Idea Transcript
List of medical mnemonics This is a list of medical mnemonics categorized and alphabetized.
Mnemonics with wikipages This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries. ABC — Airway, Breathing and Circulation[1] AEIOU-TIPS — causes of altered mental status APGAR — a backronym for Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration (used to assess newborn babies)[2] ASHICE — Age, Sex, History, Injuries/illness, Condition, ETA/extra information FAST — Face, Arms, Speech, Time — stroke symptoms Hs and Ts — causes of cardiac arrest Is Path Warm? — suicide risk factors OPQRST — Onset, Provocation, Quality, Region, Severity, Time — symptom checklist RICE — Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation — for sprains and bruises RNCHAMPS — mnemonic for the types of shock RPM-30-2-Can Do — mnemonic for START triage criteria SOCRATES — mnemonic used to evaluate characteristics of pain SOAP, a technique for writing medical records SLUDGE — Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastric upset, and Emesis (effects of nerve agent or organophosphate poisoning)
Anatomy Afferent vs efferent Afferent connection arrives and an efferent connection exits.
Anterior leg muscles "The Hospitals Are Not Dirty Places" Tibialis anterior extensor Hallucis longus anterior tibial Artery deep fibular Nerve extensor Digitorum longus Peronius tertius [aka fibularis tertius][3]
Brachial plexus Remember To Drink Cold Beer - Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches Posterior cord branches STAR - subscapular (upper and lower), thoracodorsal, axillary, radial RATS- Radial nerve, Axillary nerve, Thoracodorsal nerve, Subscapular (Upper & Lower)nerve. ULTRA - upper subscapular, lower subscapular, thoracodorsal, radial, axillary ULNAR- Upper subscapular nerve, Lower subscapular nerve,Nerve to latissimus dorsi, Axillary nerve, Radial nerve. Lateral Cord Branches LLM "Lucy Loves Me" - lateral pectoral, lateral root of the median nerve, musculocutaneous Love Me Latha (LML) - Lateral pectoral nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve, Lateral root of Median Nerve. Look My Lancer-Lateral pectoral nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve,Lateral root of Median nerve. Medial Cord Branches MMMUM "Most Medical Men Use Morphine" - medial pectoral, medial cutaneous nerve of arm, medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, ulnar, medial root of the median nerve Union of 4 Medials - Ulnar nerve, Medial cutaneous nerve of arm, Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, Medial pectoral nerve, Medial root of Median Nerve. 5 main nerves of brachial plexus, in order laterally to medially "My Aunty Recognised My Uncle" - Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar.
Bowel components "Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing Stock Report" [4] From proximal to distal: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Appendix Colon Sigmoid Rectum
Carotid sheath contents I See 10 CC's in the IV:[4]p. 1 I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery 10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve) CC = Common Carotid artery IV = Internal Jugular Vein
Cavernous sinus contents O TOM CAT:[4]p. 1 O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior. CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM. Occulomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Ophthalmic nerve (V1) Maxillary nerve (V2) Carotid artery Abducent nerve (VI) T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM
Coeliac trunk: branches Left Hand Side (LHS): Left gastric artery Hepatic artery Splenic artery
Chest "The servant attacks with saw and axe the lumbar, stack and cord." - Cervical (atlas, axis), thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal "I Like To Rise So High", for Iliac vein (common), Lumbar vein, Testicular vein, Renal vein, Suprarenal vein and Hepatic vein to represent the tributaries of the Inferior vena cava [5] Structures passing through greater sciatic foramen below piriformis (S.N.I.P. N.I.P.), sciatic nerve, nerve to obturator internus, internal pudendal vessel, pudendal nerve, nerve to quadratus femoris, inferior gluteal vessels, posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh Structures passing through lesser sciatic foramen: (P.I.N.T.) pudendal nerve, internal pudendal vessels, nerve to obturator internus, tendon of obturator internus One common mnemonic used to remember the contents of the Tarsal tunnel from anterior to posterior is "Tom, Dick and Harry".[6][7] [8] or alternatively "Tom, Dick (and very nervous) Harry" if the artery, vein, and nerve are included. One mnemonic for remembering the contents of the cavernous sinus is "OTOM CAT".[9] The branches of the subclavian artery can be remembered using VITamin C and D. The contents of posterior mediastinum can be remembered using the mnemonic, "DATES", for Descending aorta, Azygous vein and hemiazygos vein, Thoracic duct, Esophagus, Sympathetic trunk/ganglia.[5] A commonly used mnemonic to remember the level of the diaphragmatic apertures is this: Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12. Oesophagus, Vagal trunk = 10 letters = T10. Vena cava = 8 letters = T8 Another common mnemonic is: "I ate ten eggs at twelve" I (IVC) ate (TV8); ten (TV10) eggs (esophagus); at (aorta, azygos) twelve (TV12) "I Read Very Old And Torn Articles" - IVC, Right phrenic nerve, Vagus, Oesophagus, Aorta, Thoracic duct, Azygous vein. Standing room only can be used to remember that V 1 passes through the superior orbital fissure, V 2 through the foramen rotundum, and V 3 through the foramen ovale.[10] Contents of the foramen magnum: VAMPS-ATM (Vertebral arteries, Anterior Spinal artery, Meningeal branches of the cervical nerves, Posterior spinal arteries, Spinal part of the accessory nerve, Alar and Apical ligaments of the dense, Tectorial membrane, Medulla oblongata) Deep cerebellar nuclei and their positions relative to the midline: "Fat Guys Eat Donuts," where each letter indicates the medial to lateral location in the cerebellar white matter (nucleus fastigii, globose nucleus, nucleus emboliformis and dentate nucleus). A mnemonic to remember the muscles that contribute tendons to the pes anserinus and the innervations of these muscles is SGT FOT (sergeant FOT): S- Sartorius G- Gracilis T- semiTendinosus (from anterior to posterior). F- femoral nerve O- obturator nerve T- tibial division of the sciatic nerve. Notice the order of the muscles (S, G, T) follows the order of the innervating nerves which correspond to those muscles (F, O, T) The femoral triangle is shaped like the sail of a sailing ship and hence its boundaries can be remembered using the mnemonic, "SAIL" for Sartorius, Adductor longus and Inguinal Ligament.[5] The order of structures in the femoral triangle is important in the embalming of bodies, as the femoral artery is often exposed and used to pump embalming fluids into the body. The order of this neurovascular bundle can be remembered using the mnemonic, "NAVY" for Nerve, Artery, Vein, Y -fronts (the British term of a style of men's underwear with a "Y" shaped front that acts as a fly). The "Y" is midline (corresponding with the penis) and the mnemonic always reads from lateral to medial (in other words, the Femoral Nerve is always lateral). An alternate to this mnemonic is "NAVEL" for Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty Space and Lymph, to include the deep inguinal lymph nodes located medial to the Femoral vein.
Cranial nerves There are many mnemonics for the names of the cranial nerves, e.g. "OOOTTAFAGVSH" is "OLd OPen OCeans TROuble TRIbesmen ABout Fish VEnom Giving VArious ACute/SPlitting Headaches" (a mnemonic that gives enough letters to distinguish between nerves that start with the same letter), or "On old Olympus's towering tops, a Finn and German viewed some hops," [11] and for the initial letters "OOOTTAFVGVAH" is "Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel virgin girls' vaginas and hymens." [12] The differences between these depend on "acoustic" versus "vestibulocochlear" and "spinal-accessory" versus "accessory". A common example mnemonic for remembering which nerves are motor (M), sensory (S), or both (B), "Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Benevolent Bride Matters More". There are a very large number of additional mnemonics.[13] For the five branches of the facial nerve there are: Two Zebras Bit My Cookie or To Zanzibar By MotorCar List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves, their respective type and foramen Trigeminal (dentist) nerve VestibuloPathic GlossoOptic Oculomotor Abducens Facial cochlear (Trochlear) pharyngeal nerve nerve nerve nerve (Auditory) Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular nerve nerve nerve
Olfactory nerve
NERVE: Mnemonic: (for nerve)
Vagus nerve
Spinal Hypoglossal Accessory nerve nerve
OLd
OPen
OCeans
TROuble
TRIbesmen
ABout
Fish
VEnom
Giving
VArious
ACute / SPlitting
Headaches
TYPE:
Sensory
Sensory
Motor
Motor
Both (sensory + motor)
Motor
Both
Sensory
Both
Both
Motor
Motor
Mnemonic: (for type)[15]
Some
Say
Marry
Money,
But
My
Brother
Says
Big
Business
Makes
Money
Superior Orbital Fissure
Superior Orbital Fissure
Superior Foramen Foramen Orbital Rotundum Ovale Fissure
[14]
Cribriform Optic FORAMINA: plate canal Mnemonics: (for foramina)
Superior Internal Internal Orbital Acoustic Acoustic Fissure Meatus Meatus
Jugular Jugular Jugular Hypoglossal Foramen Foramen Foramen Canal
Cleaners
Only
Spray
Smelly
Stuff
Right
On
Smelly
Idiots
In
Jumbled
Carl
Only
Swims
South.
Silly
Roger
Only
Swims
In
Infiniti
Jacuzzis.
Junkyards Juggled Jane
Diaphragm apertures: spinal levels Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12 Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10 Vena cava = 8 letters = T8[4]p. 1 I ate 10 eggs at 12: I = IVC ate = T8 Eggs = Esophagus T10 At = Aorta T12
Duodenum: lengths of parts "Counting 1 to 4 but staggered":[4]p. 1 1st part: 2 inches 2nd part: 3 inches 3rd part: 4 inches 4th part: 1 inch
Endocrine glands The major glands of the endocrine system, excluding ovaries and testes. "T.A.P." (T2, A3, P4) Thymus Thyroid Anterior pituitary Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Posterior pituitary Parathyroid gland Pancreas Pineal[16]
Extraocular muscles A good mnemonic to remember which muscles are innervated by what nerve is to paraphrase it as a molecular equation: LR6 SO 4 R3 .[17] Lateral Rectus - Cranial Nerve VI Superior Oblique - Cranial Nerve IV the Rest of the muscles - Cranial Nerve III Another way to remember which nerves innervate which muscles is to understand the meaning behind all the Latin words. The fourth cranial nerve, the trochlear, is so named because the muscle it innervates, the superior oblique, runs through a little fascial pulley that changes its direction of pull (the trochlea of superior oblique). This pulley exists in the superiomedial corner of each orbit, and "trochl-" is Latin for "pulley." The sixth cranial nerve, the abducens, is so named because it controls the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye (rotates it laterally) upon contraction. The third cranial nerve, the oculomotor, is so named because it is in charge of the movement (motor) of the eye (oculo-). It controls all the other muscles.
G.I. tract layers (simplified) M.S.M.S. Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis propria Serosa[18]
Lateral geniculate nucleus A simple mnemonic for remembering this is "See I? I see, I see," with "see" representing the C in "contralateral," and "I" representing the I in "ipsilateral." Another is "Emily and Pete meet eye to eye" as in "M and P meet I to I," or again, Magno and Parvo meet Ipsi to Ipsi. Another way of remembering this is 2+3=5, which is correct, so ipsilateral side, and 1+4 doesn't equal 6, so contralateral.
Placenta-crossing substances WANT My Hot Dog[19] Wastes Antibodies Nutrients Teratogens Microorganisms Hormones, HIV Drugs
Retina A mnemonic to remember the layers of the retina: My
Membrane (internal limiting)
Nerves
Nerve fibers
Get
Ganglions
In
Inner plexiform
Knots
Inner nuclear
Outside
Outer plexiform
Our
Outer nuclear
Easy
External limiting membrane
Practice
Photoreceptors
Review
Retinal pigment epithelium
Sperm: path through male reproductive system "My boyfriend's name is STEVE":[4] Seminiferous Tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct
Sternal angle A useful mnemonic for what passes through the sternal angle is "RAT PLLANT" Rib 2 Aortic arch Tracheal bifurcation Pulmonary trunk Ligamentum arteriosum Left recurrent laryngeal Azygos Vein Nerves (Cardiac and Pulmonary plexuses) Thoracic duct A more detailed mnemonic is "PLOT of EARTH PLLANTS" Phrenic and Vagus Nerve Lymph Nodes Oblique fissure of lungs (top of it) Thymus Esophagus (trending right to left) Aortic Arch (bottom of the arch) Rib 2, Manubrium-sternal angle, T4(more specifically T4-5 disc) Tracheal Bifurcation (Carina: Latin –like keel of boat) Heart Pulmonary trunk bifurcation L2 : Left Recurrent Laryngeal (Looping under Aorta); Ligamentum Arteriosum: Connects Aortic Arch to Pulmonary. Bifurcation Azygous vein arches over the root of the Rt. Lung and opens in SVC. Nerve plexi: Cardiac and Pulmonary Plexus Thoracic duct (on its way to drain into the Left Subclavian) SVC going down
Spine Breakfast at 7:00--- 7 cervical vertebrae Lunch at 12:00--- 12 thoracic vertebrae Dinner at 5:00--- 5 lumbar vertebrae[20]
Hand Carpal bones: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle: Scaphoid, Lunatum, Triquetrum, Pisiforme, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate and Hamate Carpal Bones: She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiforme, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate and Hamate Carpal bones: Scabby Lucy Tried Pissing Hours after Copulating Two Twins: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiforme, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, and Trapezium: In clockwise order from Scaphoid-remember zoids do not touch each other. M. Hall Carpal bones: So Long To Pinky Here Comes The Thumb: Scaphoid, Lunatum, Triquetrum, Pisiforme, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium
Internal iliac artery: branches I Like Going Places Using My Very Own Unmanned Vehicle Posterior division: Iliolumbar artery Lateral sacral artery Superior gluteal artery Anterior division: Inferior gluteal artery Internal pudendal artery Umbilical artery Middle rectal artery Superior and inferior vesical artery Obturator artery Uterine artery (female) Vaginal artery (female)
Neuroscience Coronal section of brain: structures "In Extremis, Cannibals Eat People's Globus Pallidi Instead of Their Hearts": · From insula to midline: Insula Extreme capsule Claustrum External capsule Putamen Globus pallidus Internal capsule Thalamus Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Hormones "FLAG TOP ": FSH LH ACTH GH TSH MelanOcyte Stimulating Hormone Prolactin
Anaesthesiology Anesthesia machine/room check MS MAID: Monitors (EKG, SpO2, EtCO2, etc.) Suction Machine check (according to ASA guidelines) Airway equipment (ETT, laryngoscope, oral/nasal airway) IV equipment Drugs (emergency, inductions, NMBs, etc.)
Endotracheal intubation: diagnosis of poor bilateral breath sounds after intubation DOPE: Displaced (usually right mainstem, pyreform fossa, etc.) Obstruction (kinked or bitten tube, mucous plug, etc.) Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) Esophagus
General anaesthesia: equipment check prior to inducing MALES: Masks Airways Laryngoscopes Endotracheal tubes Suction/ Stylette, bougie
Spinal anesthesia agents "Little Boys Prefer Toys": Lidocaine Bupivicaine Procaine Tetracaine
Xylocaine: where not to use with epinephrine "Ears, Nose, Hose, Fingers and Toes" Vasoconstrictive effects of xylocaine with epinephrine are helpful in providing hemostasis while suturing. However, may cause local ischemic necrosis in distal structures such as the digits, tip of nose, penis, ears. "Digital PEN" - Digits, Penis, ear, nose.
Behavioural science / psychology Depression: major episode characteristics SPACE DIGS: Sleep disruption Psychomotor retardation Appetite change Concentration loss Energy loss Depressed mood Interest wanes Guilt Suicidal tendencies
Gain: primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary Primary: Patient's Psyche improved. Secondary: Symptom Sympathy for patient. Tertiary: Therapist's gain
Kubler-Ross dying process: stages "'Death Always Brings Great Acceptance": Denial Anger Bargaining Grieving Acceptance
Middle adolescence (14-17 years): characteristics HERO: Heterosexual crushes/ Homosexual Experience Education regarding short term benefits Risk taking Omnipotence
Narcolepsy: symptoms, epidemiology CHAP: Cataplexy Hallucinations Attacks of sleep Paralysis on waking Usual presentation is a young male, hence "chap"
Sleep stages: features DElta waves during DEepest sleep (stages 3 & 4, slow-wave). dREaM during REM sleep.
Impotence causes PLANE: Psychogenic: performance anxiety Libido: decreased with androgen deficiency, drugs Autonomic neuropathy: impede blood flow redirection Nitric oxide deficiency: impaired synthesis, decreased blood pressure Erectile reserve: can't maintain an erection
Male erectile dysfunction (MED): biological causes MED: Medicines (propranalol, methyldopa, SSRI, etc.) Ethanol Diabetes mellitus
Premature ejaculation: treatment 2 S's: SSRIs Squeezing technique [glans pressure before climax] More detail with 2 more S's: Sensate-focus exercises [relieves anxiety] Stop and start method [5-6 rehearsals of stopping stimulation before climax]
Biochemistry B vitamin names "The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious": In increasing order: Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pyridoxine (B6) Cobalamin (B12)
Essential amino acids "PVT. TIM HALL always argues, never tires": Phe Val Thr Trp Ile Met His Arg Lue Lys Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp. 'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.
Fasting state: branched-chain amino acids used by skeletal muscles "Muscles LIVe fast": Leucine Isoleucine Valine
Folate deficiency: causes A FOLIC DROP: Alcoholism Folic acid antagonists Oral contraceptives Low dietary intake Infection with Giardia Celiac sprue Dilatin Relative folate deficiency Old Pregnant
Glycogen storage: Anderson's (IV) vs. Cori's (III) enzyme defect ABCD: Anderson's=Branching enzyme. Cori's=Debranching enzyme. Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.
Glycogen storage: names of types I through VI "Viagra Pills Cause A Major Hardon Tendency": Von Gierke's Pompe's Cori's Anderson's McArdle's Her's Tarui's
Enzymes involved in Genetic Defects in Glycogen Metabolism (From 0-7, and 9) 0- Store fat, "winter is coming"Õ glycogen synthase 1- Shit, now you're too fat, lets burn calories with sex... sex sounds like six soÕ glucose-6-phosphatase 2- Then take some acid, because that's what you do after sexÕ acid maltase 3- Now you are so freaking high you rip all the branches from the Christmas treeÕ debranching enzyme 4- Then you think Holy Crap! Why did I do that, so you try to put the branches back onÕ branching enzyme 5- After all of this your MUSCLES are so tired from phosphorylationÕ m-glycogen phosphorylase 6- To make up for all that PHOSPHORYLATION you get drunk which ruins your liverÕ L-glycogen phosphorylase 7- more Points For Killing your liverÕ muscle phosphofructokinase (m-PFK1) 9- PHOK I'm a dumbassÕ Phosphorylase Kinase (PHOK)
Cardiology Aortic regurgitation: causes CREAM: Congenital Rheumatic damage Endocarditis Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation Marfan’s
Aortic stenosis characteristics SAD:[4]p. 29 Syncope Angina Dyspnoea
Aortic to left Subclavian path ABC'S[4]p. 1 Aortic arch gives rise to: Brachiocephalic trunk left Common Carotid left Subclavian
Heart valves (right to left) Toilet Paper My Ass (or They Pay Me Alcohol)[19] Tricuspid valve Pulmonary semilunar valve Mitral (bicuspid) valve Aortic semilunar valve
Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable HILT:[4]p. 29 Heaving Impalpable Laterally displaced Thrusting/ Tapping If it's impalpable, causes are COPD:[4]p. 29 COPD Obesity Pleural, Pericardial effusion Dextrocardia
Atrial Arrhythmias Anticoagulants: To prevent embolization. Beta blockers: To block the effects of certain hormones on the heart to slow the heart rate. Calcium Channel Blockers: Help slow the heart rate by blocking the number of electrical impulses that pass through the AV node into the lower heart chambers (ventricles). Digoxin: Helps slow the heart rate by blocking the number of electrical impulses that pass through the AV node into the lower heart chambers (ventricles). Electrocardioversion: A procedure in which electric currents are used to reset the heart's rhythm back to regular pattern.[21]
Atrial Fibrillation causes Pirates:[4]p. 3 Pulmonary: PE, COPD Iatrogenic Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD Thyroid: hyperthyroid Endocarditis Sick sinus syndrome
Atrial fibrillation management ABCD:[4]p. 30 Anti-coagulate Beta-block to control rate Cardiovert Digoxin
Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade) 3 D's:[4]p. 30 Distant heart sounds Distended jugular veins Decreased arterial pressure
Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium:[4]p. 30 Betaxolol Acebutelol Esmolol Atenolol Metoprolol
CHF Treatment LMNOP Lasix Morphine Nitrites Oxygen VassoPressors[22]
CHF: causes of exacerbation FAILURE[4]p. 30 Forgot medication Arrhythmia/ Anaemia Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection Lifestyle: taken too much salt Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism Renal failure Embolism: pulmonary
Complications of Myocardial Infarction Darth Vader Death Arrythmia Rupture(free ventricular wall/ ventricular septum/ papillary muscles) Tamponade Heart failure (acute or chronic) Valve disease Aneurysm of Ventricles Dressler's Syndrome thromboEmbolism (mural thrombus) Recurrence/ mitral Regurgitation[23]
Coronary artery bypass graft: indications DUST:[4]p. 31 Depressed ventricular function Unstable angina Stenosis of the left main stem Triple vessel disease
ECG: left vs. right bundle block WiLLiaM MaRRoW:[4]p. 31 W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block. M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block.
Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications RAMP:[4]p. 31 Recent MI Aortic stenosis MI in the last 7 days Pulmonary hypertension
Endocarditis FROM JANE: Fever Roth's spots Osler's nodes Murmur of heart Janeway lesions Anemia Nail hemorrhage Emboli
Heart valve sequence Try Puling My Aorta:[4]p. 3 Tricuspid Pulmonary Mitral (bicuspid) Aorta
Heart blocks If the R is far from P, then you have a First Degree. Longer, longer, longer, drop! Then you have a Wenkebach. if some P's don't get through, then you have Mobitz II. If P's and Q's don't agree, then you have a Third Degree.[24]
Infarctions INFARCTIONS[4]p. 34 IV access Narcotic analgesics (e.g. morphine, pethidine) Facilities for defibrillation (DF) Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin) Rest Converting enzyme inhibitor Thrombolysis IV beta blocker Oxygen 60% Nitrates Stool Softeners
JVP: wave form ASK ME[4]p. 32 Atrial contraction Systole (ventricular contraction) Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling Maximal atrial filling Emptying of atrium
MI: basic management BOOMAR:[4]p. 32 Bed rest Oxygen Opiate Monitor Anticoagulate Reduce clot size
MI: signs and symptoms PULSE:[4]p. 32 Persistent chest pains Upset stomach Lightheadedness Shortness of breath Excessive sweating
MI: therapeutic treatment O BATMAN![4]p. 32 Oxygen Beta blocker ASA Thrombolytics (e.g. heparin) Morphine Ace prn Nitroglycerin
MI: treatment of acute MI COAG:[4]p. 32 Cyclomorph Oxygen Aspirin Glycerol trinitrate
Murmur attributes "IL PQRST" (person has ill PQRST heart waves):[4]p. 32 Intensity Loccasion Pitch Quality Radiation Shape Timing
Murmurs: innocent murmur features 8 S's:[4]p. 32 Soft Systolic Short Sounds (S1 & S2) normal Symptomless Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG) Standing/ Sitting (vary with position) Sternal depression
Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration LEft sided murmurs louder with Expiration RIght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration.[4]p. 32
Murmurs: questions to ask SCRIPT:[4]p. 32 Site Character (e.g. harsh, soft, blowing) Radiation Intensity Pitch Timing
Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic PASS:Pulmonic & Aortic Stenosis=Systolic. PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic Insufficiency=Diastolic.[4]p. 32
Pericarditis: causes CARDIAC RIND:[4]p. 34 Collagen vascular disease Aortic aneurysm Radiation Drugs (such as hydralazine) Infections Acute renal failure Cardiac infarction Rheumatic fever Injury Neoplasms Dressler's syndrome
Pericarditis: EKG PericarditiS:[4]p. 34 PR depression in precordial leads. ST elevation.
Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria SICVD:[4]p. 34 Symmetry of leg musculature Integrity of skin Color of toenails Varicose veins Distribution of hair
Pulseless electrical activity: causes PATCH MED:[4]p. 34 Pulmonary embolus Acidosis Tension pneumothorax Cardiac tamponade Hypokalemia/ Hyperkalemia/ Hypoxia/ Hypothermia/ Hypovolemia Myocardial infarction Electrolyte derangements Drugs
ST elevation causes in ECG ELEVATION:[4]p. 34 Electrolytes LBBB Early repolarization Ventricular hypertrophy Aneurysm Treatment (e.g. pericardiocentesis) Injury (AMI, contusion) Osborne waves (hypothermia) Non-occlusive vasospasm
Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment ABCDE:[4]p. 35 Adenosine Beta-blocker Calcium channel antagonist Digoxin Excitation (vagal stimulation)
Ventricular tachycardia: treatment LAMB:[4]p. 35 Lidocaine Amiodarone Mexiltene/ Magnesium Beta-blocker
White Blood Cell Count Never let monkeys eat bananas: Neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils[25]
Emergency medicine Acute LVF management LMNOP:[4] Lasix (furosemide) Morphine (diamorphine) Nitrates Oxygen (sit patient up) Pulmonary ventilation (if doing badly)
Atrial fibrillation: causes of new onset THE ATRIAL FIBS:[4] Thyroid Hypothermia Embolism (P.E.) Alcohol Trauma (cardiac contusion) Recent surgery (post CABG) Ischemia Atrial enlargement Lone or idiopathic Fever, anemia, high-output states Infarct Bad valves (mitral stenosis) Stimulants (cocaine, theo, amphet, caffeine)
GCS Intubation Under 8, intubate.[26]
Ipecac: contraindications 4 C's:[4] Comatose Convulsing Corrosive hydroCarbon
JVP: raised JVP differential PQRST(EKG waves):[4] Pericardial effusion Quantity of fluid raised (fluid over load) Right heart failure Superior vena caval obstruction Tricuspid stenosis/Tricuspid regurgitation/Tamponade (cardiac)
MI: immediate treatment DOGASH:[4] Diamorphine Oxygen GTN spray Asprin 300 mg Streptokinase Heparin
PEA/Asystole (ACLS): etiology ITCHPAD [4] Infarction Tension pneumothorax Cardiac tamponade Hypovolemia/Hypothermia/Hypo-,Hyperkalemia/Hypomagnesmia/Hypoxemia Pulmonary embolism Acidosis Drug overdose
Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) SOAP ME Suction Oxygen Airway Equipment Positioning Monitoring & Meds EtCO2 & other Equipment[27] Rapid Sequence intubation Medications (RSI) (CCRx) Very Calmly Engage the Respiratory System Vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg [28] Cisatracurium 0.2 mg/kg [28] Etomidate 0.3 mg/kg [28] Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg-1.2 mg/kg [28] Succinylcholine 1 mg/kg [28]
Shock: signs and symptoms TV SPARC CUBE:[4] Thirst Vomitting Sweating Pulse weak Anxious Respirations shallow/rapid Cool Cyanotic Unconscious BP low Eyes blank
Shock: types RN CHAMPS (Alternatively: "MR. C.H. SNAP", or "NH CRAMPS"): Respiratory Neurogenic Cardiogenic Hemorrhagic Anaphylactic Metabolic Psychogenic Septic[29]
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes BATS:[4] Berry aneurysm Arteriovenous malformation/Adult polycystic kidney disease Trauma Stroke
Syncope causes, by system HEAD HEART VESSELS:[4] CNS causes include HEAD: Hypoxia/Hypoglycemia Epilepsy Anxiety Dysfunctional brain stem (basivertebral TIA) Cardiac causes are HEART: Heart attack Embolism (PE) Aortic obstruction (IHSS, AS or myxoma) Rhythm disturbance, ventricular Tachycardia Vascular causes are VESSELS: Vasovagal Ectopic (reminds one of hypovolemia) Situational Subclavian steal ENT (glossopharyngeal neuralgia) Low systemic vascular resistance (Addison's, diabetic vascular neuropathy) Sensitive carotid sinus
