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Open Access Articles- Top Results for List of loanwords in Indonesian
List of loanwords in Indonesian The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, including Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese and other Austronesian languages. Indonesian differs from the Malaysian language in a number of respects, primarily due to the different influences both languages experienced and also due to the fact that majority of Indonesians speaks their native language as their first. Bahasa Indonesia function as lingua franca that unites 200 various languages over the archipelago. Vice versa, words of Malay-Indonesian origin also has been borrowed into English. Words borrowed into English (e.g., bamboo, orangutan, dugong, amok) generally entered through Malay language by way of British colonial presence in Malaysia and Singapore, similar to the way the Dutch have been borrowing words from the various native Indonesian languages. One exception is "bantam", derived from the name of the Indonesian province Banten in Western Java (see Oxford American Dictionary, 2005 edition). Another is "lahar" which is Javanese for a volcanic mudflow. Still other words taken into modern English from Malay/Indonesian probably have other origins (e.g., "satay" from Tamil, or "ketchup" from Chinese). At its development stage, various native terms (mostly Javanese) from all over the archipelago made its way to the language. The Dutch adaptation of the Malay language during colonial period had resulted significant amount of Dutch loanwords and vocabulary. The event significantly impacted the original Malay language which gradually developed into the modern Indonesian language.
Contents 1 Chronology 2 List of loanwords 2.1 From Austronesian languages 2.1.1 From Minangkabau 2.1.2 From Javanese 2.1.3 From Sundanese 2.1.4 From Betawi 2.1.5 From Nias 2.1.6 From Batak 2.1.7 From Maluku 2.1.8 From Manado 2.2 From Indian languages 2.2.1 From Sanskrit 2.2.2 From Tamil 2.3 From Middle Eastern languages 2.3.1 From Arabic 2.3.2 From Persian 2.4 From East Asian languages 2.4.1 From Chinese 2.4.2 From Japanese 2.5 From European languages 2.5.1 From Portuguese 2.5.2 From Dutch 2.5.3 From Greek 2.5.4 From Latin 2.5.5 From French 2.5.6 From English 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links
Chronology The study on Indonesian etymology and loan words reflected its historical and social context. Examples are the early Sanskrit borrowings probably in the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian during the time of the establishment of Islam in particular, and the ones from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.[1] Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Indonesian (and especially adopted through Javanese influence). Indian traders may have contributed words as well, in Tamil and Sanskrit-related languages. Indonesian has involved in trade with Chinese since ancient times and also significant of Chinese immigrants began to migrate to Indonesia, as the result some of Chinese language, especially Hokkien dialect being absorbed into Indonesian. Muslim influence, which came at first through Arabic and Persian traders, over a number of centuries results in an extensive Arabic influence and also Persian. Portuguese contact, trade and colonization in the 16th century was the first contact between Indonesia and European culture, and had an influence that remains today, in spite of the relatively short time period of that influence. Dutch colonization and administration, lasting from the 17th century to the 20th, had an extensive impact on the vocabulary. As Dutch-trained linguists determined the rules for the official Indonesian language, Dutch thus had an impact on the structure of the language as well. For example, suffixes such as "-as" (e.g., kwalitas = quality), "-asi" (e.g., administrasi = administration), and "-if" (e.g., fiktif = fictive) were applied with consistency. Some loan words are still intensively used today, although there are genuine Indonesian language. Modern Indonesian regularly adapts new words from other languages, particularly English. In contrast to the large number of mechanical terms borrowed from Dutch (e.g., automotive parts), hitech words are typically taken from English (e.g., internet). But the processes may also be ‘out of period’; for example, Indonesian words are still being concocted from Sanskrit, and the influence of the Dutch language certainly continued after the Dutch themselves left.[1] Indonesian has also generalized brand names into common (lower-case) nouns as generic name. For example, "sanyo" refers to any electrical well pump, regardless of manufacturer or "odol" as all of toothpastes. This is similar to the type of generalization that occurs in English words like "xerox" or "tampax" or "polaroid".
List of loanwords From Austronesian languages From Minangkabau Most of Indonesian languages vocabulary are natively derived from Malay, but some might be ultimately loanwords from Minang language. Yet it is unclear, since Malay and Minang are closely related, and some might consider that Minang language was precursor or old dialect of Malay language.[2] Word
Meaning
acuh
Original word
careful
acuah
anjungan pavilion
anjuang
awak
you (regional), crew, member awak
bantah
denies
bantah
baruh
lowland
baruah
bernas
spirited
boneh
bunda
mother
bundo
buyung
sonny
buyuang
cabul
lewd
cabua
cakak
fight
cakak
campin
skilled
campin
cegak
vigorous
cegak
celoteh
babble
ciloteh
cemeeh
jeer
cemeeh
cengang amazed
cangang
dara
girl, virgin, dove
daro
dadih
buttermilk
dadiah
dendang sing
dendang
gadang
large
gadang
gadis
girl, virgin
gadih
gaek
aged
gaek
galau
confusion
galau
gelimang mixed
galimang
gengsi
prestige
gengsi
heboh
commotion, fuss
heboh: noisy
himbau
call
imbau
jangat
skin
jangek
jenjang
ladder
janjang
jerang
boiled
jarang
jinjing
pick-up
jinjiang
junjung
respectful
junjuang
kelok
meanders
kelok
lamban
slow
lamban
lancang
sassy
lancang
nan
which, who (connecting word) nan
ngarai
canyon
ngarai
nian
very, really, trully
nian
pencak
art (martial art)
pancak
penghulu chief of family
panghulu
ranah
realm, domain
ranah: land
rancak
beautiful
rancak
rantau
foreign country
rantau
rendang rendang
randang
sanak
sanak
family
semarak splendor
semarak
silat
silat (martial art)
silek
surau
mosque
surau
tandas
demolished
tandeh
teroka
open up new areas
taruko
terompah sandals
tarompah
tuah
good luck
tuah
tungkai
leg
tungkai
usang
obsolete
usang
From Javanese Compared to Malay language spoken as the native regional language in Sumatra and Malay peninsula, or standardized version of Malaysian language, Indonesian language differ profoundly by large amount of Javanese loanwords incorporated into their already rich vocabulary. This is mostly contributed by Java's position as the center of Indonesian politics, education and culture, since the capital is located in Jakarta on Java island, and large numbers of Javanese reside in capital area. Also large numbers of Javanese as the majority, began to use Indonesian language in their daily conversation, at least in official, formal and educational settings. As the result Javanese began to pour their own vocabularies into Indonesian to describes terms and words that does not have exact counterparts in Malay language. It is important to note that most of Indonesian Sanskrit loanwords are derived and conducted through Old Javanese and Javanese intermediary. Word
