five: Cowboy Range Theme The Cowboy Range Landscape Design Segment includes US 93 from Schellbourne north to the Idaho state line at Jackpot and Alt 93 to West Wendover. Scenic vistas of the Ruby Mountains west of US 93 influence the Ruby Mountains Sub-segment designation extending from Schellbourne to Wells. Defining characteristics of this segment are inspired by the rugged mountains and long-standing working ranches that characterize this portion of the American West. Generations of families have grown up working the land in spite of challenging environmental factors. Today, the highway landscape reflects the legacy of early human settlements and Native American history as well as the dedicated pioneering cowboys and the settling of the West. Traditions and cultures become more meaningful as they are emphasized through color and material selection. Components of the open range, such as snow fences and wind breaks, are interpreted and expressed as important landscape elements. Rest areas and viewpoints provide information about the local folklore and Great Basin landscape. Emphasis is placed on the beauty of the landscape and its open grandeur. Improvements and maintenance projects seek opportunities to seamlessly knit the highway into the native setting. Enhanced native vegetation and accentuated hardscape
treatments are utilized at roadside facilities, with standard and native revegetation treatments occurring along the majority of the highway.
Design Segment Objectives This segment, with its Ruby Mountains Sub-segment, contains several recreational opportunities. Using simple landscape treatments and maintaining the beauty of the working landscape are key to all the design objectives. In addition to applicable corridor-level objectives, the following goals relate specifically to this segment:
Preserve Landscape Character • Create a viewpoint to emphasize the arrival into Ruby Valley and Clover Valley with the Ruby Mountains and East Humboldt Range flanking the highway to the west. • Provide travel information for recreation opportunities at the viewpoint. • Acquaint travelers with the region’s traditions and culture through signage and material choice. • Use warm, muted colors. • Blend highway facilities into the contours of the landscape to maintain the corridor’s scenic quality. • Simplify the truck pull-off and staging area at the US 93/Alt 93 intersection. Revegetate and define parking areas to reduce the visual impact of large paved areas. • Address trash and dumping issues at locations such as the US 93/Alt 93 intersection. Maintain the high scenic quality of the landscape to stimulate a desire to keep the state beautiful and clean. • Recognize the importance of wildlife crossings and wildlife movement corridors along and across the highway.
Community Interface Wells • Improve visual quality of the town’s entries. Create an enhanced gateway and screen large parking areas. Reinvent the entry experience to reflect the town’s importance as a stopping point along the Humboldt River portion of the California National Historic Trail. • Provide signage to connect motorists to the historic downtown area. West Wendover • As per the I-80 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan, create a statewide entry at the Utah border. • Reinforce the importance of the Nevada Welcome Center in greeting and orienting travelers. Provide ample travel information for regional and state destinations. Facilities should reflect state character and traditions. • Improve visual quality of the town’s entry along Alt 93.
(1) Cowboy Range key map.
(2) Cultural icons and scenic vistas enrich a traveler’s experience. The Cowboy Range segment sets preservation of native plant material as first priority. Design elements take their cue from the region’s Native American, ranching, and agrarian lifestyles.
2.35
Halleck 9
EAST HUMBOLDT WILDERNESS area
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Preserve Landscape Character
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MAP D1
2.36
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
Antelope Range
105
Becky Peak Wilderness Area
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Butt
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Landscape and Aesthetics Element
Utah Nevada
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White Pine County
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Preserve Landscape Character
Community Interface
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Community Interface
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Statewide Gateway
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LEGEND
Lee
Note: Interchange enhancements for I-80 are provided in the I-80 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan. Refer to the I-80 Corridor Plan for related design objectives.
a
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SR
DT TRA OL
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alley Goshute V
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Spruce Mountain Ridge
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Community Interface
SR 232
Eureka County
Lander County
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Pequop Mountains
Note: Interchange enhancements for I-80 are provided in the I-80 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan. Refer to the I-80 Corridor Plan for related design objectives.
Clover Va
Elko County
wells
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s
CONTINUE ON MAP D2
D1
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Cowboy Range – Design Objectives US93: Schellbourne to Wells and Alt 93
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Statewide Gateway
Idaho Nevada
jackpot
140
Owyhee
Rowland 135
Jarbidge
Mountain City Patsville
125
ou
nt a
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Delano Mou
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JARBIDGE WILDERNESS area
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Preserve Landscape Character
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Lamoille RUBY MOUNTAINS WILDERNESS area
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2 SR
s Hasting
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a
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
I-80 Interchange
Note: Interchange enhancements for I-80 are provided in the I-80 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan. Refer there for related design objectives.
Community Interface
west wendover
45
CONTINUE ON MAP D3
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV
rail al T
0
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Arthur
Valley
Existing Regional Trail
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Clover
elko Ruby Mountains Sub-segment
off of Cut
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Key Highway Intersection
233 SR
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dt
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SR 2 32
H AL AT I IA
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I-80
Deeth
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Pequop Mountains
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Utah Nevada
IL
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Montello
D3
Note: Interchange enhancements for I-80 are provided in the I-80 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan. Refer there for related design objectives.
SR 225
Elko County
90
I-80/US 93 Interchange
226
Community Interface Preserve Landscape Character
95
Toano Range
Ruby Mountains Sub-segment
100
Community Interface SR
Gran i
s ain unt Mo nce nde epe Ind
SR 226
Cowboy Range Landscape design segment
105
Cowboy Range landscape design segment
Tuscarora
LEGEND
te R
3
e Snak ains nt Mo u
North Fork
ntains
US 9 110
e
De
ins
ee
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
ang
yh
Pilot R
w
San Jacinto
Salmon Falls Creek Rest Area
ang e
O
Community Interface
Cowboy Range – Design Objectives US93: Wells to Jackpot
50
45
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP D2
2.37
Elements Preserve Landscape Character
COWBOY RANGE LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT – US 93
1. First priority is to maintain and preserve existing landscape. Minimize disturbance and preserve existing vegetation. 2. Highlight ranching and regional character.
RUBY MOUNTAINS SUB-SEGMENT
US 93/Alt 93 Intersection
1. Reduce appearance of overall paving at intersection. 2. Simplify pull-off areas and incorporate vegetation to reduce appearance of over-paving. 3. Relocate or screen stockpiled road materials. 4. Address litter along intersection. Promote clean-up and adopt-a-highway used along other parts of the corridor.
COMMUNITY Interface
Preserve landscape character Native Revegetation Standard
1. Emphasize importance of Ruby Mountains and Humboldt Range. 2. Reflect historical and cultural value of surrounding landscape, including Ruby Valley and Clover Valley. 3. Incorporate travel information regarding recreation opportunities to encourage exploration of the region.
6000 Ft 5000 FT
US 93/ALT 93 Intersection
4000 FT
Elko County
1. Enhance entry experience into Wells. Simplify curb cuts and buffer large parking lots. 2. Establish compelling community gateways that create a clear town entry and sense of civic pride. 3. Enhance signage to historic downtown area. 4. Interpret Native American history and regional importance.
7000 Ft
White Pine County
Community Interface – Wells
Wells
Enhanced Native Accentuated
Viewpoint to the Ruby Mountains
VIEWPOINT TO THE RUBY MOUNTAINS Native Revegetation Standard
3000 FT •
• • •
i-80/US 93 INTERCHANGE •
Highlight recreation opportunities and access to Ruby Lake NWR with fishing and birding opportunities Interpret historical and cultural value of the Ruby Mountains and Humboldt Range Highlight Ruby Valley Highlight Clover Valley
Refer to I-80 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan for interchange improvements
D1 Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
95
100
105
110
115
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
(Horizontal and vertical scales vary)
Landscape Type/Treatment Structures and Hardscape Type/Treatment
SECTION DESIGNWORKSHOP D1 Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
2.38
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Cowboy range – Longitudinal Section US93: White pine mm 92 to wells
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Elements Preserve Landscape Character
COWBOY RANGE LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT – ALT 93
1. First priority is to maintain and preserve existing landscape. Minimize disturbance and preserve existing vegetation. 2. Highlight ranching and regional character.
Community Interface –
COMMUNITY Interface
PRESERVE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
West Wendover
1. Incorporate regionally adapted street tree program to define downtown and slow traffic. 2. Emphasize pedestrian movement and enhance streetscape and sidewalk amenities.
Native Revegetation Standard
Statewide Gateway
7000 Ft 6000 Ft 5000 FT US 93/ALT 93 Intersection
4000 FT
•
Create viewpoint of Blue Lakes and Bonneville Salt Flats
Refer to I-80 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan for interchange improvements
UTAH
•
I-80/ALT 93 Interchange NEVADA
Elko County
White Pine County
3000 FT
VIEWPOINT of Blue Lakes Native Revegetation Standard
1. Statewide gateway established on I-80 route. 2. Emphasize regional and statewide resources and culture. Utilize local materials to create architectural or sculptural element.
West wendover
Regionally Adapted Accentuated
Statewide Gateway Enhanced Native Landmark • •
D2
•
Refer to I-80 Corridor Plan Create gateway off I-80 (Interstate Level entry) Create architectural or sculptural element
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
0
5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
(Horizontal and vertical scales vary)
Landscape Type/Treatment Structures and Hardscape Type/Treatment
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Cowboy range – Longitudinal Section alt 93
DESIGNWORKSHOP SECTION Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
D2
2.39
Elements Preserve Landscape Character
COWBOY RANGE LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT – US 93
1. First priority is to maintain and preserve existing landscape. Minimize disturbance and preserve existing vegetation. 2. Highlight ranching and regional character.
Community Interface – Jackpot
1. Highlight ranching and gaming history. 2. Incorporate regionally adapted street tree program to define development, reduce the scale of surrounding parking and buildings, and slow traffic.
Native Revegetation Standard
Salmon Creek Rest Area
Statewide Gateway
Accentuated
7000 Ft 6000 Ft 5000 FT
SALMON CREEK REST AREA Enhanced Native Standard
3000 FT • • • • •
IDAHO
4000 FT
NEVADA
1. Develop secondary level statewide entry consistent with traffic associated with US highway. 2. Incorporate regional materials. 3. Connect travelers to culture and history of the region. 4. Place sign so it is appears consistent and part of the surrounding landforms rather than being disconnected and arbitrarily placed.
Regionally Adapted JACKPOT
1. Maintain existing facilities and shade structures. 2. Incorporate walking trail to allow motorists an opportunity to stretch. 3. Connect travelers to the larger landscape through interpretive information regarding geological formations, Salmon Creek, the Great Basin, and surrounding wildlife habitats. 4. Highlight importance of ranching and agriculture in the region. Provide travel information regarding open range and snow fences.
COMMUNITY Interface
Preserve landscape character
Highlight geologic formations Interpret ranching Highlight Salmon Creek Maintain existing facilities Create walking trail
STATEWIDE GATEWAY Enhanced Native Standard •
D3
•
Create highway level statewide gateway Use regional materials
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
Mile
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
(Horizontal and vertical scales vary)
Landscape Type/Treatment Structures and Hardscape Type/Treatment
SECTION DESIGNWORKSHOP D3 Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
2.40
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Cowboy range – Longitudinal Section US93: Wells to jackpot
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
40
Utah Nevada 2
wild horse viewing area
3
Place Name Sign for Cherry Creek
15
10
ff of
Elko County
R lope
110
goshute canyon wilderness area
Step t
oe V
alley
lley e Va
B Mou utte ntai ns
Vall ey
Long
ange
105
Cherry Creek
alle y
White Pine County
5
115
Becky Peak Wilderness area
Ant elo pe V
ins
4
Ante
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
viewpoint of blue Lakes
20
100
95
S HI
ES PONY EXPR
STO
AL RIC
A TR
IL
Tippett
NORTH 90
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV
Viewpoint of curvature of earth and Bonneville lake levels off I-80 at 3-mile exit
5
5
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
2
Statewide Gateway (Refer to I-80 Corridor Plan)
25
ey
2
Litter control at intersection and clean-up of stockpiled gravel and sand
35
30
Vall
10
Revegetation of roadsides
40
2
lope
Currie
1
e Ant
20
15
45
s
10
7
tain
5
Coordinate with agencies for appropriate information about recreation resources
20
oun
0
2
en M
1. Ground treatment 2. Revegetation with native grasses, forbs and herbaceous plants 3. Enhanced native planting 4. Great Basin regionally adapted planting 5. Great Basin ornamental planting
25
ard
1. Sound protection or acoustic wall 2. Bridge and structure aesthetic 3. Information and directional signage 4. Highway maintenance practices Note: Includes maintenance practices for milled asphalt by-products for entire corridor 5. Highway facility enhancement 6. Landform or contour grading enhancement 7. Geometrics, alignment, and land relationship enhancement 8. Sustainable corridor practice opportunity
2 30
ly V
ROADWAY PRACTICES and STRUCTURE OPPORTUNITIES
PLANTING OPPORTUNITIES
3
3
1. Highway scenic designation 2. Highway scenic improvement
1. Roadside Services 2. Viewpoints and points of interest 3. Travel information program 4. Highway art 5. Community rest area
Place name sign for Ruby Mountains
US 9
VIEWS and LANDMARK OPPORTUNITIES
TRAVEL and TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES
35
Viewpoint of the ruby mountains
1. Environmental resources preservation 2. Wildlife movement enhancement 3. Water resources enhancement 4. Rare, unique, or special natural resource enhancement
1. Statewide gateway 2. Community gateway 3. Pedestrian linkage and circulation 4. Bike and multi-use trail linkage 5. Highway archaeology, cultural, or historic awareness 6. Highway and community compatibility improvement 7. Partnerships and resource leveraging
6
Dol
Jiggs
Rub yM
ou
nta
8
Lee
NATURAL RESOURCE and WILDLIFE OPPORTUNITIES
COMMUNITY OPPORTUNITIES
6
50
ge
22
Huntington Valley
National Historical Trail
Range
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
3
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
3
Enhance community gateways Enhance pedestrian crossings Traffic calming through community
west wendover
Enhance community gateways Enhance pedestrian crossings Traffic calming through community Create transition zone to slow through traffic and encourage exploration Improve visual quality of entry along US 93
2
45
3
2
6
an Goshute R
place NAME SIGN FOR Hastings Cutoff SR
e ff of th C u to
Pinion
nty
a Cou
ounty
Elko C
Eurek
Eureka County
Lander County 6
50
RUBY MOUNTAINS LamoilleWILDERNESS area
LEGEND 5
Wells community
Arthur
US 93
SR 227
ti n Has
55
93
3
the Cal iforni a Na tiona istorical Trail lH
ALT
place NAME SIGN FOR SNOWWATER LAKE
I-80
Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
8
1
gs Hastin
8
Scenic loop through clover valley (sign at both entries)
West Wendover community
Toana Range
5
60
Spruce Mountain
address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION Utilize sustainable practices and Carlin alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services
3
lley
elko
EAST HUMBOLDT WILDERNESS Area
SR 232
4
229
Place name sign for east humboldt range
65
Oasis
Cuto
SR
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving Thin roadside vegetation for safety while maintaining integrity of existing landscape
Halleck
70
23
gs
N
NA TI O
OR N
IA
Adob e
F LI CA
SR
a Clover V
4
SR 225
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation
2
Deeth
3
75
I-80
Pequop Mountains
2
A
AI TR
Independence Valley
O IST LH
Ran ge
7
L RICA
oldt H umb East ange R
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the story of the region’s history and culture Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed Areas
wells
L
CONTINUE ON MAP D4
Butt
Entire corridor
Cowboy Range – specific features US 93: Schellbourne to Wells and Alt 93
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP D3
2.41
jackpot Owyhee
Jarbidge
ount ai n Indep
North Fork PLACE NAME SIGN FOR CALIFORNIA National HISTORIC TRAIL
Wilkins
90
WELLS COMMUNITY – REFER TO MAP D3
85
SR
Halleck SR 22
9
eC of th f f o t u gs C Hastin
al
0
SR 22 7
Lamoille
Valley
50
rical Trail
Toana Range
55
RUBY MOUNTAINS WILDERNESS
n
32
60
elko
al Histo
i-8
EAST HUMBOLDT WILDERNESS
Arthur Carlin
65
rnia N
R CALIFO
A NI
Oasis
atio
I H A
L
70
ang e
wells
Deeth
ifo
ge
75
I-80
Clover
Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
L
AI
SR 2
Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services
OR ST
L TR ICA
NA TI ON
address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION
Montello
Pequop Mountains
Thin roadside vegetation for safety while maintaining integrity of existing landscape
Ran
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving
2 interpret cowboy life
2
t
8
coordination
80
SR 228
2.42
100
2 NDOW Wildlife
233
Coordinate with NDOW for wildlife crossing enhancements
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation SR
NORTH
Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
105
95
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the story of the region’s history and culture Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas
west wendover
WEST WENDOVER COMMUNITY – REFER TO MAP D3
50
45
29 R2
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
DESIGNWORKSHOP
3
old Humb East ange R
8
NDOW Wildlife coordination
Henry
110
SR 225
1. Sound protection or acoustic wall 2. Bridge and structure aesthetic 3. Information and directional signage 4. Highway maintenance practices Note: Includes maintenance practices for milled asphalt by-products for entire corridor 5. Highway facility enhancement 6. Landform or contour grading enhancement 7. Geometrics, alignment, and land relationship enhancement 8. Sustainable corridor practice opportunity
3
nce M
4 5
ROADWAY PRACTICES and STRUCTURE OPPORTUNITIES
PLACE NAME SIGN FOR geologic formations
ende
4
2
Contact
115
226
VIEWS and LANDMARK OPPORTUNITIES 1. Highway scenic designation 2. Highway scenic improvement
120
Charleston
s
Bu ll R u 2
125
Jarbidge wilderness
Ado be
1. Environmental resources preservation 2. Wildlife movement enhancement 3. Water resources enhancement 4. Rare, unique, or special natural resource enhancement
2
AND TRAVEL INFORMATION
ang e
ins nt a
NATURAL RESOURCE and WILDLIFE OPPORTUNITIES
7
1 REST AREA enhancements
Utah Nevada
1. Ground treatment 2. Revegetation with native grasses, forbs and herbaceous plants 3. Enhanced native planting 4. Great Basin regionally adapted planting 5. Great Basin ornamental planting
partnership with jackpot
ntains
PLANTING OPPORTUNITIES
MAP D4
6
3
Entire corridor
SR 226
1. Roadside Services 2. Viewpoints and points of interest 3. Travel information program 4. Highway art 5. Community Rest Area
20
Traffic calming through community
1
130
e Snak ains nt Mo u
TRAVEL and TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES
10
3
San Jacinto
US 9
1. Statewide gateway 2. Community gateway 3. Pedestrian linkage and circulation 4. Bike and multi-use trail linkage 5. Highway archaeology, cultural, or historic awareness 6. Highway and community compatibility improvement 7. Partnerships and resource leveraging
5
Enhance Pedestrian Crossings
ou
COMMUNITY OPPORTUNITIES
0
Patsville
2
STATEWIDE GATEWAY
Delano Mou
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor with Mile Markers
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
135
1
Pilot R
Mountain City
nM
6
Rowland
Enhance community gateways
LEGEND 5
Jackpot community
te R
O De wy se hee rt
140
Gran i
Idaho Nevada
S
CONTINUE ON MAP D3
45
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Cowboy Range – Specific Features US 93: Wells to Jackpot
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Chapter Two — Landscape Design Segments
SECTION FIVE: Cowboy Range Aerial Landscape and Aesthetic Treatment Simulations The purpose of the following aerial image is to illustrate landscape and aesthetic treatments at one of the key points along the Cowboy Range Landscape Design Segment. Preserve Landscape
JACKPOT
Design Interpretation Summary – Cowboy Range Interpretation of the segment’s design theme occurs during individual project design. The Corridor Plan establishes the direction for project-level design. Examples illustrate forms and materials that could be used to accomplish the stated design objectives. (1) Caption goes here.
Community Interface Preserve Landscape
US
(1) The Cowboy Range continues to celebrate the heritage of the western frontier, including both Native American and Euro-American influences.
93
NEVADA IDAHO
Statewide Gateway Native Revegetation Accentuated
LEGEND Preserve Landscape Community Interface Landscape and Aesthetics Element
D
Cowboy Range LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT
(2) Caption goes here. (2) Artistic interpretations of the cowboy way of life provide the foundation for meaningful interpretation along the corridor.
(3), (4) Materials and forms found in the rural landscape convey the cultural and natural history of the region.
(1) This aerial view looks south towards Jackpot along US 93. This stretch of road is located within the Cowboy Range Landscape Design Segment and landscape treatments should include aesthetic treatments that reflect the region’s ranching heritage.
(3) Caption goes here.
(5) Appropriately sited rest areas take advantage of views and allow visitors to access and appreciate natural resources.
(6) Forms and styles derived from the surrounding context provide the basis for conveying the segment’s design theme.
2.43
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Design Guidelines
TABLE of CONTENTS Section One: Design Process Guidelines..................................................... 3.2 Section Two: Community and Urban Context Guidelines................. 3.4 Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines.........................................3.12
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Introduction
INTRODUCTION Purpose of Design Guidelines Design Guidelines provide the framework for improving the aesthetics of new and retrofit highway projects. They are written statements of recommended methods to meet the segment design objectives. Guidelines should not be mistaken as new standards for highway design. They represent recommendations for design solutions. Guidelines approach corridor aesthetics as a comprehensive effort, intentionally avoiding a project-to-project approach. Guidelines assist in the development of design. Adherence to the guidelines in planning, design, and operations accomplishes the following goals: • Interpreting the design themes of each landscape design segment • Creating visual unity among all highway structures and facilities • Selecting finishes, color palettes, and surface patterns that are compatible with the surrounding landscape • Incorporating transportation art motifs and media that represent the landscape design segment themes
The guidelines, accompanied by concept diagrams, sketches, or photographs, demonstrate ways in which to achieve the design intent. NDOT will review each project design for consistency with these guidelines and the overall Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan. The full design team—NDOT staff, communities, engineers, project managers, landscape architects, consultants, contractors, and maintenance crews—is strongly encouraged to: 1) Become familiar with design guidelines for the design segment in which a project is located. The guidelines direct the design toward creating aesthetic unity within the design segment 2) Understand the site context. The landscape surrounding the proposed project (including predominant materials, colors, and structures, as well as natural and cultural resources and social elements) provides direction for enhancement 3) Seek early review of the project. Changes are much easier to make at the beginning of the project than at the end. Involving others early in the planning/design process helps ensure that the project is both economically and aesthetically feasible
How to Use the Design Guidelines The Design Guidelines are divided into three sections as described below. The full design team as well as potential partnering entities, such as communities and other organizations, should be familiar with each section. 1) Design Process Guidelines: Describe the necessity of integrating landscape and aesthetics at the beginning of every project. 2) Community and Urban Context Guidelines: Describe guidelines for facilities and amenities that are primarily influenced by local communities, depending on right-of-way extents. 3) Highway Facilities Guidelines: Describe guidelines that are primarily influenced by NDOT’s standards, including structures, grading, roadside services, and construction practices.
(1) The Corridor Plan provides NDOT with the ability to facilitate improvements and to provide highways that support the vision and needs of a community.
(2) The purpose of these guidelines is to create a cohesive highway corridor that is compatible with Nevada’s existing landscape, communities, and rural areas.
3.1
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
SECTION ONE: Design Process Guidelines These guidelines describe the necessity of integrating landscape and aesthetics at the beginning of every project.
Section One: Design Process Guidelines
1.0 PROJECT DESIGN PROCESS 1.1 Integrate landscape and aesthetics at the onset of the planning, design, and engineering phases of all highway projects. Landscape and aesthetics should not be an afterthought to a highway project. • Landscape and aesthetics are an integral part of the planning, design, and engineering of all highway projects. • NDOT’s structure inventory report regarding type, size, and location of highway structures should include information on landscape and aesthetics. It should also provide justification for proposed structures that do not meet the design guidelines. • Engineering design should incorporate landscape and aesthetics to create highway structures and facilities that are effective, safe, and aesthetically appealing. 1.2 Understand the design segment theme and select design concepts that interpret the theme. • Review the vision and objective for the landscape design segment as described in the Corridor Plan and ensure that the theme guides the project design. • Understand the site context, including the viewshed analysis and landscape design segment objectives described within the Corridor Plan. • Ensure project design successfully interprets the landscape design segment theme.
3.2
LANDSCAPE AND AESTHETICS IS NOT AN AFTERTHOUGHT TO ENGINEERING, BUT THE STARTING POINT FOR INTEGRATED, CONTEXT-SENSITIVE SOLUTIONS.
(1) Understanding the corridor conditions and context is a critical part of the design process.
(2) Computer simulation of a planned highway at the conceptualization of the project.
(3) Photo simulation of a highway project allows visualization of physical design.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section One: Design Process Guidelines
1.3 3.0Understand the goes site context, the 1.6 Consider 3.1 Thislandscape style is called DG-Hanging Body and aesthetics costs in Copy. It Heading hereincluding (DG-Hanging surroundingstyle) landscape, and conduct a comshouldwith look baseline like this.costs. Yes it should. Isn’t is so conjunction headlines pretty? style is should called D-G Hanging Body Landscape andThis aesthetics be consid3.1 prehensive This styleanalysis. is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. Copy. It should with look like this. Yescapital it should. Isn’t a project’s It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so ered simultaneously • Conduct a comprehensive site analysis is and so estimates. In addition to deterpretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body budget for each project. The site inventory for 3.1 This is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It a style project’s baseline construction Copy.project It should look like this.beyond Yes it should. each should extend proj- Isn’t mining should look like this.and Yesresources it should.for Isn’t is so cost, allocation of budgets ect is soboundaries to analyze the site and surrounding Ensure the plan• This style landscape. is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It landscape pretty? style is should called D-G Hanging Body andThis aesthetics be clearly ning and design of the highway project should look like this. Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t outlined at the start of a project. responds to this comprehensive analysis. • This style is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It is so • Consider characteristics such as precipitation, should look like this. 3.1 Thismaintenance style is calledcosts DG-Hanging Body Copy. It during design topography, ground cover, size and loca- 1.7 Estimate 3.1 tion This of style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It plant material, visual conditions, shouldthe look likelife this. Yescost it should. Isn’t is so to calculate total cycle for landshould look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so soils, site drainage, rock outcroppings, This style is called D-G Hanging Body scape pretty? and aesthetic treatments. and other natural thatHanging are lo- Body pretty? This style isfeatures called D-G Copy. It is should like this.toYes should. Isn’t Maintenance a key look component theitsuccated on, and surrounding, the site. Copy. It should look like this. is landscape so cess of and aesthetic treatments. Additionally, cultural context such as ar• This style is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It chaeological and cultural resources and should look likeasthis. categories, such historic settlement, • Design new projects that are low • This style is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It are important. maintenance. (1) Caption goes here. • Consider maintenance routines required for the design program, and identify ar1.4 Use a variety of sketches, three-dimensional eas that may need additional attention. and other tools here to visualize and de3.1 This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It 3.0modeling, Heading goes (DG-Hanging • Create maintenance agreements with tail the highway. should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so headlines style) local agencies as necessary to establish the level from genpretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body 3.1 As This styleofisdesign called progresses DG-Hanging Body Copy. It appropriate practices and levels of maineralshould to specific, facilities tenance the life oflike thethis. project. Copy.over It should look Yes it should. Isn’t look highway like this. layout Yes it and should. Isn’t is so should be This visualized a variety of Body is so pretty? style isthrough called D-G Hanging methods toshould createlook a high system. Copy. It likequality this. Yes it should. Isn’t 3.1 This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so is so 1.5 Visualize three dimensions. • Thisdesign styleconcepts is calledinDG-Hanging Bullets. It pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body should look does like this. Plan view design not accurately repreCopy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t • the This style is called DG-Hanging It sent experience of the traveler alongBullets. the is so should look like this. highway or illustrate issues of visual design. 3.1 This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It 3.1 Therefore, This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It it is important to understand deshould look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so sign concepts in their three-dimensional pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body framework. Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t (4), (5), (6), (7) This series of highway design Copy. It should look like this. is so studies shows the level of design progression • Utilize models,DG-Hanging and digital visu• This sketches, style is called Bullets. It from general to specific. alization “Roadway shouldtools. look like this. Explorer” is an excellent toolisto utilize for this purpose. • This style called DG-Hanging Bullets. It (1) Caption goes here.
3.3
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
SECTION TWO: Community and Urban Context Guidelines These guidelines include facilities that are primarily influenced by local community desires but may benefit from NDOT’s support. A community’s highway is important and serves as a primary component of the public realm. Even though NDOT is not responsible for facilities outside of the right-of-way, it recognizes the need to work with local jurisdictions to create context-sensitive solutions. NDOT understands the need for flexibility, and it functions as a facilitator in supporting a community’s vision and goals for the highway. The guidelines found in this section are meant to enhance established traffic engineering and road design practice. No single solution will transform a community’s highway through downtown. Rather, communities should carefully evaluate and consider several options and thoroughly understand the issues at hand in order to create a highway that fulfills the collective goals of the partnership established between the community and NDOT. Neither NDOT nor the community can accomplish the goals on their own.
3.4
Section Two: Community and Urban Context Guidelines
SECTION TABLE of CONTENTS 1.0 Community Gateways...........................................................................................................................3.5 2.0 Community-based Street Systems.................................................................................................3.6 3.0 Sidewalks.....................................................................................................................................................3.7 4.0 Street Trees and Planting Strips......................................................................................................3.8 5.0 Graphics and Signage......................................................................................................................... 3.11
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Two: Community and Urban Context Guidelines
1.1 Establish gateways that clearly express community identity. Gateways are highly visible areas specially designed and maintained to make a positive first impression and convey the identity of neighborhoods, communities, towns, cities, and regions. • Provide an impressive visual aesthetic. • Utilize appropriate landscape and/or structural techniques to screen unsightly land uses.
Highlight community entrances with clear and attractive signage, using landscape materials that reflect the community character. Execute the design in a clear, consistent, and bold manner. Design repetition reinforces town identity. • Signage should be appropriately sized and incorporated into an architectural or sculptural element consistent with the community’s character, the environmental context, and the corridor’s theme (see illus. 3). • Landscape plantings should include layers of low water-use plant material arranged to enhance the architectural elements and reinforce the transition into the community.
1.2 Integrate the gateway into the highway facilities. Gateways should be part of a larger design intent, coordinate with community facili1.4 Locate gateways at likely future growth ties, and use materials that are repeated boundaries. throughout the town. Refer to Softscape Community gateways mark the entrances/ and Hardscape Types and Treatments (pages exits and designate the transition to in1.6-1.9) and Softscape Types and Treatments creased development. Gateways marking guidelines (pages 3.33-3.43), for more dedowntowns may be used to improve comtails about the types of features and plants munity identity and draw motorists into to consider for community gateways. the heart of town. • Community gateways need to be inte• Downtown gateways should complement grated with highway structures and landthe community gateway while reflecting scape (see illus. 1). the special character of the city center. • Architectural elements may include transportation art, rock walls, accent lighting, 1.5 Engage agencies and organizations in the and signage. planning and design process. • Ensure that community gateways are distinctive, memorable, and functional. Engage applicable state and local agencies, as well as local stakeholders and organiza1.3 Ensure community gateways contribute to tions in the planning, design, and implecommunity identity and clearly define commentation of community gateways. munity identity points.
(1) Integrate community gateways with highway facilities and landforms to help strengthen the relationship between the highway and place. (2) Replace outdated and faded community entry signs with coordinated signage that conveys a positive town image. Consolidate signage for multiple town service groups into an attractive amenity as shown above.
Drawing by Joyce
1.0 COMMUNITY GATEWAYS
(3) Gateways create a visitor’s first impression of a community and should therefore engage local stakeholders in the planning, design, and implementation of such features to ensure they reflect the community’s vision. Signage reinforces the community’s sense of place and image.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines 2.0 community-based STREET SYSTEMS issues 2.1 Consider improvements to the surrounding street system before widening the highway through communities. Wide streets discourage pedestrian activity and have a negative economic impact. Secondary streets that are not performing well influence the way in which a highway operates as a community main street. Improvements to other major and minor streets impact the functionality of a main street.
Section Two: Community and Urban Context Guidelines
Truck traffic requires more space for turning movements and increases noise levels and fumes within the community. Wide streets discourage pedestrian activity and can harm the town’s economic potential. • Diverting truck traffic away from the local main street may distribute traffic loads more evenly and improve the function of the main street. • Vehicular traffic should continue through main street where feasible in order to support community businesses and facilities. • Parallel streets should have few interruptions and maintain a fairly direct connection that may be improved to accommodate truck traffic.
• Traffic improvements should be considered in context with surrounding transportation patterns. Improvements to other streets allow potential lane width reductions along the highway and provide additional space for landscape and 2.4 Avoid bypasses and only use them in limited aesthetics. applications. • Improvements to surrounding city streets Bypasses are utilized to divert traffic around may include utilizing parallel streets, communities, particularly when heavy trafimplementing a truck bypass, improving the local street network, and using paralfic conditions obstruct the functionality lel, one-way streets. of main street. However, bypasses reduce the interaction between travelers and 2.2 Shorter blocks encourage pedestrian activcommunities. ity and provide more corner lots, essential • A bypass may work in certain cases where for local businesses. the highway is designated as part of the Short blocks with connecting streets charfreight system or heavy traffic volumes acterize traditional main streets. overload a well-designed street system. • Utilize short blocks of up to 400 feet where possible to encourage pedestrian activity in downtowns. 2.3 Consider routing trucks onto a parallel street and encourage vehicular traffic through main street.
3.6
• If a bypass is used, maintain connectivity for bicyclists and pedestrians and provide direct connections back to community business districts.
Community interface •Pedestrian needs dominate
with frequent intersections and crosswalks •Slower design speeds •Shorter block lengths •Traffic-calming features •High-cost treatments are appropriate •On-street parking •Buildings, sidewalks and parking in close proximity to travel lanes
community transition •Zone between downtown and
undeveloped edge •Curb cuts and cross streets generously spaced •Buildings set back from right of way •Vehicular and pedestrian needs are balanced •Pedestrian crossings at signalized intersections •Bike lane or shared-use path easily integrated •Buildings have parking in front •Low to mid cost treatments are appropriate
HIGHWAY/MAIN STREET
N (1) As highways travel through communities, the function of the road changes as development increases at its edges. Improvements to other streets allow the highway to function more smoothly as it incorporates landscape and aesthetic elements.
(2) Truck traffic through communities must be considered as part of street design along rural highways.
(3) Parallel, one-way street systems may be used to improve traffic patterns and provide additional space for landscape, pedestrian improvements, or additional commercial development.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Two: Community and Urban Context Guidelines
3.0 SIDEWALKS
3.4 Use distinctive paving to highlight sidewalk areas immediately adjacent to the inside 3.1 Provide a 10 to 15 foot sidewalk width for face of curb. downtown areas where possible. Sidewalk areas can be organized into two A wider sidewalk allows for more pedestrian zones: the amenity zone and the pedestrian activities along the street (see illus. 1-4). zone. The amenity zone is adjacent to the • Additional width may be required to accurb and should have a minimum width of commodate transit shelters, outdoor 2 feet, but preferably 4 feet or greater, dedining, and retail. pending on the sidewalk width. • A sidewalk may be 8 feet wide in constrained circumstances. Minimum side• Distinctive paving treatments may be walk width is 6 feet. used in this area to distinguish it from pedestrian movement areas. 3.2 Provide continuous sidewalks throughout • Treatments should be consistent over a downtown areas. block length, but may vary from block to block. The ability of pedestrians to access and • Street trees, planters, benches, transit move through downtown areas depends on shelters, signs, utility poles, and other elthe connectivity of sidewalks and paths, as ements are located in the amenity zone. well as appropriate design and placement of • Elements should be grouped together or crosswalks. placed in a way that leaves a minimum open area of 8 feet between them, al• Establish connections to other sidewalks lowing passage from the sidewalk to the or path systems where town centers street. transition into suburban or rural areas. 3.3 In town centers, provide pedestrian amenities such as benches, drinking fountains, transit shelters, kiosks, trash receptacles, newspaper racks, banners, and decorations. Streetscapes that appear lively and inviting attract travelers and support local businesses. • Street furnishings should be consistent with surrounding architectural styles and the overall landscape segment theme. • Maintain a minimum of 5 feet of clear space around street furniture to accommodate pedestrian movement. • Provide wide sidewalks and curb extensions as locations for benches.
3.5 Provide pleasant seating opportunities along every block in the downtown area. Seating is essential in a comfortable pedestrian environment. • Arrange seating to accommodate a variety of views. • Locate benches and gathering spaces to absorb sun on cold days and provide shade on hot days. • Ensure that communities commit to maintain and clean street furniture as part of maintenance agreements that are negotiated prior to construction.
(1) 8’ sidewalks allow minimal two-way pedestrian traffic and street furnishings.
(2) 10’ sidewalks provide enhanced user comfort and space.
(5 ) A successful pedestrian experience is created through the appropriate organization of lighting, street furnishings, and planting areas.
(3) 12’ sidewalks allow room for outdoor dining and sidewalk displays.
(4) 15’ sidewalks create area for high levels of pedestrian activity.
(6) Choice of paving reflects local character. In the example above, railroad tracks have been converted to a pedestrian promenade that recalls an aspect of the town’s history.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines 3.6 Consider undergrounding utilities to provide additional space for sidewalk enhancements. Utilities should be consolidated to minimize poles and other sidewalk obstructions. • Coordinate signage with utility poles where feasible. • Avoid placing signs and utilities in pedestrian areas.
Section Two: Community and Urban Context Guidelines
3.8 Consider using artistic paving and historical marker insets to accentuate downtown areas. • Celebrate distinctive areas with accentuated paving materials. • Consult artists for ideas to improve the community downtown. • Paving patterns should coordinate with intersection designs and overall community character.
3.7 Incorporate transit shelters to promote pedestrian and non-motorized transportation opportunities. Coordinate transit stops with local transportation agencies.
(8) Locate transit stops to minimize conflicts between vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists.
• Locate bus pull-outs on the far-side location of intersections. • Minimize conflicts between vehicles, passengers, pedestrians, and cyclists.
4.0 STREET TREES AND PLANTING STRIPS 4.1 Carefully select plant species. • Select trees that thrive in the local climate and consider species whose roots, seasonal flowers, or fruit create minimal disruption to sidewalks. • Evaluate trees based on site-specific characteristics as well as design intent. • Considerations for physical characteristics include form, height, spread, height to canopy bottom, canopy density, trunk size, root habit, rate of growth, and longevity. • Consider habitat requirements affecting plant growth, including soil type, compaction tolerance, salt tolerance, irrigation requirements, shade tolerance, heat tolerance, air pollution tolerance, and wind resistance.
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(7) The placement of lighting and other utilities should be considered in conjunction with providing appropriate space for unobstructed pedestrian movement.
• Minimize maintenance costs by avoiding trees with excessive maintenance requirements including flowers, foliage, fruit, and twigs. • Consider common insect and disease problems that consistently require maintenance or are life threatening. • Maintain storefront visibility and reduce pedestrian conflicts by selecting trees whose form remains intact when limbed up to 8 feet. • Consider tree height over traffic lanes. Canopies should appear natural when trimmed to 14 feet. • Select plants that will provide a variety of ornamental characteristics, such as seasonal color, fruit, texture, bark, and foliage. • Plant species according to the softscape type and treatment designated by the design objectives.
(1) Trees should be placed so that they do not block the view of business names and entries.
(2) Choose tree species that are appropriately sized, do not drop fruit or seed pods, and are easy to maintain.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Two: Community and Urban Context Guidelines
• Avoid planting a single species in sub• Key intersections and gateways may be urban areas due to the risk of a pest or designated by clustering smaller trees or disease destroying an entire street tree other distinctive groupings. planting. • Downtown districts may be highlighted 4.4 Utilize hanging baskets, containers, and through a formalized street tree pattern. other vertical elements where feasible. In areas of limited rights-of-way, hanging 4.2 Properly place trees in sidewalk conditions. baskets, moveable planters, and other verti Maximize the lifespan of trees to reduce cal elements may be used to provide structhe cost of tree replacement. ture or to accent street tree plantings. • Protect trees from damage by car doors. Where on-street parking is provided, allow adequate room between trees and cars (2 feet at minimum, but ideally 3 to 4 feet). Trees may be placed between parking spaces to minimize damage. • Allow for root aeration and potential water harvesting through the use of tree wells (4 feet by 4 feet at minimum, but ideally 5 feet by 5 feet). Dry-set pavers may also be used, ensuring adequate root aeration. • Consider light placement as part of tree spacing and placement (typically 25 to 40 feet). • Place trees so they do not block vehicular site lines or building access ways. Maintain visibility of traffic signals, directional signage, and access to entry drives. 4.3 Street tree plantings may be varied to distinguish downtown areas from transition zones and to accentuate wayfinding. Small trees in combination with medium and large trees can reinforce wayfinding in towns. • Distinctive trees may be used within downtown areas to distinguish them from other commercial areas (see illus. 3).
• Hanging baskets may be incorporated into the street design and attached to light fixtures or buildings to provide visual relief and enhance the aesthetics. • Baskets may be replaced with wreaths or other seasonal accents during dormant seasons. • Moveable planters add flexibility to the streetscape design. • Avoid placing containers within clear zones and immediately adjacent to curbs where high levels of heat and vehicle exhaust are more prevalent. • No container should be used if planter widths exceed 25% of the entire sidewalk width. • Select container colors that harmonize with brick pavers, concrete sidewalks, most building facades, and the myriad color combinations produced by annual plantings. • Container design should be simple and understated (see illus. 6). • Use a consistent planter type within communities and provide groupings where possible. Containers should be sited near street corners (as long as clear visibility is maintained for drivers), to flank entrances to landmark buildings, or to physically and visually define outdoor café spaces.
(3) Varied street tree types may be used to distinguish key areas and gateways.
(4) Place street trees where they are protected from car door damage and allow a smooth flow of pedestrian movement.
(6) Container color and form should be simple and understated.
(5) Used consistently, street trees help define the extent of downtown districts and neighborhoods. A change in planting type and spacing can be used to signal transition zones between downtown and outlying areas.
(7) Tree grates protect trees from unwanted root compaction along street environments.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines • Combined height of containers and plantings should not obstruct the view of either motorists or pedestrians at street intersections and access drives.
Section Two: Community and Urban Context Guidelines
• Irrigation and maintenance may be funded through community beautification committees and other community organizations.
4.5 Buffer sidewalk from the roadway through 4.7 Use engineered planting soil for street tree plantings. the use of planting strips or raised planters Trees planted in urban conditions and as where possible. part of street tree programs face unique Planting strips provide opportunities to abchallenges. The soil under adjacent sidesorb runoff water and decrease overall drainwalks and roadways is typically compacted age requirements. Additionally, they create to support the paving. This compaction inareas to store snow during removal periods hibits root growth and spread, causing shalthroughout the winter. low root growth and tree stress. Engineered • Where space is not required for widened planting soils (see illus. 10) include mixtures sidewalks or on-street parking, provide of soil, loam, stone, water, and a moistureplanting strips (ideally a minimum of 5 retaining polymer or sand that transfers feet in width) or raised planters. weight-bearing loads from stone to stone • Planting strip design should consider in the gravel, leaving the soil between the the placement of benches, signs, bicycle racks, and other street furniture. stones unaffected by compaction. This type • Raised planters should incorporate seat of engineered soil creates a larger rooting walls to provide additional pedestrian volume with increased porosity, nutrientseating. holding capacity, and drainage for a healthi• Consider providing 3 feet of hard surface er environment for tree root growth. between planting strips and parallel onstreet parking to accommodate motorists upon exit from their vehicles. • Engineered planting soils should be used around root balls of street trees. • Continuous trenches of engineered plant4.6 Ensure that communities commit to maintain ing soil are recommended between street and provide irrigation for streetscape plantings. trees. The success of a streetscape program within • Locate trenches parallel to curbs and uncommunities requires dedication to mainteder non-mortared brick pavers. Trenches provide greater volumes of soil for root nance and irrigation of planted areas. growth and permit air and water to reach tree zones. • Streetscape plantings should not be provided without community endorsement and support. • Minimize the use of irrigation. Where required, do not overspray onto walkways and into gutters.
3.10
(8) Street trees and planting strips separate sidewalk areas from travel lanes and can provide seating opportunities.
Continuous soil trench Tree grate
Engineered planting soil
Sidewalk Gravel base
(10) Engineered planting soil can increase the lifespan of street trees by allowing tree roots to grow and expand into areas that otherwise would be inaccessible.
(9) Street trees can be combined with planting strips to buffer pedestrian zones from traffic. Plant height should not block sight distances.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Two: Community and Urban Context Guidelines
5.0 GRAPHICS and Signage
5.4 Use distinctive signage to direct motorists through the heart of the community. 5.1 Create a standard system of signage that Truck traffic is often not desired within aids wayfinding within communities while downtown areas and separate truck routes also providing information about local famay be established. Vehicular and tourist cilities and organizations. traffic, however, is desirable. • Provide a coordinated signage system that reflects the distinctive character of • Ensure that signage appropriately directs special districts. vehicular traffic to promote tourism and support local businesses. • Graphics can take the form of signs, banners, information kiosks, or pavement inscriptions or inlays. 5.5 Coordinate light fixture design with graph• Materials and designs should be clear and ics and signage. simple, so as to be easily read and quickly understood by pedestrians or motorists, • Banners may be incorporated into light as appropriate. fixtures and should be considered as part of the design. Graphics should be consis5.2 Locate and size signage and graphics so that tently displayed and banners should be (1) Kiosks provide community event placed to avoid conflicts with parked and information. it is easily read and understood by both momoving vehicles. torists and pedestrians. • Customized light fixtures reinforce context-sensitive solutions. • Pedestrian-scaled signage should be placed at heights that can be easily seen from the sidewalk. 5.6 • Signage designed for motorists can be larger and placed at heights and intervals that can be easily seen and understood at higher traveling speeds (see illus. 3).
5.3 Provide community graphics, such as banners, to promote special events and define special districts and neighborhoods. • Create a coordinated system of signage that describes community events and reinforces community character. • Banners that span the roadway should be used in distinctive downtown commercial locations. Banners can be installed permanently or as seasonal and temporary forms of signage (see illus. 2).
Utilize a consistent color palette within local communities. Local jurisdictions may choose a color palette for fixtures and amenities that corresponds with the community’s vision. State Historic Preservation Office coordination and approval may be needed for specialized street light and street furniture amenities if federal funds are used. • Colors should respond to the natural setting and subtly enhance the community without overpowering the streetscape design. • Color should complement the NDOT color palette for structures within the rightof-way.
(2) Banners may be used in coordination with light standards or over the highway in order to reinforce the sense of scale and community space.
(4) (3), (4) Signage provides direction to community resources. Simple materials and designs are easy to understand, and they reflect community character. Scale of signage differs for vehicular traffic versus pedestrian traffic.
(3)
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
SECTION THREE: Highway Facilities Guidelines These guidelines pertain to highway facilities that are primarily influenced by NDOT’s standards, including structures, grading, roadside services, and construction practices. The guidelines found in this section are meant to enhance established traffic engineering and road design practice. No single solution will transform the highway. Partnerships may be created with communities and other agencies and organizations to accomplish landscape and aesthetic treatments. In addition, partnerships can support landscape and aesthetic elements that impact areas outside of the rightof-way. Established partnerships and design teams should thoroughly understand and carefully evaluate several options and related issues in order to create a highway that fulfills their collective goals. Neither NDOT nor communities, other agencies, or organizations can accomplish the goals on their own.
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Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
SECTION TABLE of CONTENTS 1.0 Non-interstate Statewide Gateways.......................................................................................... 3.13 2.0 Rest Areas, Viewpoints, and Pull-offs......................................................................................... 3.14 3.0 Transportation Art............................................................................................................................... 3.17 4.0 Signage...................................................................................................................................................... 3.19 5.0 Color Palette Application.................................................................................................................. 3.21 6.0 Roadway Design.................................................................................................................................... 3.22 7.0 Medians..................................................................................................................................................... 3.23 8.0 Pedestrian Crossings........................................................................................................................... 3.24 9.0 Non-motorized Transportation Systems.................................................................................. 3.25 10.0 Bridges.................................................................................................................................................... 3.26 11.0 Noise Reduction and Walls............................................................................................................ 3.27 12.0 Concrete Barriers and Guard Rails.............................................................................................. 3.28 13.0 Lighting.................................................................................................................................................. 3.28 14.0 Fencing.................................................................................................................................................... 3.29 15.0 Grading and Retaining Walls........................................................................................................ 3.29 16.0 Rock Cut and Excavation................................................................................................................ 3.30 17.0 Drainage................................................................................................................................................. 3.31 18.0 Erosion Control................................................................................................................................... 3.31 19.0 Water Harvesting............................................................................................................................... 3.32 20.0 Irrigation................................................................................................................................................ 3.33 21.0 Softscape Types and Treatments............................................................................................... 3.33 22.0 Wildlife Crossings and Protection............................................................................................. 3.44 23.0 Construction Practices.................................................................................................................... 3.45 24.0 Maintenance Facilities and Practices....................................................................................... 3.46 25.0 Recommendations for Sustainable Highway Environments......................................... 3.47
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
1.0 Non-interstate Statewide GATEWAYS 1.1 Provide statewide gateway features crafted from the land where US 50/US 6 and US 93 enter Nevada from Utah and Idaho, respectively. Identify state entry points to welcome travelers to Nevada.
Drawing by Joyce
(1) Non-interstate gateways create a memorable entry experience and respond to the scale of the road.
(1) The gateway at the Utah-Nevada border along US 50 should be coordinated with signage that identifies Great Basin National Park, as it establishes the traveler’s first impression of the State.
Drawing by Joyce
• Non-interstate gateways should be understated and relate to the scale of the road (see illus. 1-2). • Include the Nevada name and state seal. • Utilize vernacular forms and stone material from local sources. • Use low-maintenance softscape treatment types, such as native revegetation. • Recognize major regional features through material selection or design harmony.
(2) The Idaho-Nevada statewide gateway along US 93 can be sited to take advantage of the surrounding landforms. Grounding the sign into the hillside helps frame the basin view and utilization of local materials and patterns accentuates the connection to place and history.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
and reflect the corridor’s design theme.
3.14
• Design viewpoints to reflect the surrounding setting and features.
Building with Restrooms, Vending Machines and Community Information Seating and Picnic Areas Parking
Overlook with Interpretive Signage
Open Space Picnic Tables and Shade Structures
Access Road (1) Conceptual layout of rest area amenities responds to environmental context.
(2) Rest areas should include a series of buildings or structures that reflect a homestead arrangement. Outdoor spaces should be considered as part of the building layout.
Drawing by Joyce
• Locate rest areas to provide safe stopping points. • Connect rest areas in highly utilized recreation areas with a shared-use trail. • Buffer roadside services from the highway, or provide an access road when located off the highway. • Consider major site resources and fea- 2.3 Retrofit existing rest areas. tures such as topography, views and visAnalyze existing rest area structures, buildtas, unique vegetation, geological feaings, amenities, and layout for their visual tures, wetlands, and other qualities native interest. Renovate to improve the aesthetto the site and its surroundings. ics and user comfort of existing road ser• Consider siting activity pull-offs where they provide access to activities located vice facilities. adjacent to the highway. • Locate truck parking so as to not dis- 2.4 Locate viewpoints and points of interest to rupt views and other features while entake advantage of visual access to the feasuring safe accessibility to the services tures of interest. provided. Give special attention to existing or potential views, vistas, and cultural or historic at2.2 Ensure rest area design reflects the local tractions that are unique to the site or have setting. outstanding resource value, such as Native All rest areas, viewpoints, and pull-offs American heritage and emigrant history. should readily accommodate travel needs
Overlook
(3) Community rest areas, such as the one planned for Austin, create valuable opportunities for towns as travelers stop in town to explore the area.
(4) The design of structures should incorporate plantings and materials that reinforce the corridor’s theme. Adobe-like materials are applicable in southern portions of the corridor.
(5) Viewpoints should be designed to frame views of the landscape and provide shade.
(6) Rest areas should be situated within the environment to take advantage of impressive views of the surrounding landscape.
Drawing by Joyce
2.1 Provide a comprehensive roadside service program. Roadside services are key components of the highway corridor, particularly where long distances separate developed areas. The road services matrix on the opposite page describes varying levels of service stops and associated program elements. Refer to the corridor’s Specific Features maps (pages 2.20-2.22, 2.27, 2.33, and 2.41-2.42) for potential road service facility locations.
• Utilize vernacular forms and local materials to create rest areas that blend seamlessly with the surrounding landscape. • Avoid using makeshift, adapted site facilities with no distinctive architectural style. • Concrete barriers and brightly painted pole bollards should not be used for parking delineation or site boundaries at rest areas and pull-offs. • Aesthetic alternatives should be used in place of bright orange fencing around trash receptacles. • Sustainable architecture may be appropriate for many highway service areas where water, energy, and landscape resources are difficult to secure and maintain. • Provide lighting in scale with the site development. • Articulate space, frame views, and provide shade through the use of landscape plantings and/or architectural features.
Drawing by Joyce
2.0 REST AREAS, VIEWPOINTS, AND PULL-OFFS
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
ROAD Services Matrix Type
Description
Landscape Treatment
ROADSIDE PULL-OFF
Roadside pull-offs provide facilities for drivers to exit the highway for a brief period. Facilities and minimal parking are provided to accommodate the abbreviated stay. (Referred to as “Rest Stop” under former NDOT naming conventions.)
• Native plant revegetation to enhanced native landscape types • Standard hardscape type
• Site-specific interpretive signage • No toilets or running water • Trash containers • Limited paved parking for cars and recreational vehicles • Scenic overlooks • Located according to unique or outstanding features • Shade canopy (vegetation or structure)
VIEWPOINTS AND POINTS OF INTEREST
Viewpoints and points of interests present opportunities to view unique vistas, geologic and historic features, or cultural landmarks. Interpretive elements are integrated into the site design, and place name signage and travel information elements are provided to establish the relationship between highway and place. Typically, the length of stay is short and parking is limited.
• Native plant revegetation to
• Located according to travelers’ needs and unique site features • Site-specific interpretive signage • Toilets/no running water • Handicap accessible • Picnic tables and shade structures • Trash containers • Paved car and recreational vehicle parking • Telescopes/viewfinders • Nature walks or short trails • Seating areas • Shade canopy (vegetation or structure)
BASIC REST AREA and Community Rest Area
Basic rest areas are located throughout the state, offering site-specific interpretive information. They offer limited rest room facilities and may or may not include running water, depending on availability. Typically these rest areas are located adjacent to scenic views or unique historic, cultural, or environmental features. Community rest areas provide facilities within the town’s infrastructure and function as a pocket park or town square.
• Enhanced native landscape type • Standard to accentuated hardscape types
• Located according to travelers’ needs and unique site features • Site-specific interpretive signage • Toilets/no running water • Emergency call box • Handicap accessible • Picnic tables and shade structures • Trash containers
• Paved car and recreational vehicle parking • Paved truck parking • Nature walks or short trails • Seating areas • Shade canopy (vegetation or structure) • Local community information
COMPLETE REST AREA
Complete rest areas are typically located at 60 mile intervals throughout the state and are usually situated outside of developed areas. They feature fully operable facilities in combination with interpretive information about regionally significant cultural and historic sites. Complete rest areas also provide travelers with picnic facilities and include children’s open play areas and pet areas.
• Regionally adapted landscape type • Focal hardscape type
• Regional interpretive signage • Running water and flushing toilets • Emergency call box and telephones • Drinking fountains • Vending machine services (at manned sites) • Handicap accessible • Picnic tables and shade structures • Trash containers • Bicycle storage units
• Recreational vehicle dump station • Paved car and recreational vehicle parking • Paved truck parking • Telescopes/viewfinders • Interpretive and overlook features • Children’s open play area (not play equipment) • Pet rest facilities • Shade canopy (vegetation or structure) • Local community information
GATEWAY REST AREA
Gateway facilities convey first impressions and identity. Special features may be incorporated to highlight the area through design interpretation of the place. Gateways may be associated with any level of rest stop in the listing. The incorporation of local community information regarding amenities, events, and interpretive elements improves the interface between the highway and the communities it serves.
• Regionally adapted landscape type • Landmark hardscape type
Program elements are consistent with the type of road service area provided.
WELCOME CENTER
Welcome centers are located along major entry routes to the state. They offer introductions to the state and help travelers find access to useful travel information. Welcome centers include a staffed information kiosk.
• Regionally adapted landscape type • Landmark hardscape type
• Located at major entry routes to state • Informational services • Staffed visitor center • Statewide interpretive signage • Running water and flushing toilets • Emergency call box and telephones • Drinking fountains • Vending machine services • Handicap accessible • Picnic areas and shade structures
enhanced native landscape types • Standard to accentuated hardscape types
Program Elements
Specific elements include: • Regional services information • Interpretation of regional sites and features • Information on regional recreational attractions
• Trash containers • Bicycle storage units • Paved car and recreational vehicle parking • Paved truck parking • Improved trails • Children’s play area • Pet rest facilities • Shade canopy (vegetation or structure) • Telescopes/viewfinders
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
• Coordinate the preservation and man• Coordinate with appropriate agencies to agement of scenic vistas and features provide informational signage for recrewith the appropriate organizations and ational activities. groups. • Evaluate viewpoints periodically to en2.6 Provide community rest areas within desigsure the integrity of the view. nated towns. • Consider the use of scenic easements to Community rest areas have the dual benefit protect views and vistas. of serving as town parks and engaging trav• Limit the construction of outdoor advertising and other elements and strucelers with local businesses. tures that detract from the quality of the landscape. • Develop community rest areas through cooperative agreements with local • Ensure maintenance funding is estabmunicipalities. lished prior to viewpoint development. • Provide information about local and regional activities, businesses, and points 2.5 Coordinate locations of rest areas with recof interest. reational access points. • Encourage community development Coordinate locations of rest areas with reof community rest areas and visitor services. gional trail systems (see illus. 7).
(7) Walking trails and interpretive elements promote physical activity to energize weary travelers.
(8) A sheltered structure at a point of interest gives travelers a protected place to learn about the area.
(11) Aesthetic improvements can be easily realized through the development of simple shade structures that define and give character to basic rest areas. Features should be sited to take advantage of vistas.
3.16
Drawing by Joyce
Drawing by Joyce
(9,10) A community rest area might include a series of shade structures that entice visitors to stop and take advantage of the town’s services.
(12) Historic elements and cultural influences can be reflected through elegant architectural features. Rest areas provide great opportunities to engage travelers with Nevada’s rich Native American and settlement history.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
3.0 TRANSPORTATION ART 3.1 Engage artists early in the design and development stages of highway projects to ensure an integrated and comprehensive art program. Transportation art should not be an afterthought or decoration. • Incorporate art as part of the design process and as a means of interpreting the corridor’s theme. • Integrate art as part of functional aspects of highway facilities. • Artists should coordinate with community members, landscape architects, and architects throughout the design process. • Scale artwork based on travel speed, slope, and sight distance.
• Avoid monotonous applications of repetitive and literal pictorial representations. 3.3 Ensure artwork expresses excellent craftsmanship, quality, truthfulness, and originality. Transportation art should complement the overall design of highway facilities. Carefully consider materials and forms to ensure the long-term suitability of the project. • Select a composition of materials that is durable for the anticipated life span of the project. • Avoid the use of ready-made, randomly placed, stand-alone objects, or imprints that portray little meaning. • Use evocative artistic expressions that engage observers and complement highway structures and the surrounding landscape. • Elements of highway art should not be obvious or forged. Rather, transportation art should convey an excellence of craftsmanship, quality, truthfulness, and originality.
(1) Transportation art provides deeper meaning and interest to the corridor. Artwork is developed with consideration to the larger landscape and therefore clearly express a meaning and purpose to the landscape.
• Consider views and vistas to the surrounding landscape. • Art should be appropriately scaled to the surrounding landscape and highway speed. • Avoid distracting art pieces. Consider glance recognition and the intensity of surrounding features in order to prevent safety issues.
(2) Light and shadow can be used to create pattern and images.
3.2 Create meaningful, regionally appropriate art. Art enhances the travel experience and can create the first impression of a place. Transportation art should clearly express a meaning and purpose that relates to the surrounding locale, the unique culture and 3.4 Consider each art piece as part of a larger environment of the area, and the travwhole. el experience. Patterns and objects used Highway art can be carefully crafted, giving thoughtfully, and even abstractly, can and the simplest of all elements a very powerful should evoke a response that connects traveffect. When planning transportation art, elers to the uniqueness of the site and/or the entire design segment and overall corthe surrounding landscape. ridor should be considered. • Patterns imprinted on a highway structure should be designed as an artistic composition of objects, imprints, or patterns. • Patterns should offer a level of complexity and interest appropriate to the place and highway travel speed. • Avoid the use of repetitive, overused symbols and patterns. • Consider artwork that utilizes light and shadow to create pattern and images.
(3) Materials and architectural design choices dramatically affect the traveler’s sense of place. Engaging artists early in the design process is critical to achieving powerful features.
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3.5 Ensure transportation art supports the landscape design segment themes. Transportation art is not a typical project, and the choice of appropriate subject matter and media is essential to obtaining the desired expression for each landscape design segment theme. Choose art subjects that support the landscape design segments’ themes. 3.6 Engage local agencies and organizations in the planning process. Relationships with local agencies as well as the Nevada Arts Council should be developed to assist in the review and implementation of proposed transportation art projects.
(5) Artwork that utilizes environmental components, such as wind, create unique opportunities for interpretation.
(6) Shadow patterns illuminate simple wall features and add interest to night views.
www.justinedwards.com.au
• Consider transportation art at the onset of project development. • For community matching fund and transportation art programs, refer to the guidelines outlined in the current Landscape and Aesthetics Community Match Procedures Manual: Guidelines, Applications, Instructions and Forms for the Community Matching Funds and Transportation Art Program, NDOT.
(4) Murals should thoughtfully celebrate significant historic and cultural events.
(7) Art incorporated into bridges and structures subtly invokes special meaning.
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(8) Sculptures set in the landscape should evoke meaning and relate to the overall site context.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
4.0 SIGNAGE
• Use a consistent color and material for signs. • Use signs that are high quality and as durable as other standard highway signs. • Use the MUTCD for signage requirements within the right-of-way. • Avoid placing too many signs along the highway. Do not provide signage for sensitive environmental or cultural resources.
4.1 Provide a standard, cohesive system of service signage. Utilize the Tourist Oriented Directional Sign (TODS) program as a way to provide signage for services located in communities just off the highway. NDOT manages the TODS program, and it is preferred over numerous private individual business signs and billboards. Lamar Advertising, at www.lamar.com, currently operates the program in Nevada. Work with local 4.3 Utilize a family of iconic symbols to represent features. community agencies and businesses to deEncourage the recognition of cultural and envelop and locate TODS. Refer to the Outdoor vironmental features through iconic imagery. Advertising discussion (pages 1.13-1.14) for more information about billboards along the • Signage should depict the general physicorridor. cal shape of the point of interest. • Utilize General Service signs, such as • Establish icons to represent general catknife and fork for restaurants, along rural egories of interest within the Nevada highways. Rural towns located just off US landscape. Illustration 1 shows examples 93, such as Panaca and Pioche, provide of symbols to represent the categories. services that are not frequently found Unique icons may be created for areas of along the corridor. Therefore, use of Gennational significance. Additional symbols eral Service signage is supported by the should be developed to represent NeMUTCD. vada landmarks/historic points, emigrant • Reinforce the message of General Sertrails, scenic byways, and Native Amerivice and TODS signage by incorporating can features. Engage Nevada tribes to business logos, or business placards, on develop a universal symbol that is both signage where possible. Use of the Logos appropriate and simple to represent the program in conjunction with TODS has state’s Native American resources. proven to be more successful than TODS • Features and points of interest to be alone. recognized in this program will be coordinated with NDOT, Nevada Division of State Parks, Native American tribes, and 4.2 Implement a Statewide Place Name Sign the State Historic Preservation Office. Program. • Name and labels included shall be conA comprehensive place recognition signage sistent with Nevada State Library and program should be implemented through Archives naming conventions. Consider travel speed when descriptions are used. partnership initiatives with local commuLettering less than 6 inches in height can nities and agencies. The program and sign be difficult to read at high speeds. types are described on pages 1.11-1.12. • Final icon and name approval will rest with NDOT.