Tension pneumothorax: signs and symptoms P-THORAX [19] Pleuritic pain Tracheal deviation Hyperresonance Onset sudden Reduced breath sounds (and dyspnea) Absent fremitus X-ray shows collapse
Ventricular fibrillation: treatment Shock, Shock, Shock, Everybody Shock, Little Shock, Big Shock, Momma Shock, Poppa Shock:[4] Shock= Defibrillate Everybody= Epinephine Little= Lidocaine Big= Bretylium Momma= MgSO 4 Poppa= Pocainamide
Interviewing / Physical exam Abdominal Assessment To assess abdomen, palpate all 4 quadrants for DR. GERM: Distension: liver problems, bowel obstruction Rigidity (board like): bleeding Guarding: muscular tension when touched Eviseration/ Ecchymosis Rebound tenderness: infection Masses
Altered Level of Consciousness: Reasons AEIOU TIPS Alcohol Epilepsy, Electrolytes, and Encephalopathy Insulin Overdose, Oxygen Underdose, Uremia Trauma, Temperature Infection Psychogenic, Poisons Stroke, Shock[30]
Cause of symptoms OPQRST (Works well for cardiac, and respiratory patients.)[31] Onset of the event Provocation or palliation Quality of the pain Region and radiation Severity Time
Fetal Monitoring VEAL CHOP FHR Pattern: Variable Meaning:
Early Deceleration Acceleration Late Deceleration
Cord compression Head compression O2
Placental Insufficiency
[32]
Neurovascular Assessment 5 P's: Pain Pallor Paresthesia Pulse Paralysis[33]
Trauma assessment DCAP-BTLS Deformities & Discolorations Contusions Abrasions & Avulsion Penetrations & Punctures Burns Tenderness Lacerations Swelling & Symmetry
Toxicological seizures: Causes OTIS CAMPBELL Organophosphates Tricyclic antidepressants Isoniazid, Insulin Sympathomimetics Camphor, Cocaine Amphetamines Methylxanthines PCP, Propoxyphene, Phenol, Propranolol Benzodiazepine withdrawal, Botanicals Ethanol withdrawal Lithium, Lidocaine Lindane, Lead[34]
Vomiting: non-GIT differential ABCDEFGHI: Acute renal failure Brain [increased ICP] Cardiac [inferior MI] DKA Ears [labyrinthitis] Foreign substances [paracetamol, theo, etc.] Glaucoma Hyperemesis gravidarum Infection [pyelonephritis, meningitis]
Heart valve auscultation sites "All Patients Take Meds": Reading from top left: Aortic Pulmonary Tricuspid Mitral
Glasgow coma scale: components and numbers Scale types is 3 V's: Visual response Verbal response Vibratory (motor) response Scale scores are 4,5,6: Scale of 4: see so much more Scale of 5: talking jive Scale of 6: feels the pricks (if testing motor by pain withdrawal)
Mental state examination: stages in order "Assessed Mental State To Be Positively Clinically Unremarkable": Appearance and behaviour [observe state, clothing...] Mood [recent spirit] Speech [rate, form, content] Thinking [thoughts, perceptions] Behavioural abnormalities Perception abnormalities Cognition [time, place, age...] Understanding of condition [ideas, expectations, concerns]
History SAMPLE history Signs and Symptoms Allergies Medications Past medical history, injuries, illnesses Last meal/intake Events leading up to the injury and/or illness
Orthopaedic Assessment CLORIDE FPP Character: sharp or dull pain Loccasion: region (joint) of origin Onset: sudden vs. gradual Radiation: Intensity: how severe (scale 1-10), impact on ADLs (activities of daily living), is it getting better, worse or staying the same? Duration: acute vs. chronic Events associated: falls, morning stiffness, swelling, redness, joint clicking or locking, muscle cramps, muscle wasting, movement limitation, weakness, numbness or tingling, fever, chills, trauma (mechanism of injury), occupation activities, sports, repetitive movements Frequency: intermittent vs. constant, have you ever had this pain before? Palliative factors: is there anything that makes it better? (rest, activity, meds, heat, cold) Provocative factors: is there anything that makes it worse? (rest, activity, etc.)[35]
Pain history checklist SOCRATES: Site Onset Character Radiation Alleviating factors/ Associated symptoms Timing (duration, frequency) Exacerbating factors Severity Alternatively, Signs and Symptoms with the 'S'
Abdominal swelling causes 9 F's: Fat Feces Fluid Flatus Fetus Full-sized tumors Full bladder Fibroids False pregnancy
Head Trauma: rapid neuro exam 12 P's Psychological (mental) status Pupils: size, symmetry, reaction Paired ocular movements Papilloedema Pressure (BP, increased ICP) Pulse and rate Paralysis, Paresis Pyramidal signs Pin prick sensory response Pee (incontinent) Patellar reflex Ptosis
Ocular bobbing vs. dipping "Breakfast is fast, Dinner is slow, both go down": Bobbing is fast Dipping is slow In both, the initial movement is down.
Pupillary dilation (persistent): causes 3AM: 3rd nerve palsy Anti-muscarinic eye drops (e.g. to facilitate fundoscopy) Myotonic pupil
Clinical examination: initial Inspection of patient from end of bed ABC: Appearance (SOB, pain, etc.) Behaviour Connections (drips, inhalers, etc. connected to patient)
Differential diagnosis checklist "A VITAMIN C" A and C stand for Acquired and Congenital VITAMIN stands for: Vascular Inflammatory (Infectious and non-Infectious) Trauma/ Toxins Autoimmune Metabolic Idiopathic Neoplastic Example usage: List causes of decreased vision: Central retinal artery occlusion, Retinitis pigmentosa, Perforation to gobe, Chronic Gentamycin use, Ruematoid arthritis, Diabetes, Idiopathic, Any eye tumor, Myopia.
Primitive Reflexes "Absent Reflexes Should Get Paediatrics Professors Mad" Absent: Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex Reflexes: Rooting Reflex Should: Suck Reflex Get: Grasp Reflex Paediatrics: Placing Reflex Professors: Parachute Reflex Mad: Moro Reflex
Family history (FH) BALD CHASM: Blood pressure (high) Arthritis Lung disease Diabetes Cancer Heart disease Alcoholism Stroke Mental health disorders (depression, etc.)
Four point physical assessment of a disease "I'm A People Person" Inspection Auscultation Percussion Palpation
Medical history: disease checklist MJ THREADS: Myocardial infarction Jaundice Tuberculosis Hypertension Rheumatic fever/ Rheumatoid arthritis Epilepsy Asthma Diabetes Strokes
Past medical history (PMH) VAMP THIS: Vices (tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, sexual risks) Allergies Medications Preexisting medical conditions Trauma Hospitalizations Immunizations Surgeries
Patient examination organization SOAP: Subjective: what the patient says. Objective: what the examiner observes. Assessment: what the examiner thinks is going on. Plan: what they intend to do about it
Patient profile (PP) LADDERS: Living situation/ Lifestyle Anxiety Depression Daily activities (describe a typical day) Environmental risks/ Exposure Relationships Support system/ Stress
Physical exam for 'lumps and bumps' "6 Students and 3 Teachers go for CAMPFIRE": Site, Size, Shape, Surface, Skin, Scar Tenderness, Temperature, Transillumination Consistency Attachment Mobility Pulsation Fluctuation Irreducibility Regional lymph nodes Edge
Physical examination - correct order "I Palpate People's Abdomens": Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation
Short stature causes RETARD HEIGHT: Rickets Endocrine (cretinism, hypopituitarism, Cushing's) Turner syndrome Achondroplasia Respiratory(suppurative lung disease) Down syndrome Hereditary Environmental (postirradiation, postinfectious) IUGR GI (malabsorption) Heart (congenital heart disease) Tilted backbone (scoliosis)
Sign vs. symptom sIgn: something I can detect even if patient is unconscious. sYMptom is something only hYM knows about.
Surgical sieve for diagnostic categories INVESTIGATIONS: Iatrogenic Neoplastic Vascular Endocrine Structural/ Mechanical Traumatic Inflammatory Genetic/ Congenital Autoimmune Toxic Infective Old age/ Degenerative Nutritional Spontaneous/ Idiopathic
Surgical sieve for diagnostic categories (alternate) PAST MIDNIGHT: Psychological Autoimmune Spontaneous/idiopathic Toxic Metabolic Inflammatory Degenerative Neoplastic Inflammatory Genetic Hematological Traumatic VITAMIN CDEF: Vascular Infective/inflammatory Traumatic Autoimmune Metabolic Iatrogenic/idiopathic Neoplastic Congenital Degenerative/developmental Endocrine/environmental Functional
Breast history checklist LMNOP: Lump Mammary changes Nipple changes Other symptoms Patient risk factors
Delivering Bad News SPIKES: Setting up Perception Invitation Knowledge Emotions Strategy and Summary
Neurology Chorea: common causes St. VITUS'S DANCE:[4] Sydenhams Vascular Increased RBC's (polycythemia) Toxins: CO, Mg, Hg Uremia SLE Senile chorea Drugs APLA syndrome Neurodegenerative conditions: HD, neuroacanthocytosis, DRPLA Conception related: pregnancy, OCP's Endocrine: hyperthyroidism, hypo-, hyperglycemia
Congenital myopathy: features DREAMS:[4] Dominantly inherited, mostly Reflexes decreased Enzymes normal Apathetic floppy baby Milestones delayed Skeletal abnormalities
Dementia: reversible dementia causes DEMENTIA:[4] Drugs/Depression Elderly Multi-infarct/Medication Environmental Nutritional Toxins Ischemia Alcohol
Stroke risk factors HEADS:[4] Hypertension/ Hyperlipidemia Elderly Atrial fib Diabetes mellitus/ Drugs (cocaine) Smoking/Sex (male)
Horner Syndrome Horny PAMELA: Ptosis Anhydrosis Miosis Enophtalmos Loss of ciliary-spinal reflex Anisocoria
Pathology Acute intermittent porphyria: signs and symptoms 5 Ps:[36] Pain in the abdomen Polyneuropathy Psychological abnormalities Pink urine Precipitated by drugs (including barbiturates, oral contraceptives, and sulfa drugs)
Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs] 6 P's: Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paralysis Paraesthesia Perishingly cold
Anemia (normocytic): causes ABCD: Acute blood loss Bone marrow failure Chronic disease Destruction (hemolysis)
Anemia causes (simplified) ANEMIA: Anemia of chronic disease No folate or B12 Ethanol Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies Iron deficient Acute & chronic blood loss
Atherosclerosis risk factors "You're a SAD BET with these risk factors": Sex: male Age: middle-aged, elderly Diabetes mellitus BP high: hypertension Elevated cholesterol Tobacco
Carcinoid syndrome: components CARCinoid: Cutaneous flushing Asthmatic wheezing Right sided valvular heart lesions Cramping and diarrhea
Cushing syndrome CUSHING: Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne) Urinary free corisol and glucose increase Striae/ Suppressed immunity Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms) Glucose intolerance/Growth retardation
Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II ketONEbodies are seen in type ONEdiabetes.
Gallstones: risk factors 5 F's: Fat Female Fair (gallstones more common in Caucasians) Fertile (premenopausal- increased estrogen is thought to increase cholesterol levels in bile and decrease gallbladder contractions) Forty or above (age)[37]
Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes Common are 3 C's: Cirrhosis Carcinoma Cardiac failure Rarer are 3 C's: Cholestasis Cysts Cellular infiltration
Hyperkalemia (signs and symptoms) MURDER [19] Muscle weakness Urine: oliguria, anuria Respiratory distress Decreased cardiac contractility EKG changes Reflexes: Hyperreflexia or areflexia (flaccid)
Hypernatremia (signs and symptoms) FRIED SALT[19] FRIED Fever (low), Flushed skin Restless (irritable) Increased fluid retention, Increased blood pressure Edema (peripheral and pitting) Decreased urinary output, Dry mouth SALT Skin flushed Agitated Low-grade fever Thirst
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has cobblestones Crohn's has Cobblestones on endoscopy.
Morphine: effects MORPHINES: Miosis Orthostatic hypotension Respiratory depression Pain suppression Histamine release/Hormonal alterations Increased ICT Nausea Euphoria Sedation
Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus FLAME: Fatty Liver Anemia Malabsorption Edema
Pancreatitis: causes I GET SMASHED: Idiopathic Gallstones Ethanol Trauma Steroids Mumps Autoimmune Scorpion sting Hhyperlipidaemia/hypercalcaemia ERCP Drugs[38]
PKU findings PKU: Pale hair, skin Krazy (neurological abnormalities) Unpleasant smell
Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine "MorPHINE:Fine. AmPHETamine:Fat": Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine). Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat).
Pericarditis findings PERICarditis: Pulsus paradoxus ECG changes Rub Increased JVP Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when leaning forward]
Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings P seduogout crystals are: P ositive birefringent P olygon shaped Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi.
Signs of Chronic Liver Disease abcdefghij Asterixis, Ascites, Ankle oedema, Atrophy of testicles Bruising Clubbing/ Colour change of nails (leuconychia) Dupuytren’s contracture Encephalopathy / palmar Erythema Foetor hepaticus Gynaecomastia Hepatomegaly Increase size of parotids Jaundice[39]
Pharmacology Sedatives and hypnotics drugs Myosis Out of it (sedation) Respiratory depression Pneumonia Hypotension Infrequency (constipation, urinary retention) Nausea Emesis
Psychiatry Conduct disorder vs. Antisocial personality disorder Conduct disorder is seen in Children. Antisocial personality disorder is seen in Adults.
Depression: symptoms and signs (DSM-IV criteria) AWESOME: Affect flat Weight change (loss or gain) Energy, loss of Sad feelings/ Suicide thoughts or plans or attempts/ Sexual inhibition/ Sleep change (loss or excess)/ Social withdrawal Others (guilt, loss of pleasure, hopeless) Memory loss Emotional blunting
Depression UNHAPPINESS: Understandable (such as bereavement, major stresses) Neurotic (high anxiety personalities, negative parental upbringing Hypochondriasis) Agitation (usually organic causes such as dementia) Pseudodementia Pain Importuniing (whingeing, complaining) Nihilistic Endogenous Secondary (i.e. cancer at the head of the pancreas, bronchogenic cancer) Syndromal
Erikson's developmental stages "The sad tale of Erikson Motors": The stages in order by age group: Mr. Trust and MsTrust had an auto they were ashamed of. She took the initiative to find the guilty party. She found the industry was inferior. They were making cars with dents [identity] and rolling fuses [role confusion]. Mr. N.T. Macy [intimacy] isolated the problem, General TVT absorbed the cost. In the end, they found the tires were just gritty and the should have used de- spare!
Mania: cardinal symptoms DIG FAST: Distractibility Indiscretion (DSM-IV's "excessive involvement in pleasurable activities") Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activity increase Sleep deficit (decreased need for sleep) Talkativeness (pressured speech)
Mania: diagnostic criteria Must have 3 of MANIAC: Mouth (pressure of speech)/ Moodl Activity increased Naughty (disinhibition) Insomnia Attention (distractability) Confidence (grandiose ideas)
Parasomnias: time of onset SLeep terrors and SLeepwalking occur during SLow-wave sleep (stages 3 & 4).NightmaRE occurs during REM sleep (and is REMembered).
Psychiatric review of symptoms "Depressed Patients Seem Anxious, So Claim Psychiatrists": Depression and other mood disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymia) Personality disorders (primarily borderline personality disorder) Substance abuse disorders Anxiety disorders (panic disorder with agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder) Somatization disorder, eating disorders (these two disorders are combined because both involve disorders of bodily perception) Cognitive disorders (dementia, delirium) Psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, delusional disorder and psychosis accompanying depression, substance abuse or dementia)
Schizophrenia: negative features 4 A's: Ambivalence Affective incongruence Associative loosening Autism
Substance dependence: features (DSM IV) WITHDraw IT: 3 of 7 within 12-month period: Withdrawal Interest or Important activities given up or reduced Tolerance Harm to physical and psychosocial known but continue to use Desire to cut down, control Intended time, amount exceeded Time spent too much
Radiology / Oncology Anterior mediastinal masses 4 T's: Teratoma Thymoma Testicular-type T-cell / Hodgkin's lymphoma
Dermatomyositis or polymyositis: risk of underlying malignancy Risk is 30% at age 30. Risk is 40% at age 40, and so on.
Chest radiograph: checklist to examine "Pamela Found Our Rotation Particularly Exciting; Very Highly Commended Mainly 'Cus She Arouses": Patient details Film details Objects (e.g. lines, electrodes) Rotation Penetration Expansion Vessels Hila Costophrenic angles Mediastinum Cardiothoracic Ratio Soft tissues and bones Air (diaphragm, pneumothorax, subcut. emphysema)
Chest X-ray interpretation Preliminary is ABCDEF: AP or PA Body position Confirm name Date Exposure Films for comparison Analysis is ABCDEF: Airways (hilar adenopathy or enlargement) Breast shadows/ Bones (rib fractures, lytic bone lesions) Cardiac silhoutte (cardiac enlargement)/ Costophrenic angles (pleural effusions) Diaphragm (evidence of free air)/ Digestive tract Edges (apices for fibrosis, pneumothorax, pleural thickening or plaques)/ Extrathoracic tissues Fields (evidence of alveolar filling)/ Failure (alveolar air space disease with prominent vascularity with or without pleural effusions)
Chest X-ray: cavitating lesions differential "If you see HOLES on chest X-ray, they are WEIRD": Wegener's syndrome Embolic (pulmonary, septic) Infection (anaerobes, pneumocystis, TB) Rheumatoid (necrobiotic nodules) Developmental cysts (sequestration) Histiocytosis Oncological Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Environmental, occupational Sarcoid Alternatively: L=Left atrial myxoma
Lung cancer: main sites for distant metastases BLAB: Bone Liver Adrenals Brain
Elbow ossification centers, in sequence CRITOE: Capitellum Radial head Internal epicondyle Trochlea Olecranon External epicondyle
Esophageal cancer: risk factors ABCDEF: Achalasia Barret's esophagus Corrosive esophagitis
Just
High Hitchhikes.
Diverticuliis Esophageal web Familial
Head CT scan: evaluation checklist "Blood Can Be Very Bad": B lood Cistern Brain Ventricles Bone
Lung cancer: notorious consequences SPEECH: Superior vena cava syndrome Paralysis of diaphragm (Phrenic nerve) Ectopic hormones Eaton-Lambert syndrome Clubbing Horner syndrome/ Hoarseness
Mole: signs of trouble ABCDE: Asymmetry Border irregular Colour irregular Diameter usually > 0.5 cm Elevation irregular
Neck sagittal x-ray: examination checklist ABCD: Anterior: look for swelling Bones: examine each bone for fractures Cartilage: look for slipped discs Dark spots: ensure not abnormally big, or could mean excess blood
Osteoarthritis: x-ray signs LOSS: Loss of joint space Osteopyhtes Subcondral sclerosis Subchondral cysts
Prognotic factors for cancer: general PROGNOSIS: Presentation (time & course) Response to treatment Old (bad prog.) Good intervention (i.e. early) Non-compliance with treatment Order of differentiation (>1 cell type) Stage of disease Ill health Spread (diffuse)
Pituitary endocrine functions often affected by pituitary-associated tumor "Go Look For the Adenoma Please": Tropic hormones affected by growth tumor are: GnRH LSH FSH ACTH Prolactin function
T2 vs. T1 MRI scan "WW 2" (World War II): Water is White in a T2 scan. Conversely, a T1 scan shows fat as being whiter.
Upper lobe shadowing: causes BREASTS: Beryllium Radiation Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sarcoidosis TB Siliconiosis
Respirology Airway assessment LEMON Look Evaluate Mallampati Occlusion Neck mobility
Asthma management ASTHMA Adrenergic agonists Steroids Theophylline Hydration Masked oxygen Anticholinergics[40]
COPD Assessment Test (CAT) [41] CAT items: CHEST SEA To aid memory, think of the chest (or lungs) floating in a sea of yellow sputum, which is commonly seen in COPD. Cough Home-leaving confidence Exercise tolerance (uphill/ 1 flight of stairs) Sputum (phlegm/ mucus) Tightness of chest Sleep Energy level ADL at home
Croup symptoms 3 S's: Stridor Subglottic swelling Seal-bark cough
Miscellaneous The following may or may not fit properly into one of the above categories. They are being stored in this section either temporarily or permanently. Categorize them if needed.
