MoMA | Glossary of Art Terms [PDF]

GLOSSARY OF ART TERMS

Glossary of Art Terms A

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Abstract A term generally used to describe art that is not representational or based on external reality or nature. Related: André Masson. Automatic Drawing. 1924 Joan Miró. The Hunter (Catalan Landscape). Montroig, July 1923–winter 1924 John Coplans. Self Portrait. 1985 Mona Hatoum, Routes II, 2002 Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie." Paris, winter 1911–12 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Word Play Pop Art Vasily Kandinsky. Picture with an Archer. 1909 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52 Yto Barrada, Autocar—Tangier, Figs. 1–4, 2004

Abstract Expressionism An artistic movement made up of American artists in the 1940s and 1950s, also known as the New York School, or more narrowly, action painting. Abstract Expressionism is usually characterized by large abstract painted canvases, although the movement also includes sculpture and other media. Related: Carolee Schneemann. Up to and Including Her Limits. 1973–76 Robert Rauschenberg. Bed. 1955 Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961 The Sublime and the Spiritual Minimalism Pop Art Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Abstraction The process of creating art that is not representational or based on external reality or nature. Related: Théo van Doesburg and Kurt Schwitters. Kleine Dada Soirée (Small Dada Evening). 1922 Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 Norman Lewis. City Night. 1949 Robert Smithson. Corner Mirror with Coral. 1969. The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting The Sublime and the Spiritual Cubism Intersecting Identities Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Academic Of or relating to the conservative style of art promoted by an official academy. Related: Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Action painting A term coined by art critic Harold Rosenberg in 1952 to describe the work of artists who painted with gestures that involved more than just the traditional use of the fingers and wrist to paint, including also the arm, shoulder, and even legs. In many of these paintings the movement that went into their making remains visible. Related: Ad Reinhardt. Abstract Painting. 1963 Carolee Schneemann. Up to and Including Her Limits. 1973–76 Franz Kline. Chief. 1950 Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961 Abstract Expressionism The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting

Actuality A non-fiction film, usually lasting no more than one to two minutes, showing unedited, unstructured footage of real events, places, people, or things. Actualities preceded documentaries and were popular forms of entertainment from the early 1890s until around 1908.

Aesthetic Relating to or characterized by a concern with beauty or good taste (adjective); a particular taste or approach to the visual qualities of an object (noun). Related: The Sublime and the Spiritual Dada Fauvism Surrealism Tom Wesselmann. Still Life #30. April 1963. The Atlas Group/Walid Raad. My Neck Is Thinner Than a Hair: Engines. 1996–2004

Allover painting A canvas covered in paint from edge to edge and from corner to corner, in which each area of the composition is given equal attention and significance. Related: Jackson Pollock. One: Number 31, 1950. 1950

Aluminum Aluminum is a relatively soft, durable, lightweight, ductile, and malleable metal with appearance ranging from silvery to dull gray. It is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite. It is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.

Angular An object, outline, or shape having sharp corners, or angles. Related: Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907

Appropriation In the visual arts, appropriation is the intentional borrowing, copying, and alteration of preexisting images and objects. Related: Andy Warhol. Campbell's Tomato Juice Box. 1964 Carrie Mae Weems. From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried. 1995 Deborah Kass. Jewish Jackie. 1992 Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963 Richard Pettibone. Andy Warhol, "Marilyn Monroe." 1964 Richard Prince. Untitled (almost original). 2006 The Photographic Record Appropriation

Architecture The science, art, or profession of designing and constructing buildings, bridges, and other large structures. Related: Vito Acconci. Theme Song. 1973

Art Nouveau Decorative style of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that flourished principally in Europe and the U.S. Although it influenced painting and sculpture, its chief manifestations were in architecture and the decorative and graphic arts. It is characterized by sinuous, asymmetrical lines based on organic forms. Related: Eugène Atget. Chemiserie, Boulevard de Strasbourg. c.1900 Hector Guimard. Entrance Gate to Paris Subway (Métropolitain) Station. Paris, France. c. 1900 Raoul François Larche. Loïe Fuller, The Dancer. c. 1900

Artifice Deception or trickery. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Sets, Stories, and Situations Thomas Demand. Room (Zimmer). 1996

Arts and Crafts Informal movement in architecture and the decorative arts that championed the unity of the arts, the experience of the individual craftsperson, and the qualities of materials and construction in the work itself.

Assemblage A three-dimensional composition made from a variety of traditionally non-artistic materials and objects. Related: Louise Nevelson. Sky Cathedral. 1958 Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936 Abstract Expressionist Sculpture Chance Creations: Collage, Photomontage, and Assemblage Surrealism Surrealist Objects and Assemblage

Atelier Populaire French for “popular workshop,” the renegade print workshop established at Paris's École des Beaux-Arts during nationwide protests in France in May 1968. The workshop created new images daily to respond to events.

Automatism The process of writing or creating art without conscious thought. The term was borrowed from physiology, which uses the term to denote involuntary processes that are not under conscious control, such as breathing. The Surrealists later applied to techniques of spontaneous writing, drawing, and painting. Related: Surrealism Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams

Avant-garde French for “advanced guard,” this term is used in English to describe a group that is innovative, experimental, and inventive in its technique or ideology, particularly in the realms of culture, politics, and the arts. Related: Jean (Hans) Arp. Merz 5, Arp Mappe: 7 Arpaden (Arp Portfolio: 7 Arpades). 1923 Hippolyte Blancard. Untitled (construction of the Eiffel Tower). April 1889 Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963 Lorraine O'Grady. Untitled (Mlle Bourgeoise Noire). 1980-83/2009 Senga Nengudi. R.S.V.P. I. 1977/2003 Advanced Placement Art History Exam What Is Modern Art? Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

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B-movie A low-budget movie, especially (formerly) one made for use as a companion to the main attraction in a double feature. Related: Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963

Background The area of an artwork that appears farthest away from the viewer; also, the area against which a figure or scene is placed. Related: Andy Warhol. Double Elvis. 1963 Andy Warhol. Gold Marilyn Monroe. 1962 Bruce Nauman. Art Make-Up: No. 1 White, No. 2 Pink, No. 3 Green, No. 4 Black. 1967-1968 George Grosz. The Poet Max Herrmann-Neisse. 1927. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Divan Japonais (Japanese Settee). 1893 Joan Miró. The Hunter (Catalan Landscape). Montroig, July 1923–winter 1924 Julia Margaret Cameron. Madonna with Children. 1864 Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963 Paul Gauguin. The Moon and the Earth. 1893 Philip-Lorca diCorcia. Head #10. 2002 Richard Avedon. Marilyn Monroe, actress, New York. May 6, 1957 Celebrity Modern Portraits Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Ball Bearing A type of bearing designed to reduce friction, a force that resists motion between moving parts.

Baroque A term meaning extravagant, complex; applied to a style in art and architecture developed in Europe from the early seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century, emphasizing dramatic, often strained effect and typified by bold, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990

Batik A wax-resist dyeing technique that is often used to make highly patterned cloth.

Bauhaus A German school of art, design, and architecture, founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius. The school’s curriculum aimed to re-establish the bond between artistic creativity and manufacturing that had been broken by the Industrial Revolution.

Beat A member of the Beat Generation, a group of American writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s, influenced by Eastern philosophy and religion and known especially for their use of nontraditional forms and their rejection of conventional social values. Related: Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963

Belle Époque French for “beautiful era,” a term that describes the period in French history beginning in 1890 and ending at the start of World War I in1914, which was characterized by optimism, relative peace across Europe, and new discoveries in technology and science. Related: Robert Delaunay. The Tower. 1911 (inscribed 1910) Popular Culture Rise of the Modern City

Ben-Day dots Colored dots (generally in four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) used to create shading and secondary colors in the mechanical reproduction of images. Related: Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963

Binder A component of paint that creates uniform consistency or cohesion. Related: Francis Picabia. M’Amenez-y. 1919–20

Biomorphic Derived from the Greek words bios (life) and morphe (form), a term referring to abstract forms or images that evoke associations with living forms such as plants and the human body. Related: Jean (Hans) Arp. Merz 5, Arp Mappe: 7 Arpaden (Arp Portfolio: 7 Arpades). 1923 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Black Maria The world’s first film studio, invented in 1892–93 by American inventor Thomas Alva Edison and his assistant and protégé, William K. L. Dickson. Comprised of an armature of wooden planks covered with tar paper, the structure was set on tracks so that it could be moved into optimal sunlight and outfitted with a roof made of panels that could be raised or lowered to control the amount of light coming in.

Brocade A heavy fabric interwoven with a rich, raised design. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990

Brushwork The manner in which a painter applies paint with a brush. Related: Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Built Environment Human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity. Related: Design

Byzantine Empire An empire of the eastern Mediterranean region, dating from AD 395, when the Roman Empire was partitioned into eastern and western portions. Its extent varied greatly over the centuries, but its core remained the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. The empire collapsed when its capital, Constantinople, fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Related: Halil Altindere. Wonderland. 2013

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Calligraphy Decorative handwriting or lettering. Related: Yun-Fei Ji, The Three Gorges Migration, 2009

Canon A group of artistic, literary, or musical works that are generally accepted as representing a field. Related: Andy Warhol. Gold Marilyn Monroe. 1962 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990

Canvas Cotton or linen woven cloth used as a surface for painting. Related: Andy Warhol. Campbell's Soup Cans. 1962 Barnett Newman. The Voice. 1950 Clyfford Still. 1944-N No. 2. 1944 Helen Frankenthaler. Jacob’s Ladder. 1957 Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 Mark Rothko. No. 16 (Red, Brown, and Black). 1958 Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961 Abstract Expressionism The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Caricature A rendering, usually a drawing, of a person or thing with exaggerated or distorted features, meant to satirize the subject. Related: Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Cartes-de-visite Small handheld photographic cards, first popularized in the 1850s. Inexpensive and mass-produced, these cards depicted individual or celebrity portraits, and were popularly traded or collected in albums. Related: Mathew B. Brady (studio of). President Lincoln. c. 1862 Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon). Théophile Gautier. 1855

Celluloid The first synthetic plastic material, developed in the 1860s and 1870s from a combination of camphor and nitrocellulose. Tough, flexible, and moldable, it was used to make many mass-produced items, including photographic film for both still and motion picture cameras. Despite its flammability and tendency to discolor and crack with age, celluloid was used in motion picture production until the 1930s, when it began to be replaced by cellulose-acetate safety film.

Censorship The act, process, or practice of examining books, films, or other material to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. Related: Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963

Ceramics Objects, such as pots and vases, made of clay hardened by heat. Related: Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907

Chine collé A printmaking technique that transfers an image to a lightweight paper that is bonded to a heavier surface. Related: Rirkrit Tiravanija. Untitled 2008–2011 (the map of the land of feeling) I–III. 2008–2011

Choreography The art of creating and arranging dances or ballets; a work created by this art. A person who creates choreography is called a choreographer. Related: Emily Roysdon. Sense and Sense. 2010 Ralph Lemon. Untitled. 2008 Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961 Dance on Camera / Expanded Choreography Tino Sehgal. Kiss. 2003 Yvonne Rainer. Trio A. 1978

Chromogenic color print Photographs made from a positive color transparency or a negative. The color is achieved in the print by the layering of silver salts sensitized to the three primary colors: red, yellow, and blue. After each emulsified layer has been exposed, colors emerge in a chemical development process.

Cinématographe A combination motion picture camera, printer, and projector invented by French photographers, photographic equipment manufacturers, and brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière in 1895. The Cinématographe was used to create the world’s first movie theater when the Lumière brothers set it up in the back room of a Parisian café and projected their films. Unlike Thomas Alva Edison’s and William K. L. Dickson’s electrically powered Kinetograph, the Cinématographe was compact and hand-cranked, so it could be easily transported to shoot films on location.

Cinematographer The person who sets up both camera and lighting for each shot in a film. The cinematographer has major influence over the look and feel of a shot or scene and is often held in as high esteem as the director. Cinematography is the art of positioning a camera and lighting a scene.

City planner An individual who helps guide and shape the future development of a community. A city planner considers environmental and social issues, and what kinds of resources are needed to improve the quality of life for the community residents, particularly in terms of what types of new building projects may be necessary.

Cityscape An image with urban scenery as its primary focus; an urban environment. Related: Modern Landscapes

Cladding A metal covering that sheathes a metal structure.

Classicism The principles embodied in the styles, theories, or philosophies of the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Related: Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907

Collage The technique and resulting work of art in which fragments of paper and other materials are arranged and glued to a supporting surface. Related: Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 Jean (Hans) Arp. Untitled (Collage with Squares Arranged According to the Laws of Chance. 1916–17 Johannes Baader. The Author of the Book "Fourteen Letters of Christ" in His Home. 1920 Kurt Schwitters. Merz Picture 32 A. The Cherry Picture. 1921 Man Ray. The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Her Shadows. 1916 Cadavre Exquis (Exquisite Corpse) with Yves Tanguy, Joan Miró, Max Morise, and Man Ray. Nude. 1926–27 The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting Cubism Dada Chance Creations: Collage, Photomontage, and Assemblage Intersecting Identities Celebrity Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams Modern Portraits Painting Modern Life Tom Wesselmann. Still Life #30. April 1963. Yayoi Kusama. Accumulation of Stamps, 63. 1962

Color The perceived hue of an object, produced by the manner in which it reflects or emits light into the eye. Also, a substance, such as a dye, pigment, or paint, that imparts a hue. Related: Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966 Bruce Nauman. Art Make-Up: No. 1 White, No. 2 Pink, No. 3 Green, No. 4 Black. 1967-1968 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Dan Flavin. pink out of a corner (to Jasper Johns). 1963 Georges-Pierre Seurat. Evening, Honfleur. 1886 Georges-Pierre Seurat. Port-en-Bessin, Entrance to the Harbor. 1888 Henri Matisse. Study for "Luxe, calme et volupté." 1904 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Cubism Landscapes: Real and Imagined The Materials of Minimalism Surrealist Landscapes What Is Modern Art? Modern Landscapes Modern Portraits Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Color Field paintings Paintings of large areas of color, typically with no strong contrasts of tone or obvious focus of attention. Related: Barnett Newman. Vir Heroicus Sublimis. 1950–51

Column A decorative or structural feature, most often composed of stone, typically having a cylindrical or polygonal shaft.

Combine The technique of affixing cast-off items to a traditional support, like a canvas. Related: Robert Rauschenberg. Bed. 1955

Commission To request, or the request for, the production of a work of art. Related: Hector Guimard. Entrance Gate to Paris Subway (Métropolitain) Station. Paris, France. c. 1900 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Divan Japonais (Japanese Settee). 1893 Ralph Lemon. Untitled. 2008 Photography as Witness What Is Modern Art?

Complementary colors Colors located opposite one another on the color wheel. When mixed together, complementary colors produce a shade of gray or brown. When one stares at a color for a sustained period of time then looks at a white surface, an afterimage of the complementary color will appear. Related: Henri Matisse. Interior with a Young Girl (Girl Reading). 1905–06 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Composition The arrangement of the individual elements within a work of art so as to form a unified whole; also used to refer to a work of art, music, or literature, or its structure or organization. Related: Eugène Atget. Chemiserie, Boulevard de Strasbourg. c.1900 André Masson. Automatic Drawing. 1924 Bruce Nauman. Art Make-Up: No. 1 White, No. 2 Pink, No. 3 Green, No. 4 Black. 1967-1968 David Smith. Australia. 1951 Franz Marc. Horses Resting. 1911 George Grosz. Explosion. 1917 Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 Isamu Noguchi. My Pacific (Polynesian Culture). 1942 Julia Margaret Cameron. Madonna with Children. 1864 Lee Krasner. Untitled. 1949 Louise Nevelson. Sky Cathedral. 1958 Man Ray. The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Her Shadows. 1916 Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie." Paris, winter 1911–12 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Paul Cézanne. The Bather. c. 1885 Philippe Halsman. Dalí Atomicus. 1948 Richard Serra. To Lift. 1967 Abstract Expressionism The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting Cubism Photography as Witness Sets, Stories, and Situations Celebrity Modern Portraits Tom Wesselmann. Still Life #30. April 1963. Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Compression The state of being pressed down under a weight or squeezed together. Related: Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907

Concentric Two or more things having a common center. Related: Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Conceptual art Art that emerged in the late 1960s, emphasizing ideas and theoretical practices rather than the creation of visual forms. In 1967, the artist Sol LeWitt gave the new genre its name in his essay “Paragraphs on Conceptual Art,” in which he wrote, “The idea itself, even if not made visual, is as much a work of art as any finished product.” Related: Daniel Buren. D’une impression l’autre. 1983 Sol LeWitt. Serial Project, I (ABCD). 1966. Conceptual Art Language and Art Outside the Museum Sol LeWitt and Instruction-based Art Marcel Duchamp and the Readymade Yoko Ono. Cut Piece. 1964

Construct Something formed or constructed from parts. Related: Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Earl S. Tupper. Pitcher and Creamer. 1946 Fernando Campana and Humberto Campana. Vermelha Chair. 1993 Hippolyte Blancard. Untitled (construction of the Eiffel Tower). April 1889 Johannes Baader. The Author of the Book "Fourteen Letters of Christ" in His Home. 1920 Marcel Duchamp. Fresh Widow. 1920

Constructivism Developed by the Russian avant-garde at the time of the October Revolution of 1917, the goal of this idealistic movement was to make art universally understandable and essential to everyday life.

Content The subject matter or significance of a work of art, especially as contrasted with its form. Related: Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963 Marcel Jean. Specter of the Gardenia. 1936. Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907

Contour The outline of something. Related: Ana Mendieta. Nile Born. 1984 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907

Contrast (photography) In photography, the range of light to dark areas in the composition. An image with high contrast will have a greater variability in tonality while a photograph with low contrast will have a more similar range of tones.

Convention General agreement on or acceptance of certain practices or attitudes; a widely used and accepted device or technique, as in drama, literature, or visual art. Related: Bruce Nauman. Walking in an Exaggerated Manner Around the Perimeter of a Square. 1967-68 Yvonne Rainer. Trio A. 1978

Cor-Ten steel A steel alloy that develops a rust-like appearance when exposed to weather for several years, eliminating the need for repainting. Because of this quality, it is also called weathering steel. Related: Barnett Newmann. Broken Obelisk. 1963–1969

Costume What a figure is wearing. Related: Édouard Vuillard. Interior, Mother and Sister of the Artist. 1893 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Raoul François Larche. Loïe Fuller, The Dancer. c. 1900 Dance on Camera / Expanded Choreography Vasily Kandinsky. Picture with an Archer. 1909

Cropping In photography, editing, typically by removing the outer edges of the image. This process may happen in the darkroom or on a computer. Related: Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963 Photography as Witness Sets, Stories, and Situations

Cubic Having the shape of a cube. Related: Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907

Cubism An artistic movement begun in 1907, when artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque together developed a visual language whose geometric planes and compressed space challenged the conventions of representation in painting. Traditional subjects—nudes, landscapes, and still lifes—were reinvented as increasingly fragmented compositions. Its influence extended to an international network of artists working in Paris in those years and beyond. Related: Georges Braque. Man with a Guitar. Céret, summer 1911–early 1912 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Cubism Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Cultural icon A person, symbol, object, or place that is widely recognized or culturally significant to a large group of people. Related: Celebrity

Culture The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group. Related: Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Juan Downey. Map of America. 1975 Lorraine O'Grady. Untitled (Mlle Bourgeoise Noire). 1980-83/2009 Dada Chairs Expressionism Constructing Gender Intersecting Identities Maps, Borders, and Networks Migration and Movement Photography The Photographic Record What Is Modern Art? Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Curator A person whose job it is to research and manage a collection and organize exhibitions. Related: Lorraine O'Grady. Untitled (Mlle Bourgeoise Noire). 1980-83/2009

D

Dada An artistic and literary movement that grew out of dissatisfaction with traditional social values and conventional artistic practices during World War I (1914–18). Dada artists were disillusioned by the social values that led to the war and sought to expose accepted and often repressive conventions of order and logic by shocking people into self-awareness. Related: El Lissitzky. Cabaret Voltaire Program for Merz-Matinéen. 1923 Jean (Hans) Arp. Merz 5, Arp Mappe: 7 Arpaden (Arp Portfolio: 7 Arpades). 1923 Théo van Doesburg and Kurt Schwitters. Kleine Dada Soirée (Small Dada Evening). 1922 El Lissitzky. Kurt Schwitters. c. 1924 Francis Picabia. Dada Movement. 1919 Jean (Hans) Arp. Untitled (Collage with Squares Arranged According to the Laws of Chance. 1916–17 Joan Miró. The Hunter (Catalan Landscape). Montroig, July 1923–winter 1924 Johannes Baader. The Author of the Book "Fourteen Letters of Christ" in His Home. 1920 Dada Artistic Collaboration Chance Creations: Collage, Photomontage, and Assemblage Marcel Duchamp and the Readymade Word Play Participation and Audience Involvement Appropriation Surrealism

Daguerreotype A photographic technique invented by Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre in 1839. A daguerreotype uses a silver or silvercoated-copper plate to develop an image in a camera obscura. The image is formed when the light-sensitive plate is exposed to light through a camera lens. A daguerreotype was a unique, direct positive image that could not produce copies. Related: Carrie Mae Weems. From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried. 1995 William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850

De Stijl (The Style) Meaning “the style” in Dutch, a term describing a group of artists and architects whose style is characterized by the use of primary colors, rectangular shapes, and asymmetrical compositions. The movement was a direct response to the chaotic and destructive events of World War I, and its members believed that developing a new artistic style represented a means of rebuilding and creating a harmonic order.

Decorative Arts A term used to describe the design and aesthetics of functional objects with an emphasis on unique and hand-crafted forms often available in limited quantity. Related: Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Design

Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) Artist group active in Munich, Germany, from 1911 to 1914, and closely associated with the development of Expressionism. The group’s aim was to express their own inner desires in a variety of forms, rather than to strive for a unified style or theme. Related: Franz Marc. Horses Resting. 1911 Expressionism

Design brief A written record describing the elements and scope of a design project.

Designer A person who conceives and gives form to objects used in everyday life. Related: Dance on Camera / Expanded Choreography

Die Brücke (the Bridge) Artist group active in Dresden, Germany, from 1905 to 1913, and closely associated with the development of Expressionism. The group is associated with an interest in the distortion of reality and expressive use of color to respond to the turmoil of modern urban society. Related: Erich Heckel. Portrait of a Man (Männerbildnis). 1919. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Street, Dresden. 1908 (reworked 1919; dated on painting 1907) Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Houses at Night. 1912 Expressionism

Diptych A work of art made up of two parts, usually hinged together.

Direct Cinema A method of documentary filmmaking developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the United States and Canada through which filmmakers sought to capture their subjects as directly as possible. Reducing equipment and crews to bare essentials, they used handheld cameras and attempted to make themselves unobtrusive, allowing life to unfold before the camera. American Direct Cinema pioneers include Richard Leacock, Robert Drew, D. A. Pennebaker, and brothers Albert and David Maysles.

Direct positive A photographic term referring to a positive image made directly by exposure to light and by development without the use of a negative. In a direct positive print an image is produced on a surface and then treated chemically to imitate the tonal range of nature. Related: William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850

Documentary film A genre encompassing non-fiction films intended to document some aspect of reality, often for the purposes of instruction, education, or developing a historical record.

Documentary photography A genre of photography that aims to objectively chronicle a subject or event. Related: Dorothea Lange. Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California. 1936 Jacob August Riis, Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot. 1889 Philip-Lorca diCorcia. Head #10. 2002

Double exposure In photography and filmmaking, a technique in which film is exposed twice to capture and merge two different images into a single image.

Draftsman A person who draws plans or designs, often of structures to be built; a person who draws skillfully, especially an artist. Related: Marcel Duchamp. 3 Standard Stoppages. 1913–14 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Drawing A work of art made with a pencil, pen, crayon, charcoal, or other implements, often consisting of lines and marks (noun); the act of producing a picture with pencil, pen, crayon, charcoal, or other implements (verb, gerund). Related: Adolph Gottlieb. Man Looking at Woman. 1949 André Masson. Automatic Drawing. 1924 Barrett Lyon, the Opte Project. Mapping the Internet. 2003 David Smith. Australia. 1951 Francis Picabia. Dada Movement. 1919 Franz Kline. Chief. 1950 George Grosz. Metropolis. 1917 George Grosz. The Poet Max Herrmann-Neisse. 1927. Glenn Ligon. Untitled from the Runaways. 1993 Gordon Matta-Clark. Bingo. 1974 Hans Bellmer. Plate from La Poupée. 1936 Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Jean (Hans) Arp. Untitled (Collage with Squares Arranged According to the Laws of Chance. 1916–17 Juan Downey. Map of America. 1975 Cadavre Exquis (Exquisite Corpse) with Yves Tanguy, Joan Miró, Max Morise, and Man Ray. Nude. 1926–27 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Richard Prince. Untitled (almost original). 2006 Robert Delaunay. The Tower. 1911 (inscribed 1910) Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52 William Pope.L. The Black Factory Archive. 2004-ongoing Yun-Fei Ji, The Three Gorges Migration, 2009

Drypoint A type of intaglio printmaking process that involves using an abrasive or sharp-pointed tool to scratch lines into the surface of a metal plate. The term may also refer to the process or to the tool used. Related: Max Beckmann. The Grenade (Die Granate). 1915, published 1918.

Ductile The ability to alter a material’s shape under tensile stress, such as stretching or pulling. Related: Aluminum Company of America. Outboard Propeller. 1925

E

Earthwork Artistic manipulation of the natural landscape, typically though not exclusively enacted on a large scale. Related: Ana Mendieta. Nile Born. 1984 Robert Smithson. Corner Mirror with Coral. 1969.

École des Beaux-Arts French for “school of fine art,” a term for art schools that advance a classical approach to art, design, and literature based on ancient Greek or Roman forms.

Elevation A scale drawing of the side, front, or back of a structure.

Embroidery The craft of decorating fabric or other materials with thread or yarn using a needle.

Emulsion A combination of two or more liquids that do not blend easily on their own, such as oil and water. For example, painters can use egg yolk to emulsify oil paint and water.

Enamel A type of paint made from very fine pigments and resin that form a glossy surface. Also, the application of this paint to a material in order to create a smooth and glossy surface. Related: Barnett Newman. The Voice. 1950 Frank Stella. The Marriage of Reason and Squalor, II. 1959 Jackson Pollock. One: Number 31, 1950. 1950 Sol LeWitt. Serial Project, I (ABCD). 1966.

Enlargement A photographic print that is bigger than the original negative. Because enlargements can be made, cameras can remain small and portable yet photographers can still produce big photographic prints. Before the development of enlargement techniques, the size of a photograph was determined by the size of its negative.

Ephemera Transitory written and printed matter (receipts, notes, tickets, clippings, etc.) not originally intended to be kept or preserved. Related: Johannes Baader. The Author of the Book "Fourteen Letters of Christ" in His Home. 1920 Richard Prince. Untitled (almost original). 2006

Etching A type of print made by scratching marks onto the surface of a metal plate (usually copper, zinc, or steel) that has been treated with an acid-resistant waxy ground. When the plate is placed into a vat of acid, the acid bites through the exposed portions of the plate. The plate is inked, and an image is created by running the plate and paper through a printing press. Related: Grayson Perry. Map of an Englishman. 2004 Max Beckmann. The Grenade (Die Granate). 1915, published 1918. Otto Dix. The War (Der Krieg). 1924 (prints executed 1923-1924)

Exposure The action of exposing a photographic film to light or other radiation. Related: Dorothea Lange. Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California. 1936 Frances Benjamin Johnston. Stairway of the Treasurer's Residence: Students at Work from the Hampton Album. 1899–1900 Posed/Unposed Walker Evans. Subway Portrait. from the series Subway Portraits. 1938–41 William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850

Expression A facial aspect indicating an emotion; also, the means by which an artist communicates ideas and emotions. Related: Bruce Nauman. Art Make-Up: No. 1 White, No. 2 Pink, No. 3 Green, No. 4 Black. 1967-1968 Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Gilles Peress. Untitled (boy with hand to head). 1994 Hans Bellmer. Plate from La Poupée. 1936 Jean (Hans) Arp. Untitled (Collage with Squares Arranged According to the Laws of Chance. 1916–17 Joan Jonas. Vertical Roll. 1972 Marcel Duchamp. Fresh Widow. 1920 Mark Rothko. No. 16 (Red, Brown, and Black). 1958 Philip-Lorca diCorcia. Head #10. 2002 Richard Avedon. Marilyn Monroe, actress, New York. May 6, 1957 Sol LeWitt. Untitled from Squares with a Different Line Direction in Each Half Square. 1971 Abstract Expressionism The Materials of Minimalism Modern Portraits Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52 William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850

Expressionism An international artistic movement in art, architecture, literature, and performance that flourished between 1905 and 1920, especially in Germany and Austria, that favored the expression of subjective emotions and experience over depictions of objective reality. Conventions of Expressionist style include distortion, exaggeration, fantasy, and vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of color. Related: George Grosz. The Poet Max Herrmann-Neisse. 1927. Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Houses at Night. 1912 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Expressionism and City Life Expressionism and Nature Expressionist Depictions of War

Exquisite Corpse A game in which each participant takes turns writing or drawing on a sheet of paper, folds it to conceal his or her contribution, then passes it to the next player for a further contribution. The game gained popularity in artistic circles during the 1920s, when it was adopted as a technique by artists of the Surrealist movement. Related: Cadavre Exquis (Exquisite Corpse) with Yves Tanguy, Joan Miró, Max Morise, and Man Ray. Nude. 1926–27 Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams

F

Facade Any public-facing side of a building, often featuring decorative finishes. Related: Eugène Atget. Chemiserie, Boulevard de Strasbourg. c.1900 Eugène Atget. Courtyard, 22 rue Quincampoix. 1912 Gordon Matta-Clark. Bingo. 1974

Fauves French for “wild beasts,” the term was coined in 1905 by art critic Louis Vauxcelles to describe paintings by artists like Henri Matisse and André Derain, which were characterized by a tendency toward vibrant color and bold brushstrokes over realistic or representational qualities.

Fauvism The style of painting practiced by les Fauves (French for “wild beasts”) in the early 20th century, associated especially with Henri Matisse and André Derain, whose works emphasized strong, vibrant color and bold brushstrokes over realistic or representational qualities

Feminist art Art seeking to challenge the dominance of men in both art and society, to gain recognition and equality for women artists, and to question assumptions about womanhood. Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, feminist artists used a variety of mediums—including painting, performance art, and crafts historically considered “women’s work”—to make work aimed at ending sexism and oppression and exposing femininity to be a masquerade or set of poses adopted by women to conform to societal expectations. While many of the debates inaugurated in these decades are still ongoing, a younger generation of feminist artists takes an approach incorporating intersecting concerns about race, class, forms of privilege, and gender identity and fluidity. Both feminism and feminist art continue to evolve. Related: Ana Mendieta. Nile Born. 1984 Intersecting Identities

Figurative Representing a form or figure in art that retains clear ties to the real world. Related: Clyfford Still. 1944-N No. 2. 1944 Franz Kline. Chief. 1950 Helen Frankenthaler. Jacob’s Ladder. 1957 Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 Norman Lewis. City Night. 1949 The Sublime and the Spiritual Cubism Vasily Kandinsky. Picture with an Archer. 1909

Figure A representation of a human or animal form in a work of art. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Johannes Baader. The Author of the Book "Fourteen Letters of Christ" in His Home. 1920 Mariko Mori. Star Doll (for Parkett No. 54). 1998 Cadavre Exquis (Exquisite Corpse) with Yves Tanguy, Joan Miró, Max Morise, and Man Ray. Nude. 1926–27 Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie." Paris, winter 1911–12 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Paul Cézanne. The Bather. c. 1885 Paul Gauguin. The Moon and the Earth. 1893 Shahzia Sikander. Armorial Bearings from No Parking Anytime. 2001 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Film 1. A series of moving images, especially those recorded on film and projected onto a screen or other surface (noun); 2. A sheet or roll of a flexible transparent material coated with an emulsion sensitive to light and used to capture an image for a photograph or film (noun); 3. To record on film or video using a movie camera (verb). Related: Bruce Nauman. Art Make-Up: No. 1 White, No. 2 Pink, No. 3 Green, No. 4 Black. 1967-1968 Bruce Nauman. Walking in an Exaggerated Manner Around the Perimeter of a Square. 1967-68 Hito Steyerl. How Not to Be Seen: A Fucking Didactic Educational .MOV File. 2013 Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963 Lorna Simpson. May, June, July, August '57/'09 #8. 2009 Ralph Lemon. Untitled. 2008 Media and Performance Art Performing for the Camera Vito Acconci. Theme Song. 1973 Yoko Ono. Cut Piece. 1964 Yvonne Rainer. Trio A. 1978

Film still A photograph taken during the production of a film that shows a particular moment or scene. These photographs are often used as advertisements or posters for the film. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990

Filmmaker A person who directs or produces movies. Related: Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963 Ralph Lemon. Untitled. 2008

Font A specific size and style of a typeface design (for example, Arial 12pt bold, or Times New Roman 10pt italics). The term is often confused with typeface, which is a particular design of type.

Foreground The area of an image—usually a photograph, drawing, or painting—that appears closest to the viewer. Related: André Derain. Bridge over the Riou. 1906 Edvard Munch. Melankoli III (Melancholy III). 1896 Henri Matisse. Interior with a Young Girl (Girl Reading). 1905–06 Joan Miró. The Hunter (Catalan Landscape). Montroig, July 1923–winter 1924 Paul Gauguin. The Moon and the Earth. 1893 Thomas Demand. Room (Zimmer). 1996 Vasily Kandinsky. Picture with an Archer. 1909 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Form The shape or structure of an object. Related: El Lissitzky. Cabaret Voltaire Program for Merz-Matinéen. 1923 Jean (Hans) Arp. Merz 5, Arp Mappe: 7 Arpaden (Arp Portfolio: 7 Arpades). 1923 Donald Judd. Untitled (Stack). 1967 Eva Hesse. Repetition Nineteen III. 1968 Georges-Pierre Seurat. Evening, Honfleur. 1886 Hector Guimard. Entrance Gate to Paris Subway (Métropolitain) Station. Paris, France. c. 1900 Henri Matisse. Study for "Luxe, calme et volupté." 1904 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Jean (Hans) Arp. Bell and Navels. 1931 Jeff Wall. After “Invisible Man” by Ralph Ellison, the Prologue. 1999–2000, printed 2001 Marcel Duchamp. Fresh Widow. 1920 Marina Abramović. The Artist Is Present. 2010 Mark Rothko. No. 16 (Red, Brown, and Black). 1958 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Raoul François Larche. Loïe Fuller, The Dancer. c. 1900 Richard Serra. One Ton Prop (House of Cards). 1969 (refabricated 1986) Roman Ondák. Measuring the Universe. 2007 Senga Nengudi. R.S.V.P. I. 1977/2003 Sol LeWitt. Serial Project, I (ABCD). 1966. Language and Art Word Play Minimalism Serial Forms and Repetition Surrealist Objects and Assemblage Tino Sehgal. Kiss. 2003 Vasily Kandinsky. Picture with an Archer. 1909 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52 Yayoi Kusama. Accumulation of Stamps, 63. 1962

Formal Relating to the shape or structure of an object. Related: Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Robert Morris. Untitled. 1969

Found objects An object—often utilitarian, manufactured, or naturally occurring—that was not originally designed for an artistic purpose, but has been discovered and repurposed in an artistic context. Related: Robert Rauschenberg. Bed. 1955 Artistic Collaboration Surrealism Surrealist Objects and Assemblage

Framing The method by which information is included or excluded from a photograph, film, or video. A photographer or filmmaker frames an image when he or she points a camera at a subject. Related: Eugène Atget. Chemiserie, Boulevard de Strasbourg. c.1900 Emily Roysdon. Sense and Sense. 2010 Photography as Witness Sets, Stories, and Situations

Free association A technique developed by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud to help discover ideas and associations that a patient had developed, initially, at a subconscious level. Related: Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams

Frottage Technique of reproducing a texture or relief design by laying paper over it and rubbing it with some drawing medium, for example pencil or crayon. Max Ernst and other Surrealist artists incorporated such rubbings into their paintings by means of collage. Related: Max Ernst. L'évadé (The Fugitive) from Histoire Naturelle (Natural History). 1926 Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams

Futurism An Italian movement in art and literature, founded in 1909 by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, characterized by an aesthetic that glorified the mechanical world, war, and dynamic speed. Related: Lorraine O'Grady. Untitled (Mlle Bourgeoise Noire). 1980-83/2009

G

Gelatin silver print A black-and-white photographic print made by exposing paper, which has been made light-sensitive by a coating of gelatin silver halide emulsion, to artificial or natural light; a photographic process invented by Dr. Richard Leach Maddox in 1871

Genre A category of artistic practice having a particular form, content, or technique. Related: Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Apples. 1895–98 The Body in Art Surrealist Landscapes

Geometric Resembling or using the simple rectilinear or curvilinear lines used in geometry. Related: Emily Roysdon. Sense and Sense. 2010 Georges Braque. Man with a Guitar. Céret, summer 1911–early 1912 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Richard Serra. One Ton Prop (House of Cards). 1969 (refabricated 1986) Sol LeWitt and Instruction-based Art Cubism Minimalism Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Yto Barrada, Autocar—Tangier, Figs. 1–4, 2004 Zarina, Home Is a Foreign Place, 1999

Gesture A category of artistic practice having a particular form, content, or technique. Related: Abstract Expressionism The Sublime and the Spiritual Artistic Collaboration Minimalism Pop Art Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Gouache An opaque watercolor paint; a painting produced with such paint. Related: Mona Hatoum, Routes II, 2002 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Graphic A visual representation or design on a surface. Related: Popular Culture

Grotesque Characterized by ludicrous, repulsive, or incongruous distortion, as of appearance or manner; ugly, outlandish, or bizarre, as in character or appearance. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Expressionism Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

H

Happening A performance, event, or situation considered as art, especially those initiated by the artists group Fluxus in the early 1960s. Such events are often planned, but involve elements of improvisation, may take place in any location, are multidisciplinary, and frequently involve audience participation. Related: Participation and Audience Involvement

Hardboard Stiff board made of compressed and treated wood pulp. Related: Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41

Harlem Renaissance An African American literary, artistic, and intellectual flowering, centered in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem and spanning the 1920s to the mid-1930s. Considered one of the most creative periods in American history, it fostered a new African American cultural identity. Related: Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41

Harlequin A clown figure, traditionally presented in a mask and multicolored costume.

Hieroglyphics A pictographic communication system, closely associated with the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are stylized, recognizable pictures of the things and ideas represented. Related: Adolph Gottlieb. Man Looking at Woman. 1949

Horizon line A line in works of art that usually shows where land or water converges with the sky. Related: Georges-Pierre Seurat. Evening, Honfleur. 1886 Joan Miró. The Hunter (Catalan Landscape). Montroig, July 1923–winter 1924

Hue A particular gradation of color; a shade or tint. Related: André Derain. Bridge over the Riou. 1906 Franz Marc. Horses Resting. 1911 Senga Nengudi. R.S.V.P. I. 1977/2003 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

I

Iconic Having the character of an icon, i.e., an important and enduring symbol, an object of great attention and devotion. Related: Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Philippe Halsman. Dalí Atomicus. 1948

Iconography Subject matter in visual art, often adhering to particular conventions of artistic representation, and imbued with symbolic meanings. Related: Joan Miró. The Hunter (Catalan Landscape). Montroig, July 1923–winter 1924 Shahzia Sikander. Armorial Bearings from No Parking Anytime. 2001 What Is Modern Art?

Idol An image used as an object of worship; one that is adored, often blindly or excessively. Related: Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Illusion An unreal, deceptive, or misleading appearance or image. Related: Bruce Nauman. Walking in an Exaggerated Manner Around the Perimeter of a Square. 1967-68

Image A representation of a person or thing in a work of art. Related: Alexander Gardner. Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, Gettysburg from Gardner's Photographic Sketchbook of the War (1865) Andy Warhol. Campbell's Soup Cans. 1962 August Sander. Bohemians (1925) from the series Menschen des 20 Jahrhunderts (Citizens of the 20th century) Bruce Nauman. Art Make-Up: No. 1 White, No. 2 Pink, No. 3 Green, No. 4 Black. 1967-1968 Carrie Mae Weems. From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried. 1995 Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Frances Benjamin Johnston. Stairway of the Treasurer's Residence: Students at Work from the Hampton Album. 1899–1900 Gilles Peress. Untitled (boy with hand to head). 1994 Hito Steyerl. How Not to Be Seen: A Fucking Didactic Educational .MOV File. 2013 Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963 Jacob August Riis, Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot. 1889 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Jeff Wall. After “Invisible Man” by Ralph Ellison, the Prologue. 1999–2000, printed 2001 Joan Jonas. Vertical Roll. 1972 Julia Margaret Cameron. Madonna with Children. 1864 Lorna Simpson. May, June, July, August '57/'09 #8. 2009 Mathew B. Brady (studio of). President Lincoln. c. 1862 Mike Kelley. Extracurricular Activity Projective Reconstruction #1 (A Domestic Scene). 2000 Philip-Lorca diCorcia. Head #10. 2002 Philippe Halsman. Dalí Atomicus. 1948 Richard Avedon. Marilyn Monroe, actress, New York. May 6, 1957 Richard Prince. Untitled (almost original). 2006 Performing for the Camera Photography Photography and Public Image Photography as Witness Sets, Stories, and Situations The Photographic Record Thomas Demand. Room (Zimmer). 1996 Tino Sehgal. Kiss. 2003 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Vito Acconci. Theme Song. 1973 The Atlas Group/Walid Raad. My Neck Is Thinner Than a Hair: Engines. 1996–2004 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850

Impasto An Italian word for “paste” or “mixture”, used to describe a painting technique where paint (usually oil) is thickly laid on a surface, so that the texture of brush- or palette-knife strokes are clearly visible. Related: Clyfford Still. 1944-N No. 2. 1944

Impressionism A 19th-century art movement, associated especially with French artists, whose works are characterized by relatively small, thin, visible brushstrokes that coalesce to form a single scene and emphasize movement and the changing qualities of light. Anti-academic in its formal aspects, Impressionism also involved the establishment of independent exhibitions outside of the established and official venues of the day. Related: Georges-Pierre Seurat. Port-en-Bessin, Entrance to the Harbor. 1888 Expressionism Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Improvisation The act of improvising, that is, to make, compose, or perform on the spur of the moment and with little or no preparation. Related: Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961

In situ In its original position or place.

Inclined plane A flat slanting surface, connecting a lower level to a higher level. Examples include slides, ramps, and slopes.

Industrial design A field of design concerned with the aesthetics, form, functionality, and production of manufactured consumer objects.

Information Age The period beginning around 1970 characterized by a shift away from traditional industry and noted for the abundant publication, consumption, and manipulation of information, especially by computers and computer networks. Also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. Related: Hito Steyerl. How Not to Be Seen: A Fucking Didactic Educational .MOV File. 2013

Installation A form of art, developed in the late 1950s, which involves the creation of an enveloping aesthetic or sensory experience in a particular environment, often inviting active engagement or immersion by the spectator. Related: Carolee Schneemann. Up to and Including Her Limits. 1973–76 Carrie Mae Weems. From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried. 1995 Emily Roysdon. Sense and Sense. 2010 Eva Hesse. Repetition Nineteen III. 1968 Halil Altindere. Wonderland. 2013 John Baldessari. I Will Not Make Any More Boring Art. 1971 Joseph Kosuth. One and Three Chairs. 1965 Juan Downey. Map of America. 1975 Mateo López, Travel without Movement, 2008–10 Ralph Lemon. Untitled. 2008 Rirkrit Tiravanija. Untitled 2008–2011 (the map of the land of feeling) I–III. 2008–2011 Roman Ondák. Measuring the Universe. 2007 Senga Nengudi. R.S.V.P. I. 1977/2003 Marcel Duchamp and the Readymade Dance on Camera / Expanded Choreography Vito Acconci: Good Guys Wear Black website Vito Acconci. Theme Song. 1973 William Pope.L. The Black Factory Archive. 2004-ongoing Yoko Ono. Cut Piece. 1964

Institutional critique An art term describing the systematic inquiry into the practices and ethos surrounding art institutions such as art academies, galleries, and museums, often challenging assumed and historical norms of artistic theory and practice. It often seeks to make visible the historically and socially constructed boundaries between inside and outside and public and private.

Intaglio A type of print made by first applying a “ground” (an acidresistant coating) to a metal plate. The artist then uses different types of special tools to remove the ground wherever they desire, and the plate is then submerged in acid. The acid bites into the exposed parts of the plate. Ink is then applied to the plate using a rolled up cloth or roller. The ink stays only on the exposed areas, creating an image. The image is printed onto dampened paper using a printing press.

Interaction Design The practice of designing digital environments, products, systems, and services for human interaction. Related: Design

Interior Design A discipline of design that focuses on the functional and aesthetic aspects of indoor spaces. Related: Design

International Style A style of architecture that appeared from 1932 to 1960 and favored boxy structures, lack of decoration, and the use of materials such as steel, concrete, and glass.

Intertitle Dialogue or narration conveyed in text that is shown between scenes of a silent film.

J

Jazz Age The period in American history between World Wars I and II, particularly the 1920s, characterized especially by the rising popularity of jazz and by the open pursuit of social pleasures. Related: Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Jury A committee, usually of experts, that judges contestants or applicants in a competition or exhibition.

Juxtaposition An act of placing things close together or side by side for comparison or contrast. Related: Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936 Chance Creations: Collage, Photomontage, and Assemblage Appropriation

K

Kinetic sculpture Sculpture that depends on motion.

Kinetograph The world’s first motion picture camera, invented in 1890 by American inventor Thomas Alva Edison and his assistant and protégé, William K. L. Dickson. It was electrically powered and worked with celluloid film, which was advanced through the camera via a system of sprockets.

Kinetoscope A cabinet-like apparatus and forerunner of the motion picture film projector invented in 1891 by American inventor Thomas Alva Edison and his assistant and protégé, William K. L. Dickson. When a nickel was dropped into its slot, celluloid film recorded in the Kinetograph would roll through the Kinetoscope, passing between a lens and an electric light bulb (another of Edison’s inventions). A peephole at the top of the Kinetoscope allowed people to view the moving pictures of the celluloid as it rolled past.

L

Lacquer Any of various clear or colored synthetic organic coatings that typically dry to form a film. Related: Donald Judd. Untitled (Stack). 1967

Landscape The natural landforms of a region; also, an image that has natural scenery as its primary focus. Related: Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931 Adolph Gottlieb. Man Looking at Woman. 1949 André Derain. Bridge over the Riou. 1906 André Derain. London Bridge. 1906 Edvard Munch. Melankoli III (Melancholy III). 1896 Helen Frankenthaler. Jacob’s Ladder. 1957 Henri Matisse. Landscape at Collioure. 1905 Henri Matisse. Study for "Luxe, calme et volupté." 1904 Joan Miró. The Hunter (Catalan Landscape). Montroig, July 1923–winter 1924 Max Ernst. L'évadé (The Fugitive) from Histoire Naturelle (Natural History). 1926 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Paul Cézanne. The Bather. c. 1885 Robert Smithson. Corner Mirror with Coral. 1969. Cubism Fauvism Landscapes: Real and Imagined Surrealism Surrealist Landscapes Modern Landscapes Painting Modern Life Rise of the Modern City Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52 Yun-Fei Ji, The Three Gorges Migration, 2009

Line A long mark or stroke. Related: Frank Stella. The Marriage of Reason and Squalor, II. 1959 Hector Guimard. Entrance Gate to Paris Subway (Métropolitain) Station. Paris, France. c. 1900 Joan Miró. The Birth of the World. Montroig, late summer–fall 1925 Man Ray. The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Her Shadows. 1916 Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie." Paris, winter 1911–12 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Raoul François Larche. Loïe Fuller, The Dancer. c. 1900 Robert Delaunay. The Tower. 1911 (inscribed 1910) Sol LeWitt. Untitled from Squares with a Different Line Direction in Each Half Square. 1971 Abstract Expressionism The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting The Sublime and the Spiritual Sol LeWitt and Instruction-based Art

Lithography A printmaking technique based on the repulsion of oil and water, in which an oily substance is applied to a stone or other medium to transfer ink to a paper surface. Related: Jean (Hans) Arp. Merz 5, Arp Mappe: 7 Arpaden (Arp Portfolio: 7 Arpades). 1923 Glenn Ligon. Untitled from the Runaways. 1993 Otto Dix. The War (Der Krieg). 1924 (prints executed 19231924) Rirkrit Tiravanija. Untitled 2008–2011 (the map of the land of feeling) I–III. 2008–2011

Lyrical Expressing deep personal emotion or observations; highly enthusiastic, rhapsodic. Related: Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

M

Magic lantern Apparatus used to project an image, usually onto a screen. In use from the 17th to the early 20th century, it is a precursor of the modern slide projector. A transparent slide containing the image was placed between a source of illumination and a set of lenses to focus and direct the image. Related: Jacob August Riis, Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot. 1889

Malleable The ability to alter a material’s shape under compressive stress, such as hammering or rolling. Related: Aluminum Company of America. Outboard Propeller. 1925 Roman Ondák. Measuring the Universe. 2007

Mandala A sacred Hindu and Buddhist art form, generally circular, that symbolizes the universe. Related: Shahzia Sikander. Armorial Bearings from No Parking Anytime. 2001

Manifesto A public declaration, often political in nature, of a group or individual’s principles, beliefs, and intended courses of action. Related: Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936 Surrealism Yvonne Rainer. Trio A. 1978

Mannered Having or showing a certain manner; artificial, stylized, or affected. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990

Mass Production The production of large amounts of standardized products through the use of machine-assembly production methods and equipment. Related: Charles Eames and Ray Eames. Side Chair (model DCW). 1946. Design

Material An element or substance out of which something can be made or composed. Related: Joseph Cornell. Taglioni's Jewel Casket. 1940 Daniel Buren. D’une impression l’autre. 1983 Donald Judd. Untitled (Stack). 1967 Eva Hesse. Repetition Nineteen III. 1968 Frank Stella. The Marriage of Reason and Squalor, II. 1959 Henri Matisse. Landscape at Collioure. 1905 Max Ernst. L'évadé (The Fugitive) from Histoire Naturelle (Natural History). 1926 Mike Kelley. Extracurricular Activity Projective Reconstruction #1 (A Domestic Scene). 2000 Richard Serra. One Ton Prop (House of Cards). 1969 (refabricated 1986) Richard Serra. To Lift. 1967 Robert Smithson. Corner Mirror with Coral. 1969. Senga Nengudi. R.S.V.P. I. 1977/2003 Sol LeWitt. Serial Project, I (ABCD). 1966. Dada Minimalism Constructing Space Serial Forms and Repetition Surrealist Objects and Assemblage What Is Modern Art?

Medium The materials used to create a work of art, and the categorization of art based on the materials used (for example, painting [or more specifically, watercolor], drawing, sculpture). Related: Andy Warhol. Campbell's Soup Cans. 1962 Emily Roysdon. Sense and Sense. 2010 Gordon Matta-Clark. Bingo. 1974 Halil Altindere. Wonderland. 2013 Joan Jonas. Vertical Roll. 1972 Julia Margaret Cameron. Madonna with Children. 1864 Lorna Simpson. May, June, July, August '57/'09 #8. 2009 Marina Abramović. The Artist Is Present. 2010 Robert Morris. Untitled. 1969 Abstract Expressionist Sculpture Performance into Art Marcel Duchamp and the Readymade Media and Performance Art Dance on Camera / Expanded Choreography Photography Photography as Witness Sets, Stories, and Situations What Is Modern Art? Popular Culture Tino Sehgal. Kiss. 2003 Vito Acconci. Theme Song. 1973

Melodrama 1. A drama, such as a play, film, or television program, characterized by exaggerated emotions, stereotypical characters, and interpersonal conflicts; 2. Behavior or occurrences having melodramatic characteristics. Related: Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963

Merz A term invented by the artist Kurt Schwitters to describe his works made from scavenged fragments and objects. Related: Jean (Hans) Arp. Merz 5, Arp Mappe: 7 Arpaden (Arp Portfolio: 7 Arpades). 1923 El Lissitzky. Kurt Schwitters. c. 1924 Kurt Schwitters. Merz Picture 32 A. The Cherry Picture. 1921 Chance Creations: Collage, Photomontage, and Assemblage

Metaphysical Transcending physical matter or the laws of nature. Metaphysics refers to the branch of philosophy that studies that fundamental nature of being and knowing. Related: Barnett Newman. Vir Heroicus Sublimis. 1950–51 Barrett Lyon, the Opte Project. Mapping the Internet. 2003

Mexican Muralist movement This art movement began in Mexico in the early 1920s when, in an effort to increase literacy, Education Minister José Vasconcelos commissioned artists to create monumental didactic murals depicting Mexico's history on the walls of government buildings. Artists of the Mexican Muralist movement include José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and David Alfaro Siqueiros.

Middle ground The part of the picture that is between the foreground and background. Related: Paul Gauguin. The Moon and the Earth. 1893

Minimalism An artistic movement of the 1960s in which artists produced pared-down three-dimensional objects devoid of representational content. Their new vocabulary of simplified, geometric forms made from humble industrial materials challenged traditional notions of craftsmanship, the illusion of spatial depth in painting, and the idea that a work of art must be one of a kind. Related: Ad Reinhardt. Abstract Painting. 1963 Eva Hesse. Repetition Nineteen III. 1968 Richard Serra. One Ton Prop (House of Cards). 1969 (refabricated 1986) Robert Morris. Untitled. 1969 Robert Smithson. Corner Mirror with Coral. 1969. Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961 Sol LeWitt. Serial Project, I (ABCD). 1966. Minimalism Constructing Space Serial Forms and Repetition The Materials of Minimalism

Minotaur A monster in classical Greek mythology that is half man and half bull.

Mixed media 1. A technique involving the use of two or more artistic media, such as ink and pastel or painting and collage, that are combined in a single composition; 2. A designation for an artist who works with a number of different artistic media. Related: Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980

Model 1. A detailed three-dimensional representation, usually built to scale, of another, often larger, object. In architecture, a three-dimensional representation of a concept or design for a building; 2. A person who poses for an artist. Related: Carl Elsener. Victorinox Swiss Officers' Knife Champion (no. 5012). 1968 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Henri Matisse. Interior with a Young Girl (Girl Reading). 1905–06 Lorna Simpson. May, June, July, August '57/'09 #8. 2009 Man Ray. Indestructible Object. 1964 (replica of 1923 original) Mariko Mori. Star Doll (for Parkett No. 54). 1998 Mike Kelley. Extracurricular Activity Projective Reconstruction #1 (A Domestic Scene). 2000 Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon). Théophile Gautier. 1855 Thomas Demand. Room (Zimmer). 1996 William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850

Modern Modern can mean related to current times, but it can also indicate a relationship to a particular set of ideas that, at the time of their development, were new or even experimental. Related: Edvard Munch. Melankoli III (Melancholy III). 1896 Francis Picabia. Dada Movement. 1919 Hector Guimard. Entrance Gate to Paris Subway (Métropolitain) Station. Paris, France. c. 1900 Hippolyte Blancard. Untitled (construction of the Eiffel Tower). April 1889 Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie." Paris, winter 1911–12 Paul Cézanne. The Bather. c. 1885 Raoul François Larche. Loïe Fuller, The Dancer. c. 1900 Robert Delaunay. The Tower. 1911 (inscribed 1910) Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961 Dada Landscapes: Real and Imagined Dance on Camera / Expanded Choreography Surrealism Surrealism and the Body What Is Modern Art? Modern Landscapes Painting Modern Life Rise of the Modern City Vincent van Gogh. Portrait of Joseph Roulin. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850 Yvonne Rainer. Trio A. 1978

Monochrome Having a single color. A work of art rendered in only one color. Related: Ad Reinhardt. Abstract Painting. 1963 Zarina, Home Is a Foreign Place, 1999

Montage An assembly of images that relate to each other in some way to create a single work or part of a work of art. A montage is more formal than a collage and is usually based on a theme. The term is also used to describe experimentation in photography and film.

Mood A state of mind or emotion, a pervading impression. Related: The Sublime and the Spiritual Landscapes: Real and Imagined The Materials of Minimalism Surrealist Landscapes Modern Landscapes Walker Evans. Subway Portrait. from the series Subway Portraits. 1938–41

Motif A distinctive and often recurring feature in a composition. Related: Daniel Buren. D’une impression l’autre. 1983 Emily Roysdon. Sense and Sense. 2010 Jean (Hans) Arp. Bell and Navels. 1931 René Magritte. The Lovers. Le Perreux-sur-Marne, 1928

Multiple A term for small-scale, three-dimensional works conceived by artists, and often produced commercially, in relatively large editions. Related: Roy Lichtenstein. Turkey Shopping Bag. 1964 Pop Art

Mural A large painting applied to a wall or ceiling, especially in a public space. Related: The Sublime and the Spiritual

Muse The guiding spirit that is thought to inspire artists; source of genius or inspiration (noun). Related: Man Ray. Indestructible Object. 1964 (replica of 1923 original) Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936

N

Narrative A spoken, written, or visual account of an event or a series of connected events. Related: Bruce Nauman. Walking in an Exaggerated Manner Around the Perimeter of a Square. 1967-68 Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Chance Creations: Collage, Photomontage, and Assemblage Posed/Unposed The Photographic Record The Atlas Group/Walid Raad. My Neck Is Thinner Than a Hair: Engines. 1996–2004 Yvonne Rainer. Trio A. 1978 Zarina, Home Is a Foreign Place, 1999

Nastaliq A traditional form of calligraphy used mostly for Persian, Urdu, and Malay manuscripts. Related: Zarina, Home Is a Foreign Place, 1999

Naturalism Faithful adherence to nature; factual or realistic representation. Related: Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907

Negative (photographic) A previously exposed and developed photographic film or plate showing an image that, in black-and-white photography, has a reversal of tones (for example, white eyes appear black). In color photography, the image is in complementary colors to the subject (for example, a blue sky appears yellow). The transfer of a negative image to another surface results in a positive image. Related: Eugène Atget. Chemiserie, Boulevard de Strasbourg. c.1900 August Sander. Bohemians (1925) from the series Menschen des 20 Jahrhunderts (Citizens of the 20th century) El Lissitzky. Kurt Schwitters. c. 1924 Eugène Atget. Courtyard, 22 rue Quincampoix. 1912 Frances Benjamin Johnston. Stairway of the Treasurer's Residence: Students at Work from the Hampton Album. 1899–1900 Photography and Public Image Sets, Stories, and Situations William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850

Neo-Impressionism A term applied to an avant-garde art movement that flourished principally in France from 1886 to 1906. Led by the example of Georges Seurat, the Neo-Impressionists renounced the spontaneity of Impressionism in favor of a measured painting technique grounded in science and the study of optics. Neo-Impressionists came to believe that separate touches of interwoven pigment result in a greater vibrancy of color than is achieved by the conventional mixing of pigments on the palette. Related: Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Neoclassical A style that arose in the second half of the eighteenth century in Europe with the increasing influence of classical antiquity on the development of taste. It was based on first-hand observation and reproduction of antique works and came to dominate European architecture, painting, sculpture, and decorative arts. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990

Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) A representative style of art that was developed in the 1920s in Germany by artists including Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, and George Grosz. Artworks in this style were often satirical in nature, sending a critical eye upon contemporary taste and the postwar society of Germany. In both content and style, artists of this movement directly challenged and broke away from the traditions of the art academies they had attended.

O

Obelisk A tall, four-sided monument that tapers into a pyramid-like form. Related: Barnett Newmann. Broken Obelisk. 1963–1969

Oceania A term referring to the islands of the southern, western, and central Pacific Ocean, including Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. The term is sometimes extended to encompass Australia, New Zealand, and the Malay Archipelago. Related: Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Expressionism

Oil Paint A paint in which pigment is suspended in oil, which dries on exposure to air. Related: Ad Reinhardt. Abstract Painting. 1963 Francis Picabia. M’Amenez-y. 1919–20 Henri Matisse. Landscape at Collioure. 1905 The Materials of Minimalism Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Old Master A distinguished European artist of the period from about 1500 to the early 1700s, especially one of the great painters of this period, e.g., Michelangelo. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990

Opaque Impenetrable to the passage of light. Related: Andy Warhol. Double Elvis. 1963 Marcel Duchamp. Fresh Widow. 1920 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Open source In computer software, open source refers to source code that is freely available and may be modified. Open-source software is often developed publicly and collaboratively. Related: Barrett Lyon, the Opte Project. Mapping the Internet. 2003

Organic Having characteristics of a biological entity, or organism, or developing in the manner of a living thing. Related: Franz Marc. Horses Resting. 1911 Isamu Noguchi. My Pacific (Polynesian Culture). 1942 Raoul François Larche. Loïe Fuller, The Dancer. c. 1900 Simple Machines

Ornamentation Accessories, decoration, adornment, or details that have been applied to an object or structure to beautify its appearance.

P

Paint A combination of pigment, binder, and solvent (noun); the act of producing a picture using paint (verb, gerund). Related: Andy Warhol. Campbell's Soup Cans. 1962 Andy Warhol. Double Elvis. 1963 Donald Judd. Untitled (Stack). 1967 Frank Stella. The Marriage of Reason and Squalor, II. 1959 Helen Frankenthaler. Jacob’s Ladder. 1957 Jackson Pollock. One: Number 31, 1950. 1950 Joan Miró. The Birth of the World. Montroig, late summer– fall 1925 John Baldessari. What Is Painting. 1966–68 Kurt Schwitters. Merz Picture 32 A. The Cherry Picture. 1921 Man Ray. The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Her Shadows. 1916 Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Apples. 1895–98 Robert Rauschenberg. Bed. 1955 Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961 Advanced Placement Art History Exam Marcel Duchamp and the Readymade Landscapes: Real and Imagined Serial Forms and Repetition The Materials of Minimalism Pop Art Surrealist Landscapes Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams Modern Landscapes Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Painter One who applies paint to canvas, wood, paper, or another support to produce a picture. Related: André Derain. London Bridge. 1906 David Smith. Australia. 1951 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Street, Dresden. 1908 (reworked 1919; dated on painting 1907) Francis Picabia. Dada Movement. 1919 Franz Kline. Chief. 1950 Georges-Pierre Seurat. Port-en-Bessin, Entrance to the Harbor. 1888 Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 John Baldessari. What Is Painting. 1966–68 Kurt Schwitters. Merz Picture 32 A. The Cherry Picture. 1921 Louise Nevelson. Sky Cathedral. 1958 Mark Rothko. No. 16 (Red, Brown, and Black). 1958 Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Richard Pettibone. Andy Warhol, "Marilyn Monroe." 1964 Robert Rauschenberg. Bed. 1955 The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting Marcel Duchamp and the Readymade Word Play Fauvism Sets, Stories, and Situations Surrealist Landscapes Modern Portraits Tom Wesselmann. Still Life #30. April 1963. Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Painting A work of art made from paint applied to canvas, wood, paper, or another support (noun). Related: Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931 Ad Reinhardt. Abstract Painting. 1963 André Derain. London Bridge. 1906 Andy Warhol. Double Elvis. 1963 Andy Warhol. Gold Marilyn Monroe. 1962 Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966 Barnett Newman. The Voice. 1950 Carolee Schneemann. Up to and Including Her Limits. 1973–76 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Clyfford Still. 1944-N No. 2. 1944 Dan Flavin. pink out of a corner (to Jasper Johns). 1963 Daniel Buren. D’une impression l’autre. 1983 David Smith. Australia. 1951 Deborah Kass. Jewish Jackie. 1992 Donald Judd. Untitled (Stack). 1967 El Lissitzky. Kurt Schwitters. c. 1924 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Street, Dresden. 1908 (reworked 1919; dated on painting 1907) Francis Picabia. M’Amenez-y. 1919–20 Frank Stella. The Marriage of Reason and Squalor, II. 1959 Franz Kline. Chief. 1950 George Grosz. Explosion. 1917 George Grosz. The Poet Max Herrmann-Neisse. 1927. Georges Braque. Man with a Guitar. Céret, summer 1911–early 1912 Georges-Pierre Seurat. Evening, Honfleur. 1886 Georges-Pierre Seurat. Port-en-Bessin, Entrance to the Harbor. 1888 Helen Frankenthaler. Jacob’s Ladder. 1957 Henri Matisse. Interior with a Young Girl (Girl Reading). 1905–06 Henri Matisse. Landscape at Collioure. 1905 Henri Rousseau. The Dream. 1910. Henri Matisse. Study for "Luxe, calme et volupté." 1904 Jackson Pollock. One: Number 31, 1950. 1950 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 James Rosenquist. Marilyn Monroe, I. 1962 Joan Miró. The Birth of the World. Montroig, late summer–fall 1925 John Baldessari. What Is Painting. 1966–68 Julia Margaret Cameron. Madonna with Children. 1864 Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Houses at Night. 1912 Kurt Schwitters. Merz Picture 32 A. The Cherry Picture. 1921 Lee Krasner. Untitled. 1949 Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963 Mark Rothko. No. 16 (Red, Brown, and Black). 1958 Norman Lewis. City Night. 1949 Oskar Kokoschka. Self-Portrait. 1913. Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie." Paris, winter 1911–12 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Apples. 1895–98 Paul Cézanne. The Bather. c. 1885 Philippe Halsman. Dalí Atomicus. 1948 René Magritte. The Lovers. Le Perreux-sur-Marne, 1928 René Magritte. The Palace of Curtains, III. Le Perreux-sur-Marne. 1928–29 Richard Pettibone. Andy Warhol, "Marilyn Monroe." 1964 Robert Rauschenberg. Bed. 1955 Shahzia Sikander. Armorial Bearings from No Parking Anytime. 2001 The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting Advanced Placement Art History Exam Conceptual Art Cubism Marcel Duchamp and the Readymade Fauvism Landscapes: Real and Imagined Media and Performance Art Constructing Space Serial Forms and Repetition Photography and Public Image Sets, Stories, and Situations Surrealism Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams Tino Sehgal. Kiss. 2003 Tom Wesselmann. Still Life #30. April 1963. Vasily Kandinsky. Picture with an Archer. 1909 Vincent van Gogh. Portrait of Joseph Roulin. 1889 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52 Yoko Ono. Cut Piece. 1964 Yto Barrada, Autocar—Tangier, Figs. 1–4, 2004 Yun-Fei Ji, The Three Gorges Migration, 2009

Palette 1. The range of colors used by an artist in making a work of art; 2. A thin wooden or plastic board on which an artist holds and mixes paint. Related: Adolph Gottlieb. Man Looking at Woman. 1949 Barnett Newman. The Voice. 1950 Clyfford Still. 1944-N No. 2. 1944 George Grosz. The Poet Max Herrmann-Neisse. 1927. Henri Matisse. Interior with a Young Girl (Girl Reading). 1905–06 Henri Matisse. Study for "Luxe, calme et volupté." 1904 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Norman Lewis. City Night. 1949 Cubism Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Palette knife A flexible, thin blade with a handle, typically used for mixing paint colors or applying them to a canvas.

Panel A flat board, sometimes made of wood. Related: Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Lorna Simpson. Wigs. 1994 Max Ernst. Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale. 1924 René Magritte. The Palace of Curtains, III. Le Perreux-sur-Marne. 1928–29

Panning To pivot a movie camera along a horizontal plane in order to follow an object or create a panoramic effect. Related: Halil Altindere. Wonderland. 2013

Panorama An unbroken view on an entire surrounding area. Related: Halil Altindere. Wonderland. 2013

Papier-collé French for “glued paper,” a collage technique using cut-and-pasted papers.

Papier-mâché French for “chewed-up paper,” a technique for creating three-dimensional objects, such as sculpture, from pulped or pasted paper and binders such as glue or plaster. Related: Hans Bellmer. Plate from La Poupée. 1936

Paranoiac critical method Emerging from psychological methods, a creative process, developed by Surrealist artist Salvador Dalí in the 1930s, for the exploration of the creative potential of dream imagery and subconscious thoughts. Related: Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931

Pastel A soft and delicate shade of a color; a drawing medium of dried paste manufactured in crayon form made of ground pigments and a water-based binder; a picture or sketch drawn with this type of crayon. Related: Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41

Pattern A series of events, objects, or compositional elements that repeat in a predictable manner. Related: Édouard Vuillard. Interior, Mother and Sister of the Artist. 1893 Andy Warhol. Campbell's Soup Cans. 1962 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Hector Guimard. Entrance Gate to Paris Subway (Métropolitain) Station. Paris, France. c. 1900 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Jean (Hans) Arp. Untitled (Collage with Squares Arranged According to the Laws of Chance. 1916–17 Man Ray. The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Her Shadows. 1916 Raoul François Larche. Loïe Fuller, The Dancer. c. 1900 Robert Delaunay. The Tower. 1911 (inscribed 1910) Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Yayoi Kusama. Accumulation of Stamps, 63. 1962

Performance art A term that emerged in the 1960s to describe a diverse range of live presentations by artists. Related: Ana Mendieta. Nile Born. 1984 Bruce Nauman. Art Make-Up: No. 1 White, No. 2 Pink, No. 3 Green, No. 4 Black. 1967-1968 Carolee Schneemann. Up to and Including Her Limits. 1973–76 Emily Roysdon. Sense and Sense. 2010 Halil Altindere. Wonderland. 2013 Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963 Joan Jonas. Vertical Roll. 1972 Marina Abramović. The Artist Is Present. 2010 Senga Nengudi. R.S.V.P. I. 1977/2003 Conceptual Art Performance into Art The Body in Art Media and Performance Art Dance on Camera / Expanded Choreography Participation and Audience Involvement Appropriation Vito Acconci: Good Guys Wear Black website Vito Acconci. Theme Song. 1973 The Atlas Group/Walid Raad. My Neck Is Thinner Than a Hair: Engines. 1996–2004 William Pope.L. The Black Factory Archive. 2004-ongoing Yoko Ono. Cut Piece. 1964

Persona The role that one assumes or displays in public or society; one’s public image or personality, as distinguished from the inner self. Related: Lorraine O'Grady. Untitled (Mlle Bourgeoise Noire). 1980-83/2009

Perspective In art, a technique used to depict volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface, as in a painted scene that appears to extend into the distance. Related: Georges Braque. Man with a Guitar. Céret, summer 1911–early 1912 Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Houses at Night. 1912 Max Beckmann. The Grenade (Die Granate). 1915, published 1918. Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Apples. 1895–98 Cubism Painting Modern Life

Photocollage (also see Photomontage) A collage work that includes cut- or torn-and-pasted photographs or photographic reproductions. Related: Chance Creations: Collage, Photomontage, and Assemblage

Photogram A photographic print made by placing objects and other elements on photosensitive paper and exposing it to light.

Photograph An image, especially a positive print, recorded by exposing a photosensitive surface to light, especially in a camera. Related: Eugène Atget. Chemiserie, Boulevard de Strasbourg. c.1900 Alexander Gardner. Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, Gettysburg from Gardner's Photographic Sketchbook of the War (1865) Ana Mendieta. Nile Born. 1984 August Sander. Bohemians (1925) from the series Menschen des 20 Jahrhunderts (Citizens of the 20th century) Carrie Mae Weems. From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried. 1995 Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Daniel Buren. D’une impression l’autre. 1983 Dorothea Lange. Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California. 1936 El Lissitzky. Kurt Schwitters. c. 1924 Emily Roysdon. Sense and Sense. 2010 Eugène Atget. Courtyard, 22 rue Quincampoix. 1912 Frances Benjamin Johnston. Stairway of the Treasurer's Residence: Students at Work from the Hampton Album. 1899–1900 Gilles Peress. Untitled (boy with hand to head). 1994 Halil Altindere. Wonderland. 2013 Hans Bellmer. Plate from La Poupée. 1936 Hippolyte Blancard. Untitled (construction of the Eiffel Tower). April 1889 Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 Jacob August Riis, Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot. 1889 Jeff Wall. After “Invisible Man” by Ralph Ellison, the Prologue. 1999–2000, printed 2001 Johannes Baader. The Author of the Book "Fourteen Letters of Christ" in His Home. 1920 John Coplans. Self Portrait. 1985 Joseph Kosuth. One and Three Chairs. 1965 Lorna Simpson. May, June, July, August '57/'09 #8. 2009 Man Ray. Indestructible Object. 1964 (replica of 1923 original) Mathew B. Brady (studio of). President Lincoln. c. 1862 Mike Kelley. Extracurricular Activity Projective Reconstruction #1 (A Domestic Scene). 2000 Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon). Théophile Gautier. 1855 Paul Cézanne. The Bather. c. 1885 Philip-Lorca diCorcia. Head #10. 2002 Richard Pettibone. Andy Warhol, "Marilyn Monroe." 1964 Richard Prince. Untitled (almost original). 2006 Advanced Placement Art History Exam Conceptual Art Design Constructing Gender Media and Performance Art Migration and Movement Serial Forms and Repetition Photography Photography as Witness Posed/Unposed Sets, Stories, and Situations The Photographic Record Modern Portraits Thomas Demand. Room (Zimmer). 1996 Tino Sehgal. Kiss. 2003 The Atlas Group/Walid Raad. My Neck Is Thinner Than a Hair: Engines. 1996–2004

Photographer One who uses a camera or other means to produce photographs. Related: Eugène Atget. Chemiserie, Boulevard de Strasbourg. c.1900 Alexander Gardner. Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, Gettysburg from Gardner's Photographic Sketchbook of the War (1865) August Sander. Bohemians (1925) from the series Menschen des 20 Jahrhunderts (Citizens of the 20th century) Carrie Mae Weems. From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried. 1995 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Claude Cahun. Untitled c. 1921 Gilles Peress. Untitled (boy with hand to head). 1994 Hippolyte Blancard. Untitled (construction of the Eiffel Tower). April 1889 Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963 Jacob August Riis, Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot. 1889 Lorna Simpson. May, June, July, August '57/'09 #8. 2009 Man Ray. Indestructible Object. 1964 (replica of 1923 original) Mathew B. Brady (studio of). President Lincoln. c. 1862 Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon). Théophile Gautier. 1855 Philippe Halsman. Dalí Atomicus. 1948 Photography Photography and Public Image Photography as Witness Posed/Unposed Sets, Stories, and Situations The Photographic Record Rise of the Modern City Walker Evans. Subway Portrait. from the series Subway Portraits. 1938–41 William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850

Photogravure A printmaking process in which a photographic negative is transferred onto a copper plate. Related: Grayson Perry. Map of an Englishman. 2004

Photojournalism A type of journalism that uses photographs to tell a news story. Related: Frances Benjamin Johnston. Stairway of the Treasurer's Residence: Students at Work from the Hampton Album. 1899–1900 Gilles Peress. Untitled (boy with hand to head). 1994 Philippe Halsman. Dalí Atomicus. 1948

Photomontage (also see Photocollage) A collage work that includes cut- or torn-and-pasted photographs or photographic reproductions. Related: El Lissitzky. Kurt Schwitters. c. 1924 Johannes Baader. The Author of the Book "Fourteen Letters of Christ" in His Home. 1920 Dada Chance Creations: Collage, Photomontage, and Assemblage

Photostat A machine that makes quick duplicate positive or negative copies directly on the surface of prepared paper. Also, the resulting copies.

Pictograph An image or symbol representing a word or a phrase. Related: Adolph Gottlieb. Man Looking at Woman. 1949

Pictorialism An international style of photography in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by the creation of artistic tableaus and photographs composed of multiple prints or manipulated negatives, in an effort to advocate for photography as an artistic medium on par with painting. Related: Eugène Atget. Courtyard, 22 rue Quincampoix. 1912 Julia Margaret Cameron. Madonna with Children. 1864

Picture Plane The virtual, illusionary plane created by the artist, parallel to the physical surface of a two-dimensional work of art; the physical surface of a two-dimensional work of art, e.g. a painting, drawing, or print. Related: Mark Rothko. No. 16 (Red, Brown, and Black). 1958 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Pigment A substance, usually finely powdered, that produces the color of any medium. When mixed with oil, water, or another fluid, it becomes paint. Related: Bruce Nauman. Art Make-Up: No. 1 White, No. 2 Pink, No. 3 Green, No. 4 Black. 1967-1968 Helen Frankenthaler. Jacob’s Ladder. 1957

Plan A scale drawing or diagram showing the structure or organization of an object or group of objects.

Plane A flat or level surface. Related: Dan Flavin. Monument 1 for V. Tatlin. 1964 Henri Matisse. Interior with a Young Girl (Girl Reading). 1905–06 Man Ray. The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Her Shadows. 1916 Marcel Duchamp. 3 Standard Stoppages. 1913–14 Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie." Paris, winter 1911–12 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Expressionism Fauvism

Plastic A term applied to many natural and synthetic materials with different forms, properties, and appearances that can be molded. Related: Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon). Théophile Gautier. 1855 Plastic

Plastic Art A term broadly applied to all the visual arts to distinguish them from such non-visual arts as literature, poetry, or music. Related: Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Plasticizer Any of a group of substances that are used in the manufacture of plastics or other materials to impart flexibility, softness, hardness, or other desired physical properties to the finished product.

Plate In printmaking, the flat surface onto which the design is etched, engraved, or otherwise applied. Related: Grayson Perry. Map of an Englishman. 2004

Pliable Capable of being shaped, bent, or stretched out.

Plywood A material made of thin layers of wood that have been heated, glued, and pressed together by a machine. Related: Charles Eames and Ray Eames. Side Chair (model DCW). 1946.

Pointillism A technique of painting developed by French painters Georges-Pierre Seurat and Paul Signac, in which small, distinct points of unmixed color are applied in patterns to form an image. Related: Georges-Pierre Seurat. Evening, Honfleur. 1886 Georges-Pierre Seurat. Port-en-Bessin, Entrance to the Harbor. 1888 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Polyethylene One of the most common forms of plastic known for being tough, light, and flexible. Made of synthetic materials, polyethylene is commonly used in plastic bags, food containers, and other packaging. Related: Earl S. Tupper. Pitcher and Creamer. 1946 Michael Rakowitz. paraSITE Homeless Shelter. 1997

Pop art A movement composed of initially British, then American artists in the 1950s and 1960s, which was characterized by references to imagery and products from popular culture, media, and advertising. Related: Andy Warhol. Campbell's Tomato Juice Box. 1964 Deborah Kass. Jewish Jackie. 1992 Roy Lichtenstein. Turkey Shopping Bag. 1964 Serial Forms and Repetition Pop Art Appropriation Celebrity Tom Wesselmann. Still Life #30. April 1963.

Popular culture Cultural activities, ideas, or products that reflect or target the tastes of the general population of any society. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Mike Kelley. Extracurricular Activity Projective Reconstruction #1 (A Domestic Scene). 2000 Richard Avedon. Marilyn Monroe, actress, New York. May 6, 1957 Dada Pop Art Appropriation Popular Culture

Portrait A representation of a particular individual. Related: Édouard Vuillard. Interior, Mother and Sister of the Artist. 1893 Andy Warhol. Double Elvis. 1963 Andy Warhol. Gold Marilyn Monroe. 1962 Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966 August Sander. Bohemians (1925) from the series Menschen des 20 Jahrhunderts (Citizens of the 20th century) Carrie Mae Weems. From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried. 1995 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Deborah Kass. Jewish Jackie. 1992 Dorothea Lange. Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California. 1936 El Lissitzky. Kurt Schwitters. c. 1924 Frances Benjamin Johnston. Stairway of the Treasurer's Residence: Students at Work from the Hampton Album. 1899–1900 Francis Picabia. Dada Movement. 1919 Francis Picabia. M’Amenez-y. 1919–20 George Grosz. The Poet Max Herrmann-Neisse. 1927. Gilles Peress. Untitled (boy with hand to head). 1994 James Rosenquist. Marilyn Monroe, I. 1962 Julia Margaret Cameron. Madonna with Children. 1864 Man Ray. Indestructible Object. 1964 (replica of 1923 original) Marcel Jean. Specter of the Gardenia. 1936. Mathew B. Brady (studio of). President Lincoln. c. 1862 Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon). Théophile Gautier. 1855 Oskar Kokoschka. Hans Tietze and Erica Tietze-Conrat. 1909. Philippe Halsman. Dalí Atomicus. 1948 Richard Avedon. Marilyn Monroe, actress, New York. May 6, 1957 Richard Pettibone. Andy Warhol, "Marilyn Monroe." 1964 Salvador Dalí. Retrospective Bust of a Woman. 1933 Expressionist Portraits Fauvism Photography and Public Image Posed/Unposed The Photographic Record Modern Portraits Painting Modern Life Vincent van Gogh. Portrait of Joseph Roulin. 1889 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Walker Evans. Subway Portrait. from the series Subway Portraits. 1938–41 William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850

Pose The way a figure is positioned. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Lorna Simpson. May, June, July, August '57/'09 #8. 2009 Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon). Théophile Gautier. 1855 Philip-Lorca diCorcia. Head #10. 2002 Photography and Public Image Posed/Unposed The Atlas Group/Walid Raad. My Neck Is Thinner Than a Hair: Engines. 1996–2004 William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850 Yvonne Rainer. Trio A. 1978

Positive In photography, images capable of being produced in multiples that result from the transfer of a negative image to another surface, such as a photographic print on paper.

Post-Impressionism A term coined in 1910 by the English art critic and painter Roger Fry and applied to the reaction against the naturalistic depiction of light and color in Impressionism, led by Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Georges Seurat. Though each of these artists developed his own, distinctive style, they were unified by their interest in expressing their emotional and psychological responses to the world through bold colors and expressive, often symbolic images. Post-Impressionism can be roughly dated from 1886 to 1905. Related: Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Praxinoscope A popular nineteenth-century optical toy invented by a Parisian science teacher named Charles-Émile Reynaud and comprised of a cylinder fitted with a strip of paper printed with 12 sequential image frames. When the cylinder spins, a mirror fixed in its center reflects the images and makes them appear animated.

Primary color One of three base colors (blue, red, or yellow) that can be combined to make a range of colors. Related: Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966 Henri Matisse. Study for "Luxe, calme et volupté." 1904 Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963 Pop Art

Prime To prepare a surface for painting by covering it with primer, or an undercoat. Related: Joan Miró. The Birth of the World. Montroig, late summer–fall 1925

Primitive Art A term initially used to refer to the arts of all of Africa, Asia, and Pre-Columbian America, later used mostly to refer to art from Africa and the Pacific Islands. By the late 20th century the term, with its derogatory connotations, fell out of favor. Related: Adolph Gottlieb. Man Looking at Woman. 1949 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Expressionism

Print A term describing a wide variety of techniques used to produce multiple copies of an original design. Also, the resulting text or image made by applying inked characters, plates, blocks, or stamps to a support such as paper or fabric. Related: Eugène Atget. Chemiserie, Boulevard de Strasbourg. c.1900 Andy Warhol. Campbell's Soup Cans. 1962 El Lissitzky. Kurt Schwitters. c. 1924 Jean (Hans) Arp. Bell and Navels. 1931 John Baldessari. I Will Not Make Any More Boring Art. 1971 Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963 Lorna Simpson. Wigs. 1994 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Media and Performance Art Pop Art Popular Culture Tom Wesselmann. Still Life #30. April 1963. Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Profile A side view, usually referring to that of a human head. Related: Deborah Kass. Jewish Jackie. 1992 Marcel Duchamp. 3 Standard Stoppages. 1913–14

Prop An object used to aid or enhance a story or performance. Related: August Sander. Bohemians (1925) from the series Menschen des 20 Jahrhunderts (Citizens of the 20th century) Performance into Art

Propaganda Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to influence people by promoting or publicizing a particular political cause or point of view.

Proportion Refers to the harmonious relation of parts to each other or to the whole.

Prototype An early sample built to test a concept or process. Related: Michael Rakowitz. paraSITE Homeless Shelter. 1997 Design

PVC Polyvinyl chloride, abbreviated PVC, is a common type of plastic often used in clothing, upholstery, electrical cable insulation, and inflatable products.

R

Rayograph A term invented by Man Ray to describe what is conventionally known as a photogram, or photographic print made by placing objects and other elements on photosensitive paper and exposing it to light.

Readymade A term coined by Marcel Duchamp in 1915 to describe prefabricated, often mass-produced objects isolated from their functional context and elevated to the status of art by the mere act of an artist’s selection and designation. Related: Marcel Duchamp. Bicycle Wheel. New York, 1951 (third version, after lost original of 1913) Marcel Duchamp. In Advance of the Broken Arm. August 1964 (fourth version, after lost original of November 1915) Dada Marcel Duchamp and the Readymade Pop Art

Relics Body parts or personal belongings of saints and other important figures that are preserved for purposes of commemoration or veneration. Related: Adrian Piper. What Will Become of Me. 1985, ongoing

Renaissance A term meaning rebirth or revival; applied to a period characterized by the humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning, originating in Italy in the fourteenth century and later spreading throughout Europe and lasting through the sixteenth century. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Mark Rothko. No. 16 (Red, Brown, and Black). 1958

Rendering A representation, executed in perspective, of a proposed structure. Related: Hito Steyerl. How Not to Be Seen: A Fucking Didactic Educational .MOV File. 2013

Replica A copy or reproduction. Related: Richard Pettibone. Andy Warhol, "Marilyn Monroe." 1964 Popular Culture Rise of the Modern City Tom Wesselmann. Still Life #30. April 1963.

Representation The visual portrayal of someone or something. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Dan Flavin. pink out of a corner (to Jasper Johns). 1963 Georges Braque. Man with a Guitar. Céret, summer 1911–early 1912 Halil Altindere. Wonderland. 2013 Joan Jonas. Vertical Roll. 1972 Joseph Kosuth. One and Three Chairs. 1965 Norman Lewis. City Night. 1949 Ralph Lemon. Untitled. 2008 René Magritte. The Palace of Curtains, III. Le Perreux-sur-Marne. 1928–29 Shahzia Sikander. Armorial Bearings from No Parking Anytime. 2001 Cubism Landscapes: Real and Imagined Photography Surrealist Landscapes Modern Landscapes Modern Portraits Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Rococo A style of art, particularly in architecture and decorative art, that originated in France in the early 1700s and is marked by elaborate ornamentation, including, for example, a profusion of scrolls, foliage, and animal forms. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990

Rural An area, generally agricultural, that is not densely populated. Related: Landscapes: Real and Imagined Modern Landscapes Vasily Kandinsky. Picture with an Archer. 1909

S

Satire A genre of visual art that uses humor, irony, ridicule, or caricature to expose or criticize someone or something. Related: Hito Steyerl. How Not to Be Seen: A Fucking Didactic Educational .MOV File. 2013

Scale The ratio between the size of an object and its model or representation, as in the scale of a map to the actual geography it represents. Related: Ana Mendieta. Nile Born. 1984 Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Jeff Wall. After “Invisible Man” by Ralph Ellison, the Prologue. 1999–2000, printed 2001 Paul Gauguin. The Moon and the Earth. 1893 Richard Pettibone. Andy Warhol, "Marilyn Monroe." 1964 Roman Ondák. Measuring the Universe. 2007 Marcel Duchamp and the Readymade Pop Art

Scene A setting for or a part of a story or narrative. Related: Eugène Atget. Chemiserie, Boulevard de Strasbourg. c.1900 Alberto Giacometti. The Palace at 4 a.m. 1932 André Derain. Bridge over the Riou. 1906 Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Street, Dresden. 1908 (reworked 1919; dated on painting 1907) Frances Benjamin Johnston. Stairway of the Treasurer's Residence: Students at Work from the Hampton Album. 1899–1900 Frida Kahlo. Self Portrait with Cropped Hair. 1940 George Grosz. Explosion. 1917 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Divan Japonais (Japanese Settee). 1893 Henri Matisse. Interior with a Young Girl (Girl Reading). 1905–06 Henri Rousseau. The Dream. 1910. Henri Matisse. Study for "Luxe, calme et volupté." 1904 Hito Steyerl. How Not to Be Seen: A Fucking Didactic Educational .MOV File. 2013 Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Jeff Wall. After “Invisible Man” by Ralph Ellison, the Prologue. 1999–2000, printed 2001 Joan Miró. The Hunter (Catalan Landscape). Montroig, July 1923–winter 1924 Julia Margaret Cameron. Madonna with Children. 1864 Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Houses at Night. 1912 Laurie Simmons. Blonde/Red Dress/Kitchen, from the series Interiors. 1978 Mathew B. Brady (studio of). President Lincoln. c. 1862 Max Beckmann. The Grenade (Die Granate). 1915, published 1918. Max Ernst. Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale. 1924 Max Pechstein. Killing of the Banquet Roast. 1911 (published 1912) Mike Kelley. Extracurricular Activity Projective Reconstruction #1 (A Domestic Scene). 2000 Norman Lewis. City Night. 1949 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 René Magritte. The Palace of Curtains, III. Le Perreux-sur-Marne. 1928–29 The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting Expressionism and City Life Landscapes: Real and Imagined Migration and Movement Surrealist Landscapes What Is Modern Art? Modern Landscapes Rise of the Modern City Thomas Demand. Room (Zimmer). 1996 Vasily Kandinsky. Picture with an Archer. 1909 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Yun-Fei Ji, The Three Gorges Migration, 2009

School of Paris A loosely defined affiliation of international artists living and working in Paris from 1900 until about 1940, who applied a diversity of new styles and techniques to such traditional subjects as portraiture, figure studies, landscapes, cityscapes, and still lifes. Among the artistic movements associated with the School of Paris are Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, and Symbolism. Related: Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Screenprinting (also Silkscreening) A printing technique in which areas of a silkscreen, comprised of woven mesh stretched on a frame, are selectively blocked off with a non-permeable material (typically a photo-emulsion, paper, or plastic film) to form a stencil, which is a negative of the image to be printed. Ink is forced through the mesh onto the printing surface with a squeegee, creating a positive image. Related: Andy Warhol. Campbell's Tomato Juice Box. 1964 Rirkrit Tiravanija. Untitled 2008–2011 (the map of the land of feeling) I–III. 2008–2011

Sculptor One who produces a three-dimensional work of art using any of a variety of means, including carving wood, chiseling stone, casting or welding metal, molding clay or wax, or assembling materials. Related: Claude Cahun. Untitled c. 1921 Joan Jonas. Vertical Roll. 1972 Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Dance on Camera / Expanded Choreography Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Sculpture A three-dimensional work of art made by a variety of means, including carving wood, chiseling stone, casting or welding metal, molding clay or wax, or assembling materials. Related: Alberto Giacometti. The Palace at 4 a.m. 1932 Ana Mendieta. Nile Born. 1984 Andy Warhol. Campbell's Tomato Juice Box. 1964 Barnett Newmann. Broken Obelisk. 1963–1969 Dan Flavin. Monument 1 for V. Tatlin. 1964 Dan Flavin. pink out of a corner (to Jasper Johns). 1963 David Smith. Australia. 1951 Eva Hesse. Repetition Nineteen III. 1968 Gordon Matta-Clark. Bingo. 1974 Halil Altindere. Wonderland. 2013 Hans Bellmer. Plate from La Poupée. 1936 Isamu Noguchi. My Pacific (Polynesian Culture). 1942 Jean (Hans) Arp. Bell and Navels. 1931 Louise Bourgeois. Sleeping Figure, II. 1959 Mariko Mori. Star Doll (for Parkett No. 54). 1998 Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936 Mike Kelley. Extracurricular Activity Projective Reconstruction #1 (A Domestic Scene). 2000 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Raoul François Larche. Loïe Fuller, The Dancer. c. 1900 Richard Serra. One Ton Prop (House of Cards). 1969 (refabricated 1986) Richard Serra. To Lift. 1967 Rirkrit Tiravanija. Untitled 2008–2011 (the map of the land of feeling) I–III. 2008–2011 Salvador Dalí. Retrospective Bust of a Woman. 1933 Senga Nengudi. R.S.V.P. I. 1977/2003 Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961 Advanced Placement Art History Exam Conceptual Art Language and Art Outside the Museum Expressionist Portraits Fauvism Media and Performance Art Dance on Camera / Expanded Choreography Constructing Space Serial Forms and Repetition Sets, Stories, and Situations Surrealist Objects and Assemblage Thomas Demand. Room (Zimmer). 1996 Tino Sehgal. Kiss. 2003 Vito Acconci. Theme Song. 1973 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52 William Pope.L. The Black Factory Archive. 2004-ongoing Yoko Ono. Cut Piece. 1964

Secondary color A color made by mixing at least two primary colors. Related: Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966

Self-portrait A representation of oneself made by oneself. Related: Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931 Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966 Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Claude Cahun. Untitled c. 1921 Erich Heckel. Portrait of a Man (Männerbildnis). 1919. Johannes Baader. The Author of the Book "Fourteen Letters of Christ" in His Home. 1920 John Coplans. Self Portrait. 1985 Käthe Kollwitz. Self-Portrait, Hand at the Forehead (Selbstbildnis mit der Hand an der Stirn). 1910, published c. 1946/1948. Mathew B. Brady (studio of). President Lincoln. c. 1862 Oskar Kokoschka. Self-Portrait. 1913. Robert Rauschenberg. Bed. 1955 Constructing Gender Intersecting Identities Modern Portraits

Set-dresser The person responsible for arranging the furnishings, drapery, lighting fixtures, artwork, and many other objects that together constitute the setting for scenes in television and film. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990

Setting The context or environment in which a situation occurs. Related: Édouard Vuillard. Interior, Mother and Sister of the Artist. 1893 Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963 Lorna Simpson. May, June, July, August '57/'09 #8. 2009 Landscapes: Real and Imagined Dance on Camera / Expanded Choreography Modern Landscapes Vasily Kandinsky. Picture with an Archer. 1909 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Shade In painting, a color plus black. Related: Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966 Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie." Paris, winter 1911–12

Shape The form or condition in which an object exists or appears. Related: Jean (Hans) Arp. Merz 5, Arp Mappe: 7 Arpaden (Arp Portfolio: 7 Arpades). 1923 Eva Hesse. Repetition Nineteen III. 1968 Georges-Pierre Seurat. Evening, Honfleur. 1886 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Jean (Hans) Arp. Bell and Navels. 1931 Joan Miró. The Birth of the World. Montroig, late summer–fall 1925 Man Ray. The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself with Her Shadows. 1916 Mark Rothko. No. 16 (Red, Brown, and Black). 1958 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 René Magritte. The Palace of Curtains, III. Le Perreux-sur-Marne. 1928–29 Robert Morris. Untitled. 1969 Robert Smithson. Corner Mirror with Coral. 1969. Sol LeWitt. Serial Project, I (ABCD). 1966. The Sublime and the Spiritual Sol LeWitt and Instruction-based Art Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Short Today, any film running for 40 minutes or less and therefore not considered long enough to be a feature-length film.

Shutter A mechanical device for controlling the aperture, or opening, in a camera through which light passes to the film or plate. By opening and closing for different amounts of time, the shutter determines the length of the photographic exposure. Related: Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Philip-Lorca diCorcia. Head #10. 2002 Photography and Public Image Walker Evans. Subway Portrait. from the series Subway Portraits. 1938–41

Silkscreening (also Screenprinting) A printing technique in which areas of a silkscreen, comprised of woven mesh stretched on a frame, are selectively blocked off with a non-permeable material (typically a photo-emulsion, paper, or plastic film) to form a stencil, which is a negative of the image to be printed. Ink is forced through the mesh onto the printing surface with a squeegee, creating a positive image. Related: Andy Warhol. Campbell's Soup Cans. 1962 Andy Warhol. Double Elvis. 1963 Andy Warhol. Gold Marilyn Monroe. 1962 Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966 Richard Pettibone. Andy Warhol, "Marilyn Monroe." 1964 Roy Lichtenstein. Turkey Shopping Bag. 1964 Serial Forms and Repetition Pop Art

Site-specific Describes a work of art designed for a particular location. Related: Roman Ondák. Measuring the Universe. 2007

Sketch A rough or unfinished version of any creative work, often made to assist in the completion of a more finished work (noun); to make a rough drawing or painting (verb). Related: Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963 Richard Prince. Untitled (almost original). 2006 The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting Design Chairs Plastic Simple Machines Landscapes: Real and Imagined Appropriation Modern Landscapes Rise of the Modern City Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Social construct A concept or practice that doesn’t exist innately in the world but is instead created by society. Related: Constructing Gender

Solvent A substance capable of dissolving another material. In painting, the solvent is a liquid that thins the paint.

Sound effects Sounds that are most often added during editing, rather than recorded at the time of filming. Sound effects take a number of different forms. For example, “spot effects” are single sounds, like a gunshot or a thunderclap, and “atmospheres” are continuous sounds, like rain or traffic. Sounds may be directly linked to the action that appears in the shot, like footsteps, or they may provide information about what can’t be seen on the screen, like an approaching train or birdsong.

Sound-on-disc A sound technology that began to be developed in the early twentieth century and became commercially viable by the late 1920s. In this system, music and dialogue were recorded on waxed records that were played in sync with the film via a turntable connected to a film projector through an interlock.

Sound-on-film A sound technology that began to be developed in the early twentieth century and became commercially viable by the late 1920s, eventually supplanting the sound-on-disc system. In sound-on-film, sound waves were converted into light waves that were then photographically inscribed onto the film itself. This allowed for a single strip of film to carry both pictures and the soundtrack, which was imprinted alongside the pictures and read by special image-and-audio-patternreading projectors.

Special effect An illusion created for movies and television by props, camerawork, computer graphics, etc. Related: Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963

Stain In artistic contexts, paint thinned by a considerable amount of solvent. Stains are absorbed into the canvas, rather than remaining on its surface.

Stencil An impervious material perforated with letters, shapes, or patterns through which a substance passes through to a surface.

Stereotype Standardized and oversimplified assumptions about specific social groups. Related: Carrie Mae Weems. From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried. 1995 Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Stills. 1977–80 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Lorna Simpson. May, June, July, August '57/'09 #8. 2009 Constructing Gender Performing for the Camera Performing Identities William Pope.L. The Black Factory Archive. 2004-ongoing

Still life A representation of inanimate objects, as a painting of a bowl of fruit. Related: Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Apples. 1895–98 Cubism Painting Modern Life Tom Wesselmann. Still Life #30. April 1963. Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Street photography A type of photography that captures subjects in candid moments in public places. Related: Philip-Lorca diCorcia. Head #10. 2002 Sets, Stories, and Situations

Strobe Fast bursts of intermittent light used to illuminate moving subjects. Related: Andy Warhol. Double Elvis. 1963 Philip-Lorca diCorcia. Head #10. 2002

Style A distinctive or characteristic manner of expression. Related: Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait. 1966 Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Eugène Atget. Courtyard, 22 rue Quincampoix. 1912 Georges Braque. Man with a Guitar. Céret, summer 1911–early 1912 Hector Guimard. Entrance Gate to Paris Subway (Métropolitain) Station. Paris, France. c. 1900 Jacob August Riis, Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot. 1889 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Mike Kelley. Extracurricular Activity Projective Reconstruction #1 (A Domestic Scene). 2000 Raoul François Larche. Loïe Fuller, The Dancer. c. 1900 Richard Pettibone. Andy Warhol, "Marilyn Monroe." 1964 Robert Rauschenberg. Bed. 1955 Abstract Expressionism The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting Cubism Dada Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52 Yvonne Rainer. Trio A. 1978

Stylized To represent in or make conform to a particular style, especially when highly conventionalized or artistic rather than naturalistic. Related: Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961

Subconscious (in technical use, Unconscious) In popular writing about psychology, the division of the mind containing the sum of all thoughts, memories, impulses, desires, feelings, etc., that are not subject to a person’s perception or control but that often affect conscious thoughts and behavior (noun). The Surrealists derived much inspiration from psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud’s theories on dreams and the workings of the subconscious mind. Related: Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931 Adolph Gottlieb. Man Looking at Woman. 1949 Joan Miró. The Birth of the World. Montroig, late summer–fall 1925 Louise Bourgeois. Sleeping Figure, II. 1959 Marcel Jean. Specter of the Gardenia. 1936. Max Ernst. L'évadé (The Fugitive) from Histoire Naturelle (Natural History). 1926 Max Ernst. The Hat Makes the Man. 1920 Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Abstract Expressionism: A New Art for a New World Surrealism Surrealist Landscapes Surrealist Objects and Assemblage Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams What Is Modern Art? Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Subject matter The visual or narrative focus of a work of art. Related: Édouard Vuillard. Interior, Mother and Sister of the Artist. 1893 André Masson. Automatic Drawing. 1924 Andy Warhol. Double Elvis. 1963 August Sander. Bohemians (1925) from the series Menschen des 20 Jahrhunderts (Citizens of the 20th century) Cindy Sherman. Untitled, Number 228. 1990 Frances Benjamin Johnston. Stairway of the Treasurer's Residence: Students at Work from the Hampton Album. 1899–1900 Georges Braque. Man with a Guitar. Céret, summer 1911–early 1912 Henri Matisse. Study for "Luxe, calme et volupté." 1904 Jacob August Riis, Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot. 1889 Jeff Wall. After “Invisible Man” by Ralph Ellison, the Prologue. 1999–2000, printed 2001 John Coplans. Self Portrait. 1985 Julia Margaret Cameron. Madonna with Children. 1864 Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936 Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon). Théophile Gautier. 1855 Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie." Paris, winter 1911–12 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Paul Cézanne. The Bather. c. 1885 Philip-Lorca diCorcia. Head #10. 2002 Philippe Halsman. Dalí Atomicus. 1948 René Magritte. The Lovers. Le Perreux-sur-Marne, 1928 Richard Avedon. Marilyn Monroe, actress, New York. May 6, 1957 Robert Delaunay. The Tower. 1911 (inscribed 1910) The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting Cubism Expressionist Portraits Posed/Unposed Sets, Stories, and Situations The Photographic Record Modern Landscapes Painting Modern Life Rise of the Modern City Vincent van Gogh. Portrait of Joseph Roulin. 1889 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889 Walker Evans. Subway Portrait. from the series Subway Portraits. 1938–41 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52 William J. Shew. Untitled (Mother and Daughter). c. 1850

Sublime Awe-inspiring or worthy of reverence. In philosophy, literature, and the arts, the sublime refers to a quality of greatness that is beyond all calculation. Related: Barnett Newman. Vir Heroicus Sublimis. 1950–51 Louise Nevelson. Sky Cathedral. 1958 The Sublime and the Spiritual

Suburban Relating to or characteristic of an area, usually residential, on the outskirts of a city. Related: Pop Art Rise of the Modern City

Suprematism A term coined by Russian artist Kazimir Malevich in 1915 to describe a style of painting that conforms to his assertion that art expressed in the simplest geometric forms and dynamic compositions reigned supreme over earlier forms of representational art.

Surrealism A literary, intellectual, and artistic movement that began in Paris in 1924 and was active through World War II. Influenced by Sigmund Freud’s writings on psychology, Surrealists, led by André Breton, were interested in how the irrational, unconscious mind could move beyond the constraints of the rational world. Surrealism grew out of dissatisfaction with traditional social values and artistic practices after World War I. Related: Joseph Cornell. Taglioni's Jewel Casket. 1940 Claude Cahun. Untitled c. 1921 Frida Kahlo. Self Portrait with Cropped Hair. 1940 Hans Bellmer. Plate from La Poupée. 1936 Joan Miró. The Hunter (Catalan Landscape). Montroig, July 1923–winter 1924 Cadavre Exquis (Exquisite Corpse) with Yves Tanguy, Joan Miró, Max Morise, and Man Ray. Nude. 1926–27 Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June–July 1907 Philippe Halsman. Dalí Atomicus. 1948 Salvador Dalí. Retrospective Bust of a Woman. 1933 Abstract Expressionism: A New Art for a New World Surrealism Surrealism and the Body Surrealist Landscapes Surrealist Objects and Assemblage Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams Wifredo Lam. The Jungle. 1943

Sustainable Relating to a system or resource use that maintains its own viability by allowing for continual reuse, rather than depletion.

Symbol A form, sign, or emblem that represents something else, often something immaterial, such as an idea or emotion. Related: Jean (Hans) Arp. Merz 5, Arp Mappe: 7 Arpaden (Arp Portfolio: 7 Arpades). 1923 Adolph Gottlieb. Man Looking at Woman. 1949 Ana Mendieta. Nile Born. 1984 Andy Warhol. Double Elvis. 1963 Andy Warhol. Gold Marilyn Monroe. 1962 Deborah Kass. Jewish Jackie. 1992 Donald Judd. Untitled (Stack). 1967 Dorothea Lange. Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California. 1936 Hippolyte Blancard. Untitled (construction of the Eiffel Tower). April 1889 Hito Steyerl. How Not to Be Seen: A Fucking Didactic Educational .MOV File. 2013 James Rosenquist. Marilyn Monroe, I. 1962 Jean (Hans) Arp. Bell and Navels. 1931 Käthe Kollwitz. Self-Portrait, Hand at the Forehead (Selbstbildnis mit der Hand an der Stirn). 1910, published c. 1946/1948. Max Ernst. The Hat Makes the Man. 1920 Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie." Paris, winter 1911–12 Robert Delaunay. The Tower. 1911 (inscribed 1910) Shahzia Sikander. Armorial Bearings from No Parking Anytime. 2001 Abstract Expressionism: A New Art for a New World Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams What Is Modern Art? Modern Portraits Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Synthetic Produced by chemical synthesis, rather than of natural origin; prepared or made artificially. Related: Senga Nengudi. R.S.V.P. I. 1977/2003

T

Tactile Touchable, or sensed by the touch. Related: Joseph Cornell. Taglioni's Jewel Casket. 1940 Marcel Jean. Specter of the Gardenia. 1936. Meret Oppenheim. Object. Paris, 1936 Senga Nengudi. R.S.V.P. I. 1977/2003

Technique The method with which an artist, writer, performer, athlete, or other producer employs technical skills or materials to achieve a finished product or endeavor. Related: Georges-Pierre Seurat. Evening, Honfleur. 1886 Georges-Pierre Seurat. Port-en-Bessin, Entrance to the Harbor. 1888 Jacques-Henri Lartigue. Avenue des Acacias, Paris. 1911 Max Ernst. L'évadé (The Fugitive) from Histoire Naturelle (Natural History). 1926 Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon). Théophile Gautier. 1855 Paul Cézanne. The Bather. c. 1885 Robert Rauschenberg. Bed. 1955 Simone Forti. Dance Constructions. 1961 Serial Forms and Repetition The Materials of Minimalism Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams What Is Modern Art? Popular Culture Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Tempera A type of paint in which pigment is mixed with a water-soluble binder, such as egg yolk. Related: Barnett Newman. The Voice. 1950 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41

Tenement An urban dwelling made up of several apartments, often overcrowded and located in economically depressed sections of a city. Related: Jacob August Riis, Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot. 1889

Tension The state of being stretched or strained; in construction, the level of tautness when a load is applied to a structure.

Tint In painting, a color plus white.

Tone The lightness or darkness of a color. In painting, a color plus gray. Related: Senga Nengudi. R.S.V.P. I. 1977/2003 Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Translucent Permitting the passage of light. Related: Eva Hesse. Repetition Nineteen III. 1968 Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Triptych A work of art consisting of three parts, usually hinged together.

Trope A figurative or metaphorical use of a word or expression; a significant or recurrent theme; a motif.

Turpentine burn A turpentine burn is made by soaking a rag in solvent and scrubbing the canvas directly. This technique removes paint and leaves a stain on the canvas.

Typeface A particular design of type. Characters in typefaces include letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and symbols. Some of the most common typefaces include Arial, Times New Roman, and Verdana. The term is often confused with font, which is a specific style and size of a typeface.

Typography The art and technique of designing and/or arranging type letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, and of printing from them. Related: El Lissitzky. Cabaret Voltaire Program for Merz-Matinéen. 1923 Glenn Ligon. Untitled from the Runaways. 1993

U

Urban Relating to or characteristic of a city. Related: Henri Rousseau. The Dream. 1910. What Is Modern Art? Rise of the Modern City

Utopian Having the characteristics of Utopia, an ideal or visionary system of political or social perfection.

V

Vantage point A position or place that affords an advantageous perspective; in photography, the position from which a photographer has taken a photograph.

Vaudeville A theatrical variety show developed in the early 1880s in America, which remained the most popular form of entertainment until radio and film supplanted it in the late 1920s. It incorporated an array of short performances like singing, ventriloquism, plate-spinning, contortionists, dancing, animal training, and, at its heart, comedy. Reflecting both the cultural diversity of early-20th-century America and its prejudices, vaudeville fused such traditions as the English Music Hall, minstrel shows of antebellum America, and Yiddish theater. Many of the big names in vaudeville became movie and television stars, including Buster Keaton, Charlie Chaplin, and George Burns and Gracie Allen.

Venus The goddess of love and beauty in Roman mythology; a very beautiful woman. Related: Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Vernacular photography Images by amateur photographers of everyday life and subjects, commonly in the form of snapshots. The term is often used to distinguish everyday photography from fine art photography. Related: Posed/Unposed

Video A recording of moving visual images made digitally or on videotape and available for immediate playback. Related: Bruce Nauman. Art Make-Up: No. 1 White, No. 2 Pink, No. 3 Green, No. 4 Black. 1967-1968 Emily Roysdon. Sense and Sense. 2010 Halil Altindere. Wonderland. 2013 Hito Steyerl. How Not to Be Seen: A Fucking Didactic Educational .MOV File. 2013 Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 Joan Jonas. Vertical Roll. 1972 Mike Kelley. Extracurricular Activity Projective Reconstruction #1 (A Domestic Scene). 2000 Ralph Lemon. Untitled. 2008 Performing for the Camera Tino Sehgal. Kiss. 2003 Vito Acconci. Theme Song. 1973

Video camera A camera that captures moving images and converts them into electronic signals so that they can be saved on a storage device, such as videotape or a hard drive, or viewed on a monitor. Related: Howardena Pindell. Free, White and 21. 1980 Performing for the Camera Vito Acconci. Theme Song. 1973

Viewpoint The position from which something is viewed or observed.

Vignette A brief, evocative description, account, or scene. Related: Jack Smith. Flaming Creatures. 1962-1963 Jacob Lawrence, Migration Series, 1940–41 Migration and Movement

Virtuosity Great technical skill or captivating personal style, especially as exhibited in the arts. Related: Yvonne Rainer. Trio A. 1978

Viscosity The thickness of a liquid. In painting, the viscosity of oil paints is altered by adding a binder (such as linseed oil) or a solvent (such as turpentine). Related: Franz Kline. Chief. 1950

W

Watercolor A paint composed of pigment mixed into water; a work of art made with this paint. Related: Tapping the Subconscious: Automatism and Dreams Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889

Wax-print cotton Cotton fabric printed on both sides in a wax-resist dye process.

Welding A process of joining two pieces of metal together by heating the surfaces to the point of melting and then pressing them together. Related: David Smith. Australia. 1951 Abstract Expressionist Sculpture

Wet-collodion A photographic process invented in 1848 by F. Scott Archer, in which a glass plate, coated with light-sensitive collodion emulsion, is placed in a camera, exposed, developed, and varnished for protection before being used to create prints.

Wide shot In photography and filmmaking, a shot that reveals much of the context or setting, or a large group of people.

Wiener Werkstätte An association of Vienna-based visual artists, craftspeople, and designers established in 1903 around the idea that fashionable art, design, furniture, and household goods should be accessible to everyone.

Woodcut A term loosely applied to any printmaking technique involving a relief image cut into the surface of a wooden block. The wood is covered with ink and applied to a sheet of paper; only the uncut areas of the block will print, while the cut away areas do not receive ink and appear white on the printed image. Related: Edvard Munch. Melankoli III (Melancholy III). 1896 Erich Heckel. Portrait of a Man (Männerbildnis). 1919. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Winter Moonlit Night (Wintermondnacht). 1919 (In fall 1918) Franz Marc. Horses Resting. 1911 Max Pechstein. Killing of the Banquet Roast. 1911 (published 1912) Yun-Fei Ji, The Three Gorges Migration, 2009 Zarina, Home Is a Foreign Place, 1999

Works Progress Administration (WPA) Among the most famous of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs, formed to relieve unemployment during The Great Depression. The WPA ran from 1935 to 1943 and employed millions of people, including artists, to carry out public works projects across the United States. Related: Willem de Kooning. Woman, I. 1950–52

Z

Ziggurat A terraced pyramid form comprising successively receding stories.

Zoetrope A pre-cinematic device consisting of a cylindrical drum with evenly spaced vertical slits cut into its sides. Its interior held a paper strip printed with sequential drawn or photographic images, which would appear animated when the drum was spun. Related: Salvador Dalí. Retrospective Bust of a Woman. 1933

Zoopraxiscope 19th-century motion-picture device, designed by Edweard Muybridge, in which light is projected through rotating glass disks applied at the rim with a changing sequence of images, creating the illusion of movement.

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