Idea Transcript
March 2013 Executive Program
Notebook for Executive Participants
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Sponsors and Acknowledgements
Corporate Founders
Associate Founders
Academic Founder
Moses Znaimer Keith Kleiner Barney Pell Klee Irwin Sonia Arrison Senkut Dan Stoicescu Georges Harik Reese Jones David S. Rose Peter L. Bloom Geoffrey Shmigelsky Rob Nail
Corporate Partners
Scholarship Partners
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Table of Contents Overview of the Executive Program ............................................................................................... 1 1 Artificial Intelligence and Robotics ......................................................................................... 3 2 Networks and Computing Systems.........................................................................................19 3 Nanotechnology ............................................................................................................................36 4 Biotechnology and Bioinformatics.........................................................................................50 5 Medicine and Neuroscience......................................................................................................68 6 Energy and Environmental Systems......................................................................................78 Scientific Notation...............................................................................................................................87 NASA Background and NASA Policies ..........................................................................................88
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iii
Overview of the Executive Program educates, informs and prepares executives
Over the Horizon Radar for Executives
Major Elements of the Spring SU Executive Program Core Briefings and Discussion
Top level Critical Concepts:
Key Projected Breakthroughs:
Metrics Legal/Regulatory/Ethical Discussion
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Singularity University Executive Program Leading Researchers and Companies Industrial Implications
Site Visits
Discussions
Other Program Elements
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1 Artificial Intelligence and Robotics 1.1
Core Concepts in AI and Robotics
Unifying Interdisciplinary Themes
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AI Characteristics and Techniques
AI’s current toolkit includes:
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The AI toolkit in practice: IBM's Watson
Neuroscience, Reverse Engineering the Brain, and AGI
Robot definition
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Robot characteristics
AI Applications
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Robot Applications
o o
1.2
Projected Breakthroughs in AI and Robotics
Projected Breakthroughs in AI
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Projected Breakthroughs in Robotics
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1.3
Glossary of Terms for AI and Robotics
AI Glossaries – Some Key Terms Artificial Intelligence
Backward chaining
Blackboard architecture
Case based reasoning system
Condition action rule
Expert system
Finite state machine
Forward chaining
Fuzzy logic
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Singularity University Executive Program Genetic programming
Hidden markov model
Inference engine Intelligent agent
Knowledge acquisition
Knowledge representation Knowledge based system
Markov chain Natural language processing (NLP) systems
Neural networks
http://www.pcai.com/
Robotics Glossaries – Selected Entries autonomous biomimetic Copyright © 2012 Singularity University, Not for Duplication/Distribution December EP / December 2012
Singularity University Executive Program degrees of freedom end effector error function interrupt Jacobian pitch, roll, yaw singularity
subsumption architecture
workspace
External Glossaries
1.4
Legal, Regulatory, and Ethical Issues in AI and Robotics
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1.5
Leading Companies and Researchers in AI and Robotics
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Key AI Researchers
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Key Robotics Researchers
Leading Robots and Companies in DIY Robotics
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1.6
Industrial Implications of AI and Robotics
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1.7
Bibliography for AI and Robotics
Textbooks
Online courses
Important academic papers
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IBM's Watson: general and technical articles
Videos
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2 Networks and Computing Systems
2.1
Core Concepts in Networks and Computing Systems enable
1. Hardware
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2. Software
3. Storage
4. Quantum Computing & Algorithms
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5. Communication
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6. Connecting people
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7. Coordination
Cloud computing
Virtualization
8. Cryptography
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9. Interfaces
Printers – Audio, video, and haptic feedback. Augmented and virtual reality –
Position and time – Computers as a social collaboration
–
Form factors –
Major advances in the above
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10. Physics
Networks and Computing Systems Researchers and Classes (general tools and education)
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Network experts will understand the layered model of networking (see 5. Communication, above), where each set of tools sits on top of a lower level abstraction, and can avoid depending on (or knowing about) the details below. This begins with the physical layer (the wires or radio), a basic software layer on top of the hardware and then, in almost all cases today, the IP (internet protocol) layer upon which almost everything now runs. Like all abstractions, done correctly this allows lower levels to be replaced and upgraded without affecting things at the top, like user applications. Specialists will study the different layers, with much action going on in wireless protocols at the 1st and 2nd levels, such as 802.11 (wifi). At the higher level, networking experts will understand TCP and all the application protocols that run on top of it, as well as how routing works on the internet to provide performance and redundancy. The formerly radical concept of a “best efforts” network which is stupid in the middle and smart at the edges has become the cornerstone of network design.
2.2
Projected Breakthroughs in Networks and Computing Systems
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Trends, Milestones
1. Ubiquitous Embedded Intelligence 2. Multi gigabit last mile networking 3. Mobile computing 4. Cloud Computing 5. Videoconferencing
6. Algorithmic Parallelizers 7. Low Energy, Low Heat Computing 8. Quantum Computing
9. Next steps of Moore's Law 10. End of Moore's Law 11. Reconfigurable computers 12. "Infinite" Storage
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Singularity University Executive Program 13. Augmented Reality 14. Immersive interfaces 15. Information Refineries
16. Translating Telephones (and other messaging systems)
17. User interfaces for everybody
18. PC which starts up quickly
19. Robotic cars and transportation
20. Privacy challenges
21. Open platforms
Important challenges in NCS
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2.3
Glossary of Terms for Networks and Computing Systems
Wikipedia entry on Computing terms: Online interactive glossary Online list of 22 Network and Power laws
Amdahl's Law Cloud Computing Cryptography GPGPU (general purpose computing on graphics processing units) Metcalfe's Law Moore's Law OLED Displays Quantum Computer
Turing Machine
Universal Turing Machine
2.4
Legal, Regulatory, and Ethical Issues in Networks and Computing Systems
War
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Self integrity
Economic and social justice
Intellectual Property
Contract
Censorship
Surveillance
Privacy
Hidden Actors
2.5
Leading Companies and Researchers in Networks and Computing Systems
Organizations 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Copyright © 2012 Singularity University, Not for Duplication/Distribution December EP / December 2012
Singularity University Executive Program 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43.
Individuals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
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2.6
Industrial Implications of Networks and Computing Systems
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"Best sellers of 2022" Downloadable fashion accessories
Smart sports
Disposable guns
Hyperspectral maps
One hit wonders
Hackable Buildings
Springboards for Discussion Quantum computing
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High performance computing in industrial applications
Social networks and accelerated feedback
Radical outsourcing
2.7
Bibliography for Networks and Computing Systems
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General Articles and Books
Selected Web Resources: News and Blogs
Textbooks
Reports and Articles
Videos
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3 Nanotechnology 3.1
Core Concepts in Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology Researchers and Classes (general tools and education)
3.2
Projected Breakthroughs in Nanotechnology
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3.3
Glossary of Terms for Nanotechnology
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
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Binding site Biological motor
Bottom up Brownian motion
Buckyball
Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Chromallocyte
Diamondoid
Diamondoidmechanosynthesis (DMS)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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DNA nanotechnology
Electron Beam Lithography (EBL)
Exponential
Fullerenes
Graphene
Hydrocarbon
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Mechanosynthesis
Micro ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) Molecular assembler
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Molecular machine
Molecular manufacturing
Molecular nanotechnology
Nanofactory
Nanomachine
Nanomedicine
Nanometer Nanorobot Nanotechnology
Nanotubes
NEMS (Nano Electro Mechanical Systems)
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Replicator Respirocyte Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM)
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
Self assembly
Top down Valence
Van der Waals forces
3.4
Legal, Regulatory, and Ethical Issues in Nanotechnology (http://www.foresight.org/guidelines/current.html)
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. 3.5
Leading Companies and Researchers in Nanotechnology
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Singularity University Executive Program Nanotechnology (3-5 yr horizon): Some Companies to Watch
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A selection of specific applications companies using nanotechnology are listed below:
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Other major players in the emerging 3D printing and nanotechnology industries are listed below:
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3.6
Industrial Implications of Nanotechnology
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3.7
Bibliography for Nanotechnology There's plenty of room at the bottom Chapter 1. Engines of Construction Nanotechnology and Radically Extended Life Span
Economic Impact of the Personal Nanofactory
Molecularly Precise Fabrication and Massively Parallel Assembly: The Two Keys to 21st Century Manufacturing Chapter 10: Nanomedicine
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4 Biotechnology and Bioinformatics 4.1
Core Concepts in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Reverse Engineering/Engineering
The Evolution of Evolution – Life, the universe, and everything
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Biology as Computation/Robots
Bioinformatics: Computation Modeling Biology
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Biology as Technology
Biology by Technology
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4.2
Projected Breakthroughs in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
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homo evolutis
4.3
Glossary of Terms for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
External Glossaries
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Selected Entries amino acid
base pair
bioinformatics DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) epigenetics
expression (gene expression) gene genetic code genome genotype microarray microfluidics mutation PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction
phenotype Polymorphism
protein primer / oligonucleotide restriction enzyme / restriction endonuclease
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Singularity University Executive Program RNA (ribonucleic acid) RNA interference Sequencing SNP = Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Synthetic biology Systems biology Transcription
Translation
Analogies for Biological Terms – Computers and Restaurants
Biological Term with short definition
Computer/R-W analogue
Restaurant and Recipe analogue
amino acid - basic building block of proteins
silicon, plastics, metals and structural materials
Individual ingredients
base pair - DNA bit, nucleotide and its complement making the "rung" in the DNA "ladder"
electronic bit (0, 1 - binary), with one backup copy stored onsite
The words in a book or a sheet of paper.
bioinformatics- digitization and analysis of biological information or processes
understanding, sampling and modeling of local area networks (LAN)
uploaded books, online recipe searches
DNA - information (programs and data) encoded in chemical form
Information (programs and data) encoded in electronic form
instructions (recipes) in a book. cf. RNA
enzyme - specialized protein that performs a specific chemical reaction under physiological conditions
processor
A kitchen tool that speeds up kitchen activity. Using papain (papaya derived enzyme) to tenderize meat.
epigenetics - modifications to genetic information that modifies the way the genetic information is used, not the information itself
any form of higher order data management on the hard disk, e.g. file allocation table
How tightly packed recipe books are on a bookshelf, paperclips, bookmarks: things that change how easy or hard it is to find and copy a recipe from a book.
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Computer/R-W analogue
Restaurant and Recipe analogue
expression - RNA working copies of DNA and any subsequent protein production
program execution
Copying a recipe from a book to a paper and then following the recipe.
gene - biological functional unit
software code module
A complete recipe
genetic code - biological information encoded in DNA nucleotides
programs and data encoded in 1’s and 0’s
all recipes (and instructions on how to make a kitchen) printed in books
genome - low level survey of all genes
low level analysis of a hard disk
the library of recipe books
genotype - gene version listing (cf. phenotype)
installed software listing, version level
the full index of recipes
microarray - detection of what genes are turned on or off at a given moment in time
list of software currently running on processor
A set of expert chefs detecting all foods being made in a kitchen
mutation - DNA base substitution or informational replacement that generates an error relatively to baseline
corrupted bit, sector, or drive
Accidental changes in a book, affecting individual words or pages. can cause a recipe to fail.
PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction - iterative process by which DNA can be amplified
signal amplification
method to make multiple photocopies of pages, where each new copy is itself copied.
phenotype – observed or measurable result of genotype
observed or measurable result of software
All the visible results from carrying out instructions
Polymorphism- variation sampling between genomes of individuals
Differences in installed modules or versions found in at least 1% of software programs.
Variations in recipes found in the libraries of at least 1% of all restaurants.
protein - cellular components and structures made from amino acids
electronic components or parts made of various structural materials
Foods made from ingredients.
restriction enzyme / restriction endonuclease - enzymes that specifically cut DNA at specific sequences, used by cells as a defense against foreign DNA and by scientists as an informational recognition and/or editing tool
firewalls, virus protection mechanisms, checksums, security software
Searching for and matching a specific phrase in a book.
RNA – working copies of information (programs and data) encoded in chemical form; may also have weak enzymatic activity; primary informational storage format used by some viruses
Job management software for processors; working copies of reference information. Code without comments. A text-only file made from a much larger Word file.
A recipe on a sheet of paper, copied from a recipe book. If the book's recipe has extra (nonrecipe) words, those are cut from the sheet.
RNA interference – selective shutdown of a particular RNA, making it unavailable for protein synthesis
selective shutdown of a specific program on a processor
a sticky-note that covers up a recipe on paper, preventing it from being followed.
sequencing - base by base reading of DNA or RNA chemical information
bit-by-bit reading of a hard disk or other storage medium
word-by-word reading of a recipe in a book or on a sheet of paper.
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Computer/R-W analogue
Restaurant and Recipe analogue
SNP = Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism - polymorphism in a single base-pair.
n/a
Single-ingredient variations in recipes where at least 1% of all restaurants have that variation.
synthetic biology - technology for rapid genetic engineering
computer programming
Ingredients not previously found in recipes, designing new kitchen tools, fusion cuisine.
systems biology - bioinformatics with a holistic, integrative or systems-wide perspective
WAN informatics
Analyzing a restaurant as a whole, reviewing all restaurants in a city to test a recipe.
transcription – RNA synthesis, resulting in working copies of DNA
software release
Copying a recipe from a book to a sheet.
translation - conversion of RNA information into proteins
software execution
Making a dish
4.4
Legal, Regulatory, and Ethical Issues in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Patents and Licensing
Damages and Liabilities
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Biological Safety
Fundamental risks
Moral, Ethical, Religious Issues
Economic and Social Issues
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4.5
Leading Companies and Researchers in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Synthetic Biology
Systems Biology and Bioinformatics
Next generation biotechnology
Biotechnology Companies
Bioinformatics Companies
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Synthetic Biology Application Development
Sequencing and Synthetic Core Technologies
Medical, R&D Automation, Lab on Chip systems
Health 2.0 and direct to consumer technologies
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Companies to watch
Questions:
4.6
Industrial Implications of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
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4.7
Bibliography for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
General articles
Reports
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Select Web Resources
Videos
General Video Resources
Books
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Do It Yourself (DIY)
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5 Medicine and Neuroscience 5.1
Core Concepts in Medicine and Neuroscience
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Medicine and Neuroscience Researchers and Classes (general tools and education)
5.2
Projected Breakthroughs in Medicine and Neuroscience
Personalized Stem cell lines
The $100 Genome
Health 2.0 and web based healthcare:
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Site directed gene therapy:
De Novo organ generation / Personalized Organ printing
Bioinformatics {BB} + data mining biosurveillance
robotic assisted surgery
Online care and the Medical Home:
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Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI)
imaging technologies
Lab on a chip technologies and AI enhanced diagnostics.
Systems Medicine / Systems Biology:
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5.3
Glossary of Terms for Medicine and Neuroscience
Cell therapy
DBS Deep brain stimulation
EEG Electroencephalography Gene therapy Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)
MEG Magnetoencephalography
MRI magnetic resonance imaging Multipotent
Oncogene Pathogen Personalized medicine Pluripotent
Preventive (prophylactic) vaccine Regenerative medicine Tissue engineering
Therapeutic Vaccine
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Vector
General Medical Glossaries/Resources:
Specific Glossaries:
24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
5.4
Legal, Regulatory, and Ethical Issues in Medicineand Neuroscience
5.5
Leading Companies and Researchers in Medicine and Neuroscience
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Medical Informatics
Medical Robotics
Disease Detection, Epidemiology, Public Health
Stem Cells/Regenerative Medicine
Access to Health Resources
Future Medical Research
5.6
Industrial Implications of Medicineand Neuroscience
Growth in Medical Data Security, Privacy, and Access: from genomics to online medical health records, allowing new types of research and researchers. Medical Economics, Politics and Policy how are we going to pay for new therapies, who gets them? Coordinating existing and new players in medical markets: incumbents, policy makers, entrepreneurs, patients, and volunteer researchers. Insurance, devices, responsibility and tracking: The ability to encourage, monitor and track health and lifestyle changes: will a tiered system emerge with the 'unhealthy' paying Copyright © 2012 Singularity University, Not for Duplication/Distribution December EP / December 2012
Singularity University Executive Program more for insurance premiums, and 'wellness' behaviors generate incentives? How will existing insurance and medical industries react to early adopters of personalized medical services? Pharmaceutical industry metrics: With more fragmented and personalized drugs, how will 'Big Pharma' respond to the threats against one size fits all blockbuster drugs? New paradigms for medical training with simulation and 'real life' virtual environments to foster better training, feedback and clinical outcomes. New paradigms for medical diagnostics as new tools from biotechnology and nanotechnology are available to clinical medicine.
5.7
Bibliography for Medicine and Neuroscience
Defining Health2.0
News stories in Medicine
Do It Yourself (DIY)
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6 Energy and Environmental Systems 6.1
Core Concepts in Energy and Environmental Systems
Joules, Calories, Ergs, and Watts
From Primary Energy to Energy Services
HARVESTING TECHNOLOGY
Insults, Pathways, Stresses, Costs – Connecting Energy Use to the Environment
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The New Energy Horizon.
New Technologies for Energy Services and Conservation
The Social and Political Landscape
6.2
Projected Breakthroughs in Energy and Environmental Systems
Cost reduced Photovoltaic Systems
“Updated” Nuclear Fission
Large Scale Energy Transport Really Smart Grid
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Advanced Renewables Space Solar Power (SPS) Fuels from Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Mini, Micro and Nanoscale Energy Delta
“Negawatts”
Carbon Economy Fusion
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Exponential Trends in Photovoltaic Solar Power
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6.3
Glossary of Terms for Energy and Environmental Systems
Selected Entries Biofuel Bioremediation Carbon cycle
Carbon intensity
Carbon neutral
Carbon sequestration Carbon sink
Energy intensity
Externality Geoengineering
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Iron fertilization
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Sequestration
External Glossaries
6.4
Legal, Regulatory, and Ethical Issues in Energy and Environmental Systems
6.5 Leading Companies, Organizations, and Researchers in Energy and Environmental Systems
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6.6
Industrial Implications of Energy and Environmental Systems
6.7
Bibliography for Energy and Environmental Systems
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Important academic papers
Selected Web Resources: News and Blogs
Online courses
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Popular Media
Videos
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Scientific Notation Scientific Notation
American English
1.E-24
septillionth
SI Prefix yocto
Symbol
Decimal
y
0.000000000000000000000001
1.E-21
sextillionth
zepto
z
0.000000000000000000001
1.E-18
quintillionth
atto
a
0.000000000000000001
1.E-15
quadrillionth
femto
f
0.000000000000001
1.E-12
trillionth
pico
p
0.000000000001
1.E-09
billionth
nano
n
0.000000001
1.E-06
millionth
micro
µ
0.000001
1.E-03
thousandth
milli
m
0.001
1.E-02
hundredth
centi
c
0.01
1.E-01
tenth
deci
d
0.1
1.E+01
ten
deca
da
10
1.E+02
hundred
hecto
h
100
1.E+03
thousand
kilo
k
1,000
1.E+06
million
mega
M
1,000,000
1.E+09
billion
giga
G
1,000,000,000
1.E+12
trillion
tera
T
1,000,000,000,000
1.E+15
quadrillion
peta
P
1,000,000,000,000,000
1.E+18
quintillion
exa
E
1,000,000,000,000,000,000
1.E+21
sextillion
zetta
Z
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1.E+24
septillion
yotta
Y
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Track
Word
Definition Commonly defined as 100 nanometers or smaller
Additional Information 100 nanometers is 0.1 micrometers or 0.0001 millimeters Double-stranded DNA is 2 nm (20 Angstroms wide). Each "rung" is 3.4Å apart.
NT
Nanoscale
NT, BB
Angstrom (Å)
0.1 nanometers, "10 billionth of a meter"
NCS
gigahertz (GHz), megahertz (MHz)
billion Hertz, million Hertz
Frequency: 1 Hertz = 1 cycle per second.
BB
microfluidics
EES
Gigaton (or gigatonne)
Fluidics done at a scale of less than 1 microliters 1 billion metric tons, 1 trillion kilograms
One µL is 1 millionths of a liter, 1/1000 of a milliliter, or a cube of 1mm per side The weight of one cubic kilometer of water (at 4°C)
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NASA Background and NASA Policies NASA Background
NASA Ames Research Center Background
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Singularity University Executive Program
NASA Center Name and Description
Workforce Size Budget (FY09)
Headquarters
Ames Research Center
Dryden Flight Research Center John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field Goddard Space Flight Center
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Langley Research Center Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center John F. Kennedy Space Center George C. Marshall Space Flight Center John C. Stennis Space Center
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Policies for NASA Ames Research Center and NASA Research Park Campus Rules
Emergency
Quick Reference of Important Security Related Numbers 911 (650) 604 5555
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Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety 29. 30. 31.
32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
41.
Smoking
Illegal Substances
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General
Residence Rules
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