Idea Transcript
SlideShare Explore Search You
Upload Login Signup
Search
Submit Search
Home Explore Presentation Courses PowerPoint Courses by LinkedIn Learning Search Successfully reported this slideshow. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. You can change your ad preferences anytime.
1 of 36
Microbiological Culture sensitivity tests 6,540 views Share Like Download ...
Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microbes that infect humans, the disease they cause, their diagnosis, preventi...
Dr Vimali, Clinical Pharmacist Follow Published on May 27, 2015
various microbiological culture sensitivity tests and its importance has been ... Published in: Health & Medicine 0 Comments 12 Likes Statistics Notes
Full Name Comment goes here. 12 hours ago Delete Reply Block They are the invitro procedures used to detect anti-microbial resistance in individual bacterial isolates. The same ca... Are you sure you want to Yes No Your message goes here
Share your thoughts… Post Be the first to comment
Syed Muneeb Ahmed 1 day ago
Judith Okonkwor 1 week ago
In modern laboratories, bacteria are usually identified by characterization of the genome: identifying the characteristi... Ummi Maigari 2 weeks ago
Sony Reddy , Student at Vaagdevi 3 months ago
Vinitha Telu 5 months ago Show More No Downloads Views Total views 6,540 On SlideShare 0 From Embeds 0 Number of Embeds 2 Actions also called susceptibility testing Helps to find the right anti-biotic to kill an infecting organism. This test determ... Shares 0 Downloads 193 Comments 0 Likes 12 Embeds 0 No embeds No notes for slide
Microbiological Culture sensitivity tests 1. 1. Presented by M.Vimali, Pharm.D(PB)- I year 2. 2. Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microbes that infect humans, the disease they cause, their diagnosis, prevention and treatment. It also deals with the response of the human host to microbial and other antigens. Culture Bacteria have to be grown(or cultured) on culture media for them to be identified, as only rarely can they be recognized by their morphology alone. 3. 3. They are the invitro procedures used to detect anti-microbial resistance in individual bacterial isolates. The same can be used for monitoring the emergence and spread of resistant micro organisms in a population. 4. 4. In modern laboratories, bacteria are usually identified by characterization of the genome: identifying the characteristics of the DNA and RNA of the sample species This typing of testing is generally considered more reliable-and soon, less expensive- than actually growing bacterial cultures and exposing them to various types of antibiotics to see which drugs kill or inhibit the bacterial growth. But if more than identification is required, and if an anti Unfortunately, many bacteria are resistant to common antibiotics. Resistant means that the drug cant kill the bacteria... 5. 5. also called susceptibility testing Helps to find the right anti-biotic to kill an infecting organism. This test determines the sensitivity of a colony of bacteria to an antibiotic. The efficacy of an antibiotic can be demonstrated under suitable conditions by its inhibitory effect on micro organisms. 6. 6. Unfortunately, many bacteria are resistant to common antibiotics. Resistant means that the drug cant kill the bacteria. Sensitivity analysis is a useful tool to help quickly determine if bacteria are resistant to certain drugs. Also be used for fungal infection 7. 7. Examples of antibiotic resistant infections include: A persistent sore throat A recurring urinary tract infection(UTI) An unresponsive case of pneumonia. 8. 8. Sensitivity analysis starts with a bacterial sample. The sample is obtained by swabbing the infected area or secretions of the infected area and from any area that has an infection. Cultures are taken from blood Urine Sputum Inside a cervix A wound 9. 9. The doctor will send the specimen to a licensed laboratory in a special culture tube for testing. Spread a sample of the infective material onto a plate of nutrient substanceculture media and the Bacteria in the culture will grow and multiply The bacteria will form colonies-large groups of bacteria that will be exposed to different antibiotics With a sufficient population of bacteria grown on the plate in the form of a “lawn", the technicians will perform two main operations: 10. 10. 1.IdentifyThe Species Of Bacteria: This is done with various techniques, including examination of lawn characteristics-color, texture, growth pattern, etc.- Gram staining, microscopic examination, metabolic requirements and even DNA sequencing. Bacterial species commonly isolated depends on the location and the cause of the infection 11. 11. 