GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013; 12: Doc02.
PMCID: PMC3884537
Published online 2013 Dec 13. doi: 10.3205/cto000094
Management of patients with risk factors Frank Waldfahrer*,1 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Erlangen Medical School, Erlangen, Germany *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Frank Waldfahrer, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Erlangen Medical School, Waldstr. 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, E-mail:
[email protected] Copyright © 2013 Waldfahrer This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Go to:
Introduction
Go to:
1 Risk: age
Go to:
2 Risk: cardiovascular system
Go to:
2.1 Heart failure
2.2 Atrial fibrillation
2.3 Coronary heart disease (CHD), heart attack, acute coronary syndrome
2.4 Cardiomyopathy
2.5 Hypertension
2.6 Cardiac arrhythmias
2.7 Endocarditis prophylaxis
3 Risk: respiratory system
Go to:
3.1 Bronchial asthma
3.2 COPD
3.3 Pulmonary embolism
3.4 Surgical emphysema
3.5 Pulmonary hypertension
3.6 Pneumothorax
3.7 Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
3.8 Obstructive sleep apnoea
3.9 Assisted breathing: oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation
4 Risk: liver
Go to:
4.1 Hepatic cirrhosis, ascites
4.2 Hepatotoxicity
5 Risk: kidneys
Go to:
5.1 Creatinine, creatinine clearance, glomerular filtration rate
5.2 Raised creatinine during inpatient treatment
5.3 Anticoagulation with impaired renal function
5.4 Renal replacement therapy (RRT)
5.5 Contrast media and renal function
6 Risk: coagulation and the haemopoietic system
Go to:
6.1 Treatment with coumarin derivatives
6.2 Treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel
6.3 Treatment with new anticoagulants
6.4 Other clotting disorders (haemophilia, von Willebrand’s disease)
6.5 Thrombocytopenia
7 Risk: blood gases, fluid and electrolyte balance, and metabolism
Go to:
7.1 Blood gases
7.2 Fluid balance
7.3 Electrolyte: sodium
7.4 Electrolyte: chloride
7.5 Electrolyte: potassium
7.6 Electrolyte: calcium
7.7 Diabetes mellitus
7.8 Thyroid gland
7.9 Steroid therapy
8 Risk: central nervous system (CNS)
Go to:
8.1 Dementia
8.2 Parkinson’s disease
8.3 Wernicke’s encephalopathy, Korsakoff’s psychosis
8.4 Delirium
8.5 Central anticholinergic syndrome (CAS)
8.6 Stroke
8.7 Post-hypoxic state
8.8 Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP)
8.9 Guardianship, enduring power of attorney for health care
8.10 Restraint
9 Risk: medication
Go to:
9.1 The patient’s regular medication in hospital
9.2 Medication administered via feeding tubes
9.3 Medication in emergencies
9.4 Diabetes mellitus
Case report
9.5 Anticoagulants
9.6 Psychotropic drugs
9.7 Medication in elderly people
9.8 Medication in pregnancy and lactation
9.9 Outpatients
9.10 Other risks related to medication
10 Risk: infection
Go to:
10.1 C-reactive protein and procalcitonin
10.2 Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis
11 Risk: surgical interventions
Go to:
11.1. Monitoring
Conclusions
Go to:
Notes
Go to:
Competing interests
References
Articles from GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery are provided here courtesy of German Medical Science
Go to: