MNC's, FDI dan Globalisasi [PDF]

MNC’s, FDI dan Globalisasi R. Widya Setiabudi Sumadinata, S.IP.,S.Si.,MT. Viani Mahyudin, S.IP.,MM. Jurusan Hubungan Internasional Universitas Padjadjaran 2009

Review Kuliah 1: Definisi MNCs

TNCs or MNCs? In these educational materials we are using 'Transnational Corporation' because the word 'multinational corporation' hides the way these companies operate 'Multinational' suggests that a company is spreading its activities equally among several countries. In reality this is not the case TNCs have their head offices in one home country, with management, control and most shareholders there – They have branches, subsidiaries and production units in other countries, but retain decision making power in their 'home' base – They do not spread their activities and power equally between countries.

Different Names Multinational Corporations (MNCs) – 'Multi' = 'Many'. – So, 'multinational' means 'in many countries'.

Transnational Corporations (TNCs) – 'Trans' = 'Across'. – So, 'transnational' means 'across national borders'.

Conglomerate A giant corporation which owns many companies.

Global Factories This means that their activities take place across the world.

Runaway Factories They are called this when they 'run away' or shift production to another country because conditions change, e.g. rising wages.

What are TNC's looking for: Low labour costs developed infrastructures stable governments and government support capitalist environments the structure and characteristics of the country's economy the potential for increased profit the abundance of labour the kinds of labour policies the level of safety standards

What are the factors HoC offers: developed infrastructures stable governments government support capitalist environments a small open economy an abundant, educated labour force

How do TNC's help By: – providing employment – providing technological advancements – providing foreign exchange

Karakteristik MNC’s Suatu perusahaan bisnis yang beroperasi di dua atau lebih negara tujuan (host country) dimana perusahaan induk MNC’s tadi berada di negara asal (home country) – Michael J. Carbaugh (2000). International Economics. 7th ed. Cincinnati: SouthWestern College Pub.

– Perusahaan induk menjalankan keseluruhan bentuk strategi dunia yang terkoordinasi – Gilpin (1986)

MNC’s melakukan kegiatan r&d di host country untuk menunjang aktifitasnya Sifat kegiatannya lintas batas negara Adanya pemindahan modal yg ditandai dg arus investasi asing langsung (FDI) – Theodore H. Cohn: MNC’s ditandai dengan adanya FDI

Motif MNC’s Demmand Factor – Adanya tekanan kpd MNC’s utk mendapat profit Menguasai pasar atas produk2 yg dihasilkan Mengembangkan aktifitas bisnis utk memaksimalkan profit Mencari daerah2 baru

– Akses lebih detil terhadap pasar

Cost Factor – Menekan biaya produksi  maksimalisasi profit & meningkaatkan daya saing

Motif MNC’s -- Cohn Horizontal integration – Membuka fasilitas produksi di LN – Tujuannya utk mempertahankan/menaikan pendapatan dari pasar int – Dapat bersaing dg pesaing lokal – Menghindari kebijakan perdagangan pemerintah negara tujuan ketika memberlakukan hambatan eksternal

Vertical integration – Membangun fasilitas produksi dg tahap2 berbeda, msg2 fasiltas menjadi input bagi fasilitas lainnya – Tujuannya utk menekan biaya produksi

MNC’s Sbg Agen Globalisasi What is globalization ?

Globalization  Globalization: Global networks of interdependence (Nye 2004)  Interdependence: mutual dependence of actors across different parts of the international system (Keohane and Nye 1977)  “…globalization is about connections between different region of the world-from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the environmentaland the ways in which they change and increase over time….”(Held et al. 1999)

Elements of Globalization  Trade – Exports: $66bn (1960) -$7,100bn (2002)

 International finance – FDI: $68bn (1960) $7,100(2002)

 Multinational corporations – 3,500 (1960) to 65,200 (2001)

 Regional integration

Trends: FDI Flows FDI Inflows 1970-2004 Millions of dollars

1 600 000 1 400 000 1 200 000

World

1 000 000

Developed countries and territories Developing countries and territories

800 000 600 000 400 000 200 000 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y2

Year

Sources of Globalization  Technology  Triumph of liberalism – Francis Fukuyama: The End of History? – Washington Consensus

 Institutions – WTO – International Monetary Fund (IMF) – World Bank

Is Globalization Good or Bad?

Benefits of Globalization  Access to information  Access to goods  Access to technology  Access to capital

The Risks of Globalization  States lose control  Heightened vulnerability  Benefits distributed asymmetrically  Economic objectives trump social, cultural, environmental objectives

Case: From the Asian Miracle to the Asian Financial Crisis  The miracle: – South Korea: 7%-8%average growth 1970s-1990s; – Thailand: 7%-8.5% growth rate 1960-1980s

 1990s: rapid financial market liberalization  1997 Financial Crisis – Thailand: fear of currency devaluation->sell baht->currency devaluates>capital flight; financial instability; – Korea: rumor that economy in trouble/bank will not renew loans -> banks unwilling to renew loans ->economic trouble due to high indebtedness – Korea: GDP -7%; Thailand: GDP -11%

Case: Intellectual Property Rights (Biopiracy)  Mexican yellow bean – Larry Proctor (Colorado) patent on “Enola” bean, originally from Sonora (Mexico)

 Basmati rice – RiceTec Inc (Texas)-Texmati Rice patent

The Backlash: Seattle 1999

Solutions, Solutions…. The Role of Institutions  Keynesian welfare politics?  Domestic institution?  Gradual liberalization, mitigated by government policies?  Strengthen international institutions?  Tackle poverty?

What is the globalisation debate?  Globalization debate in IR has essentially

been a dispute between state-centric and non-state-centric (ontological) approaches State-centric

vs

Non-state-centric

 In IR, the dominant perspectives such as

realism and neorealism, as state-centric perspectives, have the most to lose in the globalization debate

Globalist challenge to realism 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

Sovereignty is compromised by cross-order flows Globalization raises new issues of a global scale Transnational institutions of global governance are emerging Non-state actors influence politics High politics issues have been relegated in relation to a series of low politics issues Economic globalization is escaping national jurisdiction Globalization overall constitutes the passing of the era of the nation-state

Problems of the traditional debate It is unfortunate that the debate has focused on the realist claim of centrality of states. Neither realism nor globalism capture the entirety of the complex picture of globalization

Problems of definition Globalization can mean a variety of things: cross-border flows or interdependence or transnationalisation of governance Definitions vary between theorists: Sceptics tend to adopt rather strictly defined conceptions of what globalization consists of, whereas globalists tend to accept less discriminating definitional standards

How to define globalization? Globalization is a multifaceted process necessitating a multi-dimensional conceptualisation We can try to define globalization by considering what it is not (beyond states, not inter-national, not regionalization, opposed to protectionism) Here globalization is defined as ‘a process (or set of processes) that embodies a transformation in the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions, generating trans-continental and inter-regional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power’ (Held, 1999: 16)

Empirics of globalization  Almost every empirical claim is contested

in the globalization literature but balance of opinion has shifted towards a more sceptical position  Empirical record relations to two aspects of globalization: 1) its extent 2) its consequences

Sceptic’s case Extent of globalization

Consequences of globalization

1) Evidence suggests that the

extent of globalization is not unprecedented 2) What is often called globalization is actually better described through notions of regionalization and triadiazation 3) Evidence does not support economists’ predictions e.g. on interest rate convergence

1) Evidence does not

support the implication that states’ internal spending would lessen 2) International investors do not seem to be as mobile as predicted 3) Welfare states continue to attract investment

Case study: from welfare state to competition state Philip G. Cerny argues that globalization is transforming welfare states to competition states. Investment and trade flows increase national economies pitted against each other states scale back their internal regulations and levels of taxation welfare state becomes impracticable for public finances

1) 2) 3) 4)

Problems with this argument are: Cost is not necessarily the only determinant of consumer choice Investors continue to be interested in welfare spenders Welfare states can also be economically open We should not attribute causal force to a fully integrated economy or to globalization on the basis of theoretical presumption.

Conclusion Globalization is often presented as a challenge to the very field of IR Yet, empirical evidence suggests that globalization is not necessarily an accurate term to describe the current political processes There is still much to be gained from focusing on state as a key if not the only actor

Elemen Globalisasi (Lairson & Skidmore) Adanya pertumbuhan yg sangat cepat dalam transaksi pembayaran atau keuangan internasional Adanya pertumbuhan yg sangat cepat dalam transaksi pembayaran antar perusahaan Adanya FDI yang dilakukan oleh MNCs Munculnya pasar global dan sistem nilai jual (harga) produk secara global Semakin meningkatnya penggunaan dan penemuan dalam teknologi dan idee lewat sistem komunikasi & transportasi global

MNCs selaku aktor utama globalisasi Globalisasi keuangan Globalisasi produksi Dengan keunggulan yang dimilikinya MNCs telah melakukan dua jenis globalisasi di atas

Spero & Hart Teori internasionalisasi Teori daur-hidup produk (life cycle product) Obsolescing bargain theory

Teori internasionalisasi Menjelaskan bahwa MNCs melakukan ekspansi bisnis keluar dikarenakan keinginan untuk menginternasionalisasikan aktivitasnya dalam rangka mengisi ketidaksempurnaan pasar – Situasi dimana mekanisme pasar tidak mampu menyediakan barang2 sesuai dg kebutuhan konsumen dan harga yg masuk akal – konsumen tidak mendapatkan barang atau jasa dengan tingkat harga, kualitas dan ketepatan waktu penyediaan seperti yg diinginkan

Disebabkan adanya tekanan dari pemerintah suatu negara yg membebankan terlalu banyak biaya2, sehingga aktifitas produksinya dipindahkan ke LN. Namun ada syaratnya (John H. Dunning): – MNCs hrs memiliki kekuatan pasar yg diperoleh dari kekuatan & karakteristik khusus pemilik modal – Harus mempertimbangkan keuntungan lokasi baru dibanding lokasi lama – FDI harus dijalankan sesuai dg logika internasionalisasi aktivitas MNCs tersebut

Teori daur-hidup produk MNCs harus bisa bisa bertahan di tengah ketatnya persaingan bisnis antar MNCs Untuk menjaga tkt persaingan  penekanan biaya produksi  relokasi fasilitas produksi Untuk memperpendek rantai distribusi antar produsen-konsumen (pasar)

Siklus Hidup Produk Early development Growth (semakin meningkat) Maturity (mulai turun) Obsolescence (cenderung menyusut  nol)

permintaan

time

Strategi MNCs –Raymond Vernon (1971) Fase I: – Disini permintaan pasar sangat tinggi, karena itu MNC memilih melakukan aktivitas di dlm negeri, alasannya: (a) SDM yg terampil memadai (b) adanya kedekatan dg para pengguna produk & penyuplai bahan baku; ( c) komunikasi lebih efisien

Fase II: fase maturity, teknologi mengalami “standardisasi”  persaingan makin ketat  biaya produksi menjadi determinan  pengurangan biaya produksi/transportasi: dalam memeuhi permintaan pasar memberi lisensi pada perusahaan2 lokal, atau membuka cabang2 baru Fase III: Produk memasuki tahap kadaluwarsa  pasar sudah jenuh - dituntut menjual produk dg harga yg semurah-murahnya  relokasi

Obsolescing bargain theory Mirip teori daur ulang Diawali tawar menawar konsensi antara MNCs dengan HC Mulanya MNCs lebih dominan  ada proses belajar  posisi tawar HC meningkat  dinamika tawar menawar berkembang

MNCs & Kepentingan Home Country Sebagai agen globalisasi, aktifitas MNCs pasti terkait dengan kepentingan negara asal MNCs tersebut MNCs USA dapat berkembang pesat karena tergantung dan didukung pemerintah USA dan dalam rangka menyebarkan doktrin liberalisme (mis perdagangan bebas) –Gilpin (1986) MNCs dijadikan alat politik oleh USA dalam rangka melakukan ekspansi guna mendapatkan sumber2 ekonomi dalam rangka menciptakan negara USA yg kuat secara militer dan politik MNCs merupakan alat USA utk mempertahankan posisinya dalam politik global, mengamankan kedudukan yg kuat dlm perekonomian dunia dan menguasai hak untuk menguasai bahan mentah –Gilpin (1986) Henry Fowler : MNCs adalah alat kapaitalisme baru dimana MNCs memegang peranan penting dalam politik luar negeri USA terutama untuk membiayai posisi militernya di luar negeri

Hubungan Negara-MNcs Saling ketergantungan, bagi kedua belak pihak Diwarnai juga ketegangan

Pro-Kontra MNCs Perspektif Neo Klasik – Pendukung utama

Perspektif Global Reach – Perlunya mengontrol ekspansi MNCs krn meruggikan negara berkembang

Perspektif neo-imperialisme – Menghendaki pemutusan hubungan

Perspektif Neo-Fundamentalisme – Mengakui sumbangan positif MNC tapi tetap harus berhati-hati

Matriks Perspektif Pro

Krtitis

Non Marxis

Neo-Klasik (Rueber, Vernon, Rugman)

Global Reach (Barnet & Muller, Lall, dll)

Marxis

Neo Fundamentalisme (Warren, Wallerstein, Schiffer)

Neo-Imperialisme (Baran, Magdoff, Frank, dll)

Program CSR

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