Meaning
adem
Original word
cool temperature
adhem
adiluhung/adiluhur refined, highly sophisticated taste
adiluhung
amblas
vanish
amblas
ambruk
collapse
ambruk
among
nurture
among
ampuh
potent
ampuh
anggun
graceful
anggun
angker
haunted
angker
anjlok
dropped
anjlok
antek
stooge
antek
anyar
new
anyar
apik
neat, nice
apik
asri
beautiful (scenery/nature), neat, clean, nice
asri
ayu
beautiful (women), pretty, gorgeous, graceful, elegant
ayu
ayom
give shade, foster, protect
ayom, hangayomi
baluwarti
palace fortified wall
baluwerti
bangsal
hall
bangsal, ultimately from Sanskrit: sala (room)
batik
batik
mbatik, from: amba-nitik
bejat
depraved
bejat
beres
completed
beres
betot
pull suddenly
betot
bopong
carry
bopong
brandal
thugs
brandalan
bromocorah
criminal
bromocorah
buron/buronan
runaway or fugitive
buron: from buru-an (to be hunted)
candi
temple
candhi
canggih
sophisticated
canggih
cebol
midget
cebol
celingukan
look around
celingukan
ceplas ceplos
speak out frankly
ceplas ceplos
copet
pick pocket
copet
dengkul
knee
dengkul
doyan
be fond
doyan
edan
crazy
edhan
empu
maestro, master craftsman
mpu
ganteng
handsome
ngganteng
gebrakan
blow
gebrakan
gede
big
gede
gembok
padlock
gembok
gendong
pickaback
gendong
gerebek
raid
grebeg: traditional ceremony involving mass competing to grab sacred objects
gilas
run over
giles
gosong
scorched
gosong
irit
frugal
irit
jagal
butcher
jagal
jago
skillful, expert
jago: rooster
jagoan
tough guy, hero
jago: rooster
jajan
snack
jajan
kedut
twitching
kedutan
kemben
torso wrap
kembhen
kesurupan
possessed
surup: fit, enter
konde
bulbous hairdo or hair extension on the back of the head
kondhe
lara
sadness (poetic)
lara: sickness
larung
intentionally swept or send away through water (river/sea) larung
lapik
base
lapik
luhur
noble, high
dhuwur, luhur
manut
obedient
manut
melengos
looked away
melengos
minggat
flee
minggat
mumpuni
accomplished
mumpuni
nusantara
Indonesian archipelago, archipelago
nusantara
nganggur
idle, jobless
nganggur
pagar langkan
balustrade
pagar langkan
pamrih
intention
pamrih
pemirsa
viewers
pemirsa
pendopo
roofed front open hall
pendhopo, ultimately from Sanskrit: mandapa (front hall as part of temple)
pilek
flu
pilek
resik
clean, well maintained
resik
sedot
suck
sedot
selaras
harmonious
slaras
selingkuh
affair
selingkuh
semberono
careless
sembrono
semrawut
complicated mess, out of order
semrawut
sungkan
shy
sungkan
tentram
peaceful
tentrem
tembang
song
tembang
titisan
reincarnated
nitis
tuntas
complete
tuntas
undakan
stages
undhak
unduh
download
unduh
unggah
upload
munggah
umpak
base
umpak
From Sundanese Word
Meaning
Original word
aci
tapioca flour
aci sampeu
amburadul
mess, something out of order
amburadul
anjangsana
high official visiting
anjangsana
balairung
hall
bale riung: traditional building for meeting
bloon (spelled blo-'on) stupid
blo'on/o'on
getol
active
getol
hatur
to express, to send (polite)
haturkeun
jangkung
tall
jangkung
juara
champion, winner
jawara: tough guy, fighter, hero
kedap
proof as in "kedap air" (waterproof)
kedap
kesima
awe, amaze
kesima
kesohor
famous
kasohor
kolot
old fashioned
kolot: old
lalap
raw vegetable, consumed
lalab
majikan
boss
majikan
menyaru
pretending, camouflaging
menyaru
risih
uneasy, uncomfortable
risih
patungan
chip in, joint-venture, collecting money to buy something for common use patungan
pengaruh
influence
pangaruh
pemulung
waste picker
noun of the verb pulung: pick
pepes
cooking method using banana leaf wrapping
papais: plural form of pais
siksa
torture
siksa: education
uwa
uncle or aunty older than parent
uwa
From Betawi Word
Meaning
Original word
abal-abal
fake, false
abal-abal
bangkotan
aged
bangkotan
begah
replete
begah
butut
old fashioned
butut
cebur
splash
cebur
entot
copulate
entot
gelandang
football midfielder, bringer gelandang
gelandangan homeless
gelandangan
gelandang
football midfielder, bringer gelandang
mampus
dead
mampus
ngamen
street performance
ngamen
ribet
complicated, hard, not easy ribet
rombeng
rags
rombeng
timpuk
throw
timpuk
udak
chase
udak
From Nias Word anda
Meaning
Original word
you (respectful) anda
From Batak Word Meaning Original word molek voluptuous molek From Maluku Word beta
Meaning
Original word
I, me, myself béta
From Manado Word Meaning Original word pasti
surely
so pasti
From Indian languages From Sanskrit Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of Latin in English and other Western European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms, these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of Jayapura city (former Hollandia) and Jayawijaya Mountains (former Orange Range) in Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s, both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards; such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names. The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India long ago before the 1st century. The words are either directly borrowed from India or with the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign. Word
Meaning
Original word
acara
event, item in a programme
acara: by activities, behavior
acar
pickles
achaar
adakala
sometimes
kata kāla: for some time
adi
ultimate (poetic)
adhi
agama
religion
āgama — Vedic principles
aneka
multifarious, varied, all sorts
aneka: many, various
anekaragam
variety show
aneka-rāgam: various color
anekawarna
multi-coloured
aneka-vara: variety of color
anggota
limb, member
ańga-jā: born from the body, limbs, member
angkara
insolence, cruel
aham-kara: ego, pride-maker
aksara
letter
aksara
alpa
negligent
alpa: for a slight reason
angka
numerical figure
anka: numerical constant
angkasa
sky
akasa
angkasawan
astronaut
ākāśa-vān: the sky + having; possessing
angsa
goose
hasa: swan
angsana
Pterocarpus Indica (tree)
asana: Terminalia Tomen Indica (tree)
aniaya
maltreatment, abuse, injustice, tyranny
anyayā: sinful activities, mischief
antara
among, (in) between
antarā: between, in the meantime
anugerah
award, honour, grace
anugraha: to bestow blessings, compassion
angsana
Pterocarpus Indica (tree)
asana: Terminalia Tomen Indica (tree)
asa
hope
asha
asmara
love, passion
smara
asrama
dormitory
ashram
atau
or
athavā: alternatively, or, either
ayah
father
arya, ayya (same in Tamil and Telugu)
baca
read
vācā: words, with a voice
bagai
as if, like
bhagā: whose good fortune
bagi
for, give
bhāga: "(to) divide"
baginda
majesty
bhāgya: part, good fortune + -nda: Austronesian suffix
bahagia
blissful, lucky, blessed, happy
bhāgya: of the good fortune
bahasa
language
bhāsā
bahaya
danger
bhaya
bahu
shoulder
bāhu: arms
bahwa
that (conj.)
bhava: become, state of being
bahtera
ship
vahitra: a boat, ship
baiduri
opal (gem)
vaidårya: cat's eye (gem
bakti, bhakti
homage, devotion, service etc.
bhakti
bala
disaster, calamity; also means help, assist
bala: by the strength
bangsa
nation, race
vamça: lineage, dynasty
bangsawan
noble
vaśa-vān: of the dynasty + having, possessing
barat
west
bharat: India, located west from Indonesia
bayu
wind (poetic)
vayu: Hindu god of wind
basmi
eliminate, destroy
bhasmã: reduce to ashes
bela
defend
velà: time, death
belaka
merely
bàlaka: young
belantara
jungle
vanàntara: (interior of a) forest
belia
youth
ba-lya: childhood age
belanja
shopping, expense
valanja: that which is spent
bencana
disaster, calamity
vàncana: deception
berahi
passionate love
virahin: separated from one's beloved
berhala
idol, image of a god
bhaññàra: lord
berita
news
varta
bestari
clever
vistàrin: extending
biara
monastery
vihara
biasa
habitual, usual, ordinary
abhya-sa: of the accumulated practice
biaya
expense
vyaya: loss, expense
bicara
speak
vicàra: discussion
bidadari
apsara, nymph, lesser female deities
vidyadhari: bearer of knowledge
bidan
midwife
vidvàn: nom. masc. of vidvant: wise
bijak
clever, wise
vicakùaõna: clever
bijaksana
clever, wise
vicakùaõna: clever
biji
seed
bīja: seed
bina
to build
bhinna: different, fresh, new
binaraga
bodybuilding
from combined words bina: to build and raga: body
binasa
die, death, destroyed
vinàsa: destruction
bisa
venom, malice; but also means can, able, potent visha: poisonous
budi
reason, virtue
boddhi, related to buddhism
bijaksana
wise, wisdom
vicakshana
bila
when
vela (time)
buana
world (poetic)
bhuvana
budaya
culture
combination of boddhi: virtue and dhaya: power
budi
kindness, good deed
buddhi: of intelligence
budiman
kind, wise
buddhiman: nom. of buddhi
bujangga
scholar
bhujanga: snake
bukti
proof
bhukti: enjoyment
bumi
earth
bhumi
bupati
the title of regency/regional leader
bhupati: lord of the earth
busana
clothing
bhusana
cahaya
light
chāyā
cakram, cakra disk, sphere etc.
chakra
candi
temple
candika: another manifestation of Durga as goddess of death
cangkang
shell
çangkha: winged shell attribute of Vishnu
cakrawala
horizon
chakravala
cerita
story
charita: narration, e.g. Buddhacarita
chandra
moon (poetic), lunar
chandra: Hindu moon god
citra
image
chitra: means "picture" in Hindi and Sanskrit
dana
donation, funds
dhana
dasawarsa
decade
combined word from dasa: ten and varsa: rain, year
daya
power
dhaya
denda
fine, punishment
danda
dewa
god
deva
dewi
goddess
devi
desa
village
desh
dharma, darma duty, good deeds (i.e. charity), truth etc.
dharmma
derma
alms giving
same origin with dharmma
dirgahayu
long live
dīrgha (long) and āyu (age); āyuā = with a life span
duka
sadness
dukkha
durjana
evil, wicked, malicious
durjana
gajah
elephant
gajha
gapura
gate
gopuram
gaya
stylish, fashionable
gaya: wealth, worth going to
gerhana
eclipse
grahana: seizure
gita
song (poetic)
gita
genta
bell
genta
guna
utilize, use, purpose
ghuna
guru
teacher, guru
guru
hina
lowly, inferior
hinna: small, lesser, petty
istri
wife
sttri
jaga
awake, guard
jagarti: be awake
jagat
universe
jhagad
jala
net, casting net
jala
jambu
tree (Eugenia)
jambu
jampi
incantation
japa
janda
widow
raõóa
jasa
merit, service, etc.
