Mechanics of Flight - GBV [PDF]

Mechanics of Flight. Warren F. Phillips. Professor. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Utah State University. WILEY.

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Mechanics of Flight Warren F. Phillips Professor Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Utah State University

WILEY

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments 1.

Overview of Aerodynamics 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 1.8. 1.9. 1.10. 1.11. 1.12. 1.13.

Introduction and Notation Fluid Statics and the Atmosphere The Boundary Layer Concept Inviscid Aerodynamics Review of Elementary Potential Flows Incompressible Flow over Airfoils Trailing-Edge Flaps and Section Flap Effectiveness Incompressible Flow over Finite Wings Flow over Multiple Lifting Surfaces Inviscid Compressible Aerodynamics Compressible Subsonic Flow Supersonic Flow Problems

Overview of Propulsion 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. 2.11.

Introduction The Propeller Propeller Blade Theory Propeller Momentum Theory Off-Axis Forces and Moments Developed by a Propeller Turbojet Engines: The Thrust Equation Turbojet Engines: Cycle Analysis The Turbojet Engine with Afterburner Turbofan Engines Concluding Remarks Problems

Aircraft Performance 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8.

Introduction Thrust Required Power Required Rate of Climb and Power Available Fuel Consumption and Endurance Fuel Consumption and Range Power Failure and Gliding Flight Airspeed, Wing Loading, and Stall

xi xiii 1 1

6 10 12 16 22 35 42 79 93 96 101 108

115 115 130 135 164 178 190 195 203 207 215 216

221 221 222 232 239 249 257 268 279

vii

VIII

Contents 3.9. 3.10. 3.11. 3.12.

4.

Longitudinal Static Stability and Trim 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.8. 4.9. 4.10. 4.11.

5.

Introduction Yaw Stability and Trim Estimating the Sidewash Gradient on a Vertical Tail Estimating the Lift Slope for a Vertical Tail Roll Stability and Dihedral Effect Roll Control and Trim Requirements Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling Control Surface Sign Conventions Problems

Aircraft Controls and Maneuverability 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6. 6.7. 6.8. 6.9. 6.10. 6.11.

7.

Fundamentals of Static Equilibrium and Stability Pitch Stability of a Cambered Wing Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing-Tail Combination Stick-Fixed Neutral Point and Static Margin Estimating the Downwash Angle on an Aft Tail Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing-Canard Combination Effects of Drag and Vertical Offset Contribution of the Fuselage and Nacelles Contribution of Running Propellers Contribution of Jet Engines Problems

Lateral Static Stability and Trim 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. 5.7. 5.8. 5.9.

6.

The Steady Coordinated Turn Takeoff and Landing Performance Accelerating Climb and Balanced Field Length Problems

Longitudinal Control and Maneuverability Effects of Structural Flexibility Control Force and Trim Tabs Stick-Free Neutral and Maneuver Points Ground Effect, Elevator Sizing, and CG Limits Stall Recovery Lateral Control and Maneuverability Aileron Reversal Other Control Surface Configurations Airplane Spin Problems

Aircraft Equations of Motion 7.1. 7.2.

Introduction Newton's Second Law for Rigid-Body Dynamics

281 299 315 327

339 339 343 346 362 371 381 396 416 420 426 430

441 441 444 462 469 473 489 495 496 497

Contents

7.3. 7.4. 7.5. 7.6. 7.7. 7.8. 7.9. 7.10.

8.

Linearized Longitudinal Dynamics 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.5. 8.6. 8.7.

9.

Position and Orientation: The Euler Angle Formulation Rigid-Body 6-DOF Equations of Motion Linearized Equations of Motion Force and Moment Derivatives Nondimensional Linearized Equations of Motion Transformation of Stability Axes Inertial and Gyroscopic Coupling Problems

Fundamentals of Dynamics: Eigenproblems Longitudinal Motion: The Linearized Coupled Equations Short-Period Approximation Long-Period Approximation Pure Pitching Motion Summary Problems

Linearized Lateral Dynamics 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9.4. 9.5. 9.6. 9.7. 9.8. 9.9. 9.10. 9.11.

Introduction Lateral Motion: The Linearized Coupled Equations Roll Approximation Spiral Approximation Dutch Roll Approximation Pure Rolling Motion Pure Yawing Motion Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling Nonlinear Effects Summary Problems

10. Aircraft Handling Qualities and Control Response 10.1. 10.2. 10.3. 10.4. 10.5. 10.6.

Introduction Pilot Opinion Dynamic Handling Quality Prediction Response to Control Inputs Nonlinear Effects and Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling Problems

11. Aircraft Flight Simulation 11.1. 11.2. 11.3. 11.4. 11.5.

Introduction Euler Angle Formulations Direction-Cosine Formulation Euler Axis Formulation The Euler-Rodrigues Quaternion Formulation

IX

619 637 638 652 672 682 689 691

697 697 720 731 736 753 757 759

765 765 765 776 777 786 799 802 804 819 823 825

833 833 833 838 846 864 865

867 867 868 870 871 874

Contents

11.6. 11.7. 11.8. 11.9. 11.10. 11.11. 11.12. 11.13.

Quaternion Algebra Relations between the Quaternion and Other Attitude Descriptors Applying Rotational Constraints to the Quaternion Formulation Closed-Form Quaternion Solution for Constant Rotation Numerical Integration of the Quaternion Formulation Summary of the Flat-Earth Quaternion Formulation Aircraft Position in Geographic Coordinates Problems

878 882 891 893 899 915 922 928

Bibliography

931

Appendixes

941

A B

Index

Standard Atmosphere, SI Units Standard Atmosphere, English Units

941 942

943

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