Cholinergic Crisis SLUDGE and the Killer B's: Salivation Lacrimation Urination Diaphoresis, Diarrhea Gastrointestinal cramping Emesis Bradycardia Bronchospasm Bronchorrhea[42] also known as DUMBBELLS Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bradycardia Bronchospasm Emesis Lacrimation Loss of muscle strength Salivation/Sweating DISCO DIGITALIS ISONIAZID SPIRILACTINE CIMETIDINE,KETOCONQZILE OESTROGEN
Drugs for Bradycardia and Hypotension Isoproterenol Dopamine Epinephrine Atropine Sulfate
Gynaecomastia causing drugs Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers Spironolactone Digitalis Cimetidine Alcohol Ketoconazole[43]
Diaphragm innervation C3, 4, 5 Keeps the Diaphragm Alive[44]
Intubation preparation 7 P's Preparation Preoxygenation Pretreatment Paralysis with induction Positioning Placement of tube Postintubation management[45]
Pentad of TTP FAT RN: Fever Anemia Thrombocytopenia Renal Neuro changes[46]
Pulmonary Edema: Treatment LMNOP: Lasix Morphine Nitro Oxygen Position/Positive pressure ventilation[47]
Systemic lupus erythematosus: Diagnostic symptoms SOAP BRAIN MD Serositis Oral ulcers Arthritis P hotosensitivity, pulmonary fibrosis Blood cells Renal, Raynaud's ANA Immunologic (anti-Sm, anti-dsDNA) Neuropsych Malar rash Discoid rash however, not in order of diagnostic importance.
References 1. Mahadevan; Garmel (2012), An Introduction to Clinical Emergency Medicine, p. 831, ISBN 0521747767 2. APGAR, V (1953). "A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant.". Current Researches in Anesthesia & Analgesia. 32 (4): 260–7. doi:10.1213/00000539-195301000-00041. PMID 13083014. 3. (PDF) http://www.medicalmnemonics.com/pdf/2002_09_full_unabr_a4.pdf. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help) 4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 "Anatomy" (PDF). medicalmnemonics.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015. 5. 1 2 3 "Medical mnemonic for IVC tributaries". LifeHugger. Retrieved 2009-12-16. 6. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome & Nerve Entrapments at the Wayback Machine (archived November 4, 2006) 7. http://doctor.medscape.com/viewarticle/413587 Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. 8. MedicalMnemonics.com: 1182 7 9. MedicalMnemonics.com: 1094 10. MedicalMnemonics.com: 38 11. Dennis Long (2006). Vive Les Verbes Français!: 6,000 Verbs to Add Savoir-Flair to Your French. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 8. ISBN 978-007-147875-5. 12. Kevin C. Wang; Rita A. Mukhtar; Rodrigo E Saenz (2005). Hardcore Neuroscience. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-40510471-5. 13. Saladin, Kenneth S. (2008). Human anatomy (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 0-07-110209-4. 14. Textbook of Basic Nursing by Caroline Bunker Rosdahl and Mary T. Kowalski (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007) p194; Medical Terminology for Dummies by Beverley Henderson and Jennifer Dorsey (For Dummies, 2008) p327 15. Caroline Bunker Rosdahl and Mary T. Kowalski, Textbook of Basic Nursing (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007) p194 16. Ziser. "The Endocrine System (Major Endocrine Glands)" (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved 21 April 2015. 17. Sing, Atul (August 22, 2000). "Extraocular muscles cranial nerve innervation". Medicalmnemonics.com. Retrieved 20 January 2014. 18. "Four layers of the Gastointestinal Tract". University of Leeds. Retrieved 12 May 2015. 19. 1 2 3 4 5 Mega List of Mnemonics for Nurses & Nursing Students. Examville Study Guides. 2010. 20. http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/api%20notes%20h%20skeletal%20vertebrae.htm. Retrieved 28 January 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help) 21. Pharmacology nursing mnemonics 22. Principles of Pathophysiology 23. "Cardiovascular Mnemonics - Oxford Medical Education". Retrieved 2015-08-23. 24. The Heart Block Poem 25. Connie Allen; Valerie Harper (5 January 2011). Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 418–. ISBN 978-0-47059890-0. 26. "Pediatric Brain Care" (PDF). Oregon Health and Science University. December 8, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2016. 27. "UMEM Educational Pearls". University of Maryland School of Medicine. Retrieved 13 May 2015. 28. 1 2 3 4 5 Drug Information Handbook 19th edition 2010-2011 29. "Emergency Medicine Mnemonics". DoctorsHangout.com. Retrieved 13 May 2015. 30. "The Approach To Altered Mental Status". Retrieved 12 May 2015. 31. Coughlin, Christopher. EMT Emergency Medical Technician Crash Course. Research and Education Association. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7386-1006-1. 32. NCLEX-RN EXCEL: Test Success through Unfolding Case Study Review. 33. "Neurovascular assessment.". Retrieved 15 May 2015. 34. The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Resource. American College of Emergency Physicians. 35. "Orthopaedic Assessment". Orthopaedic One. Retrieved 12 May 2015. 36. Biochemistry Mnemonics for Health Sciences Students & Professionals. Examville Study Guides. p. 6. 37. "Clinical Cases Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)". University of Michigan. Retrieved 12 May 2015. 38. Causes of pancreatitis (mnemonic) 39. "Hepatology Mnemonics - Oxford Medical Education". Retrieved 2015-08-23. 40. ASTHMA 41. "COPD Assessment Test" (PDF). 42. Burchum, Jacqueline. Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Car. 43. "Pharmacology Recall". Retrieved 13 May 2015. 44. " "C3, 4, 5 Keeps the Diaphragm Alive." Is phrenic nerve palsy part of the pathophysiological mechanism in strangulation and hanging?". PubMed.gov. Retrieved 6 October 2015. 45. Cooper, Angus. "Rapid Sequence Intubation - A guide for assistants" (PDF). Scottish Intensive Care Society Education. NHS - Education for Scotland. Retrieved 31 March 2013. 46. Samir Mehta (1 October 2009). Step-Up to USMLE Step 1: A High-Yield, Systems-Based Review for the USMLE Step 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 293–. ISBN 978-1-60547-470-0. 47. "PULMONARY EDEMA" (PDF). Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Further reading Shahed Yousaf; Mubeen Chaudhry (2006), Mnemonics for Medical Undergraduates, ISBN 1904627889. Khan, Khalid (2008), Mnemonics and Study Tips for Medical Students, ISBN 0340957476. Beech, Alan (2013), Science & Math Rhymes 2 Help U, ISBN 978-0-615-89569-7. Epomedicine Medical Mnemonics
Medical mnemonics (list) ABC · AEIOU-TIPS · APGAR · ASHICE · CASMEET · DCAP-BTLS · FAST · Hs and Ts · IS PATH WARM? · OPQRST · RICE · RNCHAMPS · RPM-30-2-Can Do · SAD PERSONS · SAMPLE · SBAR · SOAP · SOCRATES
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