vyàsa: service also yasah: wonderful activities, glories
jati
tree (Tectonia grandis)
jàti: tree (Jasminum grandiflorum)
jawa
Java, Javanese
yava: barley, grain
jaya
glorious
jaya
jelata
common people
janata
jelita
lovely
lalita
jelma
incarnation, to become, to turn into
janma: birth
jentera
spinning, wheel
yantra: instrument
jiwa
life, soul, sanity
jiva: (personal) soul
juta
million
ayuta: thousand (not million)
jutawan
very rich
ayuta+vān: ten thousand + having, possessing
kaca
glass
kàca: glass
kacamata
glasses, spectacles
kàca: glass
kala
time
kàla: time
kalau
if
kàla: time
kali
time(s), in mathematics
kàla: time
kanta
lens
kànta: sun-crystal
kapas
cotton
karpàsa
karena
because
kàraña: cause
karma
karma
karma: Hindu-Buddhist concept
karsa
initiative, will
karsha
kartika
star (poetic)
kartika
karunia
blessing
karuña: compassion
karya
work, oeuvre
karya
kasturi
musk, musk flower (k.o. hibiscus)
kastårã: musk
kata
word
kathà: story
kati
a hundred thousand
koñi: ten million
kelahi
quarrel, fight
kalaha
keling
Indian, black-skinned
kàlinga: inhabitant of Kalinga, south Orissa, India
keluarga
family
kula-varga
kemboja
flowering tree (Plumeria Acuminata)
kamboja
kendi
water-pitcher
kuñďa
kepala
head
kaphala
keranda
coffin
karañďa: basket, box
kerja
work
karya: the work, the manifest products
kencana
gold, golden, grand, glorious
kanchana: gold
ksatria
warrior, knight
kùatriya
ketika
moment, when
ghañikà: hour (24 minutes)
kian
become more, as much (many) as
kiyan: how much
kosakata
vocabulary
kosa
kota
, city, town
koña: stronghold
kuasa
power
vasa
kuda
horse
kudda
kumala
jade, gemstone
komala: gracious
kumba
pot
kumbha
kunci
key
kucikà
kungkuma
saffron
kuïkuma
kurnia
mercy
kàruõya: compassion
kusta
leprosy
kuùñha
labu
gourd
alabå
laksa
ten thousand
lakça
laksamana
admiral
lakçmaña: name of Rama's younger brother
lawang
door, cinnamon
lavanga: clove
lela
graceful movement, elegant
lãlà: play
lena
sleep soundly
lãna: lying
lencana
seal, emblem, badge
lanchana
lingga
lingga (symbol of Shiva), phallic
liņga
loba
greedy
lobha: greed
loka
world, place, realm, abode
loka
madu
honey, co-wife
madhu: honey
maha
great, super, hyper, very
maha
mahadewa
supreme god
mahà+deva: supreme god
mahadewi
supreme goddess
mahà+devi: supreme goddess
maha esa
all-mighty
mahà+īśa: supreme lord
mahaguru
professor
mahà+guru: great teacher
maharaja
king
mahà+ràja: great king
maharani
queen
mahàrani
mahasiswa
(male) college/university student
mahà-śiyā: great-student
mahasiswi
(female) college/university student
mahà-śiyā: great-student
mahkota
crown
makuta
mala
stain, dirt
mala: dirty things
malapetaka
calamity, disaster
mahā-pātaka: the resultant actions of greatly sinful activities
manakala
when
māna-kàla: in honor of time
mani
sperm
mani: pearls, gemlike, jewel
manik
bead, sequin, jewel
mani: pearls, gemlike, jewel
mantera
mantra
mantra
menteri
minister (head of a government department)
mantri
merajalela
rage, raging, at large, spread widely and wildly maharaja-lãlà: king + play
merdeka
freedom, liberty
mahardhikka
mitra
partner
mitra: friend
muka
face
mukkha
mula
to start, to begin
mula: origin
naga
dragon
naga: serpent deities
nama
name
naam
negara
country
nagara
negeri
city (lit.)
nagarī
neraka
hell
naraka
nirwana
an ideal condition of harmony or joy
nirvana
nusa
island (poetic)
nusa
pahala
merit, reward (for moral conduct)
phala (of fruits, of results)
paksa
to force
paksha
pendeta
priest, today used for Christian priest
pandhita
pendopo
hall
mandhapa, through Javanese: pendhapa
pekerti
understanding
krti: understanding
perkasa
powerful, forceful, manly
prakasha
perkosa
rape
prakasha (same origin as perkasa)
perwira
high-ranked military official
vira: brave or eminent man, hero, chief
pria
man/men
priya: beloved, dear
puasa
fasting
upawasa: get near to god (wisdom)
puja
worship, adore
puja
punya
have, possessive verb
punia: merit, deserving
pura
Hindu temple, city
pura: city/walled enclosure
purba
ancient
purva
puri
palace
pura: city/walled enclosure
pustaka
book
pushtaka
puspa
flower (poetic)
pushpa
putera, putra
son
putra: prince
puteri, putri
daughter, princess
putri: princess
raga
body
raga: to please, to colour
rahasia
secret
rahasya
raja
king
raja
raksasa
giant, monster
rakshasa: demon
rani
queen
rani
rasa
emotion, feeling, taste
rasha
ratna
jewel, gemstone (poetic)
ratna
resmi
official
rashmi: ray of light
rupa
look, appearance
rupa
sabda
to proclaim (poetic)
sabda
samudra
ocean
samudra
sasana
training hall
sasana: teaching
sastra
literature
sashtra
sakti
powerful
shakti
satwa
fauna
sattva
semadi
meditation, contemplation
samadhi
sempurna
perfect
sampurna: entirely, complete
sengsara
suffering
samsara: continuous flow of reincarnation
senopati
general, military leader (archaic)
senapati
seteru
enemy
satru
setia
loyal, truthful
satya: truth, correct
serba
all, everyhing, complete
sarva: all or everything
singa
lion
singha
singgasana
throne
singha-sana: the lion throne
suami
husband
svami
suara
sound
svara
sukma
soul
suksma: subtle
sunyi
quiet (situation)
śūnya: zero, nothing
surga
heaven
svarga-loka
surya
sun (poetic), solar
surya: Hindu sun god
suka
like, happy
sukkha
susila
modesty, appropriate
sushila
swa-
do something by oneself
sva: self, own
tata
order, to arrange
tatha
tali
rope, string
talli
topi
hat
topi
unta
camel
ushtra
upacara
ceremony
uppakara: religious ritual
usaha
effort
utsaha
usia
age
yua
utama
ultimate, the most important, foremost
uttama
utara
north
uttara
wahana
ride, vehicle
vahana
wana
forest (poetic)
vana
wangsa
dynasty, royal house
vamça: lineage
warna
colour
varna
warta
news
varta (same origin as berita)
warta berita
news broadcast
varta
wihara
Buddhist Temple
vihara
yudha
war, battle (poetic)
yuddha
From Tamil This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it (http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php?title=List_of_loanwords_in_Indonesian&action=edit). Word
Meaning
Original word
apam
kind of cake apam
gulai
kind of curry gulai
kapal
boat
kappal
kedai
foodstall
Kaddai
kuil
temple
koil
mangga mango
manga
roti
bread
rotti
topi
hat
toppi
kata
say
katai
From Middle Eastern languages From Arabic The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam. Words of Arabic origin include dunia (from Arabic dun-ya = the present world, as opposed to the after-life world), kabar ( = news), selamat/ salam ( salam = a greeting), senin ( al-Itnain = Monday), selasa ( at-Tulata = Tuesday), jumat ( al-Jum'at = Friday), hadiah ( hadiyyah = gift/present), mungkin (from mumkin = perhaps), maklum ( ma'lum = understood), kitab ( kitab = book), and kamus ( qamus = dictionary). Allah is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew Word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus. Psalms used to be translated as Zabur, the Arabic name, but now it is called Mazmur which corresponds more with Hebrew. Word
Meaning
Original word
Transcription, notes
abdi
servant
Abd
adab
civilize, proper
adab
akal
reason
'aqlun
akhir
end
akhirun
akhlak
moral
akhlaqun
akhirat
hereafter
akhiratun
alam
nature
alam
aljabar
algebra
aljabbar
amal
alms giving, good deed
aml
anda
you (formal)
anta
asal
origin
asl
asli
real, original
asl
awal
beginning
awwalun
badan
body
baddan
bahari
maritime, naval
bahri: sea
berkah
bless, barakah
barkatun
daftar
list
daftarun
dakwah
sermon
da'wah
dunia
world
dun-yaa`
fakir
poor people, pauper
fakr
gaib
unseen, other world
ghaib
halal
religiously lawful
halal
haram
religiously unlawful
haraam
hewan
animal
haywan
hikmah
(deeper) meaning
hikma
ilmu
knowledge, science
ilmi
ijazah
diploma
'ijazah
jadwal
schedule
jadwal
jahanam
cursed, damned
jahannam: a name of hell, from Hebrew: gehenna
jail
prank, practical joke
jahil: ignorance
jilbab
hijab head covering
hijab
kafir
infidel
kafir
kitab
book
kitabun
korban
sacrifice
qurban
kurma
date palm
qurma
kursi
chair
kursiyyun
laskar
soldier
ash'kar
lisan
mouthly, mouth
litsanun
maaf
sorry, to apologise
maaf
makna
meaning
ma'na
maksud
meaning, purpose
ma'sud
majelis
assembly, majlis
majlis
masjid
mosque
masjid
maut
dead, deadly
mawt
menara
tower
manārah: lighthouse
miskin
poor
miskin
mubazir
useless
mubazir
muflis
bankrupt
muflis
mungkin
maybe
mumkin
murtad
apostate
murtad
munafik
hypocrite
munaffiq
musim
season
musim
nafsu
desire
nafs
najis
disgusting, unclean
najis
nikah
married
munakhat
petuah
lesson, advice
fatwa
pikir
to think
fikr
rahmat
blessing
rahmah
sabar
patience
sabr
sabun
soap
sabuun
saleh
pious
shalih
salju
snow
thalji
sedekah
gift, shodaqoh
shadaqatun
sehat
healthy
shihat
selamat
safe, well-being
salamah
shalat
pray
shalah
shaum
fasting
shaum
siasat
trick
siasatun
surat
letter
surah
sukur/syukur thankful
shukr
sunat
circumcision
sunnat
syariah
Islamic law
shari'a
senin
Monday
ttsnain
selasa
Tuesday
tsalasa
rabu
Wednesday
arba'a (derived by Yemeni Arabic "rabu")
kamis
Thursday
khams
khitan
circumcision
khitan
jumat
Friday
jum'ah
sabtu
Saturday
as-Sabt
tertib
orderly
tartib
wahid
number one, the best
wahidun
wajah
face
wajh
waktu
time
waqtun
wilayah
region, area
wilayah
yunani
Greece
yunnan: ionia
zaitun
olive
zaytun
zakat
alms
zakkatun
zakar
penis and testicles
zakkarun
zaman / jaman era
zaman
zinah
zina
adultery
From Persian Word
Meaning
Original word
Transcription, notes
anggur
grape
an-gur
bandar
port
bandar
cadar
veil
chādar
dewan
assembly, meeting
divan (administration)
firdaus
eden, bountiful garden
firdaus
gandum
wheat
gandum
kismis
raisin
kishmish
pahlawan
hero
pasar
market/bazaar
bāzār
pesona
charm
afsūn
piala
cup, trophy
pyāla (cup, bowl)
medan
area, field, square
meidan
nakhoda
captain of a ship
nākhodā
takhta
throne
takht
sihir
magic
sihr
syahbandar portmaster
pahlwān
shah-e bandar (lit. “king of the port”)
ustad
teacher (religious, Islam)
ustad
zirah
armor
zirah
From East Asian languages From Chinese The Chinese loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just exclusively things Chinese. According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia is almost 1%, although this may likely be an underestimate. Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau ( bshu – knife), mie ( > Hokkien mī – noodles), lumpia ( (Hokkien = lūn-piá) – springroll), teko ( > = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), kuli = khu (bitter) and li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' and 'lu/li' – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). Almost all loan words in Indonesian with Chinese origin comes from Hokkien dialect. Loan words in Indonesian with Chinese origins. Word
Meaning
Original word (in Hakka or Hokkien/,)
amoi
Chinese girl
amei: sister
angciu
cooking wine used for food flavour enhancer
ang ciu: red wine
angpao
gift money for Chinese New Year
ang pao
bakcang
glutinous rice dumpling filled with meat
bak cang
bakmie
meat noodle
bak mie
bakso
meatball
(?) bak so
bakpau
meatbun
bak pao
bihun
rice vermicelli
bee hoon
cap cai
stir fried vegetable dish
cawan
cup
chawan
cukong
tycoon
cu kong
dacin
balance scale
(?) dacin
gua
me (slang)
gua/wa
hoki
luck, fortune
hok khi
kakak
older sibling/addressing someone slightly older
ko—ko
kecap
soybean sauce (ketchup is 'saus tomat', not kecap)
Keng Cio
kerangkeng
cage
-keng: room in Hokkien
kue
cake, pastries
kwe
kuli
slave, labourer
kuli
kwetiau
kway teow (flat noodle)
kway teow
lihai
skillful
li hai
lobak
daikon, radish
lo ba
loténg
2nd storey of a house, attic
lao teng
lumpia
spring roll
lun pia
chap-chhài
mak comblang matchmaker
(?)
mesiu
gunpowder
(not clear whether of Chinese descent or not)
mi / mie
noodle
mie
micin / pécin
MSG (flavouring for cooking)
vetsin
sempoa
abacus, suanpan
sui poa, suanpan
singkék
Chinese newcomer (derogative), pure blooded Chinese, i.e. not of mixed ancestry Shin Khek
siomay
shumai (wrapped and steamed with fillings)
sio mai
tahu
tofu
toufu/tauhu
teh
tea
te
teko
tea pot
te ko
Tionghoa
Chinese
chung hwa/tiong hwa
Tiongkok
China
chung kuo/tiongkok
From Japanese Word
Meaning
Original word
dakocan black cartoon character
tako-chan (): octopus character
harakiri
hara-kiri (): cutting one's stomach
suicide
kamikaze suicidal soldier
kamikaze (): the wind of god
kempeitai military police of the Japanese Army (World War II) kenpeitai () jibaku
struggle
jibaku ()
romusha enslaved worker (during Japanese occupation)
romusha
taiso
calisthenics
taisou ()
tsunami
tsunami
tsunami ()
From European languages European influence over Indonesian language is significantly influenced through European intervention and colonialism, the most significant evident is the usage of Latin alphabet instead of various local scripts. Portuguese had first arrived in the archipelago and influenced the original Malay language after their conquest of Malacca. The Portuguese dominance over trade in the region and control of the spice island of Moluccas had significantly increase Portuguese influence in trade and also through the introduction of Christianity over the region. The Dutch however shows the most influence in the language, being in control of Indonesia for 300 years after eliminating the Portuguese as a player over control of the archipelago. Dutch language itself wasn't properly introduced over the archipelago before 1799 when the Netherlands' crown took over the colony from the already bankrupt VOC (Dutch East India company), previously the Malay language was adapted by VOC due to its trade and diplomatic benefit which led to mass loanword over the language. English to an extend also have influence over the archipelago's language, being the third most favored foreign language by the educated in the colonial days. English however plays more role over the nation's official language through recent globalization. From Portuguese Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "Spice Islands". Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. Indonesian words derived from Portuguese include sabun (from sabão = soap), meja (from mesa = table), boneka (from boneca = doll), jendela (from janela = window), gereja (from igreja = church), bola (from bola = ball), bendera (from bandeira = flag), roda (from roda = wheel), gagu (from gago = stutterer), sepatu (from sapato = shoe), kereta (from carreta = wagon), bangku (from banco = chair), keju (from queijo = cheese), garpu (from garfo = fork), terigu (from trigo = flour), mentega (from manteiga = butter), and Minggu (from domingo = Sunday).[3] Word
Meaning
Original word
akta
act (law)
acta
algojo
executioner
algoz
armada
fleet
armada
bangku
chair
banco: sitting
baret
barrette
barrete
barikade
barricade
barricada
belanda
Dutch, Holland,
Holanda
bendéra
flag
bandeira
beranda
verandah, porch
varanda
biola
violin
viola
bola
ball
bola
(kué) bolu (a type of) cake
bolo
cerutu
cigar
charuto
bonéka
doll
boneca
dansa
dance (not including traditional dance) dança
dadu
dice
dado
ganco
hook
gancho
garpu
fork
garfo
geréja
church
igreja
gerilya
guerrilla
guerrilha
infanteri
infantry
infanteria
jendéla
window
janela
kaldu
broth
caldo
kanal
channel
canal, through Dutch: kanaal
kavaleri
cavalry
cavaleria
kéju
cheese
queijo
keméja
shirt
camisa
keréta
chariot/cart
carreta
kertas
paper
cartas (papel)
kredo
creed
credo
lemari
closet
armário
lelang
auction
leilao
mebel
furniture
movel, through Dutch: meubel
meja
table
mesa
mentéga
butter
manteiga
minggu
Sunday
domingo
misa
mass
missa
mitos
myth
mitos
nanas
pineapple
ananas
natal
Christmas
natal
nina
little girl
menina
noda
stain
nodoa
nona
young woman
dona
nyonya
lady
donha
pasta
paste
pasta
pesiar
cruise, excursion
passear
pesta
party
festa
pigura
picture, figure
figura
pita
ribbon
fita
pompa
pump
bomba hidráulica, through Dutch: pomp
risko
risk
risco
sabtu
Saturday
sabado
sabun
soap
sabão
santo
saint
santo
saku
pocket, bag
saco
sekolah
school
escola (Latin: schola)
sepatu
shoe
sapato
serdadu
soldier
soldado
tenda
tent
tenda
témpo
time
tempo
tinta
ink
tinta
terigu
wheat
trigo
tolol
fool
tolo
tomat
tomato
tomate
tukar
exchange
trocar
frambus
raspberry
framboesa (Dutch: framboos)
gardu
to guard, watch post
guarda (Dutch: garde)
gubernur governor
governador (Dutch: Gouverneur)
gratis
free (not having to pay)
grátis, through Dutch: gratis
topik
topic
tópico
From Dutch The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left an extensive vocabulary that can be seen in words such as polisi (from politie = police), kualitas (from kwaliteit = quality), wortel (from wortel = carrot), kamar (from kamer = room, chamber), rokok (from roken = smoking cigarettes), korupsi (from corruptie = corruption), persneling (from versnelling = gear), kantor (from kantoor = office), resleting (from ritssluiting = zipper), kelas (from klas = class), and gratis (from gratis = free). These Dutch loanwords, and also from other non Italo-Iberian, European languages loanwords which came via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords, having clusters of several consonants, pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by insertion of the schwa. For example Dutch schroef [sxruf] Õ sekrup [skrup] . Many Indonesian vocabulary ending "-i" (ie:administras-i) also are known from the Dutch vocabulary influence "-ie" (ie:administrat-ie). All the months from January (Januari) to December (Desember) used in Indonesian are also derived from Dutch language. It is estimated that 10,000 words in Indonesian language can be traced to the Dutch language. [4] Note: Word after slash means 'genuine' Indonesian language, although may be loans from other language too. Word
Meaning
Original word
administrasi
administration
administratie
asbak
ashtray
asbak
agustus
august
augustus
aliansi/sekutu
alliance
alliantie
apartemen
apartment
appartement
aktual/kini
current
actueel
antik
Antique
antiek
april
April
april
apotek/apotik
pharmacy
apotheek
arde
ground (electricity)
aarde
arbéi/stroberi
strawberry
aardbei
arloji/jam tangan
watch
horloge
atret
aback
achteruit
ban
tire
band
baskom/waskom
washbasin
waskom
baterai
battery
batterij
baut & mur
bolt & nut
bout & moer
beha/kutang
brassiere
beha
beken
famous, notorious
bekend
béngkél
workplace
winkel: store, originally angle
bekleding
chair lining
bekleding
besuk/menjenguk
visiting
bezoeken
begel/sengkang
bracket
beugel
brankas
safe deposit box
brandkast
bioskop
cinema
bioscoop
buncis
green beans
boontjes
branwir/pemadam kebakaran firefighter squad
brandweer
bruder
Roman Catholic friar
broeder = brother
buku
book
boek
cokelat
chocolate
chocolade
komentar
comment
commentaar
komandan
commander
commandant
kongres
congress
congres
komisaris
commissioner
commissaris
kondisi
condition
conditie
kursus
course
cursus
korup
corrupt
corrupt
dah/dadah/selamat tinggal
good bye (Indonesian)/ good day (Dutch) dag
dak/atap
roof
dak
dasi
necktie
das(je)
debat
debate
debat
diskusi
discussion
discussie
desember
December
december
departemen
department
departement
dokter
medical doctor
dokter
dosis
dose
dosis
duit
money
duit, a copper Dutch coin
émbér
bucket
emmer
egois
selfish (Indonesian)/egoist
egoïst
Eropa
Europe
Europa
éngsél
hinges
hengsel
fantastis
fantastic
fantastisch
faktur
invoice
factuur
febuari
February
februari
gang
alley
gang
gorden
curtain
gordijn
gratis
free
gratis
halo
hello
hallo
handuk
towel
handdoek
hanger/penggantung
hanger
hanger
halte bus/pemberhentian bus bus stop
bushalte
helm
helmet
helm
hipotek
mortgage
hypotheek
ide
idea
idee
identik
identical
identiek
ilusi
ilussion
ilusie
imun
imune
immuun
intim
intimate
intiem
institut
institute
instituut
insinyur
engineer
ingenieur
jas
coat
jas
januari
January
januari
juni
June
juni
jus
Juice
jus
juli
July
juli
kabel
cable
kabel
karakter
character
karakter
kaisar
emperor
keizer
kakus/toilet
toilet
verb: kakken/noun: kakhuis
kalkun
turkey
kalkoen
kamar
room
kamer
kantor
office
kantoor
karcis
ticket
kaartjes: plural for diminutive of kaart, card or ticket)
kartu
card
kaart
katun
cotton
katoen
kelar/selesai
ready, finished
klaar
keran
faucet, tap
kraan
knalpot (or kenalpot)
muffler (on a motor vehicle)
knalpot
kol
cabbages
kool
kopi
coffee
koffie
kopor
suitcase
koffer
kor
choir
koor
kopling
clutch
koppeling
korsleting/konslet
short circuit
kortsluiting
korting/diskon
discount
korting/disconteren
kuitansi/bon
receipt
kwitantie/bon
kulkas/lemari es
ice box or refrigerator
koelkast
kusén
window frame
kozijn
laci
deskdrawer
laatje: diminutive form of la(de)
lampu
lamp
lamp
listrik
electric
elektrisch
lisensi
license
licentie
limun
lemonade (Indonesian)/ lemon (Dutch)
limoen
loket
pay box
loket
maskapai
airline (Indonesian)/company (Dutch)
maatschappij
makelar
broker
makelaar
mantel
coat
mantel
matras/kasur
bed
matras
maret
march
maart
massa
mass (bulk, load)
massa
mei
may
mei
merek
brand
merk
meubel
furniture
meubel
migrasi
migration
migratie
minder
not confident (Indonesian)/ less (Dutch)
minder
meises
sprinkles
muisjes
mobil
car, automobile
automobiel
motor
motorcycle
motorfiets
montir
mechanic
monteur
nanas
pineapple
ananas (Portuguese: Ananas, origin South America)
nomer
number
nummer
november
November
november
oktober
October
oktober
om/paman
uncle
oom
oma/nenek
grandma
oma
omzet/omset
revenue
omzet
onderdil
components/spare parts
onderdeel
ongkos/biaya
cost & expenses
onkosten
opa/kakek
granddad
opa
oranye
orange (colour)
oranje
orgel
pipe organ
orgel
otomatis
automatic
automatisch
pabrik
factory
fabriek
parkir
parking
parkeer
pas/cocok
fit
past (third person singular of "passen")
pastor/pendeta
pastor
pastoor
paroki
parish
parochie
paviliun
pavilion
paviljoen
pénsil
pencil
penseel (brush)
pensiun
retirement
pensioen
peron
platform (railway)
perron
pers/media massa
press/mass media
pers/massamedia
persik
peach
perzik
persis
precise, exactly the same, look alike
precies
plafon
ceiling
plafond, from French
polisi
police
politie
potret
portrait
portret
potlot
pencil
potlood
prestasi
performance
prestatie
preman
gangster (Indonesian)/freeman/outlaw
vrijman
prinsip
principle
principe
proyek
project
project
rékening
account
rekening
reklame
advertisement
reclame
rem
brake
rem
resep
recipe
recept
résléting
zipper
ritssluiting
rok
skirt
rok
rokok
cigarette
roken: to smoke
sakelar
switch
schakelaar
saldo
balance
saldo
satelit
satellite
satelliet
sekop
shovel
schop
sekrup
screw
schroef
seks
sex
seks
seksi
section
sektie
selang
water hose
slang
sempak
swim briefs
zwempak
serius
serious
serieus
setrika
clothes iron
strijkijzer
setrum
current (electricity)
stroom
september
September
september
sinterklas
Santa Claus
sinterklaas
sirkulasi
circulation
circulatie
sipir
warden
cipier
