List of programming languages by type Informatics & Computer 147 ... [PDF]

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List of programming languages by type

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List of programming languages by type This is a list of programming languages groups.

Programming language lists

Contents

Alphabetical Categorical

1 Array language

Chronological

2 Aspect-oriented languages

Generational

3 Assembly languages 4 Authoring languages

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5 Command line interface languages 6 Compiled languages

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7 Concurrent languages 8 Curly-bracket languages

Regular Program

9 Dataflow languages

STIE Nasional Indonesia STT Indonesia ~ STTI

10 Data-oriented languages 11 Data-structured languages

Univ. Ibnu Chaldun Jkt. ~ UIC STIEM Bandung STT Mandala Bandung STMIKMJ Jakarta International Women Univ. POLNAS Denpasar UNIJA Jkt. IBM Bekasi STIE IGI STIE YPBI Walisongo: STIEG STTG STIE Swadaya Jkt. UNISA Kuningan STTM STIM LPMI IMWI Sukabumi STIES

12 Declarative languages 13 Embeddable languages 13.1 In source code 13.1.1 Server side 13.1.2 Client side 13.2 In object code 14 Educational languages 15 Esoteric languages 16 Extension languages 17 Fourth-generation languages 18 Functional languages 18.1 Pure 18.2 Impure

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19 Imperative languages 20 Interactive mode languages

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21 Interpreted languages

UMJ: FTan FISIP Univ. Muhammadiyah Smrg Univ. Muhammadiyah Sby Univ. Ibnu Chaldun Jkt STIEM Bandung UNSUB STIE Ahmad Dahlan STMIK MJ UNKRIS Universitas Suryadarma Univ. Thamrin: FE FASILKOM ISTA STIENI ITBU UP45 STTI UNFARI USB-YPKP STIE Trianandra STIE IGI STMIK Triguna STT Mandala Bandung

22 Iterative languages 23 List-based languages – LISPs 24 Little languages 25 Logic-based languages 26 Machine languages 27 Macro languages 27.1 Textual substitution macro languages 27.2 Application macro languages 28 Metaprogramming languages 29 Multiparadigm languages 30 Numerical analysis 31 Non-English-based languages 32 Object-oriented class-based languages 32.1 Multiple dispatch

STMIK STIKOM Bali STTB POLNAS Denpasar Walisongo: STIEG STTG IWU Bandung IBM Bekasi STT Bina Tunggal Bks. STIKI STT-STIKMA STIE Trianandra Kartasura ABA Prawira Martha UNIJA Jakarta UNDARIS Semarang UM Bengkulu INDOCAKTI UBI Banyuwangi UPRI STIE Hidayatullah Depok UNISA Dharma Andigha STIE Swadaya Jkt. University of Nusantara UNDARMA UHAMZAH STIE YPBI Jakarta UTS Makassar UNWIM AKBID Pjm Ar-Rachman STIE Nagoya Karimun STT Duta Bangsa STIE NIBA UTND Medan IMWI Sukabumi APP Apipsu Medan UNAKI KAHURIPAN STEI Jogja STIE Pemuda STT Jakarta UNU SUMBAR STT Pekanbaru University of Mpu Tantular STIM LPMI USCND Langsa USM Indonesia STTM UM Palangkaraya UNUGHA UNW STIE WD IKIP WD STIE Ganesha Yuppentek STT Muttaqien Gasantara

32.2 Single dispatch 33 Object-oriented prototype-based languages 34 Off-side rule languages 35 Procedural languages 36 Reflective languages 37 Rule-based languages 38 Scripting languages 39 Stack-based languages 40 Synchronous languages 41 Syntax handling languages 42 Visual languages 43 Wirth languages 44 XML-based languages 45 See also 46 References 47 External links

Array language See also: Category:Array programming languages Array programming (also known as vector or multidimensional languages) generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher dimensional arrays. A+ APL Chapel Fortran J K Matlab X10 ZPL

Aspect-oriented languages Main article: Aspect-oriented programming AspectC++ AspectJ AspectLua (a Lua extension)

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Compose*

STIENI STTI

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Univ. Ibnu Chaldun Jkt

e (verification language)

Univ. Muhammadiyah Smrg STMIK MJ UNKRIS UNSURYA Thamrin: FE FASILKOM UNFARI Bandung STIEM Bandung STMIK Triguna IWU bandung IBM Bekasi. STT Bina Tunggal Bks. STIKI STT-STIKMA STIE Trianandra Kartasura ABA Prawira Martha UNIJA Jakarta UNDARIS Semarang UM Bengkulu INDOCAKTI UBI Banyuwangi UPRI STIE Hidayatullah Depok UNISA Dharma Andigha STIE Swadaya Jkt. University of Nusantara UNDARMA UHAMZAH STIE YPBI Jakarta UTS Makassar UNWIM AKBID Pjm Ar-Rachman STIE Nagoya Karimun STT Duta Bangsa STIE NIBA UTND Medan IMWI Sukabumi APP Apipsu Medan UNAKI KAHURIPAN STEI Jogja STIE Pemuda STT Jakarta UNU SUMBAR STT Pekanbaru University of Mpu Tantular STIM LPMI USCND Langsa USM Indonesia UM Palangkaraya UNUGHA UNW STIE WD IKIP WD STIE Ganesha Yuppentek STT Muttaqien Gasantara

Assembly languages Main article: List of assemblers Assembly languages directly correspond to a machine language (see below) so machine code instructions appear in a form understandable by humans. Assembly languages lets programmers use symbolic addresses, which the assembler converts to absolute addresses. Most assemblers also support macros and symbolic constants. ASEM-51 AKI (AvtoKod "Inzhener", "Engineer's Autocode" for Minsk family of computers) ASCENT (ASsembler for CENTral Processor Unit of Control Data Corporation computer systems pre-COMPASS) ASPER (ASsembler for PERipheral Processor Units of Control Data Corporation computer systems pre-COMPASS) AUTOCODER (for IBM 1401 and 1440 mainframe systems) BAL (Basic AssembLer) - for IBM System/360 and later mainframe systems COMPASS (COMPrehensive ASSembler) Emu8086 [1] (x86 assembler and Intel's 8086 microprocessor emulator) EDTASM (Microsoft editor/assembler for Motorola 6809 on the Color Computer) FAP (Fortran Assembly Program, for IBM 709, 7090, 7094 mainframes) FASM (Flat Assembler; IA-32, IA-64) GAS (GNU Assembler) HLA (High Level Assembly) HLASM (High Level Assembler, for mainframes) LC-3 Linoleum (for cross-platform use) MACRO-11 (for DEC PDP-11) MACRO-20 (for DEC DECSYSTEM-20) MACRO-32 (for DEC VAX) MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler) MI (Machine Interface, compile-time intermediate language) MIPS (for MIPS architecture) Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages Motorola 68k Assembly (for Motorola 68000 family) of CPUs NASM (Netwide Assembler) NEAT (National's Electronic Autocoder Technique), for NCR computers, evolved into NEAT/3 PAL-III (for DEC PDP-8) PASM (for Parrot virtual machine) RosAsm (32-bit Assembler; The Bottom Up Assembler) SC123 (for educational computer developed at CSU) Sphinx C-- (mixes Assembly commands with C-like structures) SPS (also IBM 1620) SSK (Sistema Simvolicheskogo Kodirovaniya, or "System of symbolic coding") for Minsk family of computers TASM (Turbo Assembler, Borland) Yasm (Rewrite of NASM)

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Z80A Mnemonic language used to represent instructions for the Z80A microprocessor

Authoring languages

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Main article: Authoring language

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Bigwig (web design language) Coursewriter PILOT TUTOR

Command line interface languages Command-line interface (CLI) languages are also called batch languages, or job control languages. Examples: 4DOS (extended command-line shell for IBM PCs) bash (the Bourne-Again shell from GNU/FSF) csh and tcsh (C-like shell from Bill Joy at UC Berkeley)

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DCL DIGITAL Command Language - standard CLI language for VMS (DEC, Compaq, HP) DOS batch language (standard CLI/batch language for the IBM PC running DR-DOS, MS-DOS, or PC-DOS before Windows) EXEC 2 Expect (a UNIX automation and test tool)

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Hamilton C shell (a C shell for Windows)

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JCL (punch card-oriented batch control language for IBM System/360 family mainframes)

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ksh (a standard UNIX shell, written by David Korn)

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Rc (command-line shell for Plan 9) REXX sh (the standard UNIX shell, written by Stephen R. Bourne) TACL (Tandem Advanced Command Language) Windows batch language (Windows batch file language as understood by COMMAND.COM and Command Prompt) Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI) zsh (a UNIX shell)

Compiled languages

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These are languages typically processed by compilers, though theoretically any language can be compiled or interpreted. See also compiled language.

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Ada (multi-purpose language) ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.) SMALL Machine Algol Like Language Ateji PX, an extension of the Java language for parallelism

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BASIC (some dialects, including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC)

Employee Lecture Web Network

BCPL

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Blue

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C (one of the most widely used procedural programming languages)

Barterlink Set of Web

C++

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CLIPPER 5.3 (Programming Language for dos base software)

Dialogue Forum Sites

C# (compiled into Intermediate Language, which generates a native image at runtime)

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CLEO (Clear Language for Expressing Orders) used the compiler for the British Leo computers

Announcement / News Sites

CLush (Lush)

Career Web List

COBOL Cobra

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Common Lisp

Regular Tuition Portal List

Corn

Night Course Portal List

Curl

Master Program Portal List

D (Attempts a "C++ done right" philosophy)

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DASL compiles into Java, JavaScript, JSP, Flex, etc., which are further compiled into a .war file

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Delphi (Borland's Object Pascal development system)

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DIBOL (Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language) Dylan

Name

dylan.NET

eC (Ecere C)

Address

Eiffel (object-oriented language developed by Bertrand Meyer) Sather

City & Province

Ubercode eLisp Emacs Lisp

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Erlang Factor

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Forth (professional systems, like VFX and SwiftForth)

Send Now

Fortran (the first high-level, compiled language, from IBM, John Backus, et al.)

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Go Gosu

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Groovy (compiled into JVM bytecode) Haskell

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Harbour

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Java (usually compiled into JVM bytecode although true native-code compiled versions exist)

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JOVIAL

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LabVIEW Nemerle (compiled into Intermediate Language bytecode)

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Obix

JABODETABEK

Pascal (most implementations)

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Plus

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Objective-C

Java and Bali

ppC++

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RPG (Report Program Generator) Scheme (some implementations, e.g. Gambit)

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Smalltalk generally compiled to platform independent bytecode that runs on a Virtual Machine.

West Java

ML

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Standard ML Alice

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OCaml

SULAWESI

Urq

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Vala (programming language) (Compiler for the GObject type system)

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Turing

SUMATERA & BATAM

Visual Basic (earlier versions compiled directly to a native runtime. Recent .NET versions compile into Intermediate Language

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that is generated into a native image at runtime) Visual FoxPro

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Visual Prolog WinDev

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X++ XL Z++

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Concurrent languages See also: Category:Concurrent programming languages

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Message passing languages provide language constructs for concurrency. The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as Java is shared memory concurrency based on monitors. Concurrent languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by CSP or the -calculus , but have had little commercial success, except for Ada and Erlang. Ada is a multipurpose language and concurrent programming is only one option available.

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Ada (multi-purpose language) Afnix – concurrent access to data is protected automatically (previously called Aleph, but unrelated to Alef)

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Alef – concurrent language with threads and message passing, used for systems programming in early versions of Plan 9 from

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Bell Labs Ateji PX an extension of the Java language for parallelism

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ChucK – domain specific programming language for audio, precise control over concurrency and timing Cilk – a concurrent C

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C – C Omega, a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication

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Clojure – a dialect of Lisp for the Java Virtual Machine

Offset Machine Operator

ConcurrentLua – a Lua extension

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Co-array Fortran

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Concurrent Pascal (by Brinch-Hansen)

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Corn Curry E – uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur

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Eiffel (through the SCOOP mechanism, Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Computation)

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Erlang – uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared Go Java

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Join Java – concurrent language based on Java X10

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Join-calculus Joule – dataflow language, communicates by message passing Limbo – relative of Alef, used for systems programming in Inferno (operating system)

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MultiLisp – Scheme variant extended to support parallelism

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occam – influenced heavily by Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP).

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occam- – a modern variant of occam, which incorporates ideas from Milner's -calculus

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Orc Oz – multiparadigm language, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures Mozart Programming System – multiplatform Oz

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Pict – essentially an executable implementation of Milner's -calculus

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SALSA – actor language with token-passing, join, and first-class continuations for distributed computing over the Internet

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Scala – implements Erlang-style actors on the JVM

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SR – research language Unified Parallel C

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XProc – XML Processing language, enabling concurrency.

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Curly-bracket languages

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The curly-bracket or curly-brace programming languages have a syntax that defines statement blocks using the curly bracket or brace characters { and }. A lot of these languages descend from or are strongly influenced by C. Examples of curlybracket languages include:

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AS3

v IBMB - IBM Bekasi v STIEG - STIE Gempol

ABCL/c+

v STTG - STT Gempol

Alef

v SWADAYA - STIE Swadaya

Limbo

v STIE YPBI - STIE YPBI v UNISA - UNISA Kuningan

AutoHotkey

v IMWI - Sukabumi

AWK

v STIES Gasantara - Sukabumi

bc

P2K = Employee Class KM = Afternoon/Evening Class

BCPL C - developed circa 1970 at Bell Labs

Palangkaraya -- Kalimantan Tengah

C++

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Muh. Palangkaraya

C#

Langsa -- Banda Aceh :

Candle

P2K l KM Ü USCND Langsa

ChucK - audio programming language

Batam -- Kepulauan Riau :

Cilk - concurrent C for multithreaded parallel programming Coyote - safer C variant to lower the likelihood of some common errors, e.g., buffer overflows Cyclone - safer C variant

P2K l KM Ü AKBID Pjm Batam P2K l KM Ü STEI Ar-Rachman Batam P2K l KM Ü STIE Nagoya Batam P2K l KM Ü STIKES Karimun Batam

D DASL - based on Java

Padang -- Sumatera Barat :

DINO

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Nahd. Ulama Sumbar

eC (Ecere C)

Pekanbaru -- Riau :

E

P2K l KM Ü STT Pekanbaru

ECMAScript

Medan -- Nusa Tenggara Timur :

ActionScript

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Amir Hamzah

ECMAScript for XML

P2K l KM Ü Univ. of Tjut Nyak Dhien Medan

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Setia Bud. Mandiri

JavaScript

P2K l KM Ü Akademi perniaga. dan perusahaan

JScript

P2K l KM Ü USM Indonesia

MDMscript

Kupang -- Nusa Tenggara Timur :

TypeScript

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Karyadarma

Frink

Makassar -- Sulawesi Selatan :

Haskell

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Pejuang Rep. Ind.

Humo

P2K l KM Ü Univ. of Tech. Sulawesi

ICI

Manado -- Sulawesi Utara :

Java

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Nusantara, Manado

Processing

Bengkulu -- Sumatera :

Groovy

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Muh. Bengkulu

Join Java

Sukoharjo -- Jawa Tengah :

Tea

P2K l KM Ü STIE Trianandra Kartasura

X10

P2K l KM Ü ABA Prawira Martha

LPC

Semarang -- Jawa Tengah :

MSL

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Muhammadiyah Smrg

MEL

P2K l KM Ü UNAKI Semarang

P2K l KM Ü UNDARIS Semarang

Mythryl

P2K l KM Ü UNW Semarang

Nemerle - combines C# and ML features, provides syntax extension capabilities

Cilacap -- Jawa Tengah :

PCASTL

P2K l KM Ü UNUGHA Cilacap

Perl

Brebes -- Jawa Tengah :

PHP

P2K l KM Ü Peradaban

Pico

Banyuwangi -- Jawa Timur :

Pike

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Bakti Indonesia

Poses++ (language of the simulation system with the same name)

Surabaya -- Jawa Timur :

ppC++

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Muhammadiyah Sby

R

P2K l KM Ü STIE Pemuda Sby

S-Lang

P2K l KM Ü STIE Widya Darma Sby

P2K l KMÜ IKIP Widya Darma Sby

Scala

Kediri -- Jawa Timur :

sed

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Kahuripan Kediri

Suneido

Malang -- Jawa Timur :

SuperCollider

P2K l KM Ü STIKI Malang

TorqueScript

P2K l KM Ü STT-STIKMA Malang P2K l KM Ü STIE INDOCAKTI

UnrealScript

Yogyakarta -- DIY :

Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)

P2K l KM Ü UP45 - Univ. Proklamasi 45

Yorick

P2K l KM Ü STEI JOGJA - STEI Yogyakarta

There is dispute among programmers who use these languages about the placement of opening braces. Some put them on the lines of code which determine whether the contents of the braces are executed (e.g. the "if" or "while" condition) in order to reduce the number of lines and make more code visible at once. Others put every brace on a new line of code, in order to make brace nesting clearer.

Depok -- Jawa Barat : P2K l KM Ü STIE Hidayatullah P2K l KM Ü STIE - NIBA A

Bekasi -- Jawa Barat :

Dataflow languages

P2K l KM Ü STMIK-MJ - STMIK Muh. Jkt. P2K l KM Ü UNKRIS - Krisnadwipayana

Dataflow programming languages rely on a (usually visual) representation of the flow of data to specify the program. Frequently used for reacting to discrete events or for processing streams of data. Examples of dataflow languages include:

P2K l KM Ü IBM Bekasi P2K l KM Ü STTBT - STT Bina Tunggal P2K l KM Ü STTDB - STT Duta Bangsa P2K l KM Ü STIE - NIBA C

Hartmann pipelines

P2K l KM Ü STIE YPBI P2K l KM Ü STIE Swadaya - Jaktim

G (used in LabVIEW)

P2K l KM Ü STT Jakarta - Jaktim

Lucid

Denpasar -- Bali :

Max

P2K l KM Ü STMIK-STIKOM Bali

Prograph

P2K l KM Ü POLNAS Denpasar

Pure Data

Tangerang -- Banten :

StreamBase StreamSQL EventFlow

P2K l KM Ü STIEAD - STIE Ahmad Dahlan

VEE

P2K l KM Ü STIE Ganesha - Tangerang

VisSim

Subang -- Jawa Barat :

WebMethods Flow

P2K l KM Ü UNSUB - Universitas Subang

Monk

Gempol -- Jawa Timur :

Oz

P2K l KM Ü STIE Walisongo

VHDL

P2K l KM Ü STT Walisongo

Data-oriented languages

Kuningan -- Jawa Barat :

Data-oriented languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets. Examples of data-oriented languages include:

Purwakarta -- Jawa Barat :

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Islam Al-Ihya

P2K l KM Ü STT Dr. Khez Muttaqien

Clarion

Sukabumi :

Clipper

P2K l KM Ü IMWI Sukabumi P2K l KM Ü STIES Gasantara

dBase a relational database access language MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language with specializations for database work.)

Bogor -- Jawa Barat :

Caché (similar to MUMPS)

P2K l KM Ü STIH Dharma Andigha

RDQL

Cileungsi :

SPARQL

P2K l KM Ü STT Muhammadiyah Cileungsi P2K l KM Ü STIEAD Cileungsi

SQL

Bandung -- Jawa Barat :

Tutorial D, see also The Third Manifesto

P2K l KM Ü USB-YPKP - Sangga Buana

Visual FoxPro, a native RDBMS engine, object oriented, RAD

P2K l KM Ü UNFARI - Univ. Al-Ghifari

WebDNA

P2K l KM Ü STIE Muhammadiyah Bdg

WebQL

P2K l KM Ü STT Bandung

P2K l KM Ü STT Mandala, Bandung

Data-structured languages

P2K l KM Ü IWU Bandung P2K l KM Ü UNWIM Bandung

See also: Category:Data-structured programming languages

Bogor :

Data-structured languages are those where logic is structured in ways similar to their data. Such languages are generally well suited to reflection and introspection. There are three main types: Array-based

P2K l KM Ü STIH Dharma Andigha

Jakarta Barat : P2K l KM Ü ISTA - Institut ST Al Kamal P2K l KM Ü STIE IGI - Inter. Golden Inst.

List-based

P2K l KM Ü Univ. Mpu Tantular A - Jaktim

Stack-based

Jakarta Pusat :

Assembly languages that statically link data inline with instructions can also be considered data-structured, in the most primitive way.

P2K l KM Ü U M J - Univ. Muh. Jkt

Declarative languages

P2K l KM Ü STIEAD - STIE Ahmad Dahlan

P2K l KM Ü STTI - ST Teknologi Indonesia P2K l KM Ü STIE - Nasional Indonesia

Jakarta Selatan :

See also: Category:Declarative programming languages

P2K l KM Ü FISIP UMJ - Univ. Muh. Jkt.

Declarative languages describe a problem rather than defining a solution. Declarative programming stands in contrast to imperative programming via imperative programming languages, where serial orders (imperatives) are given to a computer. In addition to the examples given just below, all (pure) functional and logic-based programming languages are also declarative. In fact, "functional" and "logical" constitute the usual subcategories of the declarative category. Ant (partially Declarative languages , partially imperative programming)

P2K l KM Ü FTan UMJ - Agroteknologi P2K l KM Ü STIEAD - STIE Ahmad Dahlan P2K l KM Ü STIE Trianandra Jakarta P2K l KM Ü STIE - NIBA B P2K l KM Ü STIM LPMI Jakarta

Jakarta Timur :

Candle

P2K l KM Ü UIC - Univ. Ibnu Chaldun Jkt P2K l KM Ü UMHT - Univ. MH. Thamrin

DASL (partially Declarative languages , partially imperative programming)

P2K l KM Ü FE UMHT - FE MH. Thamrin

Formula One

P2K l KM Ü FASILKOM UMHT P2K l KM Ü UNSURYA - Suryadarma

Lustre

P2K l KM Ü UNKRIS - Krisnadwipayana

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Modelica

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Prolog

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Oz

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RDQL

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SPARQL

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SQL

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xBase XSL Transformations

World :

Poses++ (language of the simulation system with the same name)

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Embeddable languages In source code Source embeddable languages embed small pieces of executable code inside a piece of free-form text, often a web page.

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Client-side embedded languages are limited by the capabilities of the browser or intended client. They aim to provide dynamism to web pages without the need to recontact the server.

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Server-side embedded languages are much more flexible, since almost any language can be built into a server. The aim of having fragments of server-side code embedded in a web page is to generate additional markup dynamically; the code itself disappears when the page is served, to be replaced by its output.

Tell Your Friend's

Server side

Your name A

PHP VBscript

Your email A

SMX, dedicated to web pages WebDNA, dedicated to database-driven websites.

Your Friend's email 1 A

The above examples are particulalrly dedicated to this purpose. A large number of other languages, such as Candle, Erlang, Scala, Perl, Python and Ruby can be adapted (for instance, by being made into Apache modules).

Your Friend's email 2 (not required)

Client side

Your Friend's email 3 (not required)

ActionScript Java

A must be filled in correctly

Javascript

SEND

CANCEL

EcmaScript Jscript

Communication Link

In object code A wide variety of dynamic or scripting languages can be embedded in compiled executable code. Basically, object code for the language's interpreter needs to be linked into the executable. Source code fragments for the embedded language can then be passed to an evaluation function as strings. Application control languages can be implemented this way, if the source code is input by the user. Languages with small interpreters are preferred. AngelScript Ch EEL

Indonesian Embassy Minister Research & Technology All Literature Agriculture Anime Astronomy Biography Chemical Ecology

Io (programming language) Lua Tcl

Educational languages Languages developed primarily for the purpose of teaching and learning of programming. Alice Blue Modula-2 Pascal Scratch

Esoteric languages See also: Category:Esoteric programming languages An esoteric programming language is a programming language designed as a test of the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, or as a joke. Befunge Brainfuck Chef FALSE GolfScript [1] INTERCAL LOLCODE Malbolge merd Piet Qwertycode Shakespeare SNUSP Var'aq (Klingon programming language) Whitespace

Extension languages Extension programming languages are languages embedded into another program and used to harness its features in extension scripts. Ateji PX an extension of the Java language for parallelism AutoLISP (specific to AutoCAD) CAL C/AL(C/SIDE) DeScribe Macro Language (DML - specific to the DeScribe Word Processor) Guile Lua OpenCL an extension of C and C++ to use the GPU and parallel extensions of the CPU. OptimJ an extension of the Java programming language with language support for writing optimization models and powerful abstractions for bulk data processing. Python (Maya, Blender and other 3-D animation packages) REXX Ruby (Google SketchUp) S-Lang SQL Squirrel Tcl Vimscript VBA Windows PowerShell

Fourth-generation languages See also: Category:4GL Fourth-generation programming languages are high-level languages built around database systems. They are generally used in commercial environments. ABAP ADMINS BuildProfessional CorVision CSC's GraphTalk dylan.NET

Easytrieve report generator (now CA-Easytrieve Plus) FOCUS GEMBASE IBM Informix-4GL / Aubit-4GL LINC 4GL MAPPER (Unisys/Sperry) now part of BIS MARK-IV (Sterling/Informatics) now VISION:BUILDER of CA NATURAL Oracle Express 4GL Progress 4GL Revolution (not based on a database; still, the goal is to work at a higher level of abstraction than 3GLs) SAS Sculptor Today Ubercode (VHLL, or Very High Level Language) Uniface Visual DataFlex Visual FoxPro xBase XMLmosaic

Functional languages See also: Category:Functional languages Functional programming languages define programs and subroutines as mathematical functions. Many so-called functional languages are "impure", containing imperative features. Not surprisingly, many of these languages are tied to mathematical calculation tools. Functional languages include:

Pure Charity Clean Curry Haskell Hope Miranda

Impure APL ATS Candle Curl Erlang F# FPr CAL Hop J Joy Kite Lisp Clojure Common Lisp Dylan eLisp Emacs Lisp Little b Logo Scheme Racket (formerly PLT Scheme) Tea Lush Mathematica ML Standard ML Alice OCaml Mythryl Nemerle Opal OPS5 Poplog Q (equational programming language) Q (programming language from Kx Systems) R REFAL Russell Scala Spreadsheets

Imperative languages Imperative programming languages may be multi-paradigm and appear in other classifications. Here is a list of programming languages that follow the imperative paradigm: [2][3] Ada ALGOL BASIC Blue C C++ COBOL FORTRAN Java Lua MATLAB Machine language Modula-2, Modula-3 MUMPS Oberon Object Pascal Objective Caml Pascal Perl PHP Python Ruby

Interactive mode languages Interactive mode languages act as a kind of shell: expressions or statements can be entered one at a time, and the result of their evaluation is seen immediately. APL BASIC (some dialects) Clojure Common Lisp Erlang F# Fancy Forth FPr Fril Haskell (with the GHCi or Hugs interpreter) IDL J Lua MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language) Maple Mathematica MATLAB ML Mythryl Obix Perl (with the perl shell, psh) Pike PostScript Python R REXX Ruby (with IRB) Scala Scheme Smalltalk (anywhere in a Smalltalk environment) S-Lang (with the S-Lang shell, slsh) Tcl (with the Tcl shell, tclsh) Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)

Interpreted languages Interpreted languages are programming languages in which programs may be executed from source code form, by an interpreter. Theoretically, any language can be compiled or interpreted, so the term *interpreted language* generally refers to languages that are commonly interpreted rather than compiled. Ant APL AutoHotkey scripting language AutoIt scripting language BASIC (some dialects) DATABUS (later versions added optional compiling) DM Eiffel (via "Melting Ice Technology" in EiffelStudio) Forth (interactive shell only; otherwise compiled to native or threaded code) FPr (Virtual machine: Text is compiled to linked lists; linked lists are interpreted) Frink Game Maker Language Groovy Haskell (GHCi, Hugs, NHC, YHC etc.) J JavaScript Lisp (early versions, pre-1962, and some experimental ones; production Lisp systems are compilers, but many of them still provide an interpreter if needed) Tea LPC Lua Lush MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language) Maple Mathematica Oriel Pascal (early implementations) PCASTL Perl PHP Pikt PostScript Python REXX R Ruby S-Lang Spin Tcl TI-BASIC TorqueScript thinBasic scripting language VBScript Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI) XMLmosaic

Some scripting languages (below)

Iterative languages Iterative languages are built around or offering generators. Aldor Alphard C# CLU Cobra Eiffel, through "agents" Icon IPL-v Lua Lush Python Sather XL ("iterator" construct)

List-based languages – LISPs List-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based upon the list data structure. FPr Joy Lisp Arc Clojure Common Lisp Dylan eLisp Emacs Lisp Racket Scheme Logo Lush R Tcl Tea TRAC

Little languages Little languages serve a specialized problem domain. aaaa is a domain-specific language for image processing on parallel and conventional architectures awk can serve as a prototyping language for C, because the syntax is similar Comet is used to solve complex combinatorial optimization problems in areas such as resource allocation and scheduling. SQL has only a few keywords, and not all the constructs needed for a full programming language. [citation needed] Many database management systems extend SQL with additional constructs as a stored procedure language.

Logic-based languages See also: Category:Logic programming languages Logic-based languages specify a set of attributes that a solution must have, rather than a set of steps to obtain a solution. Examples: ALF Alma-0 CLACL (CLAC-Language) Curry Formula One Fril Janus Prolog (a logic programming language featuring polymorphic typing, modular programming, and higher-order programming) Leda Oz Mozart Programming System a multiplatform Oz Poplog Prolog (formulates data and the program evaluation mechanism as a special form of mathematical logic called Horn logic and a general proving mechanism called logical resolution) Mercury (based on Prolog) Strawberry Prolog (standard Prolog with some extensions) Visual Prolog (object-oriented Prolog extension) ROOP

Machine languages Machine languages are directly executable by a computer's CPU. They are typically formulated as bit patterns, usually represented in octal or hexadecimal. Each group of npatterns (often 1 or more bytes) causes the circuits in the CPU to execute one of the fundamental operations of the hardware. The activation of specific electrical inputs (e.g., CPU package pins for microprocessors), and logical settings for CPU state values, control the processor's computation. Individual machine languages are processor specific and are not portable. They are (essentially) always defined by the CPU developer, not by 3rd parties. The symbolic version, the processor's assembly language, is also defined by the developer, in most cases. Since processors come in families based on a shared architecture, the same basic assembly language style can often be used for more than one CPU. Each of the following CPUs served as the basis for a family of processors: ARM DEC PDP-6, which led to the KA10 family (used in PDP-10, DECSYSTEM-20) DEC PDP-11 (influenced VAX and M68000) Intel 8008, 8080 and 8085 Zilog Z80 x86-16 Instruction set first used in the Intel 8086 Intel 8088 (variant used in the first and early IBM PC) Intel 80186 Intel 80286 (the first x86 processor with protected mode, used in the IBM AT) x86-32 Intel 80386 Intel 80486 Intel Pentium and Xeon CPUs x86-64 The original specification was created by AMD. There are vendor variants, but they're essentially the same AMD's AMD64 - Opteron, Athlon 64 Intel's Intel 64 - Core CPUs (Core2, i3, i5, i7), some Atom, and newer Pentium 4s and Xeon processors IBM System/360 MIPS R2000/R3000 Motorola 6800 Motorola 68000 family (CPUs used in early Apple Macintosh and early Sun computers) MOS Technology 65xx 6502 (CPU for VIC-20, Apple II, and Atari 800) 6510 (CPU for Commodore 64) Western Design Center 65816/65802 (CPU for Apple II GS and (variant) Super Nintendo Entertainment System) National 32032 Power Architecture POWER PowerPC - used in Power Macintosh and the technology is used in many game consoles) StrongARM Sun SPARC, UltraSPARC

Macro languages Textual substitution macro languages See also: Category:Macro programming languages Macro languages transform one source code file into another. A "macro" is essentially a short piece of text that expands into a longer one, possibly with parameter substitution. They are often used to preprocess source code. Preprocessors can also supply facilities like file inclusion. Macro languages may be restricted to acting on specially labeled code regions (pre-fixed with a # in the case of the C preprocessor. Alternatively, they may not, but in this case it is still often undesirable to (for instance) expand a macro embedded in a string literal, so they still need a rudimentary awareness of syntax. That being the case, they are often still applicable to more than one language. Contrast with source-embeddable languages like PHP, which are fully featured. cpp (the C preprocessor) m4 (originally from AT&T, bundled with UNIX) Humo

Application macro languages Scripting languages such as Tcl and ECMAScript (ActionScript, ECMAScript for XML, JavaScript, JScript) have been embedded into applications. These are sometimes called "macro languages", although in a somewhat different sense to textual-substitution macros like m4.

Metaprogramming languages Metaprogramming is writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data or that do part of the work that is otherwise done at run time during compile time. In many cases, this allows programmers to get more done in the same amount of time as they would take to write all the code manually. C++ Curl D Fancy Forth Groovy Haskell Lisp Lua Maude system Mathematica MetaL MetaOCaml Nemerle Perl Python Ruby Scheme Smalltalk XL (concept programming)

Multiparadigm languages Multiparadigm languages support more than one programming paradigm. They allow a program to use more than one programming style. The goal is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way. Ada (concurrent, distributed, generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) ALF (functional, logic) Alma-0 (constraint, imperative, logic) APL (functional, imperative) BETA (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) C++ (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional) C# (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative) ChucK (imperative, object-oriented, time-based, concurrent, on-the-fly) Cobra (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, contractual) Common Lisp (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), aspect-oriented (user may add further paradigms, e.g., logic)) Corn (concurrent, generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) Curl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming) Curry (concurrent, functional, logic) D (generic, imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming) Delphi (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming) Dylan (functional, object-oriented (class-based)) ECMAScript (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based)) ActionScript ECMAScript for XML JavaScript JScript Eiffel (imperative, object-oriented (class-based), generic) F# (functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), language-oriented) Fantom (functional, object-oriented (class-based)) Formula One (constraint, imperative, logic) FPr (function-level, object-oriented (class-based)) Harbour Hop J (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) LabVIEW (dataflow, visual) Lasso (macro, object-oriented (prototype-based), procedural, scripting) Lava (object-oriented (class-based), visual) Leda (functional, imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based)) Lua (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based)) Metaobject protocols (object-oriented (class-based, prototype-based)) Mythryl (functional, imperative) Nemerle (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming) OCaml (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) Oz (functional (evaluation: eager, lazy), logic, constraint, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), concurrent, distributed) Mozart Programming System (multiplatform Oz) Object Pascal (imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) Perl (imperative, functional (can't be purely functional), object-oriented, class-oriented, aspect-oriented (through modules)) PHP (imperative, object-oriented) Pike Pliant (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) Poplog (functional, imperative, logic) ppC++ (imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) Prograph (dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual) Python (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming) R Racket (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)..., and can be extended by the user) REBOL (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected)) ROOP (imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based) Ruby (functional, object-oriented (class-based)) Scala (functional, object-oriented) Seed7 (imperative, object-oriented, generic) SISAL (concurrent, dataflow, functional) Spreadsheets (functional, visual) Tcl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) Tea (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)) Windows PowerShell (functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based)) XL (concept programming approach)

Numerical analysis AIMMS Algae AMPL GAMS MATLAB Seneca an Oberon variant

Non-English-based languages Main article: non-English-based programming languages ARLOGO - Arabic Chinese BASIC - Chinese Fjölnir - Icelandic Langage Symbolique d'Enseignement - French HPL - Hebrew Lexico - Spanish Rapira - Russian Glagol - Russian Portugol - Portuguese Bsisith - Hebrew

Object-oriented class-based languages Class-based Object-oriented programming languages support objects defined by their class. Class definitions include member data. Message passing is a key concept (if not the key concept) in Object-oriented languages. Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called methods. In languages with single dispatch, classes typically also include method definitions. In languages with multiple dispatch, methods are defined by generic functions. There are exceptions where single dispatch methods are generic functions (e.g. Bigloo's object system). Multiple dispatch Common Lisp Dylan Goo Cecil

Single dispatch Actor Ada 95 and Ada 2005 (multi-purpose language) BETA Blue C++ C# Oxygene (formerly known as Chrome) ChucK Cobra ColdFusion Corn Curl D DASL Delphi dylan.NET

E GNU E eC (Ecere C) Eiffel Sather Ubercode Fancy F-Script Fortran 2003 Fortress FPr Gambas Game Maker Language Harbour J Java Processing Groovy Join Java Tea X10 Kite LabVIEW Lava Lua Modula-2 (data abstraction, information hiding, strong typing, full modularity) Modula-3 (added more object oriented features to Modula-2) Moto Nemerle IBM NetRexx Oberon-2 (full object orientation equivalence in an original, strongly typed, Wirthian manner) Obix Object Pascal Object REXX Objective-C (a superset of C adding a Smalltalk derived object model and message passing syntax) OCaml Oz Mozart Programming System Perl 5 PHP Pike Pliant ppC++ Prograph Python (object oriented interpretive language) Realbasic Revolution (programmer does not get to pick the objects) Ruby Scala Seccia (assisted object-oriented programming) Simula (the first object oriented language, developed by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard) Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, developed at Xerox PARC) Bistro F-Script Little Smalltalk Squeak Scratch IBM VisualAge VisualWorks SPIN SuperCollider VBScript (Microsoft Office 'macro scripting' language) Visual DataFlex Visual FoxPro Visual Prolog X++ XOTcl

Object-oriented prototype-based languages Prototype-based languages are object-oriented languages where the distinction between classes and instances has been removed: ABCL/1 ABCL/R ABCL/R2 ABCL/c plus Agora Cecil ECMAScript ActionScript ECMAScript for XML JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript) JScript Etoys in Squeak Glyphic Script

Io Lisaac Lua MOO NewtonScript Obliq R REBOL Self (the first prototype-based language, derived from Smalltalk) TADS

Off-side rule languages Off-side rule languages are those where blocks are formed, indicated, by their indentation. ISWIM, the abstract language that introduced the rule ABC, Python's parent Python Cobra Boo Genie Ivy Miranda, Haskell's parent Orwell Haskell Curry F# Occam Pliant SPIN XL

Procedural languages Procedural programming languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range of an executable code statement). A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include: Ada (multi-purpose language) ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.) SMALL Machine Algol Like Language Alma-0 BASIC (BASICs are innocent of most modularity in (especially) versions before about 1990) BCPL BLISS Blue C C++ (C with objects + much else) C# (similar to Java/C++) ChucK (C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism) COBOL Cobra ColdFusion Combined Programming Language (CPL) Curl D DASL (partly declarative, partly imperative) dylan.NET

eC (Ecere C) ECMAScript ActionScript ECMAScript for XML JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript) JScript Eiffel Fortran (better modularity in later Standards) F Go Harbour HyperTalk Java Groovy Join Java Tea JOVIAL Lasso Modula-2 (fundamentally based on modules) MATLAB MUMPS (more modular in its first release than a language of the time should have been; the standard has become still more modular since then) Nemerle Oberon and Oberon-2 (improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2) Component Pascal Lagoona Seneca Obix Occam Oriel Pascal (successor to ALGOL 60, predecessor of Modula-2) Free Pascal (FPC) Object Pascal (Delphi) PCASTL Perl Pike PL/C PL/I (large general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes) Plus Python R Rapira RPG (only available in IBM's System i midrange computers) S-Lang VBScript Visual Basic Visual FoxPro X++ XL XMLmosaic

Reflective languages Reflective languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high level structure at runtime. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like Smalltalk, and less common in lower-level programming languages like C. Languages and platforms supporting reflection: See also: Aspect-oriented programming Befunge C# Charm ChucK Cobra Component Pascal BlackBox Component Builder Curl Delphi ECMAScript ActionScript ECMAScript for XML JavaScript JScript Eiffel Forth Harbour Java Java Virtual Machine Groovy Join Java X10 Lisp Clojure Common Lisp Dylan Logo Scheme Lua Maude system .NET Framework Common Language Runtime Oberon-2 ETH Oberon System Obix Objective-C PCASTL Perl PHP Pico Pliant Poplog POP-11 Prolog Python REBOL Ruby Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, originally from Xerox PARC) Bistro F-Script Little Smalltalk Self Squeak IBM VisualAge VisualWorks Snobol Tcl XOTcl X++ XL

Rule-based languages Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations, some set is selected and the statements belonging to those rules execute. Rule-based languages include: awk CLIPS Constraint Handling Rules GOAL agent programming language Jess OPS5 Prolog Poses++ (language of the simulation system with the same name) ToonTalk robots are rules

Scripting languages "Scripting language" has two apparently different, but in fact similar meanings. In a traditional sense, scripting languages are designed to automate frequently used tasks that usually involve calling or passing commands to external programs. Many complex application programs provide built-in languages that let users automate tasks. Those that are interpretive are often called scripting languages. Recently, many applications have built-in traditional scripting languages, such as Perl or Visual Basic, but there are quite a few "native" scripting languages still in use. Many scripting languages are compiled to bytecode and then this (usually) platform independent bytecode is run through a virtual machine (compare to Java). AppleScript AWK BeanShell Bash biterScripting

Candle Ch (Embeddable C/C++ interpreter) CLIST ColdFusion ECMAScript ActionScript ECMAScript for XML JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript) JScript CMS EXEC EXEC 2 F-Script Falcon Fancy Frink Game Maker Language (GML) ICI Io JASS Groovy Join Java Tea Lua MAXScript MEL Mondrian Mythryl Obix Oriel Perl PHP (intended for Web servers) Pikt Python R REBOL REXX Revolution Ruby Smalltalk S-Lang sed Tcl TorqueScript VBScript WebDNA, dedicated to database-driven websites Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI) Winbatch Many shell command languages such as the UNIX shell or DCL on VMS have powerful scripting capabilities.

Stack-based languages See also: Category:Stack-oriented programming languages Stack-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based upon the stack data structure. Cat colorForth Factor Forth Joy (all functions work on parameter stacks instead of named parameters) Piet Poplog via its implementation language POP-11 PostScript RPL Urq

Synchronous languages See also: Category:Synchronous programming languages Synchronous programming languages are optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly. Many such systems are also called realtime systems, and are found often in embedded uses. Examples: Argus Averest Esterel LEA Lustre Signal SyncCharts

Syntax handling languages These languages assist with generating lexical analyzers and parsers for Context-free grammars. ANTLR Candle (instead of generating lexical analyzers or parsers, Candle takes EBNF kind of grammar and generate the AST of the source) Coco/R (EBNF with semantics) GNU bison (FSF's version of Yacc) GNU Flex (FSF's version of Lex) lex (Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs) M4 yacc (yet another compiler compiler, from Bell Labs) JavaCC Rats!

Visual languages See also: Category:Visual programming languages Visual programming languages let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types. CODE Fabrik G (used in LabVIEW) Lava Limnor Max NXT-G Pict programming language Prograph Pure Data Quartz Composer Scratch (written in and based on Squeak, a version of Smalltalk) Simulink Spreadsheets Subtext ToonTalk VEE VisSim vvvv EICASLAB Some dataflow programming languages are also visual languages.

Wirth languages Computer scientist Niklaus Wirth designed and implemented several influential languages. ALGOL W Modula Modula-2 (and Modula 3, etc. variants) Obliq Modula 3 variant Oberon (Oberon, Oberon-07, and Oberon-2) Component Pascal Lagoona Oberon-2 Pascal Object Pascal ("umbrella" name for Delphi, Free Pascal, Oxygene and others)

XML-based languages These are languages based on or that operate on XML. Although the big-boy equivalents of Oracle/PostgreSQL/MSSQL don't yet exist for XML, there are languages to navigate through it and its more tree-oriented structure. Ant Candle C ECMAScript ECMAScript for XML Jelly MXML LZX XAML XMLmosaic

XPath XQuery XProc XSLT

See also Programming paradigms IEC 61131-3 - a standard for PLC programming languages Educational programming language Esoteric programming language

References ^ http://www.golfscript.com/golfscript/index.html ^ "Your Answer… You asked: list of imperative programming languages". True Knowledge. http://www.trueknowledge.com/q/list_of_imperative_programming_languages. Retrieved 2012-05-22.

^ Imperative programming history , Wikipedia

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Tags: List of programming languages by type, Informatics, Computer, 147, List of programming languages by type Programming language lists Alphabetical Categorical Chronological Generational This is a list of programming languages groups, Contents Array language 2 Aspect oriented languages 3 Assembly languages 4 Authoring languages 5 Command line interface languages 6 Compiled languages 7 Concurrent languages 8 Curly bracket languages 9 Dataflow languages 10 Data ori, List of programming languages by type, English, Instruction Examples, Tutorials, Reference, Books, Guide library internet science, kuliah-kelasreguler.com

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