EXAMPLES CATEGORIES OF ICONIC SYMBOLS FOR PLACE NAME SIGNS
Landmark Mountain/
Rivers
SLIDE MOUNTAIN Range
CARSON RIVER
Mining
Historic Railroads
Historic Downtowns
Ghost Towns
RAILROAD
Sand Dunes
RECREATION AREA: SAND MOUNTAIN
Watchable Wildlife
WATCHABLE WILDLIFE
DAYTON GHOST TOWN: (1) Universal symbols represent Nevada’s cultural and environmental features as part of the Place Name Sign Program. DOWNTOWN Additional categories such as Nevada landmarks/historic points and Native American features should be developed to provide straightforward icons that symbolize the resources.
D9-7 Gas
D9-8 Food
D9-9 Lodging
D9-10 Tourist Information
(2) General Service signage includes symbols for typical services found along the highway. In rural towns located just off the main highway, use of such signage is important for businesses to attract patrons.
(3) TODS establishes a program of signage for businesses whose visitors do not typically reside within the immediate area. The signage is intended for cultural, recreational, or historic points of interest.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines 4.4 Implement an audio interpretation program. 4.7 Incorporate the anti-littering campaign. Develop and coordinate an audio/multimeAnti-littering messages located at highway dia interpretive program with the Statestops that include food and beverage serwide Place Name Sign Program. This provices will provide an immediate reminder to gram could be implemented via broadcast travelers. radio, CD or DVD programs, wireless Inter• Work with local vendors to place the net hotspots, satellite transmission, or othanti-littering messages on disposable er media that allow travelers to access adcups, plates, and other items likely to be ditional information from their car. tossed out the vehicle window. • Along non-interstate roadways, utilize • Information may include cultural and pole signage for anti-littering messages. natural resources, tourist opportunities, • Develop signage that engages Nevada and services along the corridor. residents and encourages active partici• Link the audio interpretation program to pation in maintaining clean and beautiful the Statewide Place Name Sign Program, highways. state welcome centers, and local chambers of commerce so that travelers can 4.8 Utilize low-profile interpretive signage at access specific information. rest areas and pull-offs. • Utilize synchronous technologies that allow users to control how and when they access this additional information. • Incorporate and place signage so that it does not block views of scenic resources. • Coordinate with programs, organizaConsider signage with a low-profile base tions, agencies, and municipalities along and a reading surface placed at a 45 dethe corridor to explore ways to expand gree angle. the audio interpretation program. • Provide durable, long-lasting signage. Interpretive signage should be designed to 4.5 Coordinate the Statewide Place Name Sign withstand a large range of climatic eleProgram with the national Watchable Wildments. Consider using Vitratek porcelain enamel or equivalent. Graphics should be life program and with other communityproduced on a durable medium that prodriven programs. duces high-quality graphics. Work with other agencies, civic groups, and municipalities to provide interpretive signage where applicable. 4.6 Highlight scenic byway entrances with signage that is coordinated with the Statewide Place Name Sign Program. Reflect the place and character of the area with iconographic images incorporated into scenic byway signs (see illus. 5).
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(5) Scenic byways should include a specific pictorial graphic that is related to the place. (4) Simple kiosk signage can provide additional information on the area’s resources and opportunities. Coordination with the region’s agencies, organizations, and community efforts allows the corridor to better tell the stories of the area in a consistent manner.
(6) Low-profile signage can be incorporated into rest areas without blocking views. Providing travel information and interpretive information at rest areas allows travelers to enrich their experience without cluttering highway with signage.
(7) Place-specific interpretive panels highlight important historical, cultural, and environmental information. Panels can be sited along walking paths, allowing travelers to stretch their legs as they become engaged with the state’s history.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
5.0 COLOR PALETTE APPLICATION
5.3 Blend new rock cuts and/or soil with the surrounding landscape. 5.1 Use a uniform, consistent color palette for Match new rock and soil treatments with exall highway structures. isting rock and soil color to blend disturbed Standard NDOT practice should utilize a areas with the surrounding environment. uniform and consistent color palette that complements the surrounding landscape • Use this process for any corridor project for all new and existing highway structures. that includes rock cuts. Base and accent stain or paint colors for all • Use the University of Nevada’s Mapping highway structures along the US 93, East US Ecosystems (Tueller, et al., 2002) as a guide 6, and East US 50 Corridor have been selectfor soil colors. Soil colors are referenced ed. To ensure accurate color reference, the to the Munsell color guide. colors are matched to the Dunn Edwards • Blend newly excavated soil and rock with existing weathered rock. system (see illus. 1). • Where possible, the application of color should occur in a central location and • Each highway structure should use a seaway from sensitive receiving waters. lection of one base color and up to two accent colors, chosen from the palette. No more than two different accent colors should be used per site. • Ensure roadway structures within a single landscape design segment use the same base color and accent color(s). • When existing structures require refinishing, they should be stained or repainted to be consistent with the selected color palette.
BASE COLORS
ACCENT COLORS
#6224 Hidden Gems #DEC 717
Any two accent colors may be chosen from the following selections. All landscape design segments use this accent color palette.
#5537
#5880 Silver State Passage #6215
#5822
#5747 Pony Express Passage #6223 #6097
Cowboy Range #6194
#6013
#5097 (1) The proposed color palette refers to the Dunn Edwards paint system, for reference purposes only.
• Specific town logos and transportation art are exempt (refer to Transportation Art guideline, pages 3.17-3.18). 5.2 Ensure accent colors highlight structural aspects. Accent colors should highlight structural aspects and/or details of highway structures, such as the beam of a bridge or a bridge railing. • Ensure that accent color application logically responds to and reinforces structural features or change in materials.
(2) The landscape inspires the color palette for each landscape design segment. Base colors correspond to the landscape design segment’s environmental features.
(3) The color palette was field tested in morning, afternoon, and evening conditions.
(4) The practice of staining rock cuts helps to blend exposed rock surfaces with the color of the surrounding ground plane.
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Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
6.0 ROADWAY DESIGN
6.3 Provide curbs no greater than 6 inches in height in community zones. 6.1 Reduce the appearance of a wide right-ofCurbs define the edge of the highway and deway through communities. lineate the pedestrian zones within commuEvery effort should be made to keep the nities. Curbs greater than 6 inches in height roadway as narrow as possible. Wide roads may restrict pedestrian movement and create allow for faster vehicular travel speeds and difficult transitions at pedestrian crossings. therefore negatively impact the safety of pedestrians. 6.4 Utilize on-street parking in community inter• Consider reducing the number of lanes. face zones to buffer the sidewalk from traffic. Four-lane highways may be retrofitted to On-street parking accommodates access to lotwo travel lanes or two travel lanes and cal businesses and slows traffic (see illus. 1-2). a turn lane when other street systems are improved and overall traffic patterns move effectively. • The appearance of a wide roadway may be reduced through the use of vertical elements, curb extensions, and a narrow shy distance (the side clearance from fog line to edge of structure). Utilize a shy distance of 1 to 2 feet from curbs and medians in downtown areas to reduce speed. • Provide passing lanes outside of rural communities, rather than only within town, to reduce the number of lanes within town and slow travel speeds. Highways that only provide passing lanes within communities encourage higher travel speeds through town because it is the only opportunity to pass slower traffic. 6.5
6.2 Consider the use of rumble strips in transition zones to signal a speed reduction. Changes in paving material and roughened paving provide a visual and audible cue for drivers to slow down. • Rumble strips may be combined with enhanced roadside treatments such as plantings and gateways to reinforce the entry into pedestrian areas.
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• Use curb extensions to enhance the visibility of pedestrians crossing the street. • Angled parking should only be used in areas of very low travel speeds. • Provide a bike lane between parking and travel lanes to create a buffer. • When bike lanes are not incorporated, consider using a wider outside travel lane or parking area to minimize conflicts between bikes and opening doors. • For all forms of on-street parking, maintain adequate visibility and buffer zones between travel lanes and parking to prevent conflicts with through traffic.
10’ 10’
5’
12’ 12’
12’
5’
10’ 10’
(1) Parallel parking is best in areas where visibility and traffic flow are concerns.
10’
19’
12’
12’
12’
19’
10’
(2) Where room and travel speeds allow, angled parking creates more parking spaces.
Integrate art, softscape, and hardscape as part of a simple landscape treatment for roundabouts. • Landscape treatments within a roundabout should express the segment theme and community vision. • Sensitively site transportation art and plantings. • Treatments should complement and coordinate with the surrounding environment and landscape features and be part of an integrated design approach (see illus. 4).
(3) Street systems have a large influence on the social and economic impacts of a community. Reducing the visual width of the street, allowing for on-street parking, and implementing a truck bypass are examples of ways in which communities can greatly reduce the negative impacts of a highway (image above).
(4) Roundabouts can be creatively designed to include lowmaintenance hardscape features that add aesthetic value (image to the left).
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
7.0 MEDIANS
• Design medians to allow for adequate percolation of water. This practice prevents pavement failure caused by infiltration of irrigation water into the road base/sub-base.
7.1 Revegetate medians along rural highways to integrate the highway with the landscape. Utilize native plant material to revegetate medians along rural highways to create a 7.3 Utilize medians to reduce potential vehiclemore natural and consistent visual experipedestrian conflicts and to enhance pedesence (see illus. 1). trian walkability. Medians function to improve pedestrian 7.2 Utilize median plantings and treatments to visibility by minimizing turning conflicts enhance a community’s image. and directing and separating traffic. They Landscaped medians beautify wide streets provide an effective way of reducing conby breaking up large expanses of paveflicts between pedestrians and vehicles bement and making the street feel narrower. cause they allow pedestrians to incremenMedians can include a combination of rock tally cross the traffic lanes. mulch, signage, plantings, and boulders that • Medians may be constructed with curbs help to identify the character of the place and combined with pedestrian refuge (see illus. 2-3). islands. • Future development, access manage• Avoid using asphalt paving in medians. ment, usage patterns, and changing Stamped, colored concrete or pavers transportation demands should be exshould be used in narrow medians (those amined when determining if raised meless than 5 feet wide). Paving score patdians are the appropriate solution for the terns and texture should be simple and roadway. coordinate with surrounding architecture and pedestrian areas. Colored concrete should use the segment’s base col- 7.4 Direct stormwater to planted medians and or (see Color Palette guideline page 3.21) landscaped planting strips where feasible. or coordinate with adjacent pedestrian Utilize drainage swales within medians to walkways. handle excess stormwater runoff (see illus. • The placement of plantings and treatments should direct pedestrians and 4-5). facilitate the vehicle operator’s view. Selected plant species should also be suit• Carefully design curbs, gutters, catch able for the harsh roadway environment. basins, and drain grates for ease of • Planted medians are generally the width maintenance. of the center turn lane but can be as nar• Ensure pedestrian movement is not unrow as 5 feet. Regardless of width, mediduly impacted by ponding water. ans should be designed to allow for safe • In areas where runoff may contain high maintenance as well as for anticipated levels of salt, select salt-tolerant plants. plant growth.
(1) Native revegetation harmonizes the highway with the surrounding landscape .
(2) Accentuated softscape median treatments combine tree forms with shrub material to give vertical definition to the highway.
(4) Native vegetation and rock-lined medians, alone or in combination with drainage swales, allow for runoff of excess stormwater.
(3) Medians provide the opportunity for planting and design details that help define distinct areas within a community. Breaks in the median provide a safe haven, allowing pedestrians to cross lanes incrementally. These refuge islands provide pedestrians with an additional level of security.
(5) Landscaped medians beautify streets and create context-sensitive solutions.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines 8.0 PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS 8.1 Improve pedestrian safety at crossings. Motorists can see striped crosswalks from a greater distance (see illus. 1). • Utilize a zebra striping pattern for painted crosswalks. • Crosswalk striping should correspond to the width and location of sidewalks. 8.2 Use alternative paving type, coloring, or other means to visually highlight pavement in pedestrian crossings. Crosswalks may be marked with distinctive paving material, colors, and texture.
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
• They can be used at mid-block crossings and are beneficial when combined with pedestrian refuges. • Refuge islands are located at crosswalks in the middle of streets to provide a safe waiting area for pedestrians. • The waiting area in refuge islands should be in line with the crosswalk and as wide as the crosswalk to allow persons with disabilities to cross without obstruction. • Refuge islands may include additional pedestrian safety features such as bollards and flashing signage to enhance their visibility.
(1) Zebra striped crossings require less maintenance and are more noticeable than standard parallel striping.
(2) Use of colored paving differentiates pedestrian crossings and elevates the pedestrian’s importance.
(3) Pedestrian movement is directly affected by turning radii. Larger radii increase traffic speed and crossing distance for pedestrians, thereby reducing pedestrian comfort.
(4) Tighter, shorter turning radii reduce traffic speed and shorten pedestrian crossing distances. Motorists are better able to see pedestrians and stop quickly.
8.4 Alert motorists to pedestrian crossings through the use of signage and flashers. Pedestrian signals work in conjunction with • Concrete is preferred over brick for its traffic signals to assign right-of-way at durability. Concrete may be stained, embossed with patterns, or constructed intersections. with unit pavers to give crossings a distinctive feel in particular areas. • Active signals are preferred over passive • Textures and materials should provide a signals. visual contrast with the adjacent road sur• Pedestrian signals are appropriate at all face, yet they must also provide a smooth intersections with traffic signals where travel surface and good traction. crossing is permitted.
8.3 Reduce curb-to-curb distances at crosswalks. 8.5 Balance the need for adequate vehicular turnIncorporate curb extensions as part of the ing radii with pedestrian needs. highway system when on-street parking is A tighter turn (or shorter radius) forces drivprovided. Provide refuge islands to break up ers to slow down, allowing them to see pelong crosswalks. destrians and make quick stops. Additionally, Curb extensions reduce the crossing disshorter turning radii create more sidewalk tance for pedestrians, increase visibility for space for pedestrian amenities. motorists and pedestrians, prevent illegal parking at corners, and provide additional • Reduce corner radii where feasible to shorten and align pedestrian crossings room for people waiting to cross the street. while reducing vehicle turning speed. • Reduce the use of slip lanes (channeliza• Curb extensions should reach into the tion) where possible to minimize vehiclestreet no further than the edge of the pedestrian conflicts. travel or bike lane.
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(5) Curb extensions are easily integrated into roadways with on-street parking. Consider the use of curb extensions in highly utilized pedestrian areas in order to provide pedestrian amenities and reduce crossing distances.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
9.0 NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION 9.4 Incorporate designated bike lanes within the roadway to link regional bike trail systems. SYSTEMS
9.2 Engage agencies and organizations in the planning and design process. Proper planning ensures that NMT facilities are convenient while minimizing adverse safety and environmental impacts. • Engage federal, state, and local agencies as well as local user groups and organizations in the planning, design, and implementation of NMT facilities. • Ensure the maintenance of connections to regional trails and pedestrian systems. • Consult the statewide bicycle and pedestrian plans prepared by NDOT. • Provide signage to trailheads and regional trails to encourage NMT use. 9.3 Integrate NMT into the right-of-way. Where topography, site conditions, and land use warrant, separate bicycle paths may be built in the right-of-way. • Ensure that direct connections are made to existing and future trail systems and shared-use pathways (see illus. 3).
• Stripe and sign designated bike lanes to promote driver awareness and enhance user comfort (see illus. 2). • Enhanced paving or pavement markings may be used in downtown areas. • Along rural highways, ensure adequate shoulder width is provided. Rumble strips create an unrideable surface for cyclists. Shoulder design should accommodate both rumble strip and bike lane requirements. 9.5 Consider underpass or specifically designed at-grade crossing for NMT crossings along rural highways. Outside of developed community areas, shared-use paths may need to cross the highway to provide a direct connection to a recreation destination. In such circumstances, safety is of utmost importance. Design considerations include ADT, type of traffic, speed, sight distance, grade, type of roadway, and number of lanes to be crossed. • An underpass provides the recommended method for crossing the highway in rural areas. Structures should be wide enough to be visually inviting and allow for natural lighting. • At-grade crossings should be properly signed and striped. Advance warning measures should be incorporated to notify motorists of the need to slow down and look for crossing cyclists.
(1) The length of underpasses should be minimized where possible in order to allow for natural lighting.
(2) In areas of heavy use, such as US 50, adequate shoulder width should be provided to improve rider safety. Shoulder design should consider bicycle use when incorporating a rumble strip.
Drawing by Joyce
• Minimize underpass length to allow for natural lighting (see illus. 1). • Utilize transportation art consistent with the segment theme.
Within developed community areas, bike lanes provide access to regional trail systems and local facilities. Along US 50, bike lanes should be incorporated to safely accommodate the heavy use.
(3) Bike lanes can be incorporated adjacent to or separated from rural highways to create links to other recreational opportunities.
Trail Planning, Design and Development Guidelines
9.1 Consider aesthetics as part of bicycle facility design. Users of non-motorized transportation (NMT) systems are more likely to use facilities that include aesthetic treatments and that link to critical destinations.
(4) Grade-separated crossings should be utilized along high-speed rural highways.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
• Consider the integration of a grade-separated pedestrian crossing into structure when possible. • Coordinate with local jurisdictions to determine the need for these features. 10.2 Use a consistent bridge design. Bridges are prominent features in the landscape and can significantly affect the visual quality of the environment. NDOT standard bridge design incorporates a concrete and steel I-girder, or concrete and steel box girder bridge structure of similar proportion, finish, and barrier rail design. The major structural elements (piers, girders, and abutments) also serve as the major architectural features. In the event of bridge construction in this corridor, refer to the Central US 95, West US 6, and West US 50 Corridor Plan for additional bridge design guidelines.
Approach barrier rail
Transition barrier rail height and connection is poorly attached
Slope paving is required because of excessively steep embankment
Bridge barrier rail lacks visual relief
Substructure is poorly integrated into the bridge span
Bridge span is glaring white
Bridge span proportion is bulky
Bridge abutment
Drawing by Joyce
10.1 Accentuate locations where bridges cross major water bodies, drainage courses, or canyons. Utilize landscape treatments in order to highlight crossings and connect motorists to the landscape (see illus. 3).
• Large amounts of slope paving should be avoided. Grade to a slope of 3H:1V to allow for slope revegetation. Use landscape or rock mulch to stabilize embankments. • Street names should be embossed on the bridge span, providing place identification for the motorist. • Where special conditions arise and larger or different bridge spans or types are required, ensure landscape and aesthetic aspects are incorporated into the standard design type. • Consider fill embankments and approach rails in concert with the abutment, bridge barrier rail, and superstructure. Materials, height, and attachment details should be carefully considered when connecting guardrails to the bridge to avoid joining incompatible materials and creating abrupt vertical changes at connection points. • Use simple substructure and support features with strong proportional relationships in all standard bridge design. • Consider open rail design of steel rail or concrete barrier and steel, both to create a more refined bridge with a lighter appearing span, and to maintain scenic views and vistas to the surrounding landscape.
Embankment fill slope is the largest feature of the bridge Steep slopes prevent planting and are very erodible
(1) Avoid components and proportions lacking visual appeal.
Embankment fill slope flattened to allow planting and reduce erosion
Bridge parapet open rail
Erosion control
Bridge span proportion is light and open
Substructure with simple columns
Super structure with horizontal shadow lines
Bridge abutment designed as strong visual anchor
Approach barrier rail
Drawing by Joyce
10.0 BRIDGES
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
(2) Preferred landscape and aesthetic treatments improve the appearance of the bridge when applying design guidelines from this section.
• Aesthetic qualities must consider proportion, rhythm, balance, and unity. Refer to the Aesthetic Guidelines for Bridge Design (Minnesota Department of Transportation, 1995) for a complete discussion. • Bridge form should be simple and uncomplicated (see illus. 2). (3) Bridge forms should be simple and abutments should visually support the structure.
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(4) Bridges should be uncomplicated. Open rails create a more refined appearance and maintain views.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
• Coordination at the planning stages is critical to avoid conflicts. 11.2 Consider grading to minimize wall height. Where possible, use an embankment slope with landscape planting to buffer sound (see illus. 1), or use a combination of earth forms and noise walls to achieve structural integrity and buffer sound while limiting actual wall height. • This guideline does not change or supersede federal noise wall requirements, which specify the location of noise walls according to adjacent land uses and a sound level threshold approaching 67 decibels. • Noise walls should not be greater than 14 feet in height without a step in the wall plane (see illus. 7). • Walls used only for visual screening may not be taller than 10 feet. • Use natural barriers and earth forms when possible. 11.3 Provide landscape planting and setback space between the vehicle recovery zone and the noise wall. When necessary, work with developers to ensure adequate right-of-way is provided for sound abatement.
11.4 Select a simple design palette. Choose a simple design palette of material, pattern, color, and texture that coordinates with the corridor’s landscape design segment theme for retaining walls and noise walls. In the event of noise wall construction in this corridor, refer to the Central US 95, West US 6, and West US 50 Corridor Plan for additional design guidelines. • Maintain consistent use of the selected material, pattern, color, and texture. The required prototypical surface pattern is shown in illustration 3. • Avoid using multiple materials, such as steel and concrete or CMU, on continuous spans of wall. • Post and panel systems are not encouraged for noise wall construction and should be used only for temporary applications. If a post and panel system is used it should be constructed with a single material, preferably pre-cast concrete for all components (see illus. 5). • Use visual design themes and/or pictorial motifs comprised of simple patterns and surface texture, and carefully design the motif’s composition (height and position) on the wall. • Noise walls over 12 feet in height require special graphic or pattern treatment (refer to Transportation Art guideline, page 3.17, for more information about appropriate subject matter).
(1) Grading in combination with walls will reduce the height of walls while still meeting federal noise standards.
(3) Preferred prototypical surface pattern is rusticated variable vertical ribbing. Dimensions vary between 2” to 8” apart.
Drawing by Joyce
11.1 Minimize the need for noise walls throughout the corridor. At the planning level, encourage land uses that are compatible with highway noise, such as commercial areas. Noise-sensitive facilities, such as schools and churches, require sound abatement strategies.
• Consider grading to minimize wall height. Landscape plantings in front of walls will soften the appearance of large wall faces (see illus. 1-2). • Ensure planting and maintenance is provided.
Drawing by Joyce
11.0 NOISE REDUCTION AND WALLS
(2) Integrate noise walls into highway right-of-way with landscape planting between wall and roadway. The setback also allows earth contour grading to vary the wall heights and base grade.
(4) For noise walls outside the clear zone, a wall return of 3 feet is recommended at the beginning of the wall facing the driver.
(6) Focal noise wall imprints add an additional layer of interest to noise walls.
(5) Avoid post and panel system for permanent noise wall application.
(7) Stepping tall soundwalls expands the corridor view and reduces the canyon-like feeling that can occur with high walls.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines 12.0 CONCRETE BARRIERS AND GUARD RAILS 12.1 Stain concrete barriers to blend the roadway into the surrounding environment. • Concrete barriers should be stained to match the segment’s base color as shown in illustration 1 (refer to Color Palette guideline, page 3.21, for more information on color selection).
13.0 LIGHTING 13.1 Avoid overlighting. Excessive high mast lighting can create light pollution along a corridor and impact views to the surrounding landscape.
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
12.2 Avoid bright and shiny guard rails. Use acid-washed steel guardrails where appropriate (see illus. 2).
(1) Stained concrete barriers should use colors from the design segment’s color palette.
• Use poles and fixtures with consistent maintenance requirements and procedures for lighting types used within the same maintenance district. • Select a sleek and simple pole configuration (see illus. 4). • Allow for context-sensitive design in fixtures and poles where appropriate, particularly in areas such as historic sites (see illus. 1-2). • Consider color properties when selecting lamps. Metal halide lamps are preferred in pedestrian areas. Mercury vapor lamps produce favorable lighting for enhanced landscape treatments but should be used sparingly unless energy efficient sources are used. Energy efficient high-pressure sodium lamps are commonly used for large portions of the roadway.
• Study current lighting level standards to determine levels needed for safety only. Adjust current standards, if necessary, and apply the minimum height, illumination, and number of light masts required. • Focus attention on illumination versus luminance (i.e. brightness of pavement versus brightness of light). • Along all sections of the corridor, use lighting fixtures that minimize light pollution and provide even light dispersion. • Eliminate lighting where possible. • Use cobra head or shoebox-type pole and fixture instead of high mast lighting where 13.3 Lighting height and brightness should be conappropriate. sistent with pedestrian needs in downtown or heavily pedestrian-oriented areas. 13.2 Use a consistent lighting fixture and pole. Create desirable pedestrian environments In central commercial districts and town cenby using pedestrian-scaled lighting along ters, use light fixtures and lamps that are considewalks. sistent with surrounding architectural styles. • Fixtures should be more closely spaced than conventional cobra head street lights. • Use a durable, powder-coated finish for light poles, matching the color to other • Lighting height and brightness should structures and the surrounding landscape. provide for clear illumination of walking Typically use colors that blend with the paths. background and do not visually overwhelm.
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(2) Acid-washed steel guardrail should be used along the majority of highways.
(2) Sculptural lighting reflects community character. Context-sensitive lighting emphasizes placemaking and can define town districts.
(1) A change in lighting height and style emphasizes the transition into a community.
(3) Avoid this type of pole (4) Preferred fixture and pole configurations. design in favor of more streamlined attachments.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
14.0 FENCING 14.1 Ensure right-of-way fencing blends with the landscape. Fencing can be used in non-urban areas to delineate the highway right-of-way and control access.
• Minimize the use of fencing within rights-of-way where possible. • In urban areas use colored steel fencing such as powder-coated, acid-washed, or stained-galvanized fencing that visually recedes into the urban background.
• Use wire fencing that blends with the landscape and conforms to current NRS code. • Ensure right-of-way fencing is well maintained.
15.0 GRADING AND RETAINING WALLS 15.1 Avoid creating steep slopes. Smooth, moderately inclined slopes will blend more readily with the surrounding landscape, are safer to maintain, and are less vulnerable to erosion. • Flattened fill slopes can assist in decreasing erosion. Flattened slopes also reduce the need for guardrails and provide better accident recovery in the roadside clear zone. • Acquire adequate right-of-way to provide enough land to construct the desired slope and grade. • In some locations, steeper slopes may be unavoidable to protect important natural or cultural resources adjacent to the highway. 15.2 Create smooth landform transitions and revegetate slopes. • Use finish-grading techniques, such as slope rounding at the top and bottom of cuts, to create smooth landform transitions that blend with the natural terrain (see illus. 1).
(1) Simple, multi-strand wire fencing that visually recedes should be used within the rural segments of the corridor.
• Carefully grade slopes around natural out- 15.4 Utilize retaining walls that reflect surcrops and abrupt topography to improve rounding landform and soil colors to miniaesthetics and allow for easier and more mize large slope cuts. cost-effective maintenance. Staggering, terracing, and progressive off• Topographic patterns should be considset of retaining walls can stabilize slopes ered with proposed grading. Valleys, high points, and ridges require graded transiand reduce erosion while blending more tions rather than abrupt embankment smoothly into surrounding landforms than cuts or fills. terraced high wall cuts (see illus. 2-3). • At minimum, ensure all constructed slopes are revegetated (refer to Na• Select retaining structures or slope stative Revegetation Softscape Treatment bilization methods that blend with the guideline, page 3.34). surrounding landscape and encourage revegetation. 15.3 Create artful earthwork. • Provide landscape plantings in front of walls to soften their appearance. Create landforms that respond to the • Provide a minimum of 8 feet between teruniqueness of the site, the surrounding landraces to provide for landscape planting. scape, and the roadway travel experience.
(2) Chain-link fencing is used in most urban areas. Rounded slope condition 1/6 of total slope
Replace “V”-swale with rounded swale profile transitioning to embankment.
Rounded slope condition at top and bottom of slope
(1) Smooth transitions between cut and fill slopes and existing conditions can be accomplished by rounding the slopes.
• Contour grade to create effective planting embankments, shadow patterns, and artful earthwork. • Where feasible, grade slopes to provide for water harvesting (reclaimed surface runoff). (2) Avoid the tunnel effect created by a retaining wall greater than 14 vertical feet.
(3) Preferred design incorporates a step or change of plane for a retaining wall greater than 14 vertical feet.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
16.0 ROCK CUT AND EXCAVATION 16.1 Analyze rock geology. Provide a multidisciplinary team of civil engineers, geotechnical engineers, and landscape architects to ensure that the inherent character of a rock’s natural bedding planes, fractures, joints, and overall stability is carefully analyzed and informs the design of all rock cuts. • Conduct careful analysis of rock geology, site, and costs. Design rock cuts to avoid the need for rock fall protection fencing.
Turn retaining wall ends into slope
(5) Turning the ends of retaining walls visually anchors them into the earth and creates a finished end to the retaining wall.
(4) Preferred gabion systems utilize dark stone in a single plane. Wall does not appear to be an artificial system.
• Blend rock cuts to match natural rock forms and use naturalized bedding planes to avoid creating an unnatural rock face (see illus. 2). • Ensure all designed landforms are natural in appearance and blend with the topography and geology of the surrounding landscape (see illus. 5). • Match new rock and soil excavations with existing rock and soil using rock staining, soil-coloring treatments, and/or accelerated weathering techniques. • Where site conditions and cost analysis permit, acquire adequate right-of-way to provide enough land to design and build the desired rock cut slope and grade.
(6) Retained slopes with walls should return to meet uphill grade.
(1) Avoid artificial-looking straight cuts and benches by using custom naturalized cuts.
16.2 Design rock cuts to be natural in form, texture, and color in relationship to the surrounding landforms. (4) Preferred custom benching follows the natural rock form and accomplishes the same elevation change as shown in illustration 1.
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(7) Standard finish is rusticated vertical texture and pattern. Surfaces should have a single finish whether MSE, cast-in-place, or other wall type is used. Emphasis is placed on minimizing the visual distraction of joints between panels.
(2) Preferred rock cuts in which natural bedding planes were used to excavate naturalized landform.
(3) Avoid securing slopes with concrete facing when possible. When necessary, use colored concrete that resembles natural rock face textures.
Drawing by Joyce
• Carefully design gabion walls. Color should be dark and muted to match soil and surrounding landscape. Wire mesh should match stone color. Plant terraces with native vegetation to break up visual impacts. • Retaining walls should be consistent within a segment and utilize a simple design palette and anchor to the earth (see illus. 5-6). • Utilize a simple design palette. Avoid using multiple materials such as steel, concrete, keystone block, or CMU on walls. Exterior finish for retaining walls should have the same visual appearance independent of the type of wall. • For MSE walls, rectangular shaped panels with vertical joints and a consistent pattern are preferred. Patterns should extend across the entire surface of all panels (see illus. 7).
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
(5) Preferred resculpted rock cuts change artificial slope banks into forms that appear natural. Plan cuts that terrace and bench. Use bedding planes found in the natural rock for the final design of any rock slope.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
17.0 DRAINAGE
17.2 Revegetate drainage infrastructure. Drainage detention and infiltration areas 17.1 Use naturalized channel design and infiltrashould be shaped with natural undulating tion methods. edges and bottoms rather than angular emAvoid paving drainage ditches or check bankment slopes (see illus. 2). dams with asphalt or concrete. Where possible, secure check dams with rock and use • Upper slopes of drainage detention banaturalized channel design and infiltrasins should be revegetated or covered tion methods to enhance, both functionwith appropriate ground treatment ally and visually, highway drainage systems (refer to Ground Treatment Softscape Treatment guideline and Native Reveg(see illus. 1). etation Softscape Treatment guideline, page 3.34). • In unique situations, utilize geotex-
(2) Design of detention basin uses naturalized, curvilinear shapes instead of “V” channels.
tiles, impervious mats, or a stone lining to maintain the appearance of a natural 17.3 Naturalize culvert ends. channel. • Use rock to naturalize inlets and outlets. • Excessive flow velocities and erosion potential may demand paved drainage • Culverts should not be exposed except surfaces. Consider the use of open cell at the end of headwalls and endwalls or concrete block with native grass or rock with mitered end sections. mulch. Match colors to the surrounding • When it is essential to have portions exsoil. posed, they should be stained to blend • Vary the size of rock treatments. Meanwith the surroundings. der naturalized treatments so that they • Consider whether trails or wildlife pasfeather into the landscape (see illus. 3). sages can be coordinated with culverts.
18.0 EROSION CONTROL 18.1 Stabilize soils to ensure successful revegetation and to control erosion. Use native materials for stabilization and revegetation to blend with surrounding landscape. • Use materials such as heavily textured soil and/or gravel mulches to slow water runoff and provide dust control. • Where water concentrates, riprap material and/or geotextile reinforcement may be used to avoid erosion.
(1) Rock-lined drainage channels are an attractive alternative to concrete or unlined ditches.
(3) Feather rock treatments into surrounding landscape so they appear more natural.
(1) Native rock and vegetation add aesthetic value while stabilizing slopes.
(2) Application of soil stabilizer aids in dust and erosion control.
• Permanent revegetation efforts can be improved by providing in situ topsoil, native vegetation fragments, and rocks and by enhancing soil salvage techniques and seed mixes. • Provide uncompacted topsoil surfaces (approximately 85% compaction) prior to seeding. 18.2 Refer to temporary and permanent erosion control best management practices as prepared and documented by NDOT.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
19.0 WATER HARVESTING 19.1 Maintain soil moisture and improve water retention by preserving topsoil, employing effective site surfacing and grading techniques, track walking, applying mulches and tackifiers, sensitively siting features, and using permeable paving or cisterns. The collection of runoff for use in landscape design is especially important in arid climates. Increase the availability of natural water by directing runoff and precipitation into areas such as planting beds prior to moving it off site into drainage structures. Water harvesting methods also reduce the amount of runoff, thereby reducing nonpoint source pollution, erosion, and flooding while recharging the groundwater. Soil moisture and water retention can be maintained and enhanced in several ways, including: • Topsoil Preservation: Stripping and salvaging the existing topsoil, vegetation seeds, and plant fragments for later reapplication should occur at every site requiring disturbance. This live topsoil contains organisms, seeds, and plant fragments that increase the potential success of revegetation. Incorporation of preserved topsoil increases both the quantity of organic matter and permeability of the soil. • Site Surfacing: Rock surface composition should simulate the original or adjacent surface cover or be integrated as part of the overall design. Create artful water harvesting features that contribute to the aesthetic quality as well as the functionality of landscape treatments. Placing rocks and shaping landforms to create depressions
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•
•
•
•
increases water retention and provides be sited where roadway runoff can be moisture to the plants (see illus. 1). Rocks directed to provide water to these arcreate impervious cover, resulting in waeas before it enters structured drainage ter harvesting for the remaining soil and systems. This method enhances plant seeds. Rocks also create a rough, uneven growth and supplements the irrigation surface that slows water runoff, allowing needed for high water use plants, therewater to collect and increasing infiltraby reducing the cost of irrigation. Feation. Rock mulches retain moisture and tures used to direct or store water can protect plants by reducing evaporation, be part of the aesthetics of the design. providing wind protection, and moder• Permeable Pavements: ating the soil temperature so that it is Pavements such as flagstone or permecool in the summer and warm in the winable asphalt should be used where apter, effectively lengthening the growing propriate to aid in the infiltration of preperiod. cipitation in urban areas. Site Grading: • Water Storage in Cisterns or Tanks: Grade surfaces to slow water flow, en In some cases it may be desirable to store couraging absorption. Instead of a conwater in a cistern for later use. Storage tinuously angled slope, position breaks provides the most control and flexibility or depressed areas around planted areas. in the use of harvested water. Cisterns Contour slopes so that water slows and collect water throughout the year, storinfiltrates around vegetation. Prevent ing it until it is needed during the height erosion by minimizing slope angle and of summer. Consider the need for mosdirecting water flow. quito abatement during design. Water Track Walking: should not be stored in open systems Where possible, track walk all slope surfor long periods of time. Cisterns can be faces to stabilize material and minimize sculptural and incorporated into an aespotential erosion. Track walking should thetic design, or they can be large but be performed perpendicular to the relatively flat and located under parking contour. areas. Mulches and Tackifiers: Use mulch and tackifiers to hold seed and 19.2 Use natural and/or artificial products to coltopsoil cover and assist with moisture lect, store, and release water for plant use. retention during germination. Mulches, Use products such as: such as bark or pinned straw, can be used to stabilize seeded areas and assist in • Pumice wicks moisture retention during plant germination and growth. • Polymer products Siting of Features and Facilities: • Diatomaceous earth Thoughtful consideration should be • Wattles given to the siting of features and facilities. Rest areas and other facilities where vegetation is desired should be located where natural surrounding upland topography can provide increased water to the planted areas. Planted areas should
(1) Rock ground treatments should harmonize with existing soils. Aesthetic placement integrates drainage systems as part of the design. Water can be directed to cisterns for storage and later use.
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
20.0 IRRIGATION 20.1 Select efficient and effective irrigation systems. Focus on minimizing irrigation needs. Where required, select efficient and easily maintained systems with a central controller.
• Temporary watering is required for containerized native plants for a period of approximately one to two years, depending on the success rate of revegetation. • Permanent irrigation to individual plants is required for enhanced native, regionally adapted, and regional ornamental softscape types. • When a water source is not available, consider water harvesting methods or the use of vertical elements and structures.
• Consider the use of reclaimed water, including fully treated effluent and harvested water, as a supplement to irrigation. • If a non-domestic water source is used, include a filter system to prevent clogging of emitters. 20.3 Manage the high concentration of salts. • Consider threaded emitters, as opposed to Nevada’s desert soils often concentrate punch-in types, to minimize vandalism. salts at the outer edge of the wetted soil volume, including near the soil surface, par20.2 Provide appropriate irrigation for each ticularly in drip irrigation situations. softscape type. The early stage of revegetation growth de• Salt management techniques include mands the most water use and is most critiflushing the soil periodically with heavy watering and/or planting salt-tolerant cal to the establishment of young plants in an materials. arid climate. As revegetation becomes more established and mature, the demand for water will lessen to the point of complete removal.
(2), (3) Certain plant species, such as Ephedra and Rabbitbrush, are adapted to survival in saline soils.
(1) Where irrigation is required, use low-flow systems to distribute water directly to the plant. Avoid overwatering or using inefficient irrigation systems.
21.0 SOFTSCAPE TYPES AND TREATMENTS 21.3 Preserve healthy trees and vegetation. General Guidelines 21.1 Consider aesthetics and maintenance of selected softscape treatment. In all non-paved areas, select ground treatments that meet both aesthetic and maintenance requirements. 21.2 Select appropriate plant sizes. The minimum plant size used should consider plant survival and the visual effect of the material. • Consider sunlight, water requirements, and wind exposure when placing plant material.
Mature vegetation is an integral part of community identity and an important public resource that enhances the quality of life. • Preserve areas that have been previously landscaped with ornamental plant material that is in good condition, form, and health. • Include a tree inventory listing all protected trees and other landscape materials within the right-of-way. • Include a listing of species, size, and condition of each tree, an index of trees to remove or preserve, and specifications for tree maintenance during construction.
(1) Softscape treatments within the right-of-way should be adapted to the specific environmental conditions of the region.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines Ground Treatment Softscape Treatment 21.5 Coordinate ground treatment with sur21.4 Implement appropriate ground treatment rounding landscape. and softscape type. Ground treatment should coordinate in Use recommended softscape and ground size, texture, color, and aggregate mix with treatment types to assist with erosion the surrounding landscape. and dust control, consistent with NDOT • Mulches composed of variable-sized rock specifications. resemble natural patterns of surrounding soils; their use should be considered as a • Rock mulch, where used, should complematching technique. ment and/or match the surrounding natural environment. • For rural areas, ground treatment should be derived from natural patterns found in playas, foothills, or ephemeral drainages. • For landscaped areas in urban settings, use rock mulches to create patterned and textured ground treatments. • Implement a ground treatment retrofit program to treat areas of bare soil.
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
(1) Mulches that mimic natural features help to blend disturbed areas with their natural surroundings.
• Select an appropriate native plant palNative Revegetation Softscape Treatment ette. Sites should be evaluated for eleva21.6 Apply native revegetation softscape tion, soil conditions, and ecosystem type along open, rural highways. (for example, riparian, playa, or salt flat). Re-establish native conditions using the native revegetation softscape treatment type. 21.7 Carefully select native plant species. The native revegetation softscape type is In addition to plant species identified in the background planting for the majority of Mapping Ecosystems (Tueller, et al., 2002), the corridor and should be implemented as use the provided native plant species list indicated in the landscape design segment (see Figure 11) for revegetation efforts. sections. Plant palettes are not restrictive. They provide a starting point for plant selection. • Roadsides should be revegetated after a fire to reduce erosion and snow drift. • Ensure the plant palette selected for the • Plant density and spacing should mimic site complements existing desirable vegsurrounding conditions, incorporating etation in the surrounding landscape. scattered rock mulch to reduce erosion • Use native plant species to create plant and improve revegetation success. communities with variations in plant • Distribute scattered rock mulch in a height, size, and width. pattern similar to that found in the sur(1) Plant material native to eastern Nevada includes species adapted to the Mojave Desert and the Great Basin. • Additional plants not included in the adrounding landscape instead of a thick, jacent list can be included upon review even spread of rock mulch. and approval.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
21.8 Utilize revegetation best practices. • Re-establish native conditions using the native plant revegetation softscape type. Select perennial grasses, forbs, and shrubs that can be established with little or no maintenance over the long term. Incorporate the Native Wildflower Program in revegetation efforts. Select plants that have been evaluated for drought tolerance, salt and alkali tolerance, seedling vigor, fire retardant characteristics, growth habit, suitable soil groups, seeding rates, Pure Live Seed (PLS), availability, and general costs of native seed sources. Ecosystem categories and suitable plant species have been identified for revegetation specifications along Nevada’s highways in Mapping Ecosystems (Tueller et al., 2002). Tueller’s report offers a complete description of suitable plant species and plant communities, soil classification units, and best management practices for vegetation remediation, and should be used as a guide for revegetation. • Salvage existing native plants and topsoil prior to construction. Species salvageability depends on size, location, soils, and analysis of plant value, including the potential survival rate. Salvaged plants can be utilized at revegetation sites to improve roadside aesthetics and to provide mature plants that would otherwise take years to establish. Where existing native plants can not be reused, chip salvaged plants and incorporate into the topsoil. In addition, ensure native topsoil is collected and stored for re-use. Native topsoil provides a seed source and important bacteria for salvaged plant establishment and growth. Carefully remove, stockpile, and store the native topsoil of new construction projects to be used as
final bedding material. Ensure native soil stockpiles are protected from the wind to avoid erosion and the creation of a dust hazard. Organic mulches may be used to improve soil quality. Firmly anchor mulches to the site. Carefully analyze the site to determine the need for fertilizers and pH amendments. • Salvage and stockpile native rock mulch. Existing rock naturally blends with the landscape. Reuse of existing materials should be considered as part of site design. • Apply a prescribed soil treatment such as plowing, disking, harrowing, furrowing, hydroseeding, applying mulches (such as straw), and using tackifiers (such as dark colored netting). Soils should be roughened before and after planting to create favorable seed sites, particularly for grass and forb seeds. In silty conditions a soil stabilizer, such as a hydromulch, or a matting material can reduce potential dust problems. On some sites, deep ripping can loosen hardpan and improve seeding success. In conditions of steep cuts and slopes greater than 40%, slope disking may create seed pockets. Use scattered rock mulch in coordination with revegetation. This mulch provides seed pockets and protects plant establishment. • Collect native seed. Initiate a process for native seed collection at the start of each project where revegetation is designated. Native seed should be collected from a site in close proximity to the revegetation area. Because unpredictable weather patterns can affect seed availability, plan ahead to ensure usable seed. Native seed can also be purchased through seed companies or BLM nurseries.
Figure 11 - Native Revegetation Plant Palette
PLANT PALETTE - GREAT BASIN AREAS
Upper Elevations
Height x Width
Big Sagebrush Sites Shrubs: Artemisia tridentata - Big Sagebrush 1.5’ to 6' x 10' Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus Green Rabbitbrush 2’ x 3’ Eriogonum ovalifolium - Cushion Buckwheat 1’ x 1’ Ephedra viridis - Green Ephedra 3' x 3' Purshia tridentata - Antelope Bitterbrush 6' x 6' Salvia dorrii - Purple Sage 2’x 2’ Grasses: Achnatherum thurberianum Thurber's needlegrass 24" x 24" Pseudoroegneria spicata- Bluebunch Wheatgrass Thinopyrum intermediumPubescent Wheatgrass 18" x 12" Bromus inermis - Smooth Brome 12” x 12” Festuca idahoensis - Idaho Fescue 12" x 12" Leymus triticoides - Creeping Wildrye 24" x 24" Poa ampla - Big Bluegrass up to 4' tall x 1' Forbs: Argemone munita - Flatbud Prickly poppy 36" x 36" Castilleja spp. - Indian Paintbrush 12" x 8" Helianthus annuus - Sunflower 8' x 2' Linum lewisii - Prairie Flax 24" x 24" Lupinus spp. - Lupine 12" x 12" Penstemon palmeri - Palmer’s penstemon 36" x 24" Lana Vicia Villosa - Woolypod Vetch 18" x 12" Pine and Juniper Woodland Sites Trees: Amelanchier alnifolia - Saskatoon Serviceberry Juniperus osteosperma - Utah Juniper Pinus monophylla - Single-leaf Pinyon Pine Pinus ponderosa - Ponderosa Pine
Exposure to Sun
12’ x 6’ shrubby to 20-30’ 20' x 15' 100' x 30'
Water Requirement
Seasonal Interest
Full sun
minimal
Aromatic
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
minimal minimal minimal minimal moderate
Yellow flowers Yellow flowers Evergreen Yellowish spring color Blue flowers
Full sun 18" x 12"
minimal Full sun
Grass moderate Grass
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate
Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
minimal moderate moderate minimal minimal minimal moderate
Large white flowers Brilliant flowering color Large yellow flower Delicate blue flowers Brilliant flowering color Large fragrant flowers Purpleish flowers
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
minimal minimal minimal minimal
Bluish-purple fruit Yellowish green foliage Evergreen Evergreen
Shrubs: Artemisia nova - Black Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata - Big Sagebrush 1.5’ to 6' x 10' Full sun minimal Aromatic Cercocarpus ledifolius - Curl-leaf Mountain Mahogany 15' x 10' Sun to light shade minimal Narrow green leaves Chrysothamnus spp. - Rabbitbrush 5' x 5' Full sun minimal Golden flowers Ephedra viridis spp. - Mormon Tea 3' x 3' Full sun minimal Evergreen Kochia prostrata - Prostrate summercypress 3' x 3' Sun to light shade minimal Gray-green foliage Purshia tridentata - Antelope Bitterbrush 6' x 6' Full sun minimal Yellowish spring color Rhus trilobata - Skunkbush Sumac 5' x 15' Full sun minimal Yellow to red fall color Grasses: Bromus inermis - Smooth Brome Elymus glaucus - Blue Wild Rye Poa secunda - Sandberg Bluegrass Pseudoroegneria spicata Bluebunch Wheatgrass Forbs: Castilleja spp. - Indian Paintbrush Geranium viscosissimum Sticky Purple Geranium Linum lewisii - Prarie Flax Lupinus spp. - Lupine Penstemon palmeri - Palmer’s penstemon Sanguisorba minor - Small Burnet
12" x 12" 36" x 24" 12" x 12"
Full sun minimal Sun to light shade minimal Full sun minimal
Grass Grass Grass
36" x 24"
Full sun
minimal
Grass
12" x 8"
Full sun
moderate
Brilliant flowering color
24" x 12" 12" x 12" 12" x 12" 36" x 24" 12" x 24"
Sun to light shade Full sun Full sun Full sun Sun to light shade
minimal minimal minimal minimal moderate
Purple flowers Delicate blue flowers Brilliant flowering color Large fragrant flowers Unique foliage
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines • Monitor revegetation during construction to ensure the specified materials and installation methods have been used. Plan and budget for maintenance of revegetation and weed control areas until the desired species are established. In addition, continue to monitor revegetation plantings for up to five years after construction to ensure successful establishment. Include temporary irrigation if needed. Provide training for NDOT staff who oversee revegetation administration. Failures in revegetation can often be attributed to poor installation and maintenance practices.
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
• Develop a program to control noxious weeds and invasive plant species. In areas requiring revegetation, quickly establishing native species is the most effective method of controlling invasive species. In much of the corridor, however, reestablishing native plant communities may take many years. Use biotic or organic forms of control, such as temporary mulches, to prevent invasive species from establishing. Provide regular and frequent monitoring of new plantings to identify when additional forms of control may be needed.
Figure 11 - Native Revegetation Plant Palette (cont.)
PLANT PALETTE - GREAT BASIN AREAS (cont.) Exposure to Sun
Water Requirement
Seasonal Interest
1.5 to 6' x 10' 5' x 7' 2’ x 3’ 3' x 3' 3' x 3' 5’ x 5’ 6' x 6' 5' x 15'
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
minimal minimal minimal minimal minimal minimal minimal minimal
Aromatic Narrow gray leaves Yellow flowers Evergreen Yellowish flower clusters Pinkish flowers Yellowish spring color Yellow to red fall color
24" x 24" 24" x 24" 36" x 24" 24" x 24" 36" x 24" 36" x 24"
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Sun to light shade Sun to light shade
minimal minimal moderate moderate moderate moderate
Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass
36" x 24"
Full sun
minimal
Grass
3' x 1' 12" x 12" 36” x 36” 36” x 12” 48” x 24” 36" x 24" 36" x 24"
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
minimal minimal minimal moderate moderate minimal minimal
Delicate red flowers Delicate blue flowers Blue flowers Pinkish flowers Small yellow flowers Red flower spike Large fragrant flowers
6" x 12" 12" x 24" 18" x 12" 12” x 12” 36” x 12”
Full sun Sun to light shade Sun to light shade Full sun Full sun
moderate moderate moderate minimal moderate
Bright yellow flowers Unique foliage Yellow flowers Orange flowers Pinkish flowers
Shrubs: Atriplex canescens - Fourwing Saltbush Atriplex confertifolia - Shadscale Atriplex gardneri - Gardner Saltbush Grayia spinosa - Spiny Hopsage Kochia prostrata - Prostrate Summercypress
5’ x 5’ 3’ x 3’ 1.5’ x 3’ 3’ x 3’ 3’ x 3’
Sun to light shade Full sun Full sun Full sun Sun to light shade
minimal moderate minimal minimal minimal
Yellow flowers Flowering spikes Evergreen Evergreen Gray-green foliage
Grasses: Achnatherum hymnenoides - Indian Ricegrass Agropyron fragile - Siberian Wheatgrass Distichlis spicata - Saltgrass Elymus elymoides - Squirreltail Pleuraphis jamesii - James’ galleta Leymus triticoides - Creeping Wildrye Sporobolus airoides - Alkali Sacaton
12” x 6” 24" x 12" 6” x 6” 18” x 12” 6” x 6” 24" x 24" 36" x 18"
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
minimal moderate minimal minimal minimal moderate minimal
Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass
Forbs: Oenothera spp. - Evening Primrose Melilotis officinalis - Yellow Sweetclover Sphaeralcea coccinea - Scarlet Globemallow
48” x 24” 48” x 24” 12” x 12”
Full sun Full sun Full sun
moderate moderate minimal
Small yellow flowers Small yellow flowers Orange flowers
Lower Elevations
Height x Width
Big Sagebrush Sites Shrubs: Artemisia tridentata - Big Sagebrush Atriplex canescens - Fourwing Saltbush Ericameria teretifolia - Green Rabbitbrush Ephedra viridis - Green Ephedra Krascheninnikovia lanata - Winterfat Prunus andersonii - Desert Peach Purshia tridentata - Antelope Bitterbrush Rhus trilobata - Skunkbush Sumac Grasses: Achnatherum hymenoides - Indian Ricegrass Achnatherum speciosum - Desert Needlegrass Leymus cinereus - Basin Wildrye Leymus triticoides - Creeping wildrye Poa ampla - Big Bluegrass Poa secunda - Sandberg Bluegrass Pseudoroegneria spicata Bluebunch Wheat Grass Forbs: Ipomopsis aggregata - Scarlet Gilia Linum lewisii - Prairie Flax Lupinus spp. - Lupine Medicago sativa - Alfalfa Melilotus officinalis - Yellow Sweetclover Penstemon eatonii - Firecracker Penstemon Penstemon palmeri - Palmer Penstemon Camissonia tanacetifolia - Tansyleaf evening primrose Sanguisorba minor - Small Burnet Solidago spectabilis - Nevada Goldenrod Sphaeralcea coccinea - Globemallow Vicia spp. - Vetch Salt Desert Shrub - Shadscale and Bailey's Greasewood Sites
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
Figure 11 - Native Revegetation Plant Palette (cont.)
Figure 11 - Native Revegetation Plant Palette (cont.)
PLANT PALETTE - GREAT BASIN AREAS (cont.)
Height x Width
Exposure to Sun
PLANT PALETTE - mojave desert areas Water Requirement
Seasonal Interest
Salt Desert Shrub-Black Greasewood Sites Shrubs: Atriplex canescens - Fourwing Saltbush Atriplex lentiformis - Quailbush Chrysothamnus nauseosus - Rabbitbrush Kochia prostrata - Prostrate Summercyprus Sarcobatus vermiculatus - Greasewood
5’ x 5’ 5’ x 5’ 2’ x 3’ 3’ x 3’ 3’ x 3’
Sun to light shade Full sun Full sun Sun to light shade Full sun
minimal minimal minimal minimal minimal
Yellow flowers Yellow flowers Yellow flowers Gray-green foliage Bright green foliage
Grasses: Agropyron elongatum - Tall Wheatgrass Distichlis spicata - Salt Grass Elymus elymoides - Squirreltail Leymus cinereus - Great Basin Wildrye Sporobolus airoides - Alkali Sacaton
36” x 18” 6” x 6” 18” x 12” 36” x 24” 36” x 18”
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
minimal minimal minimal moderate minimal
Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass
Forbs: Melilotus officinalis - Yellow Sweetclover Oenothera pallida - Pale Evening Primrose Sphaeralcea ambigua - Desert Globe Mallow
48” x 24” 48” x 24” 36” x 36”
Full sun Full sun Full sun
moderate moderate moderate
Small yellow flowers Small white flowers Orange flower color
Streamside Sites
(use only in streamside conditions) Trees and Shrubs: Alnus rhombifolia - White Alder Alnus viridus - Mountain Alder Baccharis salicifolia - Seep Willow Betula occidentalis - Water Birch Cornus sericea - Red-Twigged Dogwood Populus fremontii - Fremont Cottonwood Populus tremuloides - Quaking Aspen Populus trichocarpa - Black Cottonwood Salix boothii - Booth’s Willow Salix lasiolepsis - Arroyo Willow Salix lasiandra - Pacific Willow Sambucus cerulea - Blue Elderberry Spiraea densiflora - Mountain Spiraea
25’ x 12’ 25' x 15' 6’x 6’ 40’ x 25x 15' x 15' 60' x 30' 50' x 25' 75' x 30' 15' x 10' 8’ x 6’ 40' x 25' 7' x 10' 2' x 3'
Full sun to shade Full sun to shade Full sun Full sun Full sun to shade Full sun Full sun Full to part sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Sun to light shade Sun to light shade
moderate high high moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate high high high moderate moderate
Bright green Greenish yellow catkins White flowers Copper bark Red fall color Bright lemon yellow in fall Golden yellow in fall Yellow fall color Narrow green leaves Narrow green leaves Narrow green leaves Creamy white flowers Pink flowers
Grasses: Elymus lanceolatus - Thickspike Wheatgrass Carex nebrascensis - Nebraska sedge Poa palustris - Fowl Bluegrass Hordeum brachyantherum - Meadow Barley Juncus balticus - Baltic Rush
36" x 24" 24" x 12" 48" x 24" 24" x 12" 48" x 24"
Full sun Full sun Sun to light shade Full sun Full sun
moderate high moderate moderate high
Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass
5’ x 3’ 18” x 6”
Sun to light shade Sun to light shade
high moderate
Bright blue flowers Blue Flowers
24” x 12” 6” x 6”
Sun to light shade Sun to light shade
minimal moderate
Small pinkish flowers Small purple flowers
6’ x 2’ 2.5’ x 2.5’
Sun to light shade Sun to light shade
high minimal
Large flower spike Orange flowers
Forbs: Aconitum columbianum - Columbian monkshood Agastache urticifolia - Nettleleaf Giant Hyssop Geranium viscosissimum - Sticky Purple Geranium Mertensia longiflora - Small Bluebells Veratrum californicum California False Hellebore Wyethia mollis - Woolly Mule’s Ear
Trees: Acacia greggii - Catclaw Acacia Chilopsis linearis - Desert Willow Prosopis glandulosa - Honey Mesquite Yucca brevifolia - Joshua Tree
Height x Width
Exposure to Sun
Water Requirement
Seasonal Interest
15-25' x 15' 20' x 15' 25' x 35' 30' x 15'
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
Low Med-low Med-low Low
Sp/ Fall Sp/ Fall Summer Spring
2' x 3' 5' x 8' 9' x 9'
Full sun Full sun Full-partial sun
Low Low Low
Fall/Sp Year round Spring
Shrubs: Ambrosia dumosa - White Bursage Atriplex canescens - Four Wing Saltbush Baccharis spp. - Baccharis ***note: plant male species only Coleogyne ramosissima - Blackbrush Ephedra nevadensis - Mormon Tea Larrea tridentata - Creosote Bush Erigonum wrightii - Wright’s buckwheat Erigonum fasciculatum v. poliofolium Flattop buckwheat Fallugia paradoxa - Apache Plume Psorothamnus fremontii - Indigobush Salvia mojavensis - Mojave sage
5’x6' 3' x 3' 10' x 10' 1.5’ x 1.5’
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
Low Low Low Low
Spring Year round Spring Sp/Sum
1.5’ x1.5’ 5’ x 4’ 2.5’ x 3’ 1.5’ x 2’
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
Low Minimal Low Low
Sp/Sum Feathery plumes Spring Sp/Sum
Cacti, Perennials, Grasses and Accents: Baileya multiradiata - Desert Marigold Echinocereus engelmannii - Hedge Hog Cactus Encelia farinosa - Brittlebush Erioneuron pulchellum - Fluffgrass Ferocactus acanthodes - Barrel Cactus Opuntia bigelovia - Teddy Bear Cholla Sphaeralcea ambigua - Desert Globemallow Yucca schidigera - Mojave Yucca Yucca baccata - Banana yucca Agave utahensis - Utah agave Achnatherum hymenoides - Indian ricegrass Achnatherum speciosum - Desert Needlegrass Hilaria rigida - Big Galleta
1' x 1' .4' x 1.25' 3' x 4' 2" x 6" 3-5' x 1.5' 4' x 2' 3' x 3' 12' x 6' 4’ x 6’ 1’ x 2’ 2’ x 1’ 2’ x 1’ 3’ x 2’
Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low-mod Low Low Low
Sp/Sum/Fall Year round Spring Sp/Sum Sp/Sum Spring Spring Spring Spring Sum/Fall Grass Grass Grass
For additional plants appropriate to the different plant communities, refer to Mapping Ecosystems (Tueller, et al., 2002). Note: Several of the plants listed above and within Mapping Ecosystems will require establishment from seed since they are not available in containers.
(2) Native revegetation softscape types should be used to repair and restore roadsides along the majority of the highway.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
Enhanced Native Softscape Treatment of regionally adapted trees, shrubs, and other materials for diversity in form. 21.9 Apply enhanced native softscape along • Plants are placed in massings and in clostransition zones and as part of simple gateer proximity to one another than in the way treatments. surrounding native landscape. Enrich the native softscape palette with the enhanced native softscape type. The 21.10 Carefully select enhanced native plant enhanced native softscape type is the secspecies. ond most commonly used plant palette In addition to the plants listed in the native throughout the corridor and should be utirevegetation softscape type, the following lized as shown in the landscape design seglist of plants comprises the enhanced native ments. The enhanced native softscape type softscape type. Use these species to create enriches the Great Basin and Mojave Desert plant communities with variations in plant plant palettes with a mix of heights and height and width. densities. • Typical applications are specified for community zones as well as simple gateway and rest area treatments. • A variety of native species are planted in moderately dense patterns to create this landscape. • Enhanced native softscapes use the plant material of the native revegetation palette as a base and add a limited number
• Ensure the plant palette selected for the site complements existing vegetation in the surrounding landscape. • Use existing vegetation as a cue to selecting appropriate plant species. • Additional plants not listed in Figures 11 and 12 may be included upon review and approval.
Figure 12 - Enhanced Native Plant Palette
PLANT PALETTE - GREAT BASIN AREAS Trees: Acer ginnala - Amur Maple Acer glabrum v. torreyi Rocky Mountain Maple Acer grandidentatum - Bigtooth Maple Celtis reticulata - Netleaf hackberry Cupressus arizonica - Arizona Cypress Elaeagnus umbellata - Autumn Olive Juniperus osteosperma - Utah Juniper * Pinus aristata - Bristlecone Pine Pinus edulis - Two-needle Pinyon Pinus monophylla - Single-leaf Pinyon Quercus gambelii - Gambel Oak Rhus spp. - Sumac
Height x Width
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Water Requirement Seasonal Interest
15' x 12'
Sun to light shade
moderate
Bright red fall color
15’ x 15’ 30’ x 30’ 30’ x 30’ 60' x 25' 14' x 14' Shrub to 20’-30’ 20’ x 15’ 20' x 15' 50' x 25' 25’ x 25’ 15' x 15'
Light shade Full sun Full sun Sun to light shade Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
moderate moderate low moderate moderate minimal minimal minimal minimal minimal minimal
Orange-red fall color Red/gold fall color n/a Evergreen Red globose fruits Yellowish green foliage Evergreen Evergreen Evergreen Red fall color Yellow to red fall color
Sun to light shade Full sun Sun to light shade Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Sun to light shade Sun to light shade Sun to light shade Sun to light shade Sun to light shade Sun to light shade Sun to light shade
minimal moderate moderate minimal minimal minimal moderate minimal moderate minimal moderate moderate low moderate
Narrow green leaves Colorful flowers Yellow flowers Bright yellow flower Narrow green leaves Narrow green leaves Lavendar spike flowers Yellow flower Light pink flower sp/sum Yellow to red fall color Creamy white flowers Red fruit in winter Evergreen Pink flower
Sun to light shade Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun 28" x 18"
moderate White flowers moderate Silver-green foliage moderate Large colorful flowers moderate Yellow flower moderate Large purple flowers minimal Bright yellow flowers moderate Red and yellow flowers minimal Pinkish-red flowers minimal Delicate blue flowers minimal Brilliant flowering Sun to light shade moderate Small
Full sun
moderate
Brilliant flowering color
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
moderate low moderate moderate
Pink flowers Grass Grass Grass
Shrubs: Atriplex canescens - Fourwing Saltbush 6' x 6' Buddleja davidii - Orange-Eye Butterfly Bush 10' x 8' Caragana pygmaea - Pygmy Peashrub 3' x 5' Cytisus spp. - Broom 7' x 6' Forestiera neomexicana - Desert Olive 8' x 12' Kochia spp. - Smotherweed 6' x 6' Perovskia atriplicifolia - Russian Sage 3' x 1.5' Potentilla spp. - Cinquefoil 1.5' x 2' Rosa woodsii - Woods’ rose 3’ x 5’ Rhus spp. - Skunkbush and Aromatic Sumac 6' x 8' Sambucus spp. - Elderberry 7' x 10' Shepherdia argentea - Silver Buffaloberry 10' x 10' Shepherdia rotundifolia - Roundleaf Buffaloberry 15' x 10' Spiraea spp. - Spiraea varies Forbs and Grasses: Achillea millefolium - Common Yarrow 3' x 2' Artemisia schmidtiana - Silver Mound Artemisia 18" x 24" Aster spp. - Aster 18" x 24" Coreopsis verticillata - Threadleaf Coreopsis 18" x 24" Echinacea purpurea - Eastern Purple Coneflower 18'' x 12" Eriogonum umbellatum - Sulphur Flower 12" x 36" Gaillardia grandiflora - Blanket Flower 24" x 12" Hesperaloe parviflora - Redflower False Yucca 3' x 4' Linum lewisii - Prairie Flax 12" x 12" Lupinus spp. - Lupine 12" x 12" Penstemon strictus - Rocky Mountain Penstemon purplish flowers Rudbeckia fulgida - Orange Coneflower 18" x 24" Sedum spectibile ’Autumn Joy’ Sedum Autumn Joy 24" x 24" Elymus cinereus - Great Basin wildrye 24” x 18” Miscanthus sacchariflorus- Amur Silvergrass 6' x 4' Miscanthus sinensis - Chinese Silvergrass 3' x 4' * Note: Pinus aristata to be used only on forested pine or fir sites.
(1) The enhanced native softscape type is used at rest areas and viewpoints.
Exposure to Sun
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
Figure 12 - Enhanced Native Plant Palette (cont.)
PLANT PALETTE - Mojave Desert Areas Height x Width
Exposure to Sun
Water Requirement
Seasonal Interest
10-35’ X 15-25’ 18’ x 20’ 20’ x 20’ 20’ x 15’ 30’ x 30’ 4’ x 8’ 30’ x 30’ 30’ x 30’ 25’ x 40’ 25’ x 30’ 20’ x 30’ 25’ x 25’
Full sun Full sun Full sun Sun-part shade Full sun Full sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun
Low Low Low Low-mod Moderate Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Low-mod Moderate
Spring Spring Spring Spring Fall Summer Spring Summer Summer Spring Spring Summer
Shrubs: Acacia cultriformis - Knife Acacia 10-15’ x 10-15’ Cassia artemisioides - Feathery Cassia 6’ x 6’ Cassia nemophila - Desert Cassia 6’ x 6’ Chrysothamnus nauseosus - Rubber Rabbitbrush Ephedra viridis - Mormon Tea 3’ x 3’ Eremophila spp. - Valentine (TM) 4’ x 4’ Ericameria laricifolia - Turpentine Bush 2’ x 3’ Garrya flavescens - Ashy Silktassel bush 12’ x 8’ Justicia californica - Chuparosa 3’ x 4’ Leucophyllum frutescens - Texas Ranger 5’ x 5’ Santolina rosmarinifolia - Green Santolina 2’ x 3’ Simmondsia chinensis - Jojoba 6’ x 6’ Vauquelinia californica - Arizona Rosewood 14’ x 10’
Full sun Full sun Full sun 4’ x 4’ Full sun Full sun Full sun Sun-part shade Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
Low Low Low Full-partial sun Low Low-mod Low Low Low Low Low Low Moderate
Spring Spring Spring Low Fall Year Round Winter Fall Sp/Sum Spring - Fall Summer Summer Spring Spring
Full-partial sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full-partial sun
Moderate Moderate Low Moderate Low Moderate Low Moderate
Sp/Sum Summer Summer Win/Sp Summer Summer Summer/Fall Sp/Sum
6” x 9” Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun
Full sun Low Sp/Sum Low Summer Low Sp/Sum Low Sp/Sum Low Sp/Sum Low Sp/Sum Low-mod Sp/Sum/Fall Low Spring Moderate Sp/Sum/Fall Low Summer
Trees: Acacia farnesiana - Sweet Acacia Acacia schaffneri - Twisted Acacia Cercidium microphyllum - Yellow Palo Verde Cercis occidentalis - Western redbud Chitalpa tashkentensis - Chitalpa Cordia parvifolia - Small-Leaf Geigertree Parkinsonia aculeata - Mexican Palo Verde Prosopis alba - Argentine Mesquite Prosopis chilensis - Chilean Mesquite Prosopis velutina - Velvet Mesquite Rhus lancea - African Sumac Vitex agnus-castus - Lilac Chaste Tree
Cacti, Accents, Grasses, Groundcovers, and Perennials: Berlandiera lyrata - Chocolate Flower 1.5’ x 1.5’ Datura wrightii - Sacred Datura 3’ x 6’ Erigeron divergens - Spreading Fleabane 1.5’ x 1’ Euphorbia rigida - Upright Myrtle Spurge 3’ x 4’ Ferocactus wislizenii - Fishhook Barrel Cactuc 5’ x 2’ Gaillardia grandiflora - Blanket Flower 1’ x 1.5’ Machaeranthera tortifolia - Mojave aster 1.5’ x 1’ Oenothera berlandieri - Mexican Evening 1’ X 3’ Primrose Oenothera deltoides - Birdcage Evening primrose Opuntia microdasys - Polka Dot Cactus 3’ x 3’ Penstemon eatonii - Firecracker penstemon 1.5’ x 1’ Penstemon palmeri - Palmer’s penstemon 2.5’ x 1.5’ Penstemon parryi - Parry’s Beardtongue 3’ x 2’ Penstemon utahensis - Utah penstemon 2’ x 1’ Psilostrophe cooperi - Paper Flower 1’ x 1.5’ Santolina chamaecyparissus - Lavender Cotton 1.5’ x 3’ Tetraneuris acaulis - Angelita Daisy 1’ x 1.5’ Yucca spp. - Yucca 10’ x 6’
(2) The enhanced native softscape type adds verticality and density to create a planting arrangement with varying heights and widths.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines Regionally Adapted Softscape Treatment 21.12 Carefully select regionally adapted plant 21.11 Apply regionally adapted softscape in urspecies. ban areas and locations of high visibility. Use regionally adapted plant species. In addiUse the regionally adapted softscape type tion to the plants listed in the native revegwhere identified in each landscape design etation softscape type and the enhanced segment (refer to Chapter Two, Sections native softscape type, the list of plants in Two - Five). This softscape type utilizes the Figure 13 should be used to comprise the Great Basin and Mojave Desert plant palregionally adapted softscape type. ettes along with other low-water use plants • Use plant species to create plant commuthat are well adapted to local conditions. nities with variations in plant height and spread. • Typical applications include welcome • Additional plants not listed in Figures centers, urban areas, and other high vis11-13 may be included upon review and ibility locations. approval. • Plants are arranged in greater densities, forming overstory and understory layers to create a richness of color, texture, form, and seasonal change, enhancing the desert garden.
(1) Regionally adapted softscape types are used along most city streets and rest areas.
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Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
Figure 13 - Regionally Adapted Plant Palette
PLANT PALETTE - GREAT BASIN AREAS Height x Width Trees: Acer freemanii - Autumn Blaze Maple 40' x 30 Acer ginnala - Amur Maple 15' x 12' Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca’ - Blue Atlas Cedar 40' x 40' Cedrus deodara - Deodar Cedar 70' x 30' Celtis occidentalis - Common Hackberry 50'x 25 Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Urbanite' - Green Urbanite Ash Yellow green Koelreuteria paniculata - Golden Rain Tree 45' x 25' Picea pungens - Blue Spruce 75' x 30 Pinus nigra - Austrian Pine 120' x 40' Pyrus calleryana - Callery Pear 50' x 25 Quercus macrocarpa - Bur Oak 100' x 60' Quercus rubra - Northern Red Oak 100' x 60' Shrubs: Aronia melanocarpa - Black Chokeberry Buddleja davidii - Orange Eye Butterfly Bush Caryopteris spp. - Blue Mist Spirea Ceanothus cuneatus - Buckbrush Chamaebatiaria millefolium - Desert Sweet Fernbush Cotinus coggygria - European Smoke Tree Cotoneaster spp. - Cotoneaster Cytisus spp. - Broom Eriodictyon californica - Yerba Santa Forestiera neomexicana - Desert Olive Genista lydia - Lydia Broom Juniperus spp. - Juniper Mahonia aquifolium - Oregon Grape Mahonia repens - Creeping Barberry Potentilla spp. - Cinquefoil Prunus besseyi - Western Sand Cherry Prunus glandulosa - Pink Flowering Almond Spirea spp. - Spirea Perovskia spp. - Russian Sage Shepherdia argentea - Silver Buffaloberry Rhus spp. - Sumac
4' x 4' 7' x 7' 48" x 36" 6’ x 6’ 5’ x 5’ 12’ x 10’ 4’ x 4’ 7' x 6' 4’ x 5’ 8' x 12' 36"x 36" 6' x 3' 8' x 4' 1’ x 4’ 2.5' x 2.5' 3' x 3' 3' x 3' 4' x 4' 6' x 6' 15' x 12' 6' x 4'
Exposure to Sun
Water Requirement
Seasonal Interest
Sun to part Shade Sun to part shade Full sun Sun to part shade Sun to part shade 70' x 35'
moderate moderate minimal minimal minimal Sun to part shade
Grown for foliage Red fall color Evergreen Evergreen Green foliage moderate
Full sun Sun to part shade Full sun Full sun Sun to part shade Sun to part shade
moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate
Yellow flowers Evergreen Evergreen White flowers Fall color Fall color
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Sun to light shade Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Sun to light shade Full sun Sun to light shade Full sun Sun to light shade Sun to light shade Full sun Sun to light shade Full sun
minimal moderate moderate low minimal moderate moderate minimal minimal minimal moderate minimal minimal low minimal moderate minimal moderate moderate moderate minimal
Pink flowers Purple flower Purple flowers White flowers Unique foliage Pink flowers White-pink flower Yellow flowers White flowers Green foliage Bright Yellow Evergreen Green foliage Evergreen Yellow flowers White flowers Green foliage Showy flowers Lavendar flowers Silver foliage Red fall foliage
Forbs: Aurinia saxatilis - Basket of Gold 12" x 24" Full sun minimal Groundcover Cerastium tomentosum - Snow-In-Summer 6" x 12" Full sun minimal White/near white Coreopsis spp. - Tickseed 24" x 24" Full sun moderate Yellow Echinacea purpurea - Eastern Purple Coneflower 18" x 18" Full sun moderate Pinkish flowers Hemerocallis spp. - Daylily 18 x 24" Full sun moderate Various color Kniphofia spp. - Red Hot Poker 24" x 24" Full sun minimal Poker like flowers Lavandula spp. - Lavender 18" x 18" Full sun moderate Purple flower Phlox subulata - Creeping Moss Phlox 6" x 18" Sun to light shade moderate Nice pink flowers Zauschneria californica - California Fuchsia 12" x 20" Full sun minimal Red blooms Campsis radicans - Trumpet Vine 24" x 24" Full sun minimal Red blooms Parthenocissus quinquefolia - Virginia Creeper 12" x 48" Full sun minimal Fall color Grasses: Calamagrostis acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’ Foerster’s Feather Reed Grass 4' x 5' Full sun moderate Grass Erianthus ravennae - Ravenna Grass 7' x 4' Full sun moderate Grass Festuca spp. - Blue Fescue 12” x 12” Full sun moderate Grass Helictotrichon sempervirens - Blue Oat Grass 24" x 24" Full sun moderate Grass Panicum virgatum - Switch Grass 6' x 6' Full sun moderate Grass Stipa gigantea - Giant Feather Grass 7' x 6' Sun to light shade moderate Grass
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
Figure 13 - Regionally Adapted Plant Palette (cont.)
PLANT PALETTE - Mojave Desert Areas
(2) Regionally adapted softscape types should be used in areas where a highly visible landscape is desired.
Height x Width Trees: Acacia constricta - Whitethorn Acacia 10’ x 15’ Acacia stenophylla - Shoestring Acacia 40’ x 30’ Celtis pallida - Spiny Hackberry 8’ x 10’ Cercidium Hybrid - Desert Museum Palo Verde 25’ x 25’ Cordia boissieri - Texas Olive 10’ x 10’ Cupressus arizonica - Arizona cypress 40’ x 20’ Eucalyptus microtheca - Coolabah Tree 30’ x 30’ Eysenhardtia orthocarpa - Tahitian Kidneywood 18’ x 15’ Fraxinus oxycarpa - Raywood Ash 35’ x 25’ Fraxinus velutina Rio Grande- Fan-tex Ash 50’ x 30’ Gleditsia triacanthos inermis - Thornless Honey Locust 35’ x 25’ Parkinsonia floridum - Blue Palo Verde 20’ x 25’ Pistacia chinensis - Chinese Pistache 40’ x 20’ Populus spp. - Cottonwood ***note: plant where ground water access is available Quercus spp. - Oak Tree 40-70’ x 20-50’ Rhus lanceolata - Prairie Sumac 12’ x 18’ Robinia spp. - Locust 40-50’ x 20-40’ Ulmus parvifolia - Chinese Elm 60’ x 70’ Ungnadia speciosa - Mexican Buckeye 15’ x 15’ Vauquelinia californica - Arizona Rosewood 14’ x 10’ Shrubs: Anisacanthus quadrifidus - Mountain Flame Buddleia davidii - Orange Eye Butterfly Bush Buddleia marrubiifolia - Wooly Butterfly Bush Cassia phyllodenia - Silver Leaf Senna Chrysactinia mexicana - Gray Damianita Convolvulus cneorum - Bush Morning Glory Dalea spp. - Prairie Clover Dodonaea viscosa - Florida Hopbush Justicia candicans - Arizona Water Willow Justicia spicigera - Mexican Honeysuckle Leucophyllum spp. - Texas Ranger Phlomis fruticosa - Jersualem sage Rhamnus californica - Coffeeberry Rhus ovata - Sugar Bush Salvia clevelandii - Fragrant Sage Sophora arizonica - Arizona Necklacepod Tecoma x ‘Gold Star’ - Texas Yellow Bells
3’ x 3’ 8’ x 6’ 6’ x 6’ 6’ X 6’ 2’ x 2’ 2’ x 3’ 4’ x 5’ 10’ x 6’ 3’ x 3’ 3’x3’ 4’ x 4’ 3’x4’ 8’ x 8’ 10’ x 10’ 4’ x 6’ 3-10’x10’ 20’ x 8’
Cacti, Accents, Grasses, Groundcovers, and Perennials: Agave spp. - Agave ***note: plant apart from one another to prevent sisal weevil Artemisia frigida - Wormwood 1’ x 1’ Convolvulus mauritanicus - Ground Morning Glory 1’ x 3’ Coreopsis lanceolata - Lanceleaf Tickseed 1.5’ x 1’ Hemerocallis spp. - Daylily 2’ x 2’ Lantana spp. - Lantana 4’ x 4’ Muhlenbergia rigens - Deer Grass 3’ x 4’ Nolina erumpens - Foothill Beargrass 4’ x 6’ Salvia leucantha - Mexican Bush Sage 3’ x 3’ Tulbaghia violacea - Society Garlic 3’ x 3’
Exposure to Sun
Water Requirement
Seasonal Interest
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Moderate
Sp/Sum Spring Semi-evergreen Spring Summer Evergreen Evergreen Summer Spring Spring n/a Spring Fall
Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
Moderate Low Moderate Moderate Low Moderate
Sp/Fall Spring Sp/Sum Fall Spring Spring
Full-partial sun Full-partial sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full-partial sun Part/filtered sun Full sun Full sun Full-part sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
Low Low Moderate Low Low Low Low Low Moderate Moderate Low Low-mod Low Low Low Low Moderate
Fall/Sum Spring Summer Spring Summer Sp/Fall Fall Year Round Summer Spring-Fall Summer Summer Evergreen Spring Spring Spring Summer
Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun
Low Low Moderate Low Moderate Low Low Moderate Low
Spring Sp/Sum Sp/Sum Spring Summer Summer Spring Sp/Fall/Win Sp/Sum
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
Figure 14 - Regional Ornamental Plant Palette 3.1 Carefully This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It Regional Ornamental select regional ornamental plant 3.0 Heading goes Softscape here (DG-Hanging21.14 PLANT PALETTE - GREAT BASIN AREAS should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so Treatment species. headlines style) Height x Width Exposure to Sun Water Requirement Seasonal Interest pretty? This style is called D-G 21.13 Apply softscape In addition to the plants listed in Hanging the na- Body 3.1 This styleregional is called ornamental DG-Hanging Body Copy. It Trees: Crataegus douglasii - Douglas hawthorn 25’ x 12’ Full sun moderate Large thorns It should look like this. Yes itand should. type ofYesextremely high tiveCopy. revegetation, enhanced native, re- Isn’t should in look areas like this. it should. Isn’t is so Gleditsia triacanthos inermis - Thornless Honey 28’ x 16’ Full sun Moderate Summer Locust is so adapted softscape type, the list of importance. gionally pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body Picea pungens ‘Glauca’ - Colorado Blue Spruce 60’ x 20’ Sun to light shade moderate Evergreen Rhus spp. Sumac 15’ x 15’ Full sun minimal Bright red fall foliage 3.1 This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It Use the ornamental typeIsn’t plants in Figure 14 comprise the regional Copy. It regional should look like this. softscape Yes it should. Robinia spp. - Locust 50’ x 25’ Full sun moderate Yellowish-green Sequoia gigantea - Giant Redwood 80’x 35’ Full sun moderate Evergreen should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so to create cultural meaning, enhance a landornamental softscape type. is so Sorbus aucuparia - European Mountain Ash 30’ x 25’ Sun to light shade moderate Bright red fall color • Thisfeature, style isorcalled pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body mark both. DG-Hanging The regionalBullets. orna- It Tilia tomentosa - Silver Linden 45’ x 20’ Full sun low White flower • The species listed represent those plants should look like this. Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t mental softscape type is the rarest treatShrubs: with significant cultural value. Forsythia spp. - Forsythia 6’ x 4’ Full sun moderate Bright yellow flower • This style is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It is so ment and is not designated for use in the Hibiscus syriacus Rose of Sharon 10’ x 6’ Sun to light shade moderate Large flowers • Alternative plants that have the same should look like this. Lonicera spp. - Honeysuckle 6’ x 6’ Sun to light shade moderate Small flowers 3.1 form This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It Eastern Corridors. and characteristics, thereby evokRosa spp. - Rose (native yellow climbing rose) Varies Full sun moderate Bright yellow flowers 3.1 This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It Syringa spp. - Lilac 15’ x 15’ Sun to light shade moderate Pink flowers should look like this. Yes it should. ing a similar cultural meaning, mayIsn’t be is so Viburnum spp. - Viburnum 8’ x 8’ Sun to light shade moderate Bright red berries look like used this. to Yesdenote it should. Isn’t of is so • should It is typically an area more desirable if the alternative plant is Body pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging the upmost importance. better suited to the environmental conGrasses, Forbs, and Perennials: pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t Aster novi-belgii - Michaelmas Daisy 12” x 12” Full sun moderate Long bloom time ditions, requires less maintenance, and is • Copy. ThisIt should softscape emphasizes the look type like this. Festuca spp. - Blue Fescue 12” x 12” Full sun moderate Grass is so drought-tolerant. more cultural elements of a particular Hemerocallis spp. - Daylily 24” x 18” Full sun moderate Yellow flowers • unique This style is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It Iris spp. - Iris, Tall Bearded 36” x 10” Full sun moderate Large purple flowers urban • Additional plants not listed in Figures shouldenvironment. look like this. Leucanthemum x superbum - Shasta Daisy 24” x 12” Sun to light shade moderate Long bloom time 11-14 may be included upon review and Saccharum ravennae - Plume Grass 10’ x 6’ Full sun moderate Grass • The use of non-native, ornamental plant • This style is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It approval. species in this softscape type accentu(1) Caption goes here. ates areas through composition possibilities inherent in form and color. Dynamic ornamental forms, colors, and 3.1 This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It 3.0 • Heading goes here (DG-Hanging textures enhance the native Great Basin should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so headlines style) or Mojave Desert landscape in complepretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body 3.1 This style ispatterns. called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It mentary Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so is so pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t 3.1 This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so is so • This style is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body should look like this. Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t • This style is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It is so should look like this. 3.1 This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It 3.1 This style is called DG-Hanging Body Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t is so pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body pretty? This style is called D-G Hanging Body Copy. It should look like this. Yes it should. Isn’t Copy. It should look like this. is so • This style is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It (1) The regional ornamental softscape type requires permanent irrigation and is used to high(2) The regional ornamental softscape type adds to the identity and placemaking of should look like this. light points of significant interest and landmark quality. areas of high importance. • This style is called DG-Hanging Bullets. It (1) Caption goes here.
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Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
Figure 14 - Regional Ornamental Plant Palette (cont.)
PLANT PALETTE - Mojave desert areas Height x Width Trees: Ebenopsis ebano - Texas Ebony 20’ x 20’ Gleditsia triacanthos inermis - Thornless Honey 28’ x 16’ Locust Koelreuteria paniculata - Goldenrain Tree 35 x 40’ Olea europaea ‘Swan Hill’ - Olive Tree 30’ x 30’ Pinus eldarica - Mondell Pine 50’ x 30’ Pinus halepensis - Aleppo Pine 60’ x 40’ Pinus pinea - Italian Stone Pine 80’ x 40’ Pinus roxburghii - Chir Pine 80’ x 40’ Pistacia chinensis - Chinese Pistache 40’ x 20’ Sophora secundiflora - Mescal Bean 15’ x 10’ Shrubs: Acacia redolens ‘Desert Carpet’ - Prostrate Acacia Aloysia virgata - Sweet Almond Bush Caesalpinia mexicana - Mexican Bird of Paradise Caesalpina pulcherrima - Red Bird of Paradise Caryopteris x clandonensis ‘Dark Knight’ - Blue Mist Spirea Calliandra eriophylla - Fairy Duster Cotoneaster congestus - Rockspray Cotoneaster x Lowfast - Lowfast Bearberry Elaeagnus x Ebbingei - Ebbing’s Silverberry Lagerstroemia indica - Crape Myrtle Rosmarinus officinalis ‘Huntington Carpet’ - Spreading Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis ‘Tuscan Blue’ - Upright Rosemary
Exposure to Sun
Water Requirement
Seasonal Interest
Full Full sun
Low-mod Moderate
Summer/Fall Summer
Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun Full sun
Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Water Use Moderate
Summer Summer Fall Fall Year Round Fall Fall Spring
5’ x 10’ 15’ x 5’ 10’ x 6’ 12’ x 12’ 3’x4’
Full sun Full sun-part sh Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun-part sh
Low Low Moderate Low-mod Moderate
Late Winter Sp/Sum Summer Summer/Fall Sp/Sum
4’ x 4’ 2’ x 6’ 2’ x 10’ 9’ x 9’ 20’ x 12’ 2’ x 8’
Full-partial sun Full-partial sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun
Low Low-mod Moderate Moderate Moderate Low
Sp/Sum/Fall Spring Spring Summer Summer Sp/Sum
6’ x 4’
Full sun
Low
Sp/Sum
Full-partial sun
Low
Summer
Full sun Full sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Full-partial sun Full sun Full sun Partial Sun
Low Low Low-mod Low Moderate Low Low Moderate Low Low Low-mod
Sum/Fall Sum/Fall Spring Spring Win/Sp Spring Sp/Sum/Fall Spring Grass Spring Sp/Sum
Accents Cacti and Grasses: Agave spp. - Agave 3’ x 2’ ***note: plant apart from one another, prone to sisal weevil 4’ x 6’ Dasylirion acrotriche - Green Desert Spoon Dasylirion wheeleri - Grey Desert Spoon 4’ x 6’ Drosanthemum hispidum - Ice Plant 2’ x 3’ Echinocactus grusonii - Golden Barrel Cactus 2’ x 3’ Euphorbia characias - Shrubby Spurge 3’ x 2’ Fouquieria splendens - Ocotillo 18’ x 10’ Hesperaloe spp. - False Yucca 4’ x 4’ Muhlenbergia capillaris - Regal Mist Grass 3’ x 6’ Nassella tenuissima - Mexican Feather grass 2’ x 2’ Opuntia santa-rita - Purple Prickly-Pear 2’ x 3’ Phormium tenax - New Zealand Flax 15’ x 4’
(3) Regional ornamental softscape types are used sparingly along the corridor and are designated for areas of highest visual impact.
3.43
22.0 WILDLIFE CROSSINGS AND PROTECTION 22.1 Engage appropriate agencies in the planning and design of wildlife crossings. Engage federal, state, and local agencies and wildlife professionals in the planning and design of wildlife crossings from the initial planning stages through implementation. • Coordinate information on historic migratory routes and daily wildlife movements to situate crossing structures in appropriate locations. • Track locations of wildlife-related automobile accidents and explore designs to minimize these collisions. 22.2 Use ecologically-appropriate wildlife crossing structures that meet the needs of specific wildlife species in order to improve movement and safety along the corridor. Analyze wildlife behavioral traits to design effective crossing structures that meet the needs of all species that will use a structure. • Specific design criteria varies with each species. Consider larger species, such as deer, and smaller species, such as coyotes. • Ensure structures complement the primary defense strategy for each wildlife species. For instance, animals such as deer, elk, pronghorn, and bighorn sheep depend on good visibility as a key defense mechanism.
3.44
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
• Use open-span bridges and culverts that 22.3 Use different types of fencing as appropri- 22.6 Design wildlife crossing structures to blend are oriented perpendicular to the road ate for different animals. with surrounding landscape. in order to reduce the overall crossing Visually screened bridges and culverts relength and improve visibility. Propor• Recommended fencing for deer is an 8 cede into the landscape. Combine recretionately increase the size of the underfoot high, variable-expanded metal mesh pass as the length increases. ational trails and wildlife crossings as part fence. Metal mesh fencing should be fas• Restore vegetation leading up to wildof bridge and culvert crossings where tened to metal wire. Barbed wire is unaclife crossings and provide cover to shield ceptable. Fencing should occur on both feasible. each crossing entrance from the road sides of the road, and should extend to while maintaining clear visibility through the underpass or overpass entrance. the crossing. • Incorporate breaks, known as jump-outs, • Within underpasses, incorporate natuin areas with continuous fencing to enrally occurring materials that exist in adable wildlife trapped within the road jacent areas. corridor to escape and return to habitat areas. • Wildlife underpasses or overpasses combined with fencing have the highest documented rates of success for large and small animals. Most successful crossing 22.4 Develop a monitoring system for all major wildlife crossings to document crossing use structures are open-span bridges with sloping sidewalls. and to collect data for similar projects. • Road underpasses may be constructed of Several studies in other states indicate concrete boxes, elliptical metal culverts, that significant movement and migratory or open-span bridges. Increased width (1) Wildlife crossing signs help preserve critical habitat disruptions have occurred due to highcorridors. and height of structures usually correlate with increased use by large mamway construction. Movement and behavmals. Culvert sizes range from 6.5 feet by ior at crossings and other highway loca6.5 feet for small animals, to an opening tions should be monitored to help increase width of 40 feet by a height of 16 feet the success of these facilities as part of for larger animals. Where possible, use natural bottoms for underpasses. Deterongoing interagency cooperative research. mine the actual size, location, and type of structure on a site by site basis. 22.5 The design of crossings may create oppor• Placement of underpasses in relation to tunities to observe animal movements. an animal’s habitat is crucial. The habitat within the crossing structure should Consideration should only be given when also be enhanced to encourage use by observation points are designed so as not (2) Naturalized wildlife overpasses have been highly successwildlife. to interfere with wildlife movement. ful for many large animal crossings. Incorporation of such • Limit human use of the underpass strucfeatures into the highway reinforces the importance of wildtures when possible. life to the corridor and the need to minimize barriers to their movement.
Image courtesy of Tony Clevenger
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
23.0 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
• Give preference to alternative sediment 23.6 Carefully consider location/reclamation of control devices, including sediment baconstruction areas. 23.1 Clear the site only within the limits of sins, diversion berms, vegetative buffer Construction staging areas, borrow pits, construction. areas, channel linings, energy dissipatand other construction areas must be careAvoid the visual scars and plant disturbance ers, seeding, and mulching. fully located and returned to a condition from excessive site disturbance. that is equal to or better than original, and 23.4 Carefully manage and dispose of waste consistent with the Corridor Plan design 23.2 Protect important environmental, landmaterial. guidelines. scape, and cultural features. Asphalt millings inhibit slope revegetation, Identify and protect all areas to be preserved prior to construction. These include trees, shrubs, landscape and cultural features, and environmentally sensitive areas.
contaminate adjacent soils, and create a cluttered, unfinished appearance. • Avoid placing disposed milled asphalt on highway shoulders.
• Fence areas where vegetation is to remain. Avoid disturbance and compaction 23.5 Salvage and store topsoil and native plant of the ground. materials. • Maintain and enhance existing After soil erosion and sediment control groundcover to ensure that the area is measures have been implemented and beleft in a condition consistent with the natural surroundings. fore grading work begins, remove and store topsoil for project re-use. 23.3 Utilize Best Management Practices (BMPs) • Salvage areas should be designated on and appropriate short term stabilization plans and staked on the site. measures to prevent erosion and sedimen• Salvaged plant materials should be stored tation during construction. and maintained during construction, priPerform a site risk assessment prior to conor to replanting. struction to determine the threat of intro• Stripped topsoil in excess of the quantity required for the project should be stored ducing sediments and pollutants into nearat specified locations for future use. by surface waters and drainage systems. • Topsoil of lesser quality can be blended with soil amendments to improve condi• Utilize short term BMPs to reduce sedition for final bedding. mentation and pollutant runoff during
(1) Milled asphalt on highway shoulders detracts from the overall visual quality of the landscape.
construction. • Consider site specificity, timing of execution, and application of man-made devices and/or vegetative or organic cover to stabilize banks during construction. • Research alternatives to hard surface paving.
3.45
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines 24.0 MAINTENANCE FACILITIES AND PRACTICES
24.2 Coordinate with maintenance personnel shrubs and trees; manual weed control; and fertilizing). when planning and designing maintenance • Disease and pest management (includareas. 24.1 Locate and screen maintenance staging aring invasive species control). Planning and design of maintenance areas eas in visually unobtrusive areas. • Repair and replacement of structural requires close cooperation between designMaintenance staging areas should be adand electrical components, irrigation, ers and the personnel directly responsible equately set back from the highway. Where signage, and lighting. for their use. possible, site facilities so they are screened from the highway by existing landforms. 24.4 Create a visual design unity among all ex24.3 Consult BMPs and provide for efficient and isting and new structures based on the de• Screen maintenance areas, particularly effective maintenance of landscape and sign theme. stockpiles, borrow pits, and equipment aesthetic treatments. Ensure a visual design relationship exists from the highway and adjacent develWith few exceptions, new landscape and oped property. among all highway structures. This includes aesthetics projects are designed to be low • Consider security fencing, landscape, and coordinating materials, patterns, and color. architectural solutions. maintenance. Refer to the NDOT Landscape • Ensure structures can be readily patched and Aesthetics Maintenance Manual. Proor painted with matching colors. When vide areas where maintenance equipment Grading and drainage is the most important paint or stain repair is made, make sure can be conveniently located. Consider mainconsideration in site planning and design of repairs cover the entire surface and extenance routines required for the design a maintenance area in order to prevent any tend to joints and logical edges. program and identify areas that may need environmental damage that could result • Use anti-graffiti treatment on detailed sculptural elements. additional care or attention initially and/or from leachates in salt and gravel stockpiles. • District level maintenance teams should as the project matures. NDOT maintenance The NDOT Best Management Practices Manuse the same color palette for all mainpractices include: ual outlines additional points for considertenance and repairs (refer to Color Palation when planning for maintenance stagette guideline, page 3.21, for more • Trash and debris removal. information). ing areas, including the following: • Surface finish maintenance (painting, • If no logical edge or joint exists, feather patching, and graffiti removal). edges of paint. • Cover salt and sand piles to avoid water• Grading and earthwork. course and groundwater degradation. • Ground treatment (raking, replacing • Provide space for equipment storage, ve24.5 Avoid pruning or shearing plant material mulch or decorative rock, and reconfighicles, and supplies, as well as employee except as required to remove dead, damuring drainage structures). or visitor parking. aged, or diseased plant part or to provide • Weed control. • Consider future expansion needs. clear visibility for traffic conditions. • Plantings (interim, temporary, and permanent irrigation; trimming; pruning of
3.46
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
Chapter Three — Design Guidelines
Section Three: Highway Facilities Guidelines
25.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUSTAin ABLE HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENTS
of organic materials from cleaning and grubbing operations, deconstruction of removed buildings, water conservation, and selection of long-lived materials.
25.1 Use three key principles in highway construction and natural resource management to create sustainable highway envi25.3 Utilize sustainable development principles ronments—avoid, minimize, and mitigate. in the design and construction of the highConcepts central to these principles way corridor. include: Sustainable design is a holistic philosophy that includes all aspects of function and • Water conservation: efficiency, protecconstruction operations including, but not tion, and reuse. limited to: energy use, air quality, material • Construction materials selection: reduce, reuse, and recycle. selection, energy generation, water conser• Air quality protection. vation, heat and solid waste, and habitat en• Energy efficiency: use renewable energy. hancement and protection. • Design innovation. • Consider sustainability in both the design and construction of highway systems. 25.2 Techniques for creating sustainable high• Prepare whole life costing studies in the way environments. planning stages of highway projects. Whole life costing is a process that evalu• Develop systems to encourage sustainates every cost incurred in respect of a able highways. Develop performance facility or product from inception to standards, monitoring procedures, and disposal. promote coordination between environ• Restore disturbed man-made and natural mental and transportation agencies. Prohabitats as an important component in mote environmental education for projachieving a sustainable highway related ect staff and the public. landscape. • Preserve air quality. Use construction mitigation techniques to minimize dust 25.4 Use recycled materials for construction. from construction sites. Asphalt pavements, concrete, base courses, • Minimize energy consumption and incorporate alternative energy sources. Where and embankments increasingly have incorpossible, use solar powered electronic porated ‘waste’ resources instead of raw signs, low energy use lights (such as LED), materials. Reclaimed concrete and asphalt, and passive solar design. scrap tires, plastics, steel slag, roofing shin• Use recycled materials for construction. When applicable, use reclaimed concrete gles, coal fly ash, and composted municipal and asphalt, scrap tires, plastics, steel organic wastes are proven, cost effective, slag, roofing shingles, coal fly ash, and and high-efficiency materials with broad composted municipal organic wastes. applicability in roadway construction. The • Reduce waste. Waste reduction concepts Recycled Materials Resource Center at the include right-of-way management, re-use
(1) Solar power provides a sustainable, renewable energy source in remote locations.
(2) Wind power generates a clean renewable energy source.
University of New Hampshire was established by Congress to research and encourage recycling in the highway environment. • Apply recycled materials like reclaimed asphalt paving (RAP), coal fly ash, and blast furnace slag. Use other materials (e.g. foundry sands, steel slags), when available locally, in response to specific market forces. • Consider several methods of sustainable asphalt pavement construction and reuse. Asphalt may be stripped from a road surface, crushed, and used as granular or hot mix on the same or future road construction projects, reducing the amount of virgin aggregate and oil used. On-site surface recycling involves removing and replacing the top layers of a pavement structure for the purpose of repairing a wide range of pavement distress (surface
•
• •
•
•
•
(3) Materials like this guardrail’s recycled plastic modular unit can be used in roadway construction.
cracking, raveling, and rutting). Advanced pavement recycling equipment can be used to recycle the bottom lift and place virgin hot mix for the final lift. Crushed glass and crushed brick should be used as substitute for aggregates in pavement. Where possible, use fly ash in concrete and soil stabilization. Consider the use of recycled materials for road base, road surface, sound walls, and ground surfacing/mulch. Incorporate recycled materials in guardrails. For example, use cross rails constructed of recycled plastic. Identify the state’s recycled products manufacturers and the products’ potential for use in road construction. Identify material suppliers capable of producing recyclable materials.
3.47
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Cost Analysis and Implementation
TABLE of CONTENTS SECTION ONE: Cost Analysis................................................................................. 4.1 SECTION TWO: Implementation.......................................................................4.14 SECTION THREE: Priorities...................................................................................4.16
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
SECTION ONE: Cost Analysis
The following summary describes components contained within an NDOT standard project that are not generally considered to be landscape and aesthetic costs (L & A costs):
To understand the cost implications of the improvements proposed by this Corridor Plan, estimates on a cost per square foot (sf) and per acre (ac) basis have been prepared. At the planning budget level, these estimates can be applied to the landscape design segments to produce an overall maximum cost for the right-of-way sections through undeveloped areas, communities, and individual interchange improvements. These estimates will inform NDOT in the decision-making process, and help influence budget allocations for landscape and aesthetics highway improvements.
Roadside Service Facilities
Application of Design Guidelines The design guidelines included in this report describe the elements that compose typical rightof-way sections and interchanges along elevated highways and bypasses. They also describe a base level of landscape and aesthetic quality that is used to predict costs. The intent of this section is to develop a definition of what is considered a “standard” treatment. Upon adoption of the Corridor Plan, NDOT should initiate internal reviews to determine implementation strategies. These reviews will include cost evaluation, priorities, scheduling, and visual preference evaluations to test each standard proposed in this section. Funding for the landscape and aesthetics portion of a project should not be used to cover ordinary construction costs. The landscape and aesthetics budget is available for softscape and hardscape treatments that exceed the ordinary construction costs.
• Service area program as defined on pages 3.14-3.16, inclusive of program elements.
Non-motorized Transportation Systems • Maintain existing sidewalk dimension of intersecting road across bridge overpass. • Maintain existing bike lane dimension of intersecting road across bridge overpass. • New bicycle paths and walkways that are part of an approved transportation plan. • Six-foot concrete sidewalk (community transition zones). • Ten-foot concrete sidewalk (community interface zones). • Painted zebra pattern pedestrian crossing with pedestrian crossing sign.
Anti-graffiti Control and Removal • Application of a long-term, non-sacrificial anti-graffiti treatment to all appropriate structures.
Bridge Structure • Steel and concrete I-girders or steel and concrete box girder. • Cast-in-place concrete with variable vertical-ribbed design. • Two color paint palette (base color with one accent color). • Concrete barrier rail with acrylic stain base color application or steel rail with painted finish. • Bridge/road name identification embossment. • Pedestrian access across and under bridges used at interchanges and over topographic features.
Retaining Walls • Cast-in-place or pre-cast concrete with vertical rustication or similar pattern. • Acrylic stain base color application.
Noise Walls • Cast-in-place or pre-cast concrete with vertical rustication or similar pattern. • Acrylic stain base color application. • Variation in sound wall geometry, material, color, texture, and pattern to eliminate monotonous, linear stretches of wall.
Concrete Barrier • Cast-in-place concrete barrier. • Acrylic stain base color application.
Guard Rail • Galvanized steel three-beam guardrail.
Medians • Revegetated median outside of community zones. • Revegetated, raised six-inch median with curb within community zones.
Fencing • Chain link fencing with color application— vinyl clad or painted finish with steel post supports where required (community zones). • Multi-strand wire fencing with painted steel post supports at right-of-way limits (rural areas). • Fencing required to control access, grading, and drainage.
4.1
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation How to Read Landscape & Aesthetics (L & A) Costs: 1) Determine the cost of the NDOT standard treatment for softscape and hardscape.
Softscape: Native revegetation – $1.35 - $1.60/sf Hardscape: Standard – $130 - $135/sf
2) Determine the cost of the selected treatment type.
Softscape: Regionally adapted –$2.70 - $3.25/sf Hardscape: Focal –$200 - $218/sf
3) Subtract the standard treatment cost for the cost of the selected treatment type.
Softscape: $2.70 (Regionally adapted treatment cost)
-$1.35 (Native revegetation treatment cost) = $1.35 (L & A cost)
Hardscape: $200 (Focal treatment cost)
-$130 (Standard treatment cost) = $70 (L & A cost)
The L & A cost is the portion of the cost that is above and beyond the standard cost.
Grading • Steepest desired slope of 3H:1V. • Rounded slopes that blend into existing grade. • See Project Design Development Manual (PDDM) Section 2.2.4.2, Side Slopes.
Rock Cuts • Rock cuts that appear natural in form and blend with existing landforms. • Staining of rock cut to provide weathered finish. • Rock fall protection structures, if necessary.
Drainage • Basic channel conveyance, culverts, and drainage structures. • Erosion-resistant channels. • Water quality basins. • Man-made or constructed wetlands fulfilling mitigation requirements.
Erosion Control • Provision of temporary erosion control during construction. • Permanent erosion control. • Temporary and permanent erosion control best management practices.
Native Revegetation for All Disturbed Portions of Highway Construction • Salvage and storage of topsoil (six-inch horizon minimum) with native plant fragments. • Re-spreading of stockpiled topsoil and native plant fragments to minimum six-inch depth (amend topsoil when necessary). • Application of native plant revegetation seed mix in combination with scattered rock mulch.
4.2
Section One: Cost Analysis • Supplemental irrigation to establish plantings when necessary (two-year minimum by maintenance contract). • Invasive and noxious weed control (two-year minimum by maintenance contract).
Construction and Maintenance Management Practices • Dust control practices. • Construction fencing to preserve sensitive areas. • Maintenance period to ensure establishment of native revegetation. • Development of a native revegetation general maintenance program.
Project Components Required for Compliance • All practices must be in compliance with applicable federal and state regulations.
Roadway Lighting • Thirty-foot pole with galvanized finish, concrete foundation, and high pressure sodium luminaire (rural areas). • Thirty-foot pole with powder-coat finish, concrete foundation with acrylic powdercoated base color application, and high pressure sodium luminaire with shoe-box fixture (community zones).
Wildlife Crossing • Underpass or overpass structures to allow maintenance of natural migration and animal travel patterns. • Cast-in-place concrete bridges with textured finish and two-color paint palette. • Wire mesh fencing with painted steel post supports.
Process Costs (in 2008 dollars) for individual hardscape and softscape treatments were gathered from several sources. NDOT, local engineering and landscape architecture firms, contractors, and product manufacturers provided cost information for treatments such as pedestrian crosswalks, curb extensions, raised planters, concrete formliner imprints, retaining walls, and landscape irrigation. This information was analyzed and compiled into a database that could be applied to several prototypical examples of landscape and aesthetic treatment levels. The softscape and hardscape costs presented here represent the capital costs of construction and do not include extended maintenance costs. The treatments correlate to those presented in the NDOT Landscape and Aesthetics Master Plan. A separate report prepared by the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), entitled Maintenance Cost Study for Corridor Planning, examines long-term maintenance costs such as graffiti removal, pruning, and irrigation. Prototypical designs for each of the five softscape types and four hardscape treatments were created for sections of highway rights-of-way outside of communities, in developing commercial areas, and in downtown areas. Within communities, designs were created for two-lane, three-lane, and four-lane roadway conditions. The project area was then incorporated into the estimate to create the square foot and acre cost analysis. Overall cost estimates for each level of treatment were developed from this analysis and compared to the costs from actual projects for verification. A similar process was applied to actual projects to create per-square-foot and per-acre costs for each hardscape and softscape type for comparison.
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Softscape Type Cost Estimate (sf & acre) Ground Treatment / Native Revegetation: $1.35 - $1.60/sf $58,800 - $69,700/acre L & A Cost $0.00/sf L & A Cost $0.00/acre Enhanced Native: $1.70 - $1.90/sf $74,000 - $82,800/acre L & A Cost $0.30 - $0.35/sf L & A Cost $13,100 - $15,200/acre Regionally Adapted: $2.70 - $3.25/sf $117,600 - $141,600/acre L & A Cost $1.35 - $1.65/sf L & A Cost $58,800 - $71,900/acre Regional Ornamental: $4.15 - $7.30/sf $180,800 - $318,000/acre L & A Cost $2.80 - $5.70/sf L & A Cost $122,000 - $248,300/acre
Structures and Hardscape Treatments Within communities, curbs, sidewalks, and medians compose the majority of hardscape costs. Along elevated highways and bypasses, bridges and sound walls are the main hardscape cost components. For the purposes of cost estimation, the right-of-way conditions established for softscape costs were also used to determine hardscape costs. In addition, a 12,000 square foot (60 feet by 200 feet) bridge was assumed for elevated highways and bypasses. The estimates for the various hardscape levels are: Hardscape Type Cost Estimate (sf & total) Standard: $130 - $135/sf $1,552,000- $1,680,000 total L & A Cost $0.00/sf L & A Cost $0.00 total
Landmark: $252 - $300/sf $2,964,000 - $3,528,000 total L & A Cost $122 - $165/sf L & A Cost $1,412,000 - $1,848,000 total The cost for the standard treatment would be covered by the general capital construction budget. The treatment levels are represented as a total cost and the landscape & aesthetics cost represents the portion to be covered by the landscape and aesthetics 3% for new construction or community partnerships. The landmark level shows the widest range Figure 15
To place the estimates in the context of a highway corridor, an estimate was calculated for a one-mile section of road. Typical sections of highway right-ofway (ROW) for rural and community applications were developed. Two-lane (50-foot ROW), three-lane (76foot ROW), and four-lane (102-foot ROW) examples for both suburban and downtown applications were used to determine this value (Figures 16-47, pages 4.4 - 4.11). The approximate softscape and hardscape costs to develop one mile of corridor right-of-way at each treatment level were estimated.
STRUCTURES AND HARDSCAPE TYPES AND TREATMENTS Landmark
Using the process described above, planninglevel construction cost estimates for the different softscape treatments were determined in 2008 dollars. They are as follows:
Focal: $200 - $218/sf $2,400,000 - $2,615,000 total L & A Cost $70 - $83/sf L & A Cost $848,000 - $935,000 total
in cost because of the custom nature of many elements that are included in this treatment, such as complex concrete form liners, custom railings, and transportation art.
Focal
Softscape Treatments
Accentuated: $148 - $160/sf $1,764,000 - $1,900,000 total L & A Cost $18 - $25/sf L & A Cost $212,000 - $220,000 total
ACCENTUATED
Cost information presented here is provided for the purpose of long-range planning and budgeting. It is not intended to substitute for a projectlevel detailed cost projection.
The cost for ground treatment/native revegetation is covered under the general construction costs as part of the NDOT standard. The data shown for the different treatment levels represents a total cost. The landscape & aesthetics cost is the portion of the total cost that is above the NDOT standard. For example, a regionally adapted softscape costs about $1.35 per square foot more than the standard ground treatment / native revegetation level of treatment, for a total cost of $2.70 per square foot ($1.35 + $1.35 = $2.70). The additional $1.35 per square foot is funded through the landscape and aesthetics budget (3% for new construction) or community partnerships because it is above and beyond the NDOT standard. The regional ornamental treatment exhibits the widest range of costs due to the highly customized nature of this treatment.
SOFTSCAPE TYPES AND TREATMENTS
Cost Estimates
STANDARD
Section One: Cost Analysis
Landscape Treatment Types GROUND TREATMENT NATIVE plant REVEGETATION ENHANCED NATIVE REGIONALLY Adapted REGIONAL ORNAMENTAL
4.3
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
Figure 16 - Rural Highway
Figure 17 - Rural Highway
Softscape Types - Ground Treatment/Native Revegetation
Softscape Types - Enhanced Native
Structures and Hardscape Type - Standard
Structures and Hardscape Type - Accentuated
Wire right-of-way fence Shrub planting
Wire right-of-way fence 40’ varies 16’ 16’ varies 40’
Landscape Area Clear Zone Travel Lane with Shoulder Travel Lane with Shoulder Clear Zone Landscape Area
80’
Total Landscape Area Width
Total Cost: $39,000 - $47,000/acre of ROW area
Decomposed granite mulch Decomposed granite mulch
Revegetation with scattered rock and native plant fragments
L & A Cost: $0/acre
Revegetation with scattered rock
Total Cost: $48,000 - $56,500/acre of ROW area
Figure 18 - Rural Highway
Figure 19 - rural Highway
Softscape Types - Regionally Adapted
Softscape Types - Regional Ornamental
Structures and Hardscape Type - Focal
Structures and Hardscape Type - Landmark
Tree planting
Wire right-of-way fence Revegetation Landscape boulders
Decomposed granite mulch
Decomposed granite mulch
Revegetation with scattered rock
Tree planting
Shrub planting Landscape boulders River cobble
River cobble Shrub planting
Wire right-of-way fence
Total Cost: $77,000 - $95,000/acre of ROW area
4.4
L & A Cost: $9,000 - $9,500/acre
L&A Cost: $38,000 - $48,000/acre
Total Cost: $120,000 - $207,000/acre of ROW area
L&A Cost: $81,000 - $160,000/acre
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
Figure 20 - Freeway or elevated highway interchanges
Figure 21 - Freeway or elevated highway interchanges
Softscape Types - Ground Treatment/Native Revegetation
Softscape Types - Enhanced Native
Structures and Hardscape Type - Standard
Structures and Hardscape Type - Accentuated
Guardrail
Guardrail Rock mulch
Tree
Bridge with standard aesthetic treatment
Pedestrian/bikeway Bridge with aesthetic treatment Rock mulch
5’ concrete walkway
Groundcover/shrubs
Revegetation with scattered rock
Total Cost: $1,999,000 (infield landscape and bridge deck)
L & A Cost: $0.00/acre
Revegetation with scattered rock
Total Cost: $2,352,000 (infield landscape and bridge deck)
Figure 22 - Freeway or elevated highway interchanges
Figure 23 - Freeway or elevated highway interchanges
Softscape Types - Regionally Adapted
Softscape Types - Regional Ornamental
Structures and Hardscape Type - Focal
Structures and Hardscape Type - Landmark Retaining wall Landscape light
Groundcover/shrubs Retaining wall
Guardrail
Tree Guardrail
Pedestrian/bikeway Bridge with aesthetic treatment
Pedestrian/bikeway Bridge with aesthetic treatment
Tree Groundcover/shrubs
Landscape light
Rock mulch
Accent tree
Revegetation with scattered rock
Total Cost: $3,237,000 (infield landscape and bridge deck)
L & A Cost: $1,238,000/acre
L & A Cost: $353,000/acre
Rock mulch
Total Cost: $4,704,000 (infield landscape and bridge deck)
L & A Cost: $2,705,000/acre
4.5
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
Figure 24 - Two-Lane suburban highway
Figure 25 - Two-Lane suburban highway
Softscape Types - Ground Treatment/Native Revegetation
Softscape Types - Enhanced Native
Structures and Hardscape Type - Standard
Structures and Hardscape Type - Accentuated 6’ Sidewalk
6’ Sidewalk
Street light
Street light
2’ Curb and gutter
2’ Curb and gutter
Bike lane
Street trees Shrubs and groundcovers Bike lane
Revegetation with scattered rock
Revegetation with scattered rock Bus stop with bench (turnout lane recommended) Striped crosswalk
Striped crosswalk
Total Cost: $1,822,000 - $2,137,000/mile of ROW
Total Cost: $1,900,000 - $2,268,000/mile of ROW
Figure 26 - Two-Lane suburban highway
Figure 27 - Two-Lane suburban highway
Softscape Types - Regionally Adapted
Softscape Types - Regional Ornamental
Structures and Hardscape Type - Focal
Structures and Hardscape Type - Landmark
Total Cost: $2,383,000 - $2,810,000/mile of ROW
4.6
L&A Cost: $0.00/mile
L&A Cost: $78,000 - $131,000/mile
6’ Sidewalk
6’ Sidewalk
Street light
Street light
2’ Curb and gutter Street trees Shrubs and groundcovers Bike lane
2’ Curb and gutter Street trees Shrubs and groundcovers Bike lane
Revegetation with scattered rock Bus stop with bench and shelter (turn-out lane recommended)
Revegetation with scattered rock Bus stop with bench and shelter (turn-out lane recommended)
Striped crosswalk
Colored crosswalk and intersection paving
L&A Cost: $561,000 - $673,000/mile
Total Cost: $3,188,000 - $4,856,000/mile of ROW
L&A Cost: $1,366,000 - $2,719,000/mile
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
Figure 28 - Two-Lane Downtown highway
Figure 29 - Two-Lane Downtown highway
Softscape Types - Ground Treatment/Native Revegetation
Softscape Types - Enhanced Native
Structures and Hardscape Type - Standard
Structures and Hardscape Type - Accentuated
10’ Sidewalk
10’ Sidewalk Street light 4’ Tighter scoring pattern in the 12’ sidewalk
Street light 4’ Tighter scoring pattern in the 12’ sidewalk
Total Cost: $3,526,000 - $4,081,000/mile of ROW
Bike lane
Bike lane
Striped crosswalk
Bench and pedestrian amenities Street tree Striped crosswalk
L&A Cost: $0.00/mile
Total Cost: $3,830,000 - $4,450,000/mile of ROW
Figure 30 - Two-Lane Downtown highway
Figure 31 - Two-Lane Downtown highway
Softscape Types - Regionally Adapted
Softscape Types - Regional Ornamental
Structures and Hardscape Type - Focal
Structures and Hardscape Type - Landmark
L&A Cost: $304,000 - $369,000/mile
10’ Sidewalk with pavers
10’ Sidewalk with pavers and stone
Street light
Street light Street tree
Total Cost: $4,724,000 - $6,282,000/mile of ROW
Bike lane
Bike lane
Bus shelter, bench, and pedestrian amenities Street tree Enhanced crosswalk Bollard
Bus shelter, bench, and pedestrian amenities Enhanced crosswalk and intersection paving Bollard
L&A Cost: $1,198,000 - $2,201,000/mile
Total Cost: $6,248,000 - $9,060,000/mile of ROW
L&A Cost: $2,722,000 - $4,979,000/mile
4.7
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
Figure 32 - THREE-LANE suburban highway
Figure 33 - THREE-LANE suburban highway
Softscape Types - Ground Treatment/Native Revegetation
Softscape Types - Enhanced Native
Structures and Hardscape Type - Standard
Structures and Hardscape Type - Accentuated 6’ Sidewalk
6’ Sidewalk Street light
Street light
2’ Curb and gutter 4’ Bike lane
2’ Curb and gutter
Street trees Shrubs and groundcovers Bike lane
Bike lane
Total Cost: $1,845,000 - $2,166,000/mile of ROW
Revegetation with scattered rock
Revegetation with scattered rock Bus stop with bench
Striped crosswalk
Striped crosswalk
L&A Cost: $0.00/mile
Total Cost: $1,910,000 - $2,277,000/mile of ROW
Figure 34 - THREE-LANE suburban highway
Figure 35 - THREE-LANE suburban highway
Softscape Types - Regionally Adapted
Softscape Types - Regional Ornamental
Structures and Hardscape Type - Focal
Structures and Hardscape Type - Landmark 6’ Sidewalk
6’ Sidewalk
Street light
Street light
2’ Curb and gutter 4’ Bike lane Street trees Shrubs and groundcovers
2’ Curb and gutter 4’ Bike lane Street trees Shrubs and groundcovers
Bike lane
Bike lane Revegetation with scattered rock Bus stop with bench and shelter
Revegetation with scattered rock Bus stop with bench and shelter
Colored crosswalk and intersection paving
Striped crosswalk
Total Cost: $2,408,000 - $2,839,000/mile of ROW
4.8
L&A Cost: $65,000 - $111,000/mile
L&A Cost: $563,000 - $673,000/mile
Total Cost: $3,340,000 - $5,096,000/mile of ROW
L&A Cost: $1,495,000 - $2,930,000/mile
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
Figure 36 - THREE-LANE Downtown highway
Figure 37 - THREE-LANE Downtown highway
Softscape Types - Ground Treatment/Native Revegetation
Softscape Types - Enhanced Native
Structures and Hardscape Type - Standard
Structures and Hardscape Type - Accentuated
10’ Sidewalk
10’ Sidewalk Street light
Street light 4’ Tighter scoring pattern in the 12’ sidewalk
4’ Accentuated paving area in the 12’ sidewalk
Revegetated raised median
Raised median and enhanced native planting
On-street parallel parking
On-street parallel parking
Striped crosswalk
Bench and pedestrian amenities Street tree Striped crosswalk Curb extension
Total Cost: $3,473,000 - $4,025,000/mile of ROW
L&A Cost: $0.00/mile
Total Cost: $4,911,000 - $5,559,000/mile of ROW
Figure 38 - THREE-LANE Downtown highway
Figure 39 - THREE-LANE Downtown highway
Softscape Types - Regionally Adapted
Softscape Types - Regional Ornamental
Structures and Hardscape Type - Focal
Structures and Hardscape Type - Landmark 10’ Sidewalk with pavers and stone Street light
10’ Sidewalk with pavers Street light
Raised median with regionally adapted planting
On-street parallel parking Street tree Raised median with regional ornamental planting
Bus shelter, bench, and pedestrian amenities Street tree Enhanced crosswalk Bollard Curb extension
Bus shelter, bench, and pedestrian amenities Enhanced crosswalk and intersection paving Bollard Curb extension
On-street parallel parking
Total Cost: $5,352,000 - $7,419,000/mile of ROW
L&A Cost: $1,438,000 - $1,534,000/mile
L&A Cost: $1,879,000 - $3,394,000/mile
Total Cost: $6,637,000 - $8,300,000/mile of ROW
L&A Cost: $3,164,000 - $4,275,000/mile
4.9
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
Figure 40 - FOUR-LANE suburban highway
Figure 41 - FOUR-LANE suburban highway
Softscape Types - Ground Treatment/Native Revegetation
Softscape Types - Enhanced Native
Structures and Hardscape Type - Standard
Structures and Hardscape Type - Accentuated 10’ Sidewalk
10’ Sidewalk Street light
Street light 2’ Curb and gutter Bike lane
2’ Curb and gutter 4’ Bike lane
Revegetated raised median
Raised median with enhanced native planting
Revegetation with scattered rock
Street trees Shrubs and groundcovers Bike lane Revegetation with scattered rock Bus stop with bench
Striped crosswalk
Striped crosswalk
Total Cost: $2,776,000 - $3,266,000/mile of ROW
L&A Cost: $0.00/mile
Total Cost: $2,936,000 - $3,487,000/mile of ROW
Figure 42 - FOUR-LANE suburban highway
Figure 43 - FOUR-LANE suburban highway
Softscape Types - Regionally Adapted
Softscape Types - Regional Ornamental
Structures and Hardscape Type - Focal
Structures and Hardscape Type - Landmark 10’ Sidewalk
L&A Cost: $160,000 - $221,000/mile
Street light 10’ Sidewalk
Street light 2’ Curb and gutter 4’ Bike lane
2’ Curb and gutter 4’ Bike lane
Raised median with regionally adapted planting Street trees Shrubs and groundcovers
Raised median with regional ornamental planting Street trees Shrubs and groundcovers Bike lane
Bike lane
Revegetation with scattered rock Bus stop with bench and shelter Colored crosswalk and intersection paving
Revegetation with scattered rock Bus stop with bench and shelter Striped crosswalk
Total Cost: $3,880,000 - $4,523,000/mile of ROW
4.10
L&A Cost: $1,104,000 - $1,257,000/mile
Total Cost: $5,173,000 - $8,025,000/mile of ROW
L&A Cost: $2,397,000 - $4,759,000/mile
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
Figure 44 - FOUR-LANE Downtown highway
Figure 45 - FOUR-LANE Downtown highway
Softscape Types - Ground Treatment/Native Revegetation
Softscape Types - Enhanced Native
Structures and Hardscape Type - Standard
Structures and Hardscape Type - Accentuated 12’ Sidewalk Street light
12’ Sidewalk Street light 4’ Tighter scoring pattern in the 12’ sidewalk
Total Cost: $3,553,000 - $4,123,000/mile of ROW
4’ Accentuated paving area in the 12’ sidewalk
Revegetated raised median
Raised median and enhanced native planting
On-street parallel parking
On-street parallel parking
Striped crosswalk
Bench and pedestrian amenities Street tree Striped crosswalk Curb extension
L&A Cost: $0.00/mile
Total Cost: $5,034,000 - $5,739,000/mile of ROW
Figure 46 - FOUR-LANE Downtown highway
Figure 47 - FOUR-LANE Downtown highway
Softscape Types - Regionally Adapted
Softscape Types - Regional Ornamental
Structures and Hardscape Type - Focal
Structures and Hardscape Type - Landmark 12’ Sidewalk with pavers and stone Street light
12’ Sidewalk with pavers Street light On-street parallel parking
Total Cost: $5,625,000 - $7,698,000/mile of ROW
L&A Cost: $1,481,000 - $1,616,000/mile
On-street parallel parking Street tree
Raised median with regionally adapted planting
Raised median with regional ornamental planting
Bus shelter, bench, and pedestrian amenities
Bus shelter, bench, and pedestrian amenities
Street tree Enhanced crosswalk Bollard Curb extension
Enhanced crosswalk and intersection paving Bollard Curb extension
L&A Cost: $2,072,000 - $3,575,000/mile
Total Cost: $7,077,000 - $10,569,000/mile of ROW
L&A Cost: $3,524,000 - $6,446,000/mile
4.11
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
The diagram below shows how the cost estimate information can be used to determine a planninglevel estimate of the landscape and aesthetics costs for this hypothetical seven-mile section of highway corridor. The costs shown are for landscape and aesthetic enhancements that are above the defined NDOT standard. Figure 48 - Planning Level Cost Estimate
Enhanced Native Accentuated
Native Revegetation Standard
Enhanced Native
Regionally Adapted
Native Revegetation
Accentuated
Focal
Standard
Mile 5 Mile 1
Mile 2
Mile 4
Mile 3
2 miles x $160,000 per mile 1 mile x $0 per mile
1 interchange x $353,000 per interchange (Enhanced Native / Accentuated) (Native Revegetation / Standard) (Enhanced Native / Accentuated) four-lane suburban
$0 L&A cost
4.12
$353,000 L&A cost
$320,000 L&A cost
1 mile x $2,072,000 per mile (Regionally Adapted / Focal)
1 mile x $0 per mile
four-lane downtown
(Native Revegetation / Standard)
$2,072,000 L&A cost
$0 L&A cost
$2,745,000 L&A cost
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section One: Cost Analysis
MAINTENANCE COSTS
Figure 49 - Total Life-cycle Maintenance Costs
The Corridor Plan identifies the level of landscape and aesthetic treatment as well as the maintenance investment. Therefore, it is important that maintenance cost data be incorporated into the Corridor Plan. Furthermore, local public agencies and others will be interested in maintenance expenses to help navigate the long-term maintenance implications of retrofit projects. In collaboration with the Corridor Plan, long-term maintenance costs have been researched by UNLV and compiled as the Maintenance Cost Study for Figure 50 - Maintenance Costs for Landscape Treatment Types Corridor Planning. Figure 49 diagrams how total life-cycle maintenance costs were developed for the different landscape and aesthetic treatments. Figure 50 shows the maintenance costs that were determined for the various combinations of softscape and hardscape types. Current estimates exhibit relatively wide variations in cost due to the limited amount of data available. Further research and tracking of projects, however, will result in more clearly defined maintenance cost estimates.
* Prepared by UNLV Landscape Architecture and Planning Research Office
4.13
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
SECTION TWO: Implementation Potential Funding Opportunities
(1) Partnerships with agencies such as the BLM and USFS, as well as local communities and governing agencies, enhance the ability to manage the corridor’s scenic quality and maintain the open character along a highway.
Many opportunities exist to provide funding for the implementation of corridor projects. Features described as standard will be undertaken by NDOT as new construction, capacity improvements, and facility replacement occur. Upgrades to the standard landscape and aesthetic features will be considered as new highway construction occurs. Funding for new landscape and aesthetic projects associated with the state’s highway program will be provided by state and federal sources. Up to 3% of the total project construction cost may be allocated for landscape and aesthetic improvements associated with all new construction and capacity improvements. When a landscape and aesthetics project can significantly influence an adjacent community or area, the community may choose to participate in the process. The matching funds program provides matching funds up to 50% of the cost for specific community projects. In-kind services, state funds, and federal monies may be used for the community match.
4.14
Section Two: Implementation Additionally, communities may request enhanced levels of landscape and aesthetic treatments. Capital cost and maintenance cost-sharing agreements with NDOT are required. Communities may also require that developers with properties located directly adjacent to the NDOT right-ofway follow the Corridor Plan recommendations to improve their areas.
A Main Street Program (refer to page 1.18) could assist numerous Nevada communities in downtown beautification and economic development efforts. This program could be anchored at the state level, with an organization such as the Nevada Commission on Economic Development. Funding could be provided by community chambers of commerce or other direct sources.
Banking of landscape and aesthetic project funds is encouraged. In so doing, NDOT can shift landscape and aesthetics money to priority areas needing landscape and aesthetic treatment. The capacity to re-allocate funds allows NDOT to broadly manage landscape and aesthetics on a corridor-wide basis.
Projects and programs described in the Corridor Plan are outlined in Figure 51 along with opportunities for potential partnerships, the suggested lead agency, and potential funding sources. Counties, cities, agencies, and other organizations should be familiar with the Corridor Plan and coordinate community plans, master plans, and other governing documents in order to provide an integrated approach towards achieving the vision and goals set forth. Active participation and review of the Corridor Plan, coordinated with a review of other community documents, will increase the potential for action and success.
Facilities such as rest areas and viewpoints will require NDOT funding. Funding partnerships with other agencies and organizations, however, are encouraged. Other partnership opportunities include the development of the Statewide Place Name Sign Program and an audio interpretation program. With these two programs promoting statewide tourism, a partnership between NDOT and Nevada Commission on Tourism could succeed. Private sector partners, including the Nevada Mining Association and the Nevada Ranchers Association, could also be enlisted.
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
Section Two: Implementation Figure 51 - Potential Funding Opportunities
Projects and Programs Community Gateways Upgrade Downtown Streetscape Upgrade Suburban Streetscape
Coordinating Agency NDOT NDOT NDOT
Possible Funding Sources Enhancement Fund, Community Match, SFG Enhancement Fund, Community Match, Landscape and Aesthetics up to 3% for new construction, SAFETEA-LU, SFG Enhancement Fund, Community Match, Landscape and Aesthetics up to 3% for new construction, SAFETEA-LU, SFG
NDOT
Enhancement Fund, Community Match, Landscape and Aesthetics up to 3% for new construction, SAFETEA-LU, SFG
Pedestrian Crossings
Lead Agency Community Community Community (with Developer support) Community (with Developer support) NDOT
Community
Standard Sidewalk Enhanced Sidewalk
NDOT Community
Community NDOT
Street Trees and Planting Strips Community Lighting Community Rest Areas Community Environmental Graphics Statewide Gateways
Community Community Community Community NDOT
Roadside Services Statewide Place Name Sign Program Audio Interpretation Program Transportation Art Color Palette Retrofit of Existing Facilities Non-Motorized Transportation Systems Standard Highway Facilities Enhancements to Highway Facilities Above What the 3% Would Achieve Wildlife Crossings and Protection Main Street Approach
NDOT NDOT NDOT Community NDOT Community NDOT NDOT
NDOT, NDF NDOT NDOT NCOT County & Communities NDSP NCOT NCOT NDOT Community NDOT
Enhancement Fund, Community Match, Landscape and Aesthetics up to 3% for new construction, Developers building adjacent to the ROW, SAFETEA-LU, SFG NDOT funding Enhancement Fund, Community Match, Landscape and Aesthetics up to 3% for new construction, Developers building adjacent to the ROW, SAFETEA-LU, SFG Enhancement Fund, Community Match, Developers building adjacent to the ROW, NDF plant supply, SAFETEA-LU, SFG Enhancement Fund, Community Match, Developers building adjacent to the ROW, SAFETEA-LU, SFG Enhancement Fund, Community Match, SAFETEA-LU, SFG Enhancement Fund, Community Match, SAFETEA-LU, SFG Enhancement Fund, NDOT funding sources, SFG
Native Wildflower Program Anti-littering Campaign Scenic Highway Designation
NDOT NDOT NDOT
Upgrade Rural Streetscape
List of Acronyms NDF – Nevada Division of Forestry NDSP – Nevada Division of State Parks NCOT – Nevada Commission on Tourism NDOW – Nevada Division of Wildlife USFS – United States Forest Service
NDOT Community
Community
NDOT funding sources, SFG, FHWA NDOT funding sources, NCOT grant, SFG NDOT funding sources, NCOT grant, SFG Enhancement Fund, SFG Enhancement Fund, Community Match, SFG Landscape and Aesthetics up to 3% for new construction, SAFETEA-LU, SFG Landscape and Aesthetics up to 3% for new construction Enhancement Fund, Community Match, Developers building adjacent to the ROW, SFG
NDOW Landscape and Aesthetics up to 3% for new construction, NDOW grant, SFG NDOT, Nevada Com- Consortium of Communities, Nevada Commission on Economic Development grant, SFG mission on Economic Development Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act, Landscape and Aesthetics up to 3% for new construction Communities NDOT funding, SFG NDOT funding, FHWA
SAFETEA-LU – Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users ROW – Right-of-way SFG – Additional state and federal funding sources such as those listed in Appendix A FHWA – Federal Highway Administration
4.15
Chapter Four — Cost Analysis and Implementation
SECTION THREE: Priorities This section describes priority levels for projects within the landscape design segments. The priority levels are based on current capital improvements, as well as landscape and aesthetics planning. They are intended to act as a guide and represent those projects the corridor planning team recommends as having the greatest potential impact on the aesthetics of the entire corridor. The priorities identified in this chapter are subject to change according to the availability of funds for individual project improvements. Capital projects are significantly influenced by the availability of funding. First priority is given to highly visible and identifiable projects and sections of road, areas of significant and immediate quality, and projects that are currently in progress. Second priority applies to projects that will provide additional benefits and aesthetics as part of the long-range plan. Third priority goes to areas that currently display a reasonable level of aesthetic quality and, upon enhancement, will complete the landscape and aesthetics program for their particular landscape design segment. General comments received from the public and Technical Review Committee members influenced the designation of priorities.
4.16
Section Three: Priorities The following activities have been selected as high priorities because of the immediate and significant impact they will have on the overall aesthetics and sense of place for the entire corridor. • Retrofitting existing rest areas (including aesthetic and programmatic improvements) and designating the development of new rest areas. • Establishing
gateways
and
improved
signage to improve the highway/community compatibility. • Travel information and signage to state and national parks and recreation areas are of prime importance to the Hidden Gems segment because of its direct support of the segment’s design objectives. • Partnering for visual preservation and management of Nevada’s open lands. Second priority features include viewpoint and pull-offs as well as place name signage components. Wildlife movement corridors are an important component of the corridor environment. Recommendations to analyze wildlife corridor movement and provide improved crossing facilities are listed as medium priority due to the large capital cost. As funding and partnerships occur, these elements can advance in priority.
0
4
8
NORTH
5
85
Daylight headlight use to alamo note distance to next gas services
Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
Mormon Mormon Mountains wilderness area Mountains
mesquite
Coyote Springs
Bunkerville I-15
80
SR
75
70
168
arrow canyon wilderness area
Moapa
Glendale
moapa valley national wildlife refuge
rg
75 SR 3
95
Partnership to minimize scenic impacts of power plant and zoned industrial uses 16
Wilderness access and elgin schoolhouse state historic site travel information: note vehicle Requirements
Directional signage for coyote springs, moapa band Paiutes, moapa, warm springs, and mesquite
SCALE: 1 inch equals 8 miles SCALE: 1 inch equals 8 miles
10
Las Vegas Range
US
Address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION
US 93
Pintwater Range
Indian Springs
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving
Desert national wildlife Refuge
Enhanced Native Planting for Roadside treatments
mojave yucca preservation and big horn sheep Wildlife Crossing
8
15
Potential partnership with Coyote Springs for scenic preservation
Arrow canyon pull-off and place name sign interpretation of inland sea and rock beds
Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas
meadow valley range wilderness area
20
Sheep Range
Valley
Place name sign for Desert National Wildlife REfuge and sheep range
SECOND PRIORITY
Existing Regional Trail
Thin roadside vegetation for safety while maintaining integrity of existing Landscape
Delamar mountains wilderness area
PLACE NAME SIGN FOR Pahranagat NWR
First PRIORITY
Trails
30
Arizona
Travel information for Pahranagat nwr, Ash Springs, and State Parks
Coyote Springs New Community
ROAD SEGMENT PRIORITY
THIRD PRIORITY
Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services
DEER CROSSING SIGNAGE: SLOW TRAFFIC
Viewpoint / rest area ENHANCEMENTS See SECTION A1 FOR DETAILS
nge
THIRD PRIORITY
35
Connect National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) TO ALAMO WITH MOUNTAIN BIKE / WALKING PATH
Indian Springs
SECOND PRIORITY
Chamber of Commerce Information kiosk
25
Spotted Ra
First PRIORITY
Alamo
Pahranagat nwr
Lincoln County Clark County
40
US 93
Valley
Specific PROJECT or Intersection PRIORITY
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the region’s historical and cultural stories
Scenic designation from Maynard lake to sr 375/318 intersection
in
r
ve
Ri
Vi
nt Emigra
LEGEND
Entire corridor
Utah Nevada
iMPROVE ACCESS TO ALAMO AND PLAN FOR FUTURE GROWTH
elgin schoolhouse state historic site
South Pahroc Range wilderness area
45
t aga ran Pah ange R
nge Groom Ra
Nye County
Belted Range
Kawich Valley
CONTINUE ON MAP PR2
Refer to I-15 Corridor Plan for interchange enhancements – recreational gateway
Logandale Overton
65
Valley of fire State park Lake mead national recreation area
60
55
Gateway rest area with great basin scenic byway and Recreation information
Lake Mead
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Hidden Gems – Priorities US93: I-15 Interchange to Alamo
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP PR1
4.17
Entire corridor
Va l ley
nge
Wh ite R iver
145
+ MT. Wilson
Pioche community Enhance community gateways to encourage visitation of historic downtown
quinn canyon Wilderness area
Create community rest area with state parks travel information
ange an R
ange
Rachel
First PRIORITY
Trails
Existing Regional Trail
8
16
Scenic designation from Maynard lake to sr 375/318 intersection
coordinate signage with blm for hell’s high kitchen rock crawling area
CONTINUE ON MAP PR1
4.18
Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
55
Hidden Gems – priorities US 93: alamo to MM 155
Wildlife crossing signage for wild horses and deer 75
45
South Pahroc Range Wilderness area
Silver state O.H.V. Trailhead (All Locations)
95
SR 319
Panaca community signage for services
3
caliente
Access to Utah Signage Beaver dam state Park travel Information Tunnel Spring Wilderness
Caliente community
85
kershaw-Ryan State Park
Delamar Mountains
Panaca
100
80
South Pahroc Range
Place name sign FOR farthest north Joshua tree forest, convergence of great basin and mojave desert ecosystem, and BLM Trilobite area
50
NORTH
DESIGNWORKSHOP
60
Mt. Irish Wilderness area
SCALE: 1 inch equals 8 miles
MAP PR2
Hiko
70
Shared-use trail from Caliente to Cathedral Gorge to link State Parks
105
90
t naga Pahra nge Ra
4
375
nge Groom Ra
big rocks Wilderness area
3
65
SR
Nye County
THIRD PRIORITY
110
RAINBOW CANYON PROPOSED SCENIC BYWAY
Tempiute
Lincoln County
SECOND PRIORITY
SR
Place name sign for Cathedral Gorge
Cathedral Gorge State park
VIEWPOINT GATEWAY TO CALIENTE TRAVEL INFORMATION FOR county PARKS and Depot
18
spring valley state park Echo canyon state park
115
Wildlife crossing signage
Seam
en G ate R
Enhanced signage for scenic byway and e.t. highway
ROAD SEGMENT PRIORITY
120
pioche
Caselton Prince
archeological district
THIRD PRIORITY
0
Traffic calming through community
signage for cathedral gorge state White river narrows park with mileage distance
SECOND PRIORITY
Ursine
125
3
First PRIORITY
130
Enhance Pedestrian Crossings Weepah Spring Wilderness Area
Gold
WORTHINGTON MOUNTAINS Wilderness area
Utah Nevada
Specific PROJECT or Intersection PRIORITY
parsnip peak Wilderness area
alley
LEGEND
140
135
Improve wayfinding signage
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving Nye County Address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE Lincoln County MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
White rock Range Wilderness area
V Lake
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation
signage to great basin National park
150
Thin roadside vegetation for safety while maintaining integrity of existing Landscape Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas
Travel information for state parks and lake valley
US 9
Lunar Crater Volcanic Field
65
KIRCH WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA
155
US 93
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the region’s historical and cultural Grant range stories Wilderness area Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services
70
Rest area enhancements at Pony springs rest area
CONTINUE ON MAP PR3
Gra nt R a
85
80
75
Clover mountains Wilderness area
elgin schoolhouse state historic site
Enhance community gateway City parks signage
beaver dam state park
Create community rest area with state park travel information - coordinate with county parks Enhance pedestrian crossings Traffic calming through community
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Ruth
White Pine Range ely shoshone cultural and heritage gateway at north and south entries
3
6 US
White Pine County Lincoln County
6 US
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the region’s historical and cultural stories
NORTH
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Proposed basic rest area with great basin national park southwest exhibit
Entry to great basin national heritage route 165
far south egans wilderness
fortification wilderness area
Atlanta
ge
160
ek Ra n
Rest area enhancements at Pony springs rest area
Travel information for state parks and lake valley
ll Cre
155
Sche
signage to great basin National park (back entry route) signage for Mt. Wilson Back country byway
150
145
Parsnip Peak Wilderness
Preservation of prime viewsheds
CONTINUE ON MAP PR2
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV
Place Name Sign for Wheeler peak
170
KIRCH WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA
Address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
Place Name Sign for majors station
Utah Nevada
16
ange
White River Valley
US 93
8
SCALE: 1 inch equals 8 miles
Travel Information for Great Basin National Park and State Parks
5
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving
Existing Regional Trail
10
south Egan Wilderness
SR 318
Trails
Travel Information for Great Basin National Park improve clarity of Directional signage Improved access to baker Turn-off
Highland Ridge Wilderness area
Ny
Maintain scenic continuity MANAGEMENT AREA through billboard mitigation
Snake R
ite P e C ine C ou nt ount y y
Enhanced signage for scenic byway Entry to great basin national heritage route
+ Wheeler peak Great basin National park
mt grafton Wilderness Area
Wh
Statewide Gateway
Baker
Shoshone
Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas KIRCH WILDLIFE
THIRD PRIORITY
100
25
Lund
Thin roadside vegetation for safety and potential pull-offs while maintaining integrity of existing Landscape
SECOND PRIORITY
95
50
15 5
Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services
First PRIORITY
93
Entire corridor
90
US
65
20
Preston
6/
60
signage to Minerva
Place Name Sign for Wheeler Peak, northwest great basin national park exhibit (blm Sacramento pass restrooms) Bike lane along us 50
70
Charcoal ovens State Park
10
ge
US
75
/ us
Currant 115
ROAD SEGMENT PRIORITY
50
120
110
US
125
50
55
130
Specific PROJECT or Intersection PRIORITY
4
red Mountain wilderness area
Travel information signage for Charcoal Ovens State Historic Park
LEGEND
0
15
Partnership with NDOW and Steptoe plan to develop picnic area at wildlife management area entrance
First PRIORITY
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
nge Egan Ra
lley
20
an
85
Cave Lake State Park
6/
Va oad
Travel information for state parks and Great Basin National Park
eR
80
US
Railr
25
Mount Moriah wilderness area
ak
45
Highlight steptoe wildlife Management area
37
Sn
Schell Creek Range
30
wilderness
9
THIRD PRIORITY
65
40
Travel information signage for White pine range Cave Lake State Park
SR
Partnership with BLM
55
35
Enhance traveler awareness of fishing, bird watching, and elk viewing currant mountain
SECOND PRIORITY
ely
bald Mountain wilderness area
High Schells Wilderness area
US 9
Little Smoky Valley
60
Enhanced Signage for scenic byway
wilderness area
Swamp cedars forest Viewpoint and travel information
60
Shellback wilderness area
Hidden Gems – priorities
US 93: MM 155 to Ely and the Utah State Line
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP PR3
4.19
ge Ran
SECOND PRIORITY
nge
lley
e Ra
s Va
d Sp
San
ang e ek R Cre
93 US
6
115
170
Basic rest area with restrooms Interpret ranching
Grant Range
KIRCH WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA
150
145
Signage for Lunar Crater Back country Byway grant range
140
wilderness area
Lincoln County
ey
Vall
SR 375
Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
ge
DESIGNWORKSHOP
130
Nye County
Seaman Range 125
weepah spring Wilderness Area
ge
NORTH
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
135
quinn canyon wilderness area
le Ran
20
Lake
Rest area enhancement to provide shade, restrooms, and aesthetic Improvement
Reveil
Existing Regional Trail
an Kawich R
Trails
160
155
Place name sign for Lunar crater volcanic field
Warm Springs
fortification range Wilderness Area
165
south egan range Wilderness Area
Travel information for railroad wildlife management area
Viewpoint of Arm-chair Crater interpret Lava fields and craters
Lunar Crater Volcanic Field
White Pine County Lincoln County
Entry sign to great basin national heritage route at access points
85
65
5
Mt grafton Wilderness Area
Currant
Pan cak
ring
120
Railroad Valley
4.20
10
90
55
THIRD PRIORITY
MAP PR4
130
Shoshone
125
110
70
60
alley
First PRIORITY
9
100
80
20
15
95
75
Hot
ROAD SEGMENT PRIORITY
37
50
US 93
THIRD PRIORITY
Preston
25
/ US
Wilson Creek Range
SECOND PRIORITY
Stone Cabin V
Mo ni
tor
First PRIORITY
6 US
Lund
105
Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
60
5
SR
Big
Address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION
US
Big Sm oky V
alle
table mountain wilderness area
10
SR 318
Specific PROJECT or Intersection PRIORITY
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving
93
LEGEND
Duckwater
70
55
65
15
currant mountain wilderness area red currant Mountain wilderness area
75
/ us
alta toquima wilderness area
20
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
50
50
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation
Ward Mountain Recreation area
Egan Range
arc dome wilderness area
25
bald Mountain wilderness area
Duckwater Reservation
80
45
US
Nye County
High schells wilderness area
6/
Eureka County
Lander County
ely
40
30
Recreational gateway to ely Shoshone recreation / Spiritual area
Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services Thin roadside vegetation for safety while maintaining integrity of existing Landscape Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas
10
55 65 35
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the region’s historical and cultural stories
5
Ruth
White pine range wilderness area
Entire corridor
0
60
US
Toi y
abe
Ran ge
y
schellback wilderness area
pioche Caselton
120
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
Silver State Passage – priorities US6: Warm Springs to Ely
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Austin community Vall
nt ain s
elop e
ou sM
Ant
IMPROVE SIGNAGE FOR IONE AND BERLIN
ert Ro b
25 20 15 10
45
ge
35 40
Monitor Valley
Becky Peak Wilderness Area
100
AL T
RA
IL
Schellbourne
95
Partner with ndow to enhance wildlife viewing pull-offs (pronghorn antelope pull-off)
90
eureka
Monitor Range
80
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
TRAVEL INFORMATION ON COMPANY TOWN AND LINCOLN HIGHWAY
Place name sign for white Pine mining district / Hamilton Historic ghost town
Rest area ENHANCEMENTS AND Restrooms
40
45 15 45
US 50
20
40
25
10 5
30
McGill
50
35
70
65
Gateway to Ruth
55
Place name 60 Shellback Develop partnerships with state and Place name sign for Sign for wilderness area Ruth Moorman ranch federal agencies to preserve visual Mining and 55 65 quality, promote national and state Railroads 35 Ely community parks, and tell the region’s historical At ruth 40 30 and cultural stories High schells Enhance community gateways Wilderness area 45 Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for 25 Complete west entry tree planting lighting and roadside services White pine range HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE 50 NATIONAL FOREST Thin roadside vegetation for safety wilderness area Relocate existing rest area to 20 while maintaining integrity of existing downtown and develop bald Mountain 55 60 Landscape 65 community rest area with travel wilderness area Utilize revegetation methods for 25 information, seating, and signage 15 disturbed areas Enhance Pedestrian Crossings currant mountain Maintain scenic continuity wilderness area 20 10 through billboard mitigation Highlight importance of nevada Preston northern railway with signage red Mountain Consider re-use of milled asphalt Duckwater 15 and directions wilderness area 5 for paving Lund Traffic calming Address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE through community 10 MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY Wh Travel information for enhanced ROADSIDE VEGETATION it Ny e Pin awareness of murals mt grafton eC eC PROVIDE SIGNAGE FOR BIKE TRAIL 5 Wilderness ou ou n nt ty CONNECTIONS Area y 60
US
93
SR 3
partner with blm to require mitigation for power plants and preserve viewshed
75
Entire corridor
sIGNAGE FOR PETROGLYPHS AT TOQUIMA CAVES Place name sign for pony express historic trail
85
Warm Spring Siding
35
Fis hC Ran reek ge
55 50
30
76
SR
2 72
austin
Ran
10
30
5
25
Toi yab e
15
Entry into great basin national heritage route Place name sign for ruby marshes
Travel information for Petroglyph Recreation Area
5 20
Traffic calming through community
HIST ORIC
Rest area enhancement
Eureka County
Viewpoint of Austin and reese river valley BOB SCOTT PULL-OFF ENHANCEMENT AND SIGNAGE (develop north pull-off)
Lander County
DESIGNATE SR 722 AS SCENIC BYWAY
Enhance pedestrian crossings
PRE SS
105
Goshute Canyon Wilderness Area
SR 893
unty
ely US
US
6
6/
/ us
LEGEND
50
US
y
Traffic calming through community
Eureka County
Enhance pedestrian crossings
Relocate rest area to the west with a community rest area
White Pine County
Lander Co
Churchill C ount
HISTORIC FEATURES SIGNAGE (stokes Castle, MUSEUM, HISTORIC Cemetery)
SIGNAGE FOR YOMBA TRIBE AND REESE RIVER
alley Diamond V
ey
Enhance community gateways / signage Develop main street development tourist stop as community rest area
110
Rest area enhancement – Pony Express and great basin Eureka community PO national heritage route Enhance community gateways NY E travel information X
Cortez Mountains
93
specific PROJECT or Intersection PRIORITY
ROAD SEGMENT PRIORITY First PRIORITY OR IN PROGRESS SECOND PRIORITY
SR
SECOND PRIORITY
9
37
THIRD PRIORITY
e
THIRD PRIORITY
Trails Existing Regional Trail
0
Egan Rang
First PRIORITY OR IN PROGRESS
5
10
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
20
NORTH
Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
115
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Pony Express Passage – priorities US 50: New Pass Summit to Schellbourne
White Pine County Lincoln County
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP PR5
4.21
Cowboy Range – priorities
US 93: Schellbourne to Wells and Alt 93
lley
alle y
eV
100
95
US 93
oe V a
Step t
e Va
Cherry Creek
Becky Peak Wilderness area
Ant elo p
105
lley
Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
Butt
B Mou utte ntai ns
Vall ey
Long
DESIGNWORKSHOP
ange
4.22
White Pine County
5
R lope
NORTH
93
Rub yM
ou
nta
ins
Elko County
Ante
20
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
MAP PR6
Wild horses Viewing area
5
110
Existing Regional Trail
10
10
Goshute Canyon Wilderness Area
Trails
Utah Nevada
5
115
20
s
nty
Revegetation of roadsides
THIRD PRIORITY
ge
10
SECOND PRIORITY
5
15
tain
Currie
First PRIORITY
0
oun
15
25
ey
en M
3
Coordinate with agencies for appropriate information about recreation resources
Viewpoint of Blue Lakes
30
Vall
ard
20
Viewpoint of curvature of earth and Bonneville lake levels off I-80 at 3-mile exit
35
lope
ly V
Viewpoint of the ruby mountains
Statewide Gateway (Refer to I-80 Corridor Plan)
40
e Ant
25
Litter control at intersection and clean-up of stockpiled gravel and sand
ROAD SEGMENT PRIORITY
45
Enhance pedestrian crossings
30
Dol
Jiggs
35
an Goshute R
Create transition zone to slow through traffic and encourage exploration Improve visual quality of entry along US 93
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
Place name sign for Ruby Mountains
50
Traffic calming through community
US 9
a Cou
THIRD PRIORITY
ounty
Elko C
Eurek
SECOND PRIORITY
Spruce Mountain
40
8
First PRIORITY
45
Place name sign for Hastings Cutoff 22
Range
Specific PROJECT or Intersection PRIORITY
Lamoille
Lee
west wendover
Enhance community gateways
50
RUBY MOUNTAINS WILDERNESS Area
SR
Pinion
Lander County
Eureka County
LEGEND
Wells community
Arthur
Enhance community gateways Enhance pedestrian crossings Traffic calming through community
the Cal iforni a Na tiona istorical Trail lH
AL T
SR 227
West Wendover community
ti n Has
55
Place NAME SIGN FOR SNOWWATER LAKE
ff of
IA
OR N
I-80
Oasis
Cuto
NA TI O
N
Ran ge
Adob e
Scenic loop through clover valley (sign at both entries)
60
23
Toana Range
Place name sign for east humboldt range
l Historical Tra f of the Nationa il tings Cutof Has Huntington Valley
Address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION Utilize rainwater harvesting Carlin techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
229
65
EAST HUMBOLDT WILDERNESS Area
Pequop Mountains
SR
70
lley
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving
Halleck
SR
SR 232
elko
Deeth
3
75
I-80
a Clover V
SR 225
F LI CA
Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation
A
AI TR
Independence Valley
O IST LH
L RICA
oldt H umb East ange R
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the region’s historical and cultural stories Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services Thin roadside vegetation for safety while maintaining integrity of existing landscape
wells
L
CONTINUE ON MAP PR7
gs
Entire corridor
ESS
PONY EXPR
TO HIS
AL RIC
A TR
IL
Tippett Place Name Sign for Cherry Creek
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
jackpot Owyhee
Henry
s ount ai n ende
nce M
110
Indep
North Fork PLACE NAME SIGN FOR CALIFORNIA National HISTORIC TRAIL
ntains
3
PLACE NAME SIGN FOR geologic formations
105
100
NDOW Wildlife coordination
Wilkins
95
Coordinate with NDOW for wildlife crossing enhancements
90
L
AI
wells 70
Halleck
60
Lamoille
US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 landscape and aesthetics corridor plan
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Valley
NORTH
7
SCALE: 1 inch equals 10 miles
22
20
SR
10
SR 228
Carlin
50
RUBY MOUNTAINS WILDERNESS Area
ti n Has
0
Arthur
Existing Regional Trail
Toana Range
55
Clover
elko
Trails
the Cal iforni a Na tiona istorical Trail lH i-8
EAST HUMBOLDT WILDERNESS Area
t
THIRD PRIORITY
65
Oasis
gs
9
32
IA
RN CALIFO
old Humb East ange R
SR 225
NA TI ON
A
L
H
I
Deeth
SR 22
233
75
I-80
ff of
Ran Ado be
OR ST
L TR ICA
Cuto
ge
80
Pequop Mountains
ROAD SEGMENT PRIORITY
SECOND PRIORITY
SR
226
THIRD PRIORITY
First PRIORITY
85
SR 2
SR
SECOND PRIORITY
Montello
Utah Nevada
WELLS COMMUNITY – REFER TO MAP PR6
First PRIORITY
Interpret cowboy life
ang e
ins nM
NDOW Wildlife Coordination
Contact
115
Specific PROJECT or Intersection PRIORITY
5
125
ou
nt a
Traffic calming through community
Charleston
LEGEND
0
130
e Snak ains nt Mo u
SR 226
Utilize rainwater harvesting techniques to address drainage and stormwater issues
REST AREA enhancements AND TRAVEL INFORMATION
JARBIDGE WILDERNESS area
120
Consider re-use of milled asphalt for paving Address SHOULDER SAFETY ISSUES WHILE MAINTAINING VISUAL QUALITY OF HEALTHY ROADSIDE VEGETATION
Enhance Pedestrian Crossings
HUMBOLDT-TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST
US 9
Maintain scenic continuity through billboard mitigation
Patsville
Bu ll R u
Utilize revegetation methods for disturbed areas
San Jacinto
Jarbidge
Delano Mou
Thin roadside vegetation for safety while maintaining integrity of existing landscape
Enhance community gateways
Mountain City
Partnership with jackpot
135
Pilot R
Utilize sustainable practices and alternative energy sources for lighting and roadside services
Rowland
STATEWIDE GATEWAY
ang e
Develop partnerships with state and federal agencies to preserve visual quality, promote national and state parks, and tell the region’s historical and cultural stories
Jackpot community
te R
Entire corridor
140
Gran i
Idaho Nevada
west wendover
WEST WENDOVER COMMUNITY – REFER TO MAP PR6
50
45
29 R2
S
CONTINUE ON MAP PR6
Cowboy Range – priorities US 93: Wells to Jackpot
45
DESIGNWORKSHOP Landscape Architecture Land Planning Urban Design Tourism Planning
MAP PR7
4.23
Chapter Five — Conclusion
Conclusion
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Chapter Five — Conclusion
Conclusion
Conclusion The US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Landscape and Aesthetics Corridor Plan represents a significant step in Nevada’s renewed commitment to landscape and aesthetics as integral elements of the state’s highway system. This document guides decisions and policies that affect the aesthetic quality of Nevada’s highways, both on a corridor-wide basis and down to the level of individual projects. It presents extensive research and analysis of Nevada’s existing conditions, its highway corridors, and its scenic natural landscapes. The Corridor Plan describes the composition of elements and programs that will be used to enhance the level of landscape and aesthetics across the state. Perhaps most importantly, the Corridor Plan sets the stage for the following discussions: • • • • •
The Corridor Plan is a public/private partnership initiative. The Plan provides the foundation for this unique initiative to build a comprehensive vision for the landscape and aesthetics of the corridor. The partnership policy, outlined in the NDOT Landscape and Aesthetics Master Plan, states the unique and exciting result of this process. Many groups, agencies, and individuals reviewed the Corridor Plan in order to provide endorsement. Additionally, the planning process has received high recognition from various organizations. This is evidence that the intent of this document to inspire and encourage context-sensitive solutions will be realized. As a result, the landscape and aes-
Highways can be perceived as edges or boundaries that separate city or landscape. Interchanges are seen as intersections, nodes, and gateways. These perceptions argue strongly for a design approach that recognizes cultural boundaries and deals with the landscape and aesthetic design of the highway as a corridor segment, rather than on an individual project basis.
thetics of Nevada’s highway corridors will experience significant benefits in the years to come.
Facilitation of community improvements Implementation strategies Cost evaluation/strategies Priorities and scheduling Visual preference evaluation
To accomplish an increased level of landscape and aesthetics for Nevada’s highways, the Corridor Plan has detailed a new NDOT standard level of treatment for capital projects. The new standard significantly enhances the basic level of aesthetics on all future projects.
5.1
Technical Appendix
Technical Appendix
TABLE of CONTENTS SECTION ONE: Potential Community Funding Sources..........................A.1 SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways .........A.4
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
SECTION ONE: Potential Community Funding Sources
SECTION ONE: Potential Community Funding Sources STATE AND FEDERAL GRANT PROGRAMS Funding sources and their structure within NDOT are described in the Program Development Manual. Numerous state and federal funding programs exist for use by communities for highway and community improvements. The following list provides a summary of a few of the funding sources communities may consider as they develop projects. Additional funding opportunities are available when other issues are present, such as a brownfield site located along a highway, tribal land influences, and the presence of historic structures. A list of federal grants is also located at http://www.grants.gov. Communities should review each grant and determine its applicability for a specific project. Separate projects addressing the same issue may be combined and submitted as a single grant application. Many programs overlap, and proponents may use a combination of the funding and organizational resources listed below, as well as others that might not be shown.
Technical Appendix Nevada Grant Programs Nevada Division of Forestry Nevada Urban and Community Forestry Southern Region Grant Project and the Northern Nevada Urban and Community Forestry Grant Program Funds, education, and outreach related to the urban forest, including planning, management, restoration, and sustainability improvements. A tree planting component must be not more than 50% of the project. http://www.forestry.nv.gov/docs/summary2_012204. pdf http://www.forestry.nv.gov
Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs Nevada Arts Council Provides a quarterly grant program to assist artists, support exemplary art projects, and support a variety of other art related efforts.
ArtsREACH Provides modest grants to partnerships of cultural, business, social, government, civic, and religious organizations. ArtsREACH is a National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) pilot program designed to increase the level of direct NEA grant assistance to arts organizations in underserved areas. http://arts.endow.gov
Clorox Company Foundation (Reno) The Clorox Company Foundation is dedicated to improving the quality of life in communities where Clorox employees live and work. The Foundation makes grants, mobilizes employee volunteers, and works with community leaders and other funders. http://www.thecloroxcompany.com/community/index. html
http://dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/arts/NACintropgs/
Grantmakers in Nevada Lists a variety of potential grants within Nevada.
grantsfororgs.htm
http://www.fundsnetservices.com/nevada.htm
Nevada Division of Environmental Protection Nevada Brownfields Agency provides access to funding for brownfield redevelopment. Administered through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the program allows communities to establish their own brownfields program by designating an area where redevelopment is to be targeted. Additional funds may be awarded for projects categorized as Demonstration Pilots and have a greenspace component. These monies can be accessed through the Brownfields Assessment Demonstration Pilots and Supplemental Assistance for Demonstration Pilots application processes. http://www.ndep.nv.gov/bca/brownfld_2.htm
A.1
SECTION ONE: Potential Community Funding Sources
Technical Appendix Federal Grant Programs Federal grant program information can be found by accessing the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) at www.cfda.gov. The CFDA is a database of all federal programs available to state and local governments; federally-recognized Indian tribal governments; domestic public, quasipublic, and private profit and nonprofit organizations and institutions; specialized groups; and individuals. The grant programs can be found by selecting the “Search for Assistance Program” on the CFDA website and entering the provided “Program Number.” National Trust for Historic Preservation Main Street Approach Community-driven comprehensive methodology to revitalize older, traditional business districts throughout the United States. The underlying premise is to encourage economic development within the context of historic preservation. The strategy includes community-based, grassroots revitalization efforts. http://www.mainstreet.org/content.aspx?page=3§ion=2
National Park Service Tribal Preservation Program Assists tribes in preserving historic properties. The grants provide much needed assistance to tribal communities interested in protecting their cultural heritage. http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tribal/index.htm
Historic Preservation Fund Provides funding support to State Historic Preservation Offices which administer state grants for historic preservation. http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/hpf/hpfquest.htm
A.2
US Department of Agriculture Business and Industrial Loans Assists rural areas in obtaining quality loans for the purpose of improving the economic and environmental climate in rural communities including pollution abatement and control. Search: Program Number 10.768 Intermediary Re-lending Program Loans Provides loans for business facilities or community development in rural areas. Search: Program Number 10.767 Empowerment Zones Program Provides for the establishment of empowerment zones and enterprise communities in rural areas to stimulate the creation of new jobs, particularly for the disadvantaged and long-term unemployed, and to promote revitalization of economically distressed areas. Search: Program Number 10.772 Rural Business Enterprise Grants Facilitates the development of small and emerging private business, industry, and related employment for improving the economy in rural communities. Search: Program Number 10.769 Rural Development Provides services to further economic development in rural communities. Grants.gov provides information on more than 1,000 federal grant programs, totaling about $400 billion in funding each year. Rural communities can access funding opportunities at www.grants.gov and then type “rural” in the search section of the website. http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/nv/offices/offices.htm
Small Business Innovation Research Grants Provides monies to stimulate technological innovation in the private sector and strengthen the role of small businesses in meeting federal research and development needs. Search: Program Number 10.212 Fund for Rural America: Research, Education, and Extension Activities Grant Program Supports unique, innovative, and high-impact research education, and extension projects to aid farmers, ranchers, and rural communities to address changes and challenges facing agriculture and rural communities as a result of fundamental reforms to federal farm programs. Search: Program Number 10.224 US Department of Commerce Economic Adjustment Program Grants Assists state and local interests with the design and implementation of strategies to adjust or bring about change to an economy. Search: Program Number 11.307 Public Works and Development Facilities Grants Promotes long-term economic development and assists in the construction of public works and development facilities needed to initiate and support the creation or retention of permanent jobs in the private sector in areas experiencing substantial economic distress. Search: Program Number 11.300 National Technical Assistance Program Provides funds to 1) enlist the resources of designated university centers in promoting economic development, 2) support innovative economic development projects, 3) disseminate information and studies of economic development issues of
SECTION ONE: Potential Community Funding Sources national significance, and 4) finance feasibility studies and other projects leading to local economic development. Search: Program Number 11.303 US Department of Defense Community Economic Adjustment Funding Alleviates serious economic impacts that result from Department of Defense program changes. Search: Program Number 12.600 Community Economic Adjustment Planning Assistance Responds to military base closures and realignments. Search: Program Number 12.607 US Department of Housing and Urban Development Community Development Awards grants to entitlement community grantees to carry out a wide range of community development activities directed toward revitalizing neighborhoods, economic development, and providing improved community facilities and services. http://www.hud.gov/local/nv/community/cdbg/index. cfm http://www.hud.gov/grants/index.cfm
Rural Housing and Economic Development Expands the supply of affordable housing and access to economic opportunities in rural areas. Search: Program Number 14.250
Technical Appendix US Department of Interior Historic Preservation Fund 1) Provides matching grants to states for the identification, evaluation, and protection of historic properties; 2) provides matching grants to states to expand the National Register of Historic Places and assist in carrying out historic preservation activities; and 3) provides grants to Native American tribes and Alaskan Native Corporations to preserve their culture. Search: Program Number15.904. Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Provides staff assistance to support partnerships between government and citizens to increase the number of rivers and landscapes protected and trails established nationwide. Search: Program Number 15.921 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Scenic Byways Discretionary Program Provides funds to accomplish projects on national scenic byways, all American roads, America’s byways, state scenic byways, and Indian tribe scenic byways. Selected projects recognize state priorities and should benefit the byway traveler’s experience, whether it will help manage the intrinsic qualities that shape the byway’s story, interpret the story for visitors, or improve facilities along the byway used by visitors.
Public Lands Highways Discretionary Program Provides funds to improve access to and within the nation’s federal lands. Monies have been used for adjacent vehicular parking areas; interpretive signage; acquisition of necessary scenic easements and scenic or historic sites; provision for pedestrians and bicycles; construction and reconstruction of roadside rest areas (including sanitary and water facilities), transit facilities, and appropriate public road facilities, such as visitor centers, as determined by the Secretary. The replacement of the federally owned bridge over the Hoover Dam in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area between Nevada and Arizona was funded through the program. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/discretionary/plhcurrsola3. htm
National Recreational Trails Fund Funds trails and trail-related projects such as urban trails, maintenance, restoration, easement acquisition, and trail-side and trailhead facilities. http://www.off-road.com/4x4web/land/nrtfaqa.html http://environment.fhwa.dot.gov/ecological/eco_ app_b.asp
http://www.bywaysonline.org/grants/
A.3
SECTION TWO: Reference Studies
Technical Appendix
SECTION TWO: Reference Studies Other agencies, organizations, and institutions previously completed studies relating to the US 93, East US 6, and East US 50 Corridor Plan. Communities and agencies may reference them to gain additional insight regarding project opportunities and obtain relevant background information. Following is an initial list of documents made known to the planning team during the planning process. Project planners and designers should coordinate with the local town and county and relevant federal and state agencies to determine if additional information is available. Urban Forestry Guide Department of Conservation and Natural Resources and Nevada Division of Forestry. (2008). Cleaner Air, Tree by Tree: A Best Management Practices Guide for Urban Trees in Southern Nevada. Nevada State Printing Office: Carson City, Nevada.
A.4
Landscape Master Plans Ely University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Landscape Architecture and Planning Program. (December 2000). City of Ely Landscape Master Plan. Fourth Year Landscape Architecture Design Studio. AAL 484/485. Instructor: Damon Ohlerking. Las Vegas, Nevada. Lincoln County University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Landscape Architecture adn Planning Program. Lincoln County Landscape Planning Studio. AAL 484 UNLV School of Landscape Architecture. Baker, Alex, et al. Las Vegas, Nevada.
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
Technical Appendix
SECTION THREE: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
A.5
Technical Appendix
A.6
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
Technical Appendix
A.7
Technical Appendix
A.8
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
Technical Appendix
A.9
Technical Appendix
A.10
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
Technical Appendix
A.11
Technical Appendix
A.12
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
Technical Appendix
A.13
Technical Appendix
A.14
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
Technical Appendix
A.15
Technical Appendix
A.16
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
Technical Appendix
A.17
Technical Appendix
A.18
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
SECTION TWO: Mapping Ecosystems Along Nevada Highways
Technical Appendix Nevada Noxious Weed List
from http://agri.nv.gov/nwac/PLANT_NoxWeedList.htm
DEFINITIONS Category ”A”: Weeds not found or limited in distribution throughout the state; actively excluded from the state and actively eradicated wherever found; actively eradicated from nursery stock dealer premises; control required by the state in all infestations Category “B”: Weeds established in scattered populations in some counties of the state; actively excluded where possible, actively eradicated from nursery stock dealer premises; control required by the state in areas where populations are not well established or previously unknown to occur Category “C”: Weeds currently established and generally widespread in many counties of the state; actively eradicated from nursery stock dealer premises; abatement at the discretion of the state quarantine officer Category A Weeds:
Category B Weeds:
Common Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
Scientific Name
African Rue
Peganum harmala
Carolina Horse-nettle
Solanum carolinense
Austrian fieldcress
Rorippa austriaca
Diffuse Knapweed
Centaurea diffusa
Austrian peaweed
Sphaerophysa salsula / Swainsona salsula
Medusahead
Taeniatherum caput-medusae
Camelthorn
Alhagi camelorum
Musk Thistle
Carduus nutans
Common crupina
Crupina vulgaris
Russian Knapweed
Acroptilon repens
Dalmation Toadflax
Linaria dalmatica
Sahara Mustard
Brassica tournefortii
Dyer’s woad
Isatis tinctoria
Scotch Thistle
Onopordum acanthium
Eurasian water-milfoil
Myriophyllum spicatum
White Horse-nettle
Solanum elaeagnifolium
Giant Reed
Arundo donax
Giant Salvinia
Salvinia molesta
Goat’s rue
Galega officinalis
Houndstongue
Cynoglossum officinale
Hydrilla
Hydrilla verticillata
Iberian Star thistle
Centaurea iberica
Klamath weed
Hypericum perforatum
Leafy spurge
Euphorbia esula
Malta Star thistle
Centaurea melitensis
Mayweed chamomile
Anthemis cotula
Mediterranean sage
Salvia aethiopis
Purple loosestrife
Lythrum salicaria, L.virgatum and their cultivars
Purple Star thistle
Centaurea calcitrapa
Rush skeletonweed
Chondrilla juncea
Sow Thistle
Sonchus arvensis
Spotted Knapweed
Centaurea masculosa
Squarrose star thistl
Centaurea virgata Lam. Var. squarrose
Sulfur cinquefoil
Potentilla recta
Syrian Bean Caper
Zygophyllum fabago
Yellow Starthistle
Centaurea solstiltialis
Yellow Toadflax
Linaria vulgaris
Category C Weeds: Common Name
Scientific Name
Black henbane
Hyoscyamus niger
Canada Thistle
Cirsium arvense
Green Fountain grass
Pennisetum setaceum
Hoary cress
Cardaria draba
Johnson grass
Sorghum halepense
Perennial pepperweed
Lepidium latifolium
Poison Hemlock
Conium maculatum
Puncture vine
Tribulus terrestris
Salt cedar (tamarisk)
Tamarix spp
Water Hemlock
Cicuta maculata
[Dep’t of Agriculture, No. 55.11, eff.5-25-62; A 5-1-68]--(NAC A by St. Quarantine Officer, 8-9-94; R191-99, 8-7-2000; R097-01m 5-1-2002; R003-03, 9-24-2003) For further information or comments specific to noxious or invasive plants contact: Scott S. Marsh, Noxious Weed Regulatory Specialist, Nevada Department of Agriculture
[email protected]
A.19
Glossary
Glossary
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Glossary
ACEC – FHWA ACEC Area of Critical Environmental Concern
cross streets, traffic control devices, and increased pedes-
reduces the crossing width for pedestrians and may help re-
trian and other non-vehicular traffic. Adjacent land uses
duce traffic speeds (AASHTO, 2004).
AESTHETIC The visual appearance or look of an object, view,
are typically commercial, but may include residential areas,
etc.
schools, parks, and other civic uses.
DESIGN The process of taking ideas and producing a work of art. The drawings, models, or action of laying out struc-
AMENITIES Aesthetic characteristics or other features of
COMMUNITY TRANSITION
land development that increase its desirability or its mar-
include stretches of highway between the center of a com-
ketability. Amenities may include such things as a unified
munity and its undeveloped edges.
Community transition zones
tures, land activities, recreational facilities, vegetation, land cover, erosion protection, watering methods, etc. DESIGN GUIDELINES A collection of helpful, interpretive, ex-
building design, recreational facilities, security systems, views, landscaping, attractive site design, and adjacent open
CONNECTIVITY In landscape ecology, the measure of the
planatory recommendations that are intended to provide a
space or water bodies.
degree to which a matrix, a corridor, or a network is con-
framework for design.
nected. The fewer the gaps or aberrations, the greater the BALANCE
Balance in design refers to the equilibrium
or equality of visual attraction.
DESIGN OBJECTIVES Highway types are categorized accord-
connectivity.
ing to the type of road, the speed and volume of travel, and the
Symmetrical balance is
achieved when one side of the design is a mirror image of
CONSTRAINT A feature or condition of the built or natural
type of access. Design objectives establish program elements
the other side. Asymmetrical balance uses different forms,
environment that poses an obstacle to design, planning, or
and goals that should always be considered when addressing
colors and textures to obtain balance of visual attraction
construction.
projects located along roads with similar characteristics.
(Ingram, 2006). CONTEXT-SENSITIVE
Consideration for how a proposed
BERM A raised and elongated area of earth intended to di-
project will fit within its physical location and how it pre-
rect the flow of water, visually screen, redirect out-of-con-
serves the aesthetic, environmental, and historic character
trol vehicles, or reduce noise levels by shielding a receiver
of its surroundings.
DESIGN SPIRIT The intent or vision of the design. What the designer hopes to accomplish. DESIGN THEME A unifying concept throughout the design. A design theme provides a sense of consistency and har-
from the highway. (AASHTO, 1991). CONTOUR GRADING
Transitioned and rounded grading.
mony because it is created by the repetition of forms and
BLM Bureau of Land Management
Moving the earth to form a shape or obtain a smoothness.
materials throughout the design (Booth, 1999).
BUFFER A strip of land, compatible land uses, fence, or a bor-
CORRIDOR A stretch of road or highway along with its as-
DISTANCE ZONES Landscapes are subdivided into three dis-
der of trees, etc., between one use and another that some-
sociated facilities, adjacent land uses, and visual character.
tance zones based on relative visibility from travel routes or observation points. The three zones are: foreground, mid-
what mitigates negative impacts between uses. An area which provides a degree of insulation from certain highway
CORRIDOR PLAN A detailed specific plan that considers land
dleground, and background. The foreground zone includes
or transportation effects on adjacent private property or
use and transportation issues within a carefully organized,
areas where the viewer can perceive details of the landscape
protected natural resources and vice-versa (AASHTO, 1991).
collaborative planning process between local governments,
and typically extends up to a ¼ mile from the viewer. The
regional entities, and NDOT. Refers to this document or
middleground zone is located between ¼ mile and three
CARRYING CAPACITY The number of individuals in a popu-
similar documents prepared by NDOT for other highway
miles from the viewer. The background is the area beyond
lation that the resources of a habitat can support (http://
corridors.
the middleground extending to the horizon or limit of the area that is seen.
www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Carrying_capacity). CULTURAL RESOURCES Cultural resources include buildings, COMMUNITY IDENTITY Community identity can be broadly
landscapes, archeological sites, ethnographic resources, ob-
DROUGHT TOLERANCE A term often used to describe plants
defined as a community of interest or an emotional attach-
jects and documents, structures, and districts. They pro-
with low water requirements, the ability to withstand ex-
ment or sense of belonging to a geographic area. (Province
vide information about people from the past and establish
tended periods without water, or plants of a desert region.
of Nova Scotia, 2006).
important connections to the present (NPS, 2006). FHWA Federal Highway Administration
COMMUNITY INTERFACE Community interface zones are
CURB EXTENSIONS A section of sidewalk extending into
characterized by lower travel speeds, frequent curb cuts,
the roadway at an intersection or midblock crossing that
B.1
Glossary
Focal Point – Place Name Sign FOCAL POINT A noticeable area or spot of attention, activ-
MANAGED LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
ity, or attraction. It may be such a spot because many paths,
comprises areas of current growth or planned growth at
views, rays, walks, etc. converge or it is of a different color,
community edges along interstates or elevated highways.
NONSTRUCTURAL DRAINAGE DESIGN Drainage features us-
texture, height, width, brightness, etc.
Can be adjacent to a variety of land uses varying from resi-
ing organic form and natural materials such as earth and
dential to industrial.
rock vs. pipes and concrete.
MANAGEMENT PLAN A written report of what the manage-
NOXIOUS WEED Noxious weed means any species of plant
ment of a project or property hopes to accomplish and how
which is, or is likely to be, detrimental or destructive and
it intends to do so.
difficult to control or eradicate (NRS 555.005).
MASSING The grouping of plant materials.
NRS Nevada Revised Statutes
MASTER PLAN In this document, the term refers to the
NWR National Wildlife Refuge
Highway zone that
NDSP Nevada Division of State Parks
GABION A wire basket usually filled with stone which is used for erosion control/slope protection (AASHTO, 1991). GATEWAY An entrance to a city, community, valley, or other large-scale space. GBNP Great Basin National Park GROUND TREATMENT Treatment to disturbed ground such
NDOT Landscape and Aesthetics Master Plan. NDOT adopt-
as seeded revegetation, pavement, stone mulch, etc.
ed the University of Nevada’s Pattern and Palette of Place: A
OPPORTUNITIES Features or conditions of the built or nat-
Landscape and Aesthetics Master Plan for the Nevada State
ural environment that provide an opportunity for design,
Highway System.
planning, or construction.
MUTCD Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices
ORIENTATION The direction a person, structure, or any up-
HARDSCAPE The hard surface elements of a planned (designed) landscape that give it definition and style, including walks, driveways, walls, buildings, fences, and large ornamental or sculptural pieces.
right feature with a face is directed, or facing. NATIVE PLANTS An original species in a region, as distin-
HBA Highway Beautification Act, 1965
guished from an invading, imported, or cultured species
ORNAMENTAL SOFTSCAPE Plantings used for decorative
(AASHTO, 1991).
qualities.
spread, propagate, have rapid unchecked growth, or invade
NATURAL DRAINAGE The flow of water over undisturbed
PEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONS
a surrounding landscape area.
existing surface topography.
jacent to a street. It may connect between two public
INVASIVE A term used to describe plants that vigorously A public walkway not ad-
streets, or between a public street and a public facility, LANDMARK A conspicuous object on land that identifies a
NATURAL FEATURES Conditions produced by nature such
such as a school or park. The standard pedestrian connec-
locality, or a designated preservation site, such as a build-
as surface land forms, geology, slopes, vegetation, water,
tion includes a sidewalk and landscaped buffers on each
ing, monument, or landscape (AASHTO, 1991).
drainage patterns, aquifers, recharge areas, climate, micro-
side (http://www.portlandonline.com/transportation/index.
climate, floodplains, aquatic life, wildlife, views, and land-
cfm?a=jjbci&c=dgbgh).
LANDSCAPE DESIGN SEGMENT Areas of similar character in
scape ecological patterns of path, corridor, or matrix. PERENNIAL A plant that persists or resprouts year to year
which the same major design theme is applied. NATURAL SYSTEM Natural systems are any type of system LANDSCAPE TREATMENT TYPE The combination of varying
found in nature that is not manmade. A key characteristic of
intensities of softscape, structures, and hardscape.
a natural system is that we expect its operating rules (laws)
PLACE-BASED KNOWLEDGE Local knowledge. Knowledge
to stay the same forever. Examples include ecosystems,
gained from direct experience with a geographic location.
LIGHT POLLUTION Excess or obtrusive light that obscures
physical, or biological systems. PLACEMAKING Design solutions that use elements unique
the night sky, interferes with astronomical observatories, wastes energy, and disrupts ecosystems.
NCOT Nevada Commission on Tourism
to the place or new elements to establish a specific style.
MAINTENANCE COST The cost of maintaining a landscape.
NDOT Nevada Department of Transportation
PLACE NAME SIGN A sign that provides clear and consistent
May be calculated annually or over the life of the project.
B.2
for several or many years.
direction from the corridors to scenic areas, points-of-inNDOW Nevada Division of Wildlife
terest, historical sites, and local attractions.
Glossary
Plan View – Site Context PLAN VIEW A drawing of an item, site, community, city, etc.
RIGHT-OF-WAY A general term denoting land, property, or
showing any internal portions and outer edges along the
as viewed from above.
interest therein, usually in a strip, acquired for or devoted to
intersection.
transportation or utility purposes (AASHTO, 1991). SENSE OF ENTRY An introduction to a site or place.
PLANT COMMUNITY All of the plant species within a microRIPARIAN VEGETATION Plant communities occurring in as-
climate, habitat, or environment.
The
impression of having arrived at a site or community.
sociation with any spring, lake, river, stream, creek, wash, PLANT DIVERSITY The variety of plants found in a given
arroyo, or other water body having banks and a bed through
SENSE OF PLACE The unique impressions, perceptions and
area.
which water flows at least occasionally.
memories along with physical representations of a site.
Highway zone that
RIPRAP A layer of stones, broken concrete, or boulders
SENSE OF SCALE The feeling created or perceived when
consists of agricultural uses or low-density residential and
placed on a slope to stabilize it against slope failure or ero-
one is placed next to a very large object (such as a 50-story
where the potential for significant future growth appears
sion due to precipitation, natural drainage, waves, or wind.
building 500 feet wide) or a small object (a toolshed 6-feet
PRESERVE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
tall and 8-feet wide).
to be low. ROAD SERVICE AREAS Areas along the highway that provide PROGRAM A list or outline of the elements and require-
travelers with designated spaces to rest, interpret history
SEQUENCE OF ARRIVAL Transition between spaces as a des-
ments the design solution should incorporate (Booth,
and geography, and discover information about nearby ac-
tination is approached.
1999).
tivities and communities. SHADOW PATTERNS Shadow patterns in structures occur
PROPORTION
Ratio of one thing to another (Putnam,
1996).
SCALE Spatial proportion. Scale refers to the size of an ob-
due to relief of planes and specific shadow lines and may be
ject or objects in relation to the surroundings. Size refers to
part of the ornament of the structure.
definite measurements while scale describes the size relaPUMICE WICK A natural way to harvest rainwater and con-
tionship between adjacent objects (Ingram, 2006). Items at
SHARED-USE TRAIL A trail used by a combination of users,
trol erosion. Pumice is extremely hygroscopic and absorbs
pedestrian scale may be much smaller than those at motor
including pedestrians, roller bladers, horseback riders, bicy-
several times its own weight in water. Trees and shrubs can
vehicle scale, where speeds are much faster.
clists, etc.
from the underground sponge and establish more quickly
SCENIC BYWAY Roads that are outstanding examples of
SHRUB A plant with many stems or much branching near
with much less supplemental water.
scenic, historic, recreational, cultural, archeological and/or
the ground. It is woody and forms new wood from old wood
natural qualities (http:// www.upperdeleware.com/route97/
each year.
be planted on either side of the wick. The roots take in water
RECOVERY ZONE A clear recovery area free of hazards along
whatis.cfm). SIGNAGE SYSTEM A coordinated system of visual com-
the edge of the traveled roadway. SCENIC DESIGNATION Highway zone that includes existing
munications in symbols, pictures, letters, drawing, pho-
REGIONALLY ADAPTED PLANT SPECIES Species adapted to
and proposed scenic byways where scenic, cultural, historic,
tographs, or words whose function is to communicate di-
the soil conditions present on the site and in the region of
recreational, and/or natural qualities dominate the highway
rections, identifications, warnings, advertisements, etc. to
the state where it will be grown.
landscape.
passersby.
REVEGETATION The replacement of plant material on a land
SCENIC EASEMENTS The right for a public agency or other
SITE ANALYSIS Observing, considering and evaluating the
area.
group to use an owner’s land for scenic enhancement, such
physical and man-made elements including the environ-
as roadside landscaping or vista preservation, by restric-
mental, climatic, visual, cultural, historical and other factors
tions on the area of the easement.
relating to a particular location, corridor, or region (AASH-
RHYTHM Rhythm is achieved when the elements of a de-
TO, 1991).
sign create a feeling of motion which leads the viewer’s eye through or even beyond the designed area. Tools like color
SCORING PATTERN A pattern cut or scratched into a surface. SITE CONTEXT Where the site in question is located in rela-
schemes, line, and form can be repeated to attain rhythm in landscape design. Rhythm reduces confusion in the design
SECTION DIAGRAM A drawing of a structure, landform, ob-
tion to the greater landscape. The surrounding area, wheth-
(Ingram, 2006).
ject, etc., as it would appear if cut by an imaginary plane,
er city, town, wilderness, etc.
B.3
Glossary
Site Plan – Wattles SITE PLAN A plan of a site showing the positions, size, and
SUSTAINABILITY The ability to sustain ecological integrity,
URBAN CONFLUENCE Highway zone within urban regions
types of elements such as roads, drives, parking lots, play
including human needs throughout generations. The abil-
that serves as an important connector for people and com-
areas, land uses, or structures existing or proposed for a
ity to maintain with little deviation, with little waist, with
merce.
site. It may or may not show dimensions, contours, or have
renewable energy, etc. USFS US Forest Service
a legend. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Landscape designs that work with naSITE RISK ASSESSMENT The process of evaluating the ad-
ture rather than against it (Booth, 1999).
USFWS US Fish and Wildlife Service
TODS Tourist Oriented Directional Sign
VERNACULAR FORMS Forms in indigenous styles construct-
verse effects caused by a substance, activity, lifestyle, or natural phenomenon.
ed from locally available materials following traditional SITE-SPECIFIC Peculiar to only one particular location (AASH-
TRACK WALKING
A method of erosion and sedi-
TO, 1991).
ment
Track
SITE-SENSITIVE MATERIALS Materials with qualities that
control.
walking
with
machinery
up and down a slope provides grooves that will catch seed,
VERTICAL DESIGN ELEMENT Site elements such as the fa-
fertilizer, mulch, and rainfall, and reduce runoff.
cades of buildings, walls, fences, trees and tall shrubs, or
blend with the surroundings.
steeply sloped ground. Vertical elements may be used as TRANSITION A gradual change. Transition can be obtained
SOFTSCAPE The plantings used in a landscape.
building practice and patterns not architect-designed.
enclosures or for visual interest (Booth, 1999).
by the arrangement of objects with varying textures, forms, or sizes in a logical sequential order (Ingram, 2006).
SOFTSCAPE TREATMENT TYPE Softscape treatments are
VERTICAL DIVERSITY Vertical elements that vary in texture, color, transparency, etc. in order to add visual interest to a
compositions of plant materials including trees, shrubs, pe-
TRANSPORTATION ART Artwork along a transportation
rennials, grasses, and ground treatments.
route that enhances the travel experience and relates to
site (Booth, 1999).
the surrounding place, the unique culture and environment
VIEWPOINT A “pull-off” area on a highway where travelers
SPIRIT OF PLACE The unique, distinctive, and cherished as-
of the area. Artwork should be of a scale appropriate to
can enjoy a scenic vista.
pects of a place, including both cultural components and
highway travel speed. VIEWSHED The total area visible from a point or series of
physical aspects such as rivers, architectural style, and views.
TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR A strip of land between two
points along a linear transportation facility and conversely
termini within which traffic, topography, environment,
the area which views upon the facility (AASHTO, 1991).
STREET TREE Trees that are tolerant of city conditions, in-
and other characteristics are evaluated for transportation
cluding pollution, poor soils, low soil moisture, strong winds,
purposes; also a strip of land for transmission of a utility
VIEWSHED ANALYSIS Scrutinizing a viewshed to determine
and soil compaction. Many communities have a list of ac-
(AASHTO, 1991).
the positive and negative aspects.
TRC Technical Review Committee
VISUAL RELIEF A unique feature in an otherwise monoto-
cepted trees for their area. STRUCTURES AND HARDSCAPES TREATMENT TYPE Varying levels of treatment for bridges, retaining walls, acoustic
nous landscape or structure. UNDERSTORY SHRUB The lower canopy in a layered planting. WATER HARVESTING Catching and holding rain where it
walls, pedestrian crossings, railings, barrier railings, lighting, UNITY The state when independent elements contribute
falls for future use. It may be stored in tanks or used to
harmoniously to the whole (Williams, 1990).
recharge groundwater.
where unique historic, cultural or environmental features
URBAN BACKGROUND Highway zone within urban regions
WATTLES Poles intertwined with reeds or plants (willows,
may result in a slightly different interpretation of the over-
that comprise areas dominated by commercial and residen-
etc.) to create a fence, barricade, etc.
all design theme.
tial development.
and transportation art. SUB-SEGMENT A portion of a landscape design segment
B.4
Wetland – Wildlife Habitat Corridors
Glossary
WETLAND An area that is inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency, duration, and depth sufficient to support a predominance of emergent plant species (cattails, etc.) adapted to growth in saturated soil conditions. WILDLIFE CROSSING Structures built to facilitate wildlife crossing highways and minimize wildlife-related automobile accidents. WILDLIFE HABITAT CORRIDORS
Corridors that connect
patches of wildlife habitat. These corridors allow wildlife to move between habitats and allow individual animals to move between groups, helping to restore or maintain genetic diversity that is essential both to the long-term viability of populations and to the restoration of functional ecosystems.
B.5
Bibliography
Bibliography
UNLV LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING RESEARCH
Bibliography
Bibliography
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nent Structural Measures for Erosion and Sediment Control). Retrieved Jun. 1, 2006 from http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/water_pdf/sec5bperm6.pdf
White Pine Historical and Archaeological Society. (1998). A History of White Pine County, Nevada. Retrieved Jun. 23, 2007 at http://www.webpanda. com/white_pine_county/historical_society/wp_hist.htm
Province of Nova Scotia. Land Use Planning – Community Identity & The Municipal Government Act. Retrieved Jun. 1, 2006 at http://www.gov.ns.ca/ snsmr/muns/plan/identity.asp
GLOSSARY REFERENCES
Putnam, R. (1996). Builder’s Comprehensive Dictionary. Canoga Park, California: Builder’s Book, Inc.
Unless a citation is provided in the glossary entry, definitions were taken from the following book:
Williams, R. (1990). The Garden Planner: A Complete Illustrated Guide to Designing Your Garden. New York: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
Christensen, A. J. (2005). Dictionary of Landscape Architecture and Construction. New York: McGraw-Hill. ADDITIONAL SOURCES American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). (1991). A Guide For Transportation Landscape And Environmental Design. Washington D.C.
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