2.DetermineThe Bacterial Populations SensitivityTo A Range Of Antibiotics This can be done by p[lacing small disks of filter paper or the agar impregnated with various types of antibiotics onto the bacterial lawn.The bacteria are allowed to incubate for a specified days and then the late is examined to see whether the bacterial growth is inhibited or not by the antibiotics on each disk. 12. 12. Clinical relevance of the isolate Purity of the isoate Logical panel of anti-microbial agent to be tested-do ot include antibiotics to which the isolate is known to have intrinsic resistance Availability of test methodology, resourcres, and trained persons Standardisation of testing Valid interpretation of results Cost efficiency Effective means to communicate results and interpretation to end-users 13. 13. Dilution method-broth and agar dilution method Disc-diffusion method E-test Automated methods Mechanism-specific tests such as beta- lactamase detection test and chromogenic cephalosporin test Genotypic methods such as PCR and DNA hybridization methods 14. 14. The broth dilution method involves subjecting a series of concentrations of anti-microbial agents in a broth environment. Micro dilution tests uses about 0.05 to0.1 ml total broth volume and can be conveniently performed in a micro-titre format. Macro dilution testing uses broth volumes at about 1.0ml in standard test tubes. For both these dilution methods, the lowest concentration at which the isolate is completely inhibited- as evidenced by the absence of bacterial growth- is recorded as the minimal inhibitory concentration. 15. 15. The MIC is thus the minimum concentration of the anti-biotic that will inhibit the particular isolate. The test is only valid only if the psitive contro shows growth and negative control shows no growth. A procedure similar to broth dilution is agar dilution. Agar dilutuion method followa the principle of establishing the lowest concentration of the serially diluted antibiotic concentration at which bacterial growth is stil inhibited. 16. 16. Because of convenience, efficiency and cos, the disc diffusion method is probably the most widely method A growth medium, usually Mueller-hinton agar, is first even seeded throughout the plate with the isolate of interest that has been diluted at a standard concentration(app 1 to 2 x 10 coony forming units per ml). Commercially prepared discs, each of which are pre impregnated with a standard concentration of a particular, are then evenly dispensed and lightly pressed onto yhe agar surface. The test antibiotic immediately begins todiffuse ouyward from the discs, creating a gradient of antibiotic conc, isn the agar such that the highest conc., is found close to the disc. After an overnight incubation, the bacterial growth around each disc is observed. If the test isolate is susceptible to a particular antibiotic, a zone pf inhibition is observed. 17. 17. E-Test(AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) is a commercially available test that utilises a plastic test strip impregnated with a gradually decreasing concentration of a particular antibiotic. The strip also displays a numerical scale that corresponds to the antibiotic concentration contained therein.
18. 18. This method provides for a convenient quantitative test of antibiotic resistance of a clinical isolate. However, a separate strip is needed for each antibiotic, and therefore the cost of this can be high. 19. 19. Most automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems provide automated inoculation, reading and interpretation.These systems have the advantage of being rapid and convenient, but one major limitation for most laboratories is the cost entailed in initial purchase, operation and maintenance of the machinery. Examples include: Avantage test system- abbott laboratories, Irving,Texas. Phoenix-BD Biosciences, Maryland,etc., 20. 20. Resistance may also be established through tests that directly detectthepresence of a particular resistance mechanism. For example, beta lactamase detection can be accomplished using an assay such as the chrmogenic cephalosporinase test(Cefinase disc by BD Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD and BBL Dry slide Nitrocefin, Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) AND DETECTION FOR CHLORAMPHENICOL MODIFYING ENZYME CHLORAMPHENICOL acetyl transferase(CAT) may utilise commercial colorim,etric assays such as a CAT reagent kit(Remel, Lenexa, Kansas) 21. 21. Although nucleic acid-based detections systems are generally rapid and sensitive, it is important to remember that the presence of a resistance gene does not necessarily equate to treatment failure, because resistance is also dependent on the mode and level of expressions of these genes. Some of the most common molecular techniques utilized for anti Examples of antibiotic resistant infections include: A persistent sore throat A recurring urinary tract infection(UT... microbial resistance detection are as follows: 22. 22. Polymerisation chain reaction: It is one of the most commonly used molecular techniques for detecting certain DNA sequences of interest.This involves several cycles of denaturation of sample DNA, nnealing of apecific primers to the target sequence and the extension of this sequence as facilated by a thermostable polymerase leading to replicatrion of a duplicate DNA sequence, in an exponential manner, to a point ehich will be visibly detectable by gel electrophoresis with the aid of a DNA- intercalatingh chemical flouresces under uv light. 23. 23. This is based on the fact the DNA pyrimidines(cytosine and thymidine) specifically pair up with purines(guanine and adenine; or uracil for RNA). Therefore, a labelled probe with a known specific sequence can pair up with opened or denatured DNA from the ytest sample, as long as their sequences complement each other. If this hybridisation occurs, the probe labels this with a detectable radioactive isotope, antigenic substrate, enzyme or chemiluminescent compound. 24. 24. Whereas if no target sequence is present or the isolate does not have the specifi gene of interest, no attachment of probes will occur, and therefore no signals will be detected. 25. 25. Modifications of the PCR and DNA hybridization.With these basic principles, several modifications have been introduced which further improve the sensitivity and Specificity of these procedures. Examples of such development the use of flourecence-labeled oligonucleotides, the development of molecular becons, development of DNA arrays and DNA chips, Among many others. 26. 26. Selection of the appropriate method will depend on the intended degree of accuracy, convenience, urgency, bioavailability of sources, availability of expertise and cost 27. 27. The colonies show up as: Susceptible, resistant, or intermediate Susceptible- in this case, a clear, circular “halo”-technically known as a “plaque” or zone of inhibition- will appear around the antibiotic disc, indicating an absence of bacteria.The antibiotic has inhibited their growth and/or killed them, means that they cant grow if the drug is present.This indicates an effective antibiotic 28. 28. Resistant : in this case, the filter Paper will have no discernable plaque around it, meaning that the bacteria can grow even in the presence of a antibiotic.This indicates an ineffective anti- biotic Intermediate: a somewhat cloudy plaque indicates that not all the bacteria in the area around the disc have been killed. this means that a higher dose of the antibiotic is needed to prevent the growth. The doctor can use the results to determine the best antibiotic to treat your infection 29. 29. Few risks are associated with this test. Blood collection comes with small risks. Rare risks of taking a blood sample include: Lightedness or fainting Hematoma- a bruise where blood accumulates under the skin Infection-usually prevented by the skin being cleaned before the needle is inserted Excessive bleeding- bleeding for a long period afterwards may indicate a more serious bleeding condition and should be reported to the doctor The doctor will advise the patient about the potential risks associated with the sample 30. 30. An antibiotic that bacteria, fungus, or another micro organism shows resistance to shouldn’t be used to treat the infection.Your doctor will decide which drug is best if several Sensitivity analysis starts with a bacterial sample. The sample is obtained by swabbing the infected area or secretion... antibiotics are shown to be effective in killing the micro organism causing the infection 31. 31. To provide a reliable prediction of whether an infection caused by a bacterial isolate will respond therapeutically to a particular antibiotic treatment. This may be utilized as guidelines for chemotherapy, or at the population level as indicator of emergence and spread of resistance based on passive or active surveillance. 32. 32. Becos of the required culture time, sensitivity testing may take several days, which is not ideal in critical cases demanding urgency. Practitioners switch ove rto anti-biograms 33. 33. The culture media are prepared according to the specifications of the USP, European Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia and Indian Pharmacopoeia. The antibiotic media are identified numerically with names assigned by Grove and Randall Seed agar Base agar Assay broth Yeast beef agar 34. 34. Aspects of quality control include: Standardized bacterial inoculum size Culture conditions-growth medium, pH, cation concentration Blood and serum supplements andThymidine contents Incubation conditions- atmosphere, temperature, duration Concentration of anti microbials for testing 35. 35. Guidelines and recommendations for these continuously updated by certain organizations worldwide, such as CLSI, EUCAST, OIE, BSAC, SFM, SRGA and CDS. Recommended
The doctor will send the specimen to a licensed laboratory in a special culture tube for testing. Spread a sample of t...
Test Prep: PSAT Online Course - LinkedIn Learning 1.IdentifyThe Species Of Bacteria: This is done with various techniques, including examination of lawn characteristics-c...
2.DetermineThe Bacterial Populations SensitivityTo A Range Of Antibiotics This can be done by p[lacing small disks of fi...
Educational Technology for Student Success Online Course - LinkedIn Learning
Clinical relevance of the isolate Purity of the isoate Logical panel of anti-microbial agent to be tested-do ot incl...
Teaching Techniques: Project-Based Learning Online Course - LinkedIn Learning
Dilution method-broth and agar dilution method Disc-diffusion method E-test Automated methods Mechanism-specific...
Microbiological culture sensitivity test Suhas Reddy C
Microbiological culture sensitivity test Akhil Joseph
Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing Freelance clinical Microbiologist
The broth dilution method involves subjecting a series of concentrations of anti-microbial agents in a broth environment... Microbial assay of B2 and B12 Pankhil Gandhi
Cultural Sensitivity uyvillage
Antimicrobial susceptibility test and assay bls 206 Bruno Mmassy
Antibiotic sensitivity testing Skills in Microbiology ... Freelance clinical Microbiologist English The MIC is thus the minimum concentration of the anti-biotic that will inhibit the particular isolate. The test is onl... Español Português Français Deutsch About Dev & API Blog Terms Privacy Copyright Support
LinkedIn Corporation © 2018 × Share Clipboard Because of convenience, efficiency and cos, the disc diffusion method is probably the most widely method A growth medi... × Email
Enter email addresses Add a message From
Send Email sent successfully.. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn
Link Public clipboards featuring this slide
×
E-Test(AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) is a commercially available test that utilises a plastic test strip impregnated with a g...
This method provides for a convenient quantitative test of antibiotic resistance of a clinical isolate. However, a sep...
No public clipboards found for this slide Select another clipboard ×
Most automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems provide automated inoculation, reading and interpretation.Th...
Resistance may also be established through tests that directly detectthepresence of a particular resistance mechanism. ...
Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. Search for a clipboard Create a clipboard
You just clipped your first slide! Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Name* Best of Slides
Description Add a brief description so others know what your Clipboard is about. Visibility Although nucleic acid-based detections systems are generally rapid and sensitive, it is important to remember that the p... Others can see my Clipboard Cancel Save Save this presentationTap To Close
Polymerisation chain reaction: It is one of the most commonly used molecular techniques for detecting certain DNA sequ...
This is based on the fact the DNA pyrimidines(cytosine and thymidine) specifically pair up with purines(guanine and aden...
Whereas if no target sequence is present or the isolate does not have the specifi gene of interest, no attachment of pro...
Modifications of the PCR and DNA hybridization.With these basic principles, several modifications have been introduced w...
Selection of the appropriate method will depend on the intended degree of accuracy, convenience, urgency, bioavailabilit...
The colonies show up as: Susceptible, resistant, or intermediate Susceptible- in this case, a clear, circular “halo”...
Resistant : in this case, the filter Paper will have no discernable plaque around it, meaning that the bacteria can grow...
Few risks are associated with this test. Blood collection comes with small risks. Rare risks of taking a blood sample ...
An antibiotic that bacteria, fungus, or another micro organism shows resistance to shouldn’t be used to treat the infect...
To provide a reliable prediction of whether an infection caused by a bacterial isolate will respond therapeutically to a...
Becos of the required culture time, sensitivity testing may take several days, which is not ideal in critical cases dema...
The culture media are prepared according to the specifications of the USP, European Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia...
Aspects of quality control include: Standardized bacterial inoculum size Culture conditions-growth medium, pH, catio...
Guidelines and recommendations for these continuously updated by certain organizations worldwide, such as CLSI, EUCAST, ...
Microbiological Culture sensitivity tests
Upcoming SlideShare
Loading in …5
×