solusi/kesimpulan
solution
solutie
spanduk
commercial or information banner
spandoeken
stasiun
train station
station
struktur
structure
structuur
stopkontak
power socket
stopcontact
tang
pliers
tang
tas
bag
tas
tégel/ubin
floor tile
tegel
teh
tea
thee
teknologi
technology
technologie
telat/terlambat
late
te laat (too late)
telefon
telephone
telefoon
televisi
television
televisie
tema
theme
thema
teori
theory
theorie
tinta
ink
tint
tomat
tomato
tomaat (Portuguese: tomate, origin Central America)
terompet
trumpet
trompet
variabel
variable
variabel
vas
vase
vaas
versi
version
versie
visi
vision
visie
vulkan
volcano
vulkaan
wastafel
sink
wastafel
wol
wool
wol
wortel
carrot
wortel
yustisi/kehakiman
judiciary
justitie
yuridis
juridical
juridisch
segel
seal
zegel
suster/perawat (wanita)
nun, nurse, sister
zuster
From Greek Word
Meaning
Original word
demokrasi democracy demokratia through Dutch: democratie filsafat
philosophy philasophia, through Arabic: falsafah
mitos
myth
mythos, through Portuguese: mitos
stadion
stadium
stadion through Dutch: stadion
From Latin Word abolisi
Meaning
Original word
abolition
abolitia, through Dutch: abolitie
ad interim temporarily
ad interim
akta
act (law)
actus, through Portuguese: acta
aktivitas
activity
activitas, through Dutch: activiteit
amnesti
amnesty, state-granted pardon
amnestia, through Dutch: amnestie
almamater revered name for one's university
almamater: wise and nurturing mother
fakultas
faculty
facultas, through Dutch: faculteit
forum
forum
forum, through Portuguese: forum
humaniora humanities
humaniora
kantata
song
cantata, through Portuguese: cantada
kualitas
quality
kualitas, through Dutch: kwaliteit
misi
mision
misi, through Dutch: missie
nihil
nil, nothing, zero
nihil
nota bene actually, after look carefully, also
nota bene: examine closely
oknum
authority figure (police, soldier, prosecutor, judge) that perform unlawful or corrupted deed ocnum: name personal
status
status
status
universitas university
universitas, through Dutch: universiteit
From French Word
Meaning
Original word
akur
agree, get along well
accord, through Dutch: akkoord
arsip
archives
archives, through Dutch: archief
garnisun
garrison
garnison, through Dutch: garnisoen
intrik
intrigue
intrigue, through Dutch: intrige
kado
gift
cadeau, through Dutch: kado/cadeau
kampanye campaign
campagne, through Dutch: campagne
karantina quarantine
quarantaine, through Dutch: quarantaine
karoseri
the body of vehicle, car, coach, or bus carrosserie, through Dutch: carrosserie
klise
cliche
cliché, through Dutch: cliché
kudeta
coup
coup d'état
legiun
legion
légion, through Dutch: legioen
letnan
lieutenant
lieutenant, through Dutch: luitenant
manuver
maneuver
manœuvre, through Dutch: manoeuvre
mayones mayonnaise
mayonnaise
sabotase
sabotage
sabotage, through Dutch: sabotage
sabun
soap
savon
sepeda
bicycle
vélocipède
supir
driver
chauffeur, through Dutch: chauffeur
tante/bibi aunt
tante, through Dutch: tante
trotoar
trottoir, through Dutch: troittoir (also stoep, pronounced as "stoop")
sidewalk
From English Many English words are adopted in Indonesian through globalization, due to this however many Indonesians mistaken words that were originally adopted from Dutch with English due to the similarity of Germanic traces in both language. Word
Meaning
Original word
astronot
astronaut
astronaut
bisnis
business
business
diskon
discount
discount
elektronik
electronic
electronic
gosip
gossip
gossip
katering
catering service catering
komputer
computer
computer (Dutch: Computer)
komplit
complete
complete (Dutch: Compleet)
kondom
condom
condom
konter
counter
counter (Germans: konter)
modem
modem
modem
moderen
modern
modern (Dutch: moderne)
partner
partner
partner
pilot
pilot
pilot (Dutch: Piloot)
ponsel / HP read:Ha-Pé (shortened word from Hand Phone) cell phone
hand phone (used in Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and South Korea)
radar
radar
radar
roket
rocket
rocket
sistem
system
system (Dutch: Systeem)
stroberi
strawberry
strawberry
target
target
target
See also List of English words of Indonesian origin Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil Indonesian history Differences between Malay and Indonesian
References 1. 2. 3. 4.
^ a b C. D. Grijns et al. (eds). "Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay" (http://www.kitlv.nl/pdf_documents/asia-loan.pdf) (PDF). KITLV. Retrieved 26 August 2012. ^ Nurlela Adan, Ermitati, Rosnida M. Nur (2001). Kamus Bahasa Indonesia-Minangkabau. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan. p. 26. ISBN 0-333-57689-6. ^ http://www.reference.com/browse/indonesian+language
Bibliography de Vries, Jan W., Grijns, C.D. and Santa Maria, L. 1983 Indonesian : a check-list of words of European origin in Bahasa Indonesia and traditional Malay Leiden : Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Landen Volkenkunde. ISBN 90-6718-004-1. Badudu, J.S; Kamus Kata-kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia; Kompas, Jakarta, 2003
External links Indonesian Etymology Database (http://www.truevis.com/indon/ety.html) SEAlang Library (http://sealang.net/indonesia/lwim/) Orthography search engine on Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay Open Access | Journals | Conferences OMICS Publishing Group Copyright © 2014 OMICS International, All Rights Reserved. This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article List of loanwords in Indonesian; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA