Idea Transcript
DG Research
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) National Report, Turkey October 2011
COWI A/S Parallelvej 2 DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark Tel +45 45 97 22 11 Fax +45 45 97 22 12 www.cowi.com
DG Research
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) National Report, Turkey October 2011
Written by H. Bayram YILMAZ
1
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Table of Contents 0
Introduction
1 1.1 1.2 1.3
National context The place of science in society - current debates Policy goals and priorities National challenges, opportunities and trajectories
9 9 11 13
2
Priority setting, governance and use of science in policy-making Public engagement in priority setting Public - private interaction Use of science in policy making Key actors
19 19 22 27 28
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2
3
Research related to Science in Society Research on Science in Society Main stream research embedding Science in Society issues Funding for research on Science in Society Importance of Science in Society issues as evaluative elements for national research programmes and academic institutions
32 33
4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
Activities related to Science in Society National science communication trends Science journalism and training activities Young people and science education in schools Communication activities
37 37 39 41 42
5 5.1 5.2 5.3
The Fukushima accident Media coverage and public debate Levels and modes of public involvement Political responses and scientific advice
55 55 56 57
3.3 3.4
34 35
36
.
2
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
.
3
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
0
Introduction
The EU recognises the importance of ensuring that European research and research in Member States is firmly rooted in the needs of society, particularly in light of the constantly changing Europe. Efforts to reinforce the societal dimension of research are channelled through the 'Science in society' (SIS) programme. The SIS programme supports activities focusing on the governance of the research system, research ethics, public engagement in science, women in science and the promotion of scientific education and science communication. The Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) initiative is a major undertaking under the SIS programme. Its aim is to map, steer and monitor the SIS landscape in the European Research Area (ERA) (http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/index_en.htm), in order for EU citizens and society to benefit the most from SIS efforts. MASIS also covers the eleven Associated Countries. The national MASIS reports are cornerstones in this endeavour, as they contain the knowledge gathered by a network of national correspondents on SIS. The reports will be updated every six months. The reporting format was developed on the basis of advice from the network of national correspondents, as well as discussions with authors of the initial MASIS report (see this LINK, ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/sis/docs/sis_masis_report_en.pdf). In addition, the Commission and a network of national validators offered comments and advice. In total, 38 national reports covering 38 (EU and associated) countries have been produced. This is the report on Turkey. It consists of four main sections: 1. National context 2. Priority setting, governance and use of science in policy-making 3. Research related to SIS 4. Activities related to SIS 5. The Fukushima accident. The intention of this report is to provide a good general overview of the SIS situation in Turkey, including public engagement in science, different models and use of scientific advice and expertise for policy-making, activities related to assessment and ethical issues of science and technology, SIS research activities and scientific culture as well as trends, policies, actors and activities. The last
.
4
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
chapter on the Fukushima accident was added later to the original report and contains information on the national coverage and the role of scientific advice in connection with the accident. Please note, in accordance with the terms of reference for the MASIS project, that the issue of „women in science‟ is not included in the mapping as this has been extensively mapped and reported in other European projects. Please note also that the present report follows the initial MASIS report in using the term „science‟ in its broadest sense, as in the German „Wissenschaft‟, covering also the social, economic and human sciences. A few subsections are concerned only with the natural sciences, and in these cases it is explicitly indicated.
.
5
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Statistical data sheet, Turkey 2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
EU27 average/ total, 2008
Research and development Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD), in % of 1 GDP
0.48
0.59
0.60
0.72
0.73
0.85
- Business enterprise sector
42.9
41.5
44.4
46.2
47.3
41
- Government sector
50.6
34.5
34.6
31.9
31.6
34
-
17.9
15.7
17.5
16.2
20.3
- Other national sources
5.3
5.3
4.8
3.9
3.6
3.7
- Abroad
1.2
0.8
0.5
0.5
1.3
1
Number of R&D personnel (Thousand)
76
97
105
120
125
135
Number of R&D 1 personnel , % 1000
1,3
2,2
2,4
3,1
-
-
GERD by source of funds, % of total 1 GERD :
- Higher education sector
-
-
Number of R&D personnel by sector 1 of performance , % of total R&D personnel:
-
- Business enterprise sector (%)
14
19
21
24
26
29
- Government sector (%)
8
12
11
9.9
9.5
10
- Higher education (%)sector
78
- Private non-profit sector (%)
-
69
68
66
64
62 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Patents
.
6
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
2000
Patent applications to the EPO, total Patent grants at the 1 USPTO, total Triadic patent fami2 lies, total Patent applications filed under the PCT, 3 total
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
EU27 average/ total, 2008
44
165
217
264
-
-
-
28
46
71
66
-
-
-
4
12
17
22
21
-
-
72
174
269
359
392
389
321
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Human resources in science and technology Total, % of labour 1 force - Scientists and engineers, % of labour 1 force Networks and projects No. of individual members of EASST network, % of research positions No. of individual members of PCST network, % of research positions National share of FP6 SiS budget No. of FP6 SiS projects managed in Tyrkey No. of FP6 SiS projects in which researchers from Tyrkey were partners Tertiary/higher education
.
7
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
2000
Students at ISCED levels 5-6 enrolled in the following fields: science, mathematics, computing, engineering, manufacturing, construction 1 as % of all students Academic staff (ISCED 5-6), total in 1 full time unit Public Understanding of Science (only 2005 og 2010 data) se pdf dokumenterne % of population very interested in new scientific discoveries and technological developments % of population very well informed about new scientific discoveries and technological developments % op population regularly or occasionally attend public meetings or debates about science and technology % op population regularly or occasionally sign petitions or join street demonstrations on matters of nuclear power, biotechnology or the environment
2005
-
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
EU27 average/ total, 2008
4
-
-
-
-
-
24,9
-
20
-
-
-
-
17
-
12
-
-
-
-
11
-
13
-
-
-
-
10
-
7
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
.
8
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
2000
% of population ‘agree’ and % of population ‘disagree’ that thanks to science and technology, there will be more opportunities for future generations % of population ‘agree’ and % of population ‘disagree’ that science makes our ways of life change too fast % of population ‘agree’ and % of population ‘disagree’ that we depend too much on science and not enough on faith % of population ‘agree’ and % of population ‘disagree’ that because of their knowledge, scientists have a power that makes them dangerous % of population ‘agree’ and % of population ‘disagree’ that in my daily life, it is not important to know about science
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
-
66/9
-
-
-
-
65/12
-
65/10
-
-
-
-
65/11
-
53/19
-
-
-
-
52/20
-
44/27
-
-
-
-
47/22
-
28/47
-
-
-
-
30/45
EU27 average/ total, 2008
Source : Science, Technology and Innovation in Turkey, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, 2010, 1 MSTI 2009/1, 2MSTI 2010/2, 3WIPO
Notes: 1) Data from EUROSTAT, 2) Data from the OECD, 3) Data from EuroBarometer 73.1 (2010) and EB 63.1 (2005)
.
9
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
1
National context
This section sets the scene and describes political developments, public debates and policy initiatives of major relevance to the place of science in society in Turkey.
1.1
The place of science in society - current debates
Current debates regarding the place of science in society have been clustered in the following titles: success stories of Turkish scientists/R&D departments of the industry, “reversed-brain-drain” companies, a new domain of Turkish Research Area (TARAL): science and society programs of the Technological and Scientific Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), and scientific discussions/reactions related with newly introduced legislations involving “science” in a way. Almost all of these discussions have been carried out on the mass media – TVs and newspapers. Success stories of Turkish scientists are discussed on the media because they are regarded as an element of the national pride. They are mostly announced as “the success of Turkish scientists”. Through this way, the public is made aware of (some) of the tangible outcomes of the money channelled to R&D. In those pieces of news, a short description of the research is given with a detailed “benefits” of the actual product. Most of the time the product or technology is compared with its western counterparts. Such a constant publication of the outcomes of national research endeavours are believed to raise awareness among the youth in the creation of positive attitude towards science-oriented professions. Some of the headlines of these news pieces are as follows: •
Turkish professor invents smart molecules performing math
•
Turkish scientists carrying nanotechnology to space
•
Turkey's engineers create country's first unmanned naval vessel to monitor pollution
•
Tofaş develops first Fiat commercial electric vehicle
A comprehensive archive of such news is located at the following link: http://wwweski.tubitak.gov.tr/basinci/
.
10
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
“Reversed-brain-drain” campaigns include both the return of Turkish scientists residing abroad and the import of foreign scientists. TÜBİTAK has been collaborating with EU to re-gain Turkish scientists residing in the USA. In addition, TÜBİTAK has also started new grant programmes to encourage Turkish scientists to come back to Turkey and continue their studies there. All of these matters have been amongst the hot topics of science and society discussions on the Turkish media1. In 2005, science and society programs, which is a fairly new domain for TARAL, were placed under the auspices of the Prime Minister along with human resources for science and technology, defence and space. 134 projects have been supported by TÜBİTAK through 4004 Nature Education and Science Schools calls. Because it is a fairly new concept in the Turkish context, the media widely covered the stories of these nature educations, science camps, and science schools2. Scientific issues: Mass media discussed several topics in the previous 5 years. To name some of the “hot-topics” involving science, we can list: bio security (genetically modified organisms (GMOs)), earthquake, H1N1 swine flu pandemic, power plants (nuclear and the booming hydro plants), and CERN. When the regulation allowing the trade of GMOs was adopted in October 2009, several agricultural organizations and consumer associations criticized the regulation because they think that it will pose a danger for the public health. The matter spurred a nationwide controversy and thus was discussed on the mass media widely with the opinions of scientists from both opposing and the supporting camps. The discussion led the regulation to the court and eventually its execution was stopped by the Council of State. It speeded up the process of the bio security bill, which had been long due, and it passed and became a law in October 2010. The Aug. 17, 1999 Marmara earthquake, which killed 17,000 and left hundreds of thousands homeless left an inerasable mark on the memory of the Turkish people. Since then, several earthquake experts, mostly professors living in the earthquake region, discussed the topic scientifically on the news and discussion programmes on TV as well as on the newspaper. Through these programmes, the general public learned about some terms related with the science of earthquake, such as tectonic plates, fault lines, and aftershock. H1N1 swine flu pandemic, and especially vaccination against it, was widely discussed on the mass media via expert opinions. The Turkish population was 1
http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid/981/pid/547/cid/6825/index.htm;jsessionid=E5EC1E105AEF 0536498A4D3286909B0C 2
http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files//dogaegitimi/4004_Proje_Iletisim_Bilgileri _13_10_10_v2.pdf
.
11
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
offered the vaccination for free and the decision was left to them. Therefore, their informed consent was mostly based on media coverage and the pamphlets distributed by the Ministry of Health. The Ministry of Health ordered 43 million doses of vaccines, but received only 17 million, because the pandemic turned out to be not that effective in Turkey, and it disappeared with a death toll of 600 people. Similar to many countries, establishment of nuclear power plants have been attracting a nationwide attention. Naturally the idea has been opposed by the environmentalist groups, and supported by the government and the industry, because it is a source of cheap energy. Both parties have been discussing the matter with scientific proofs. While the environmentalists‟ main concern is the detrimental effect of nuclear power generators on the environment, nuclear power supporters claim that Turkey must keep up with the world to meet its energy demand efficiently. Establishment of hydro plants on Turkish rivers and creeks has been a topic of recent discussions. 1600 hydro plants are planned to be set up all around the country by 2040. Again this is a discussion of a source of energy, hydro plants, being an energy boon or a natural disaster. It has been discussed on the media scientifically, mostly claiming that these plants will destroy the diverse living systems in Turkish waterways. On the other hand, supporters claim that, as long as the rules and regulations are followed, it is a source of clean energy. Surprisingly, Turkey‟s membership application for the European Nuclear Research Centre (CERN) has taken a lot of coverage on the mass media. The reason for this coverage is mostly because Turkey has taken this membership process very seriously. In 2008, the Prime Minister of Turkey met with the CERN director and visited the centre. In July 2010, CERN delegation visited Turkey. During this visit, they were also received by the President of Turkey. Both of these high-level interactions with CERN officers have been effective in the wide coverage of the matter on the news.
1.2
Policy goals and priorities
In Turkey, the highest level institution in charge of the „Science and Technology Policy‟ is the Supreme Council for Science and Technology, TÜBİTAK. SIS related activities and initiatives, launched to raise awareness and to improve understanding of science by the citizens, have increased especially after the 10th meeting of the Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST/BTYK). In this meeting, held on 8 September 2004, four main goals had been established one of which is to foster and diffuse science and technology awareness in society. Again in the following year the Science and Technology Policy Implementation Plan (BTP-UP) defined 7 strategic goals that shaped the actions taken for the period 2005-2010. The importance of SIS was brought forward at the political level. Raising the public awareness on science and technology was recognized
.
12
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
and set as a strategic goal. Based on this strategic decision, many actions aiming to promote the public awareness on science and technology have been put into action from the establishment of science and society parks, museums and centers to strengthen the science communication on the media. In the same meeting, as the main modality for National Science and Technology Strategy a Turkish Research Area (TARAL) was defined. Launched in 2004, TARAL set into motion a mobilization that focus and collaborate on R&D and innovation. Starting with the 2004 meeting, apart from the permanent members, the number of participants increased to 120 with the other stakeholders, private and public entities that either perform, fund or demand R&D activities and NGOs. As one of the three TARAL targets, fostering demand for innovation becomes important. In line with this strategic view, SCST resolved by decree that public institutions are to develop research programs to satisfy the R&D needs of public institutions and to foster R&D demand at societal level. The participation of stakeholders in SCST meetings contributed considerably to the awaited shift of one-way science policy towards science policy formed upon public engagement. Again in 2004 BTYK meeting, programs for human resources for science and technology (HRST) and science and society, in addition to defense and space research programs were put directly under the auspices of the Prime Minister. Some other policies established in BTYK meetings are related with the use of R&D funds. The criteria set for the evaluation of R&D projects submitted between 2008-2010 include (veya some criteria have SIS dimension) dissemination of science and technology culture among public, potential to improve the quality of life in our country and to find solutions to problems that affect society. The administrative capacity of TÜBİTAK has been reinforced through the establishment of Science and Society Department in 2006. The mission of the department is to popularize science, promote scientific literacy among the public, to raise awareness of science, and eventually to instil a culture of science, technology, and innovation. In order to further disseminate scientific culture TÜBİTAK diversified its science and society activities and established a project support program. Science and Society Project Support Programme, supporting science and society projects conducted by various nationwide public institutions, was established in March 2007. The main purpose of this programme is defined as scientific formation, introduction of concepts and innovations to the public, promotion of project suggestions for the purpose of spreading a culture of scientific thinking in Turkey, and support for the accepted projects. Within this programme 134 projects are decided to be funded up to now. This department also organizes Science and Society Activities that are TÜBİTAK Solar and Hydrogen Car Races, Sky Observation Festivals, Invention Festivals, Summer Science Camps and Underwater Science Camp. http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?sid=461&pid=461&cid=5960 TÜBİTAK has been working towards establishing state-of-the-art science centres in Turkey. The Council has initiated the “Science Centre Establishment
.
13
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Call” to raise awareness regarding the importance of science centres in increasing public interest in science in Turkey and to promote the establishment of new science centres nationwide. The aim of this Call is to provide project support involving the expenses for the exhibitions and education programmes of a new science centre to be built in a metropolitan municipality. The first Science Centre Establishment Support Call was announced in 2008. At the end of the evaluation process, the proposal of Konya Metropolitan Municipality was found eligible for the project support and the project started in September 2008. Special Provincial Administration of Konya, Konya Chamber of Industry, and Konya Organized Industrial Zone Directorship are the local partners of Konya Metropolitan Municipality in this project. The science centre building will be located on an open land of 100.000 m2 next to Konya Organized Industrial Zone and have an interior space around 25.000 m2. A planetarium and an observation tower will also be built next to the science centre building. The science centre is planned to be opened in 20133. Another activity field of Science and Society Department is the popular science publications with the aim of disseminating science and making it accessible to a broad range of the population. In this sense, Popular Science Books and Popular Science Magazines are published. In addition to these popular science publications, TÜBİTAK publishes 12 different scientific journals. http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&sid=531 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/indextr.php For general information; http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=2&sid=461 http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/english/TUBITAKcatalogue.pd f http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/turkeyresearch-funding_en.pdf
1.3
National challenges, opportunities and trajectories
The biggest challenge for Turkey considering the overall relation between science and society is that there has been no systematic study done on the issue. Another challenge which can be turned into a big opportunity is Turkey‟s high population with 50% being under 29 years old. While the high ratio of young population is Turkey‟s greatest resource, this can be turned into a brainpower only if the Turkish youth can all be educated. As part of this wide education program, attracting as many young people as possi3
http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&sid=933&pid=461
.
14
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
ble to science and technology is becoming more and more important. At this point investment in SIS research and activities shows itself as a vital action. It is also a challenge to conduct nation-wide SIS activities considering the gap between the education given to students in metropolises and the education given to students living in small villages. Equally prominent national opportunity for Turkey is the number of female participants in academics. The ratio of female to male Turkish scientists is higher than the EU average. In terms of women professors in the world, Turkey has the highest ratio (% 27) in full professorships. As far as the National trajectories is concerned, the establishment of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) in 1963 is the first and biggest milestone in building up the relation between science and society as well as national scientific and technological research. The creation of a science and technology culture is among the missions of TÜBİTAK. While in years this mission is fulfilled through different initiatives and activities, one main factor that boosted these activities is the establishment of Science and Society Department in 2006. The next milestone is the foundation of the Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST) in 1983 with the mission to determine, direct and coordinate research and development policies in the field of science and technology towards the targets of economic development, social progress and national security. As the highest S&T policy-making body, the SCST enabled designing S&T policies with the participation of the actors which take part in the management of economic and social life in Turkey. The tasks of the Council designated by the law are; implementation of the Turkish Science Policy, assisting the government in determination of long termed S&T policies, identification of targets, elaboration of plans and programs, assignment of public organs, establishment of collaboration with private establishments, elaboration of required laws and legislation, provision of human resources development for researches, implementation of measures for establishment of research centres, determination of fields of research and provision of coordination services. Supreme Council for Science and Technology is chaired by the Prime Minister and composed of related Ministers of State, National Defence, Economy, National Education, Health, Forestry and Rural Affairs, Industry and Trade, Energy and Natural Resources, Chairman of Council of Higher Education, Undersecretary of State Planning Organization, Undersecretaries of Treasury and Foreign Trade, President of TÜBİTAK and a Vice President, Chairman of Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, General Director of Turkish Radio and Television, Chairman of Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey, and a member to be appointed by a university to be designated by the Council of Higher Education. Apart from the members with voting rights, other stakeholders are invited to the meetings with advisory capacity. These stakeholders include government officials, representatives from the higher education sector, NGOs and representatives of the private enterprise sector.
.
15
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
SCST decides on the national science, technology and innovation policies which are proposed by its secretariat TÜBİTAK. The Supreme Council, which convenes at least twice a year pursuant to the law, held its first meeting in 1989. Before the year 2006, SCST had not convened regularly. But since September 2004 the Council meetings are being held regularly, twice a year. Regular meetings of SCST are important since the create ST awareness in the participants, their area of influence and the public. The third milestone can be considered as the foundation of Turkish Academy of Sciences TÜBA in 1993. One of the topics discussed on the second SCST meeting, held on February 1993, was the preparation of the Turkish Academy of Sciences bill. The missions of the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), determined in this meeting, include the following: 1. In order to improve the effective use of human resources in turkey, guide and encourage young people to become scientists 2. Conduct the necessary studies and observations to determine scientific priorities and share these information and experience 3. To build-up and spread scientific approach and way of thinking among public 4. Conduct activities that will contribute the above mentioned missions. TÜBA was founded in 1993, attached to the office of the Prime Minister with administrative and financial autonomy, and headquarters in Ankara. Although it has the capacity for generating its own resources and accepting donations from individuals or companies, TÜBA is presently funded to a great extent by the Government. Link: http://www.tuba.gov.tr/anasayfa/en/genel Again in the following year the Science and Technology Policy Implementation Plan (BTP-UP), defined 7 strategic goals that shaped the actions taken for the period 2005-2010. The importance of SIS was brought forward at the political level. Raising the public awareness on science and technology was recognized and set as a strategic goal. Based on this strategic decision, many actions aiming to promote the public awareness on science and technology have been put into action from the establishment of science and society parks, museums and centers to strengthen the science communication on the media. The fourth milestone in the recognition of the importance of SIS is the Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST/BTYK) meeting in 2004 where one of the main goals of the National Science and Technology Strategy is dedicated and directly related to science and society. The goal is “to foster and diffuse science and technology awareness in society”. Equally important development is the active participation of social actors in decision-making processes of Turkish Research Area (TARAL). More effective participation of stakeholders from private and public sectors to NGOs is provided in SCST meetings since 2004.
.
16
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
SCST approved the five-year implementation plan for the National Science and Technology Strategy (2005–2010) and of the new priority areas of technology in 2005. The Science and Technology Policy Implementation Plan (BTP-UP), defines 7 strategic goals. The SIS related goal and radius of action defined in the BTP-UP is “the development of science and technology awareness and culture”. In order to provide contribution and participation to societies in the science and technology efforts actions are listed below: •
Establishment of science parks
•
Diversification and strengthening of science publications
•
The establishment and strengthening of science museums
•
Dissemination of science and technology camps
•
Organizing science and technology presentations open to public
•
Keeping the issue constantly on the agenda of the media (for children, teenagers and others)
•
Preparation of short spots which may be broadcasted by media channels
•
Organization of science and technology days in schools
•
Giving support to publication activities related to our science history.
•
Organizing programs aiming to inform the society about the scientific information from all over the world
http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&sid=1003&pid=547 http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/index.cfm?fuseaction=org.document&uuid=7 D87CB5D-C15F-4146-A9D50E13997288C4 http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?sid=470&pid=468 http://www.unesco.org/science/psd/publications/usr10_turkey.pdf http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files//BTYPD/strateji_belgeleri/BTP _UP_2005_2010.pdf The fifth milestone is the establishment of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Group under the body of TÜBİTAK. TÜBİTAK started to support researches in the field of social sciences and humanities, although few in number, in 1999. With the new law accepted in 2005 provisions giving the impression that TÜBİTAK's activity area is still limited with natural sciences was considered and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Group through which the scientists who conduct research activities in these areas are supported. In this
.
17
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
context, many projects from the fields of science communication and science education are supported. http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid/551/pid/547/index.htm http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid/394/pid/364/index.htm Popularizing science and propagating scientific culture has always been one of the main responsibilities of TÜBİTAK. The sixth and the last milestone that had an impact on the relation between science and society is the establishment of the Science and Society Department in 2006. Activities of Science and Society Department are: •
Funding science and society projects
•
Nature education projects & science camps/schools projects (since 2007)
•
Science centre establishment projects (since 2008)
•
Publishing popular science books (since 1993)
•
Publishing popular science magazines (since 1967)
•
Publishing scientific journals (since 1976)
•
Organizing science and society events
http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid/1005/pid/547/index.htm http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid/472/pid/468/index.htm http://www.unesco.org/science/psd/publications/usr10_turkey.pdf http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files//BTYPD/arsiv/Special_Brief_G uncel19_Web.pdf The other programme under TÜBİTAK that have a science and society dimension is the Science Fellowships and Grant Programmes that serves to strengthen human potential in science and technology. Mission of the programmes is to encourage scientists in the areas needed by Turkey through providing many kinds of fellowships and grants and to help Turkey in becoming a centre of attraction for scientists. TÜBİTAK Science Fellowships and Grant Programmes have 27 active science fellowships and grant programmes from which primary school students to post-doctoral researchers as well as researchers and scientists benefit in various scientific domains, from Natural Sciences to Social Sciences and Humanities.
.
18
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/english/TUBITAKcatalogue.pd f http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid/453/pid/453/index.htm http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/turkeyresearch-funding_en.pdf
.
19
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
2
Priority setting, governance and use of science in policy-making
This section focuses on the different actors involved in shaping the relationship between science and society and the processes for governing science at national level. This includes government initiatives, institutions and organizations as well as public involvement and policy-making processes at all levels related to science and technology. Different themes will be elaborated in the Turkish context, including ethics in science and technology, equality, diversity and inclusiveness in scientific institutions, and ethnic or social minority groups in scientific contexts and careers. Moreover, this section will highlight actors in science communication and technology assessment. Public involvement in science and technology decisionmaking as well as the use of science in policy-making at the national level will be covered in this section.
2.1
Public engagement in priority setting
2.1.1 Formalised procedures for citizen involvement All of the below-mentioned projects, plans, strategies, and targets for STIdriven, sustainable growth have been resolved by decree of the highest-ranking STI policy and decision-making body in Turkey, namely the Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST). SCST is granted the role of identifying, monitoring, and coordinating policies in S&T areas in accordance with national goals for economic and social development and national security. Based on twenty permanent members chaired by the Prime Minister, over one hundred different actors from governmental bodies, higher education and private sectors are represented in SCST meetings. Hence, SCST meetings culminate in governmental and non-governmental stakeholders from across Turkey. Moreover, there are individual organizations that are continuously contributing to the S&T policy-making process, namely the Turkish Statistical Institute, State Planning Organization, Small and Medium Industry Development Organization, Turkish Patent Institute, The Council of Higher Education of The Republic of Turkey, The Turkish Academy of Sciences, Technology Development Foundation of Turkey and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/. Together with other institutions that uphold various roles in STI policy implementation, there exists a diverse policy mix to foster STI-driven objectives in Turkey.
.
20
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Vision 2023 and the Technology Foresight Project In an aspect of long-term visions and strategies for science, technology and innovation (STI)-driven, sustainable growth, “Vision 2023: Science and Technology Strategies” sets forth the aim of creating an ever-more innovative society in 2023. Together with three other projects that collected and evaluated data on the STI capacity of the country, Vision 2023 included a technology foresight project. Based on the Delphi method combined with thematic foresight panels as a systemic, meta-instrument, the results produced over 90 technology activity fields of which the main domains deemed most vital to secure the attainment of an STI-driven, welfare society are grouped under core socio-economic goals. "Strategic technology roadmaps" were elaborated after formation of the workgroups with the citizens as well as representatives from industry, university, NGOs. Furthermore, eight, cross-cutting strategic technology areas that were seen as common anchor points for achieving socio-economic goals were determined as: ICT, biotechnology and gene technologies, energy and environmental technologies, material technologies, mechatronics, nanotechnology, design technologies, and production process technologies. National Science and Technology Policies Implementation Plan for 2005-2010 TÜBİTAK, in collaboration with the relevant public agencies, academia, private sector and the NGOs developed a National Science and Technology Strategy spanning the timeframe 2005-2010. As the first plan aimed to springboard the country towards the long-term goals and expectations that are foreseen for the year 2023, the National Science and Technology Policies Implementation Plan (BTP-UP) was established for the five year strategy timeframe between the years 2005-2010. Participatory workshops attended by all parties involved in RDI (CSOs, public agencies, universities and private sector) were organized and a jointly agreed vision and mission of the country‟s S&T strategy was adopted. Establishment of the Turkish Research Area (TARAL) As the main modality for National Science and Technology Strategy a Turkish Research Area (TARAL) was defined composing of all private and public entities that either perform, fund or demand R&D activities. Launched in 2004, TARAL set into motion a mobilization with which the private and public sectors, together with NGOs, strategically focus and collaborate on R&D and innovation. As one of the three TARAL targets, fostering demand for innovation becomes important. In line with this strategic view, SCST resolved by decree that public institutions are to develop research programs to satisfy the R&D needs of public institutions and to foster R&D demand at societal level. Harmonizing the top-down and bottom-up approaches combined with the outputs of technology foresight project, achievements of TARAL actors, BTP-UP and biannual meetings of SCST constitutes for the Turkish model of instigating an STI impetus by a diverse policy mix. The major strength of the model is the
.
21
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
various involvements of CSOs through different mechanisms. However, despite the policy actions and initiatives the public engagement in individual terms is low. Link: http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid/1005/pid/547/index.htm
2.1.2 Citizen- or CSO-initiated activities with political impact In Turkey, most citizen- or CSO-initiated activities affect the policies through the legal system. For example, when the government adopted the regulation regarding GMOs, several NGOs and private initiatives acted against the regulation through press releases on the mass media. Later on, one of the NGOs filed a lawsuit to stop the execution of the regulation. The Council of the State stopped its execution suggesting that a new law is required to solve this problem. Following this ruling, the government expedited the enactment of the “biosecurity” law. Similarly, activists against the establishment of hydro plants on Turkish waterways launched a campaign against it. Court cases are pending for 65 hydro plants out of 145, and judges stopped the operation of 34 such plants. The campaign for increasing awareness of the drawbacks of hydro plants and urging proper environmental compliance is gaining momentum. For example, the Dalyan Yuvarlak brook, which starts in the foothills of the Sandras Mountains and empties into Köyceğiz Lake, runs through seven villages. Villagers‟ campaign against the establishment of power plants resulted in government‟s change of mind and the villagers got what they wanted. However, these individual acts have not changed the policy, yet. Instead, these piece-meal actions had local impacts on the implementation of policies.
2.1.3 Importance of upstream engagement There are discussions and initiatives that focus on and aim to promote upstream public engagement. One example is the increase in the number of participants at Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST/BTYK) meetings. The participation of stakeholders in SCST meetings contributed considerably to the awaited shift of one-way science policy towards science policy formed upon public engagement. A more recent example is the Supreme Council for Science and Technology‟s December 2009 (SCST/BTYK) meeting. SCST/BTYK decided to begin preparing a national science, technology and innovation action plan for the period 2011-2016. In line with this decision, in June 2010 SCST/BTYK decided to form working groups that consist of experts from public and private sector as well as from universities in order to prepare national R&D strategies in the fields of energy, water and food. The upstream public engagement has been tried to be fulfilled through the support of projects submitted by Public Institution. During the preparation and development of these projects, the demands and needs of the public are considered.
.
22
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Another example is the R&D days organized by TÜBİTAK. These activities take place at different regions. Participants consist of governors, university presidents, presidents of chambers of commerce and industry as well as senior executives of the provinces and representatives from the business enterprise sector who have conducted R&D projects. They discuss needs and problems of the region and possible developments in STI area, particular to that region. Future projects are formed in search of solution to regional problems.
2.2
Public - private interaction
Turkish public bodies retain R&D investments in many areas; the information gained from these investments should be transferred to private sector to make use of the knowledge when producing goods or services. For this reason, Turkey has implemented five-year development plans since 1963. One of the main aims of the plans in Turkey is to constitute and strengthen a knowledge bridge between public and private sectors. As being The Scientific and Research Council of Turkey: TÜBİTAK is also established in the same year to make use of such goal. According to the statistics provided by TUIK and TPE, number of certified patents in Turkey has greatly increased in the last decade related with increased R&D expenditure. Please see the graphs below: (http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid/1006/pid/547/index.htm)
Per Capita R&D Expenditure in Turkey between 1998&2009
.
23
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Turkish R&D Expenditure by Sectors between 2003&2009
Number of Certified Patents in Turkey between 1995&2009
.
24
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
In today‟s Turkey, mechanisms that provide interactions and intersections between universities and the business sector directly/ indirectly can be classified in five categories. Predetermined headings will be provided with brief information. Project Focused Cooperation Programs Supported by Turkish Government •
Industrial R&D Project Supports (TÜBİTAK, TTGV etc.)
•
Scientific and Technological R&D Support Program (TÜBİTAK)
•
Public R&D Support Program (TÜBİTAK)
Such programs with the subheadings above provide interactions and intersections between universities and the business sector and support private firms‟ R&D investments and innovation practices; lead them to develop and produce added value goods & services in cooperation with universities. •
Industrial Thesis Support Program (SAN-TEZ)
A support program initiated in 2006 by Turkish Ministry of Industry and Trade aims to develop interactions between universities of Turkey and the business sector. As a result of this support program, by 28 May 2010, 192 out of 206 projects have been supported since 2007; 37 of those were successfully completed the program by enhancing the cooperated firm with such a product or production method that provides competitive advantage. Link: http://sagm.sanayi.gov.tr/ServiceDetails.aspx?dataID=108 •
Cooperation Networks And Programs Support Program (İŞBAP)
Organizations from industry, universities, government organizations, or the consortiums formed by these organizations can apply this program through which they can establish cooperation networks and platforms with their national or international counterparts. İŞBAP supports corporation and groups about areas such as basic sciences, engineering, health and social sciences. •
Project Market Platform Support Program (TÜBITAK)
Corporate Cooperation Organisms Supported By Government •
Technology Development Areas (TGB)
As a result of the advantages brought by clustering and tax incentives, in 2010, the number of firms in business at Technology Development Areas reaches to 1.451, employed people to 12.743, export volume to $ 540 million and the number of certified patents to 301. Please see the charts below:
.
25
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Number of Technology Development Areas Established between 2001 & 2010
Number of Firms in Business at Technology Development Areas between 2001 & 2010
http://sagm.sanayi.gov.tr/userfiles/file/TGB%20g%C3%BCncel%20d%C3%B6 k%C3%BCmanlar/Teknoloji%20Geli%C5%9FtirmeB%C3%B6lgeleri%20Hak k%C4%B1nda%20Genel%20Bilgi.pdf •
Technology Development Centres (TEKMER) and Wall-less Technology Incubators (DTİ) Supported by KOSGEB
•
University-Industry Joint Research Centre (ÜSAMP)
.
26
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Ceramics Research Centre (SAM) Adana University &Industry Joint Research Centre (Adana-ÜSAM) Textile Research Centre (TAM) Automotive Technologies and R&D Centre (OTAM) ODTÜ-OSTİM Advanced Manufacturing Systems Centre (ODAGEM) Biomedical Technologies Centre Education Programs Handled By Universities And Contract Based Projects •
Contract Based Projects with University Revolving Fund Systems
•
Continuing Education Services of Universities (SEM)
•
Career Programs Cooperated with Industry (Industrial PhD ProgramsAnadolu University etc.)
Cooperation Aimed University Service Offices •
Cooperation Aimed University Institutes and Centres
•
Technology Transfer Offices (TTO) Informal cooperation networks and other efforts. Link. http://www.ttgv.org.tr/content/docs/usi_kitap.pdf
All of mentioned institutions and organizations work hard to bridge the gap between universities and industry. In the press conference dated 15 October 2010, Turkish Minister of Finance, Mehmet Şimşek said that TÜBİTAK‟s R&D budget will be increased from $ 420 million to $ 540 million. Universities‟ R&D budget will be increased to $ 370 million by %23. In total, Turkish Government will support R&D investments with a budget of $ 2.15 billion in 2011 by an increase of 20.6 %4.
4
http://www.maliye.gov.tr/basin_aciklama/2011/MAL%C4%B0YE%20BAKANI%20SN% 20MEHMET%20%C5%9E%C4%B0M%C5%9EEK'%C4%B0N%202011%20YILI%20B %C3%9CT%C3%87E%20KANUNU%20TASARISI%20BASIN%20TOPLANTISI%20K ONUSMA%20METN%C4%B0.pdf
.
27
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
2.3
Use of science in policy making
2.3.1 Formal procedures and advisory bodies involved Although it is not a written law, it is a common practice to use scientific reports, if applicable, in drafting a new bill. The members of parliament and the Council of Ministers are authorized to propose laws. Besides a draft bill that is prepared by the Council of Ministers, a proposal can also be prepared by one or more than one members of parliament. It is presented to the Presidency of the Assembly signed and with justifications. The draft bills or proposals are sent directly to the related main and secondary committees according to their subjects by the Presidency of the Assembly. At this point, the relevant committee may require a scientific report regarding the bill draft. For example, before the “Biosecurity” bill passed and became a law, three committees prepared a report with expert opinions. For this bill, the Chamber of Agricultural Engineers and Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Habitats (TEMA) were involved in drafting the report5.
2.3.2 Trends at national level A structural change in Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST/BTYK) meetings took place in 2004. The increase in the number of participants at SCST meetings contributed considerably to the awaited shift of oneway science policy towards science policy formed upon public engagement. The stakeholders attending the meeting now include private and public entities that either perform, fund or demand R&D activities and NGOs. Upon the decision taken on June 2010 SCST/BTYK meeting, workshops on national R&D strategies in the fields of energy, water and food had been decided to take place with the partcipation of experts from public and private sector as well as from universities. The needed change of seeking more scientific advice from researchers and experts during the process of policy making had been fullfilled with this decision.
5
http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/english/about_tgna.htm#ENACTING%20LAWS http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/komisyonlar_sd.liste http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid/0/cid/3335/index.htm
.
28
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
2.4
Key actors
2.4.1
Ethics in science and technology
Name of actor and web-link
Type of actor
Sector
Brief supplementary description
Ministry of Health of Turkey, General Directorate of Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacy - Department of Ethics Committee www.saglik.gov.tr/
Universities Learned society
Public
Assesses educational needs specific to biomedical ethics of committee members, academic staff.
Ethical Committee of Centre of Animal Experiments http://www.dhek.gazi.edu.tr/ http://www.etikkurul.hacettepe.edu.tr
Universities Learned society
Public
METU Research Centre for Applied Ethics (UEAM) http://www.ueam.metu.edu.tr
Key individuals
Public
Makes animal experiments auditing procedures, keeps records and ensures the continuation of the work process in accordance with the ethical committees. Creates the awareness towards decision-making in an ethical way in the universities and the communities.
The Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) Science Ethics Committee www.tüba.gov.tr
Universities Learned society
Public
Clinical Researches Association http://www.klinikarastirmalar.org/
Universities Learned society Key individuals
Private
The Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey Research and Publication Ethics Committee www.tubitak.gov.tr
Universities Learned society
Public
To ensure the dissemination and adoption of the principles of ethics in the country, in the light of new developments in science and technology issues. To inform the public, TÜBA Council and the government, about the ethics dimension of scientific and technological issues. To provide the excellence in clinical research in collaboration with international organizations, academia, industry and bring the representatives of national authorities together. Funds ethics researches and encourage the projects on the social structure of society in terms of ethical issues.
.
29
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
2.4.2
Equality, diversity and inclusiveness in scientific institutions and in educational systems
Name of actor and web-link
Type of actor
Regional Development Agency in South Eastern Anatolia www.gap.gov.tr
Universities and other Public education institutions Civil society organizations Key individuals
Governmental organization responsible of supporting rural and local development activities, determination and mobilisation of the internal resources of local/regional economies.
The Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey Division of Science and Society www.tubitak.gov.tr
Universities Public Governmental organizations Key individuals
Distribution of funds of science and society projects by taking regional and structural inequalities into consideration.
2.4.3
Sector
Brief supplementary description
Science communication
Name of actor and web-link
Type of actor
Sector
Istanbul Technical University Science Center www.bilimmerkezi.itu.edu.tr/
Universities and other Public education institutions Civil society organizations Key individuals
Feza Gürsey Science Center www.fezagurseybilimmerkezi.com/
Civil society organizations Key individuals
Public
Middle East Technical University Society Universities and other Public and Science Center www.tbm.metu.edu.tr/ education institutions Civil society organizations Key individuals
Brief supplementary description University dependant organization aims to make the students realize the simplicity of scientific reasoning behind so called complex technical daily issues and problems. It is mostly possible to reduce the amount of fear and reluctance in students towards science by putting forward simple and sound teaching examples. Mayor dependent organization that aims to disseminate the scientific knowledge in an efficient way by organising popular science conferences and meetings.
An organization operates under university is targeted to increase the scientific and technological interest among society. Its objectives include; introducing the relationship of science and our daily lives, showing that experiments are not limited to laboratories,
.
30
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
explaining the concept of „scientific thinking‟.
Ankara University, Child University www.cocukuniversitesi.ankara.edu.tr/ Istanbul University, Child University www.iuyazokulu.com/
Universities and other Public education institutions Civil society organizations Key individuals
The main goal of University of Kids is to achieve and demonstrate the balance and harmony between science, technology and art among society by educational organization such as science festivals, science camps and seminars.
The Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey Division of Science and Society www.tubitak.gov.tr
Universities Public Governmental organizations Key individuals
Supporting science and society projects conducted by various nationwide public institutions. The main goal is introduction of scientific concepts and innovations to the public, promotion of project suggestions for the purpose of spreading a culture of scientific thinking in Turkey.
2.4.4
Technology assessment
Name of actor and web-link
Type of actor
Sector
The Ministry of Industry and Trade www.sanayi.gov.tr/
Government and min- Public istries
Governmental organization responsible of conducting all kinds of work related to the establishment, operation and inspection of technology. Moreover, advises Turkish government about the regulations of technology assessment.
The Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey
Government
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) is an autonomous institution and is governed by a Scientific Board whose members are selected from prominent scholars from universities, industry and research institutions.
Public
Brief supplementary description
.
31
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Small and Medium Industry Development Government Organization
Public
State Planning Organization
Public
Government
TÜBİTAK is responsible for promoting, developing, organizing, conducting and coordinating research and development in line with national targets and priorities. KOSGEB is a public agency affiliated with Ministry of Industry and Trade. It was established to adapt technological innovations rapidly, raise their competitive powers, and prepare SMEs for global competition by increasing their contributions and effectiveness.
State Planning Organization (SPOis the main policy formulation institution at the national level. It was founded to accelerate the economic, social and cultural development of Turkey, to contribute to the formulation of policies regarding international economic and commercial cooperation initiatives participated and/or led by Turkey and provide secretarial services to these initiatives.
.
32
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
3
Research related to Science in Society
This section is concerned with research activities related to science in society. The purpose is to describe the efforts in Turkey, including the SIS research being undertaken and how SIS issues are embedded in mainstream research. The section will also elaborate on how SIS research is being funded and what the scale of funding is. A distinction is made between SIS research on the one hand and SIS issues embedded in mainstream research on the other. SIS research are the studies particularly targeting public understanding of science, governance of science, science policy, science education, science communication, ethics in science and technology, the reciprocal relations of science and culture, young people and science and similar issues. However, SIS issues may also be present in other research activities, in which the main objectives of research are not SIS related issues, but in which SIS practices or perspectives are embedded. This could include studies within the natural sciences which apply innovative or extensive use of public involvement in the research process, new ways of communicating research results, ambitious efforts to bring ethical and societal issues into research, innovative ways of involving a variety of stakeholders (politicians, NGOs, industry, social scientists etc.). Such efforts are referred to as SIS issues embedded in mainstream research. The section provides examples of Turkish research projects and funding programmes related to SIS, cross-cutting and emerging themes of SIS. Moreover, the role of SIS in evaluative practices of research programmes and institutions are elaborated.
It should be noted that this section is concerned with mapping research activities which are not fully EU funded. The subsections are concerned with national as well as international research efforts, but not activities funded solely under the European framework programs. Such research activities are already well-documented elsewhere.
.
33
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
3.1
Research on Science in Society
3.1.1
Research projects
Name of project (incl. weblink or contact information)
Local, national, or crosscountry
Institutions participating
Budget and funding source
Field of study
Nature Education and Science Schools Project
National
Universities, Primary Schools, High Schools
4,454,719.32 EURO (20072010)
Science education
(2007-2010) http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/ho me.do?sid=918&pid=461
Science Centre Project
TÜBİTAK
National
http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid /933/pid/461/index.htm
Konya Metropolitan Municipality
N/A TÜBİTAK
Public understanding of science Science education Science communication
The Turkish of Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) Science Education Project (20082009/2010-2011)
Cross-country
TÜBA
1,000,000 EURO
Science education
The State Planning Organization (DPT)
http://www.tuba.gov.tr/anasa yfa/tr/makale-134-BilimEgitimi
Structure of Journalism in Turkey and the Science Journalism Research
National
Gazi University
10,000 EURO /6 months (fast support)
Science communication
Visibility and Representation of Science News in Turkey (1993-2008)
National
Ankara University
30,000 EURO / 1 year
Science communication
Structure of Journalism in Turkey and the Science Journalism Research
National
Gazi University
10,000 EUR /6 months (fast support)
Science communication
3.1.2 Trends in research Even though not sufficient, there are researches that aim to present the current situation in science communication in Turkey and seeks to improve it. While most of the SIS research focuses on science education, science communication seems to be a rising issue in recent years.
.
34
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
There is also research that focuses on research policies. There are research and technology research centres in a few universities. The one at Middle East Technical University also offers an interdisciplinary PhD program including engineering, communication, economics, administrative sciences, sociology, history, philosophy and cultural studies. There are also researchers that focus on public views, ethical aspects of stemcell, GM foods, climate change. Another SIS research that takes place under the body of a university is the establishment of children‟s universities. Ankara University Children‟s University and Istanbul University Children‟ University, aim to identify talented students and enable them to gain basic life skills; scientific thinking, innovation and creativity, problem solving skills, process of learning. Among many science and society activities by NGOs, schools and universities, the ones supported by public agencies like TÜBİTAK, State Planning Organization, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Ministry of National Education are the prominent ones with their broad outreach and budget. TÜBİTAK has also been organizing and coordinating science and society activities like invention fairs, star parties for amateur astronomers, the Formula-G event which challenges the students to produce and race solar-powered cars. The main goal of Science and Society department of TÜBİTAK is to build up constructive and effective communication between researches, research and public. The department provides financial support to Science in Society projects submitted by individuals, universities or local governments. Science and Society Centres in Turkey promote scientific awareness in society, raise the community's interest in scientific and technological issues, popularize science in society and increase the use of science in everyday life. Among these centres are Middle East Technical University Science and Society Centre and Istanbul Technical University Science and Society Application Research Centre, TÜBİTAK National Observatory Science and Society Centre.
3.2
Main stream research embedding Science in Society issues
3.2.1 Trends and good examples As the result of The Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST/BTYK) decision in 2002, as part of the development plan for the following 20 years, a technology foresight activity plan, named Vision 2023 is defined. The eight strategies areas that have been determined are information and communication technologies, biotechnology and genetic technologies, material technologies, nanotechnology, design technologies, mechatronics, production processes and technologies, energy and environmental technologies.
.
35
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
The science in society research that are relevant with the above mentioned areas are more likely to be supported in the following years. This trend is already showing itself in recent years. Even though most of the funded research projects seem to be mainstream research in line with national priorities, they have also science in society aspect. The SIS research that are at the interface between society and biotechnology/genetics/ energy/environment are more popular compared to other strategic areas in Turkey. While stem-cell, GM foods, climate change are among the hot research topics in Turkey, there are also researchers that focus on public views, ethical and legal aspects of these topics. Currently how SIS can be addresses within other research areas like material technologies, nanotechnology, design technologies etc. is a challenge for Turkish researchers. Future efforts in overcoming this challenge are important in breaking down the barrier between science and society.
3.3
Funding for research on Science in Society
There are researchers from several universities in Turkey that participate in International Dimension of Science Education and Inquiry Based Science Education projects supported by The European Commission‟s Framework Programmes. Nation-wide, the primary funding organization that also supports science in society activities and researches is TÜBİTAK. The Science and Society department aims to improve the public‟s knowledge and awareness of science , through organizing and supporting scientific activities like Nature Education and Science Schools, Establishing Science Centres, Solar and Hydrogen Car Races. Until 2009, totally 87 projects had been funded by TÜBİTAK and over 1400 people took part within these projects. The 2010 call, opened for the new science and society projects received 104 project applications and 49 of them were accepted. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Group with annual approximate 10 million euro budget is the other department that evaluates SIS researches. The other funding organizations that support science in society related projects are State Planning Organization (DPT), the Ministry of National Education and the Turkish Academy of Sciences. Universities and institutions in Turkey have their local ethics committees that monitor if the research has been done in accordance with ethical rules, regulations of patient rights, the ethics rules of the Medical Profession of the Turkish Medical Association etc. The approval from ethics committees is a requirement for funding.
.
36
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Name of program and link to ‘call’
Primary funding agency
Total budget in €
total amount in € applied for per year
Average no. of applicants per year
Average no. of successful applicants per year
Nature Education and Science Schools Project Call (2007-2010) http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/ho me.do?sid=918&pid=461
National research council
1,311,964.34 EURO
Not available
91/call
34/call
Science Centre Project Call (2008) http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid /933/pid/461/index.htm
National research council
Not available
6/call
1/call
3.4
(2010)
N/A
Importance of Science in Society issues as evaluative elements for national research programmes and academic institutions
There are three-dimensional evaluation criteria during the evaluation process of projects submitted to Science and Society Department of TÜBİTAK. These are: 1. Content and transmission of the project: The project should be clearly defined. The content should include interactive and visual applications that trigger the interest, curiosity and learning of participants and effective measurement and evaluation methods. 2. Widespread impact: The project should contribute to the dissemination of the culture of science and be accessible to general public. The project is considered to be a nation-wide one if it can address disadvantaged regions. Another important factor is its potential of being a model for the other science in society activity initiatives. 3. Feasibility: The scientific and professional competence, know-how and experience of the project team, infrastructure and equipment are considered during evaluation. The project management, regulatory compliance, detailed implementation and budget plan are other important points. The widespread impact and feasibility are also used for the evaluation of the SIS academic research. Third criterion is Intellectual/scientific /professional merit.
.
37
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
4
Activities related to Science in Society
This section relates to SIS as a field encompassing a variety of different activities particularly concerned with public communication of science and technology in Turkey. The issues addressed are formats for science communication and the actors involved in science communication as well as trends at the national level.
4.1
National science communication trends
Science Communication Scene in Turkey: Turkish society view science as an objective and rational endeavour. Therefore what science provides is generally considered to be true and scepticism towards scientific research is not high level. However a friction may occur when a scientific study overlaps with environmental, ethical or health issues. Public generally hear about science news and comments from science and technology columns on daily newspapers and from media. Interested public may choose to read popular science magazines and books. Furthermore, there are two main strategic objectives, directly related to Science and Society within the National Science and Technology Strategy 2005-2010. These include the development of human resources of scientists and raising public awareness on science and technology. Based on this strategic decision, many actions aiming to promote the above two issues have been put into action via establishment of science and society parks, museums and centers, increasing the number of science camps and weeks at schools to strengthen the science communication on the media. There are initiatives in bringing scientists and public, especially students, together through conferences, seminars. Researchers‟ not being well-trained in science communication is a factor that hinders an effective dialog. However, in recent years, journalist majors and communication students interested in science and society issues have been given opportunities to participate in courses and even conduct graduate studies on science communication. Such initiatives are believed to lessen the gap between science and society. Access to scientific knowledge: Cahit Arf Turkish Academic Network and Information Centre (TUBITAK ULAKBIM- Cahit Arf) provides information and document delivery services to meet the information requirements of universities and research institutions. Us-
.
38
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
ers of ULAKBİM are not restricted to university members and any interested individual can benefit from ULAKBİM‟s services6. National Collective Catalogue7 and graduate thesis database within The Council of Higher Education (YÖK) are the other facilities. National Library of Turkey, university libraries and many public libraries are the other sources consulted in order to access to scientific knowledge. Complexity of actors involved in science communication: TÜBİTAK is the main contributor in communicating science to public. The other societal factors are the Ministry of National Education, schools, museums, science activities and events and media.
4.1.1
Good Practices
TÜBİTAK Science and Society Department (BTDB) BTDB was established in 2006 with a mission to popularize science, promote scientific literacy among the public, to raise awareness of science, and eventually to instill a culture of science, technology, and innovation. In order to further disseminate scientific culture BTDB diversified its science and society activities and established a project support program. Science and Society Project Support Programme, supporting science and society projects conducted by various nationwide public institutions, was established in March 2007. The main purpose of this programme is defined as scientific formation, introduction of concepts and innovations to the public, promotion of project suggestions for the purpose of spreading a culture of scientific thinking in Turkey, and support for the accepted projects. Within this programme 134 projects are decided to be supported up to now. This department also organizes Science and Society Activities that are TÜBİTAK Solar and Hydrogen Car Races and Sky Observation Festivals. Previously BTDP also organized Invention Festivals, Summer Science Camps and Underwater Science Camp. Especially TÜBİTAK Formula-G Race (Solar Car Race) and TÜBİTAK Hidromobil Race (Hydrogen Car Race) deserve a special attention. TÜBİTAK‟s Science and Society Division has been organising the Formula-G Solar Car Race since 2005, in which the future‟s clean and everlasting power source, solar energy, is used to power racing cars. TÜBİTAK has also been organizing the Hidromobil Race since 2007. These cars are designed and manufactured by Turkish university students, young engineers and technicians. The participating teams use their creativity and problem-solving skills to improve their designs. Popular Science Publications division of Science and Society Department also publishes monthly magazines and popular science books for different age groups: 6 7
http://www.ulakbim.gov.tr/ http://www.toplukatalog.gov.tr/
.
39
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Bilim ve Teknik (Science and Technology): This is a monthly popular science magazine published by TÜBİTAK Popular Science Books Publications, which now functions under Science and Society Department. The focus of this magazine is to inform a dedicated readership about the basics of science as well as the latest developments in scientific research and cutting-edge technology. It is the acknowledged leader in its class, boasting an unbroken record of publication spanning 40 years. In 1998, TÜBİTAK launched the Turkey‟s first popular science magazine tailored specifically for children: Bilim Çocuk (Science for Children). In a short period of time, this magazine is very well received by the public and soon it had become a reference source material for school children and a guide for teachers. It is a particularly impressive success story and a current monthly sale is exceeding 100,000. Being the first of its kind in Turkey, the magazine which addresses children between ages 3-6, Meraklı Minik (Curious Puppy) debuted in January 2007. Containing small stories speckled with information cut to the size of the target age group and richly illustrated by artists carefully selected from among a crowd of applicants, the 24-page magazine has received a warm embrace by pre-school children and enthusiastic parents. TÜBİTAK Popular Science Books: With the mission to increase the sustainable competitive advantage of Turkey by publishing popular science books appealing to each and every part of the whole society, to present scientific and technological innovations and development to the society, to publish books creating a culture of science and technology, and to present the needed information with cheaper price and higher quality, Popular Science Books Department has began publication life in 1993 under TÜBİTAK Budget. Soon it attracted considerable reader interest, and a total of 10.5 Million copies of 342 titles has to date been published. Following TÜBİTAK‟s efforts in promoting the importance of disseminating science to the general public via popular books and magazines, private companies have also started publishing them. Today, a considerable number of high quality popular science books for all age groups have been presented on the shelves of bookstores for the enthusiastic readers. Yapi Kredi Publications and İşBank Publications are the leading non-governmental book publishers involved in popular science books. NTV Bilim, published by NTVMSNBC, is a popular science magazine that attracts readership from all age groups. Although the data regarding its circulation volume is not available, it could be considered successful in terms of sales numbers because it has been in circulation for almost two years. It is hoped that the success stories of such public and private publishers in science communication will urge other actors to get in action in these long-neglected fields.
4.2
Science journalism and training activities
In Turkey, there is an increasing trend in science coverage in newspapers, magazines, internet news blogs, and TV etc. All these efforts are well received by all sections of public. Furthermore, there are quite a few people who are
.
40
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
working as science journalists and writers in high quality popular science magazines in Turkey. However, the number of science journalists fall very behind compared to journalists in other fields and far from meeting the demand. One of the main reasons is probably due to the lack of science journalism programs in respective universities. Unfortunately, there is no association for science journalist in Turkey yet. However, main stream print and media are now realizing the need for such profession, and hopefully in the near term, universities will start science journalism programs in communications and journalism fields. Soon there will be an elective course in Gazi University Journalism Department for science journalism. Furthermore, in order to promote science journalism and to raise awareness, with TÜBİTAK‟s efforts, Turkish language version of the world‟s first online course in science journalism is available at http://www.wfsj.org/course/tr. This course is developed by the World Federation of Science Journalists in close cooperation with the Science and Development Network SciDev.Net. Examples of ‘training’ activities related to science in society: •
Işık University, Humanities and Social Sciences Department Science, Technology and Society Program Students may select the Science, Technology and Society option in their third year (http://itb.isikun.edu.tr/en/bilimdali.php).
•
Kadir Has University, Graduate Institute of Science and Engineering Master of Science (MSc) in Technology, Science and Society The program aims to equip the participants of the program with informational resources, analytical qualifications and conceptual frames8.
•
Istanbul Technical University (İTÜ), Faculty of Science and Letters Course: ITB 171 - Science, Technology and Society: The objective of the course is to familiarize the students with the concepts of science and technology in relation to the foundations and institutions of modern society and to facilitate critical reflection on them
•
Istanbul Technical University (İTÜ), Science-Society Research Centre The centre aims to promote science communication and to improve public understanding of science. It consists of:
8
http://www.khas.edu.tr/en/education/institutes/ise/master-of-science-msc-in-technologyscience-and-society/about-the-program-43.html
.
41
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
•
Natural History and Science Museum Science Centre Science Parks9
Middle East Technical University, Society and Science Centre (http://itl.ceit.metu.edu.tr/tbm)
4.3
Young people and science education in schools
4.3.1 Skills and interest Science High Schools: Establishment of science high schools in Turkey has been a spectacular success story in the history of national education in Turkey. In order to promote science education among youths, to foster their science skills and to provide them necessary environment, The Ministry of National Education (MoNE) has established Ankara Science High School in 1964, the first science high school in Turkey. The curriculum of these schools was concentrated on natural sciences and mathematics. Alumni of this school had been so successful both in academia and in professional life that later this concept spread throughout the country. Today, there are 114 state and 108 private science high schools in Turkey. Entrance to these schools is highly competitive and each year, hundreds of thousands of 8th grade students take a comprehensive exam to be qualified for these schools. Not only students of these schools are highly competitive in Turkey, but also show considerable success in the international science olympiads. Among the state science high schools, Ankara Science High School, Izmir Science High School and Istanbul Ataturk Science High School are located in the frontline with respect to their success. Furthermore, private science high schools also show significant success in international science olympiads as well as national science olympiads and project competitions. Science and Art Centers: Recently, The Ministry of National Education takes one step further and has established Science and Art Centers for the gifted generation in primary and secondary education. Today, there are 37 science and art centers in Turkey which are providing special education for students who have special abilities in science, mathematics, music and art. National Science Project Competitions: With the mission of increasing awareness among youth, to foster their science skills and creativity, and to increase their involvement in science related activities, in collaboration with TÜBİTAK, The Ministry of National Education initiated science and mathematics project competition in primary and secondary education. TÜBİTAK in collaboration with MoNE awards original, scientific, applicable, and resultoriented projects and organize exhibitions. One of the recent interesting project competitions among secondary education students is the Energy Efficiency Pro9
http://www.bilimtoplum.itu.edu.tr
.
42
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
ject Competition for High School Students. TÜBİTAK organizes this competition annually with the collaboration of General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration. National and International Science Olympiads: In order to promote scientific education, to discover skilful and enthusiastic students, to attract them to careers in science and eventually to provide them high quality education and training, TÜBİTAK organizes national contests for National Primary Education Mathematics Olympiads (6th, 7th, and 8th graders), and National Science Olympiads (8th, 9th, 10th and 11th graders). TÜBİTAK also provides scholarships and special trainings for the students who are qualified to compete in international science olympiads.
4.3.2 Societal issues and critical reflections Student unions, from music to first-aid, have a long history in both public and private schools. However, in recent years, these unions increased in variety. There are now student unions on environment and health, astronomy, mathematics, science and technology. In some schools there are unions even on aviation. Another activity that has been promoted in schools both in number and variety are seminars given by professionals and scientists on popular science topics and in those seminars scientific issues are approached critically.
4.4
Means Science TV programmes Radio Newspapers Magazines Large scale festivals Web-based communication Museums, exhibitions Citizen- or CSO initiatives
Communication activities
Much less
Less
Same
More
Much more
X X X X X X X X
.
43
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
4.4.1 TV programmes TV Stations: •
Sci Tech TV: Dedicated for science and technology, broadcasting on cable and internet web tv platform on Tivibu. http://www.scitechtv.com.tr
•
TRT Belgesel : State TV channel dedicated for documentary http://www.trt.net.tr/trtbelgesel/
•
İZ TV: Documentary channel with emphasis on made in Turkey productions www.iztv.com.tr
•
Yaban TV: Broadcasting TV programs, documentaries and interviews about hunting, fishing, underwater sports, and wild life. www.yabantv.com
Also In digital satellite platforms, Turkish language versions of the following international TV stations are available: • • • • • • • • •
Discovery Channel Turkey Discovery Science Channel Discovery World Da Vinci Learning National Geographic Wild Zone Reality The History Channel National Geographic Channel Animal Planet
Current TV Program Highlights: Programme title (and web-link if possible)
Frequency
Target audience
Themes covered
Weekly
Duration (in minutes) 45 min
HT Teknoloji (HT Technology), broadcasted on Haberturk TV http://tv.haberturk.com/Program.as px?ID=102 Uzaya Yolculuk (Journey to Space), broadcasted on Mehtap TV http://www.mehtap.tv
General public
New products, systems, inventions, visual trainings, etc.
Daily
15-20 min
General public
This mini documentary series takes you on a journey to uncover the mysteries of the universe.
.
44
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
NTV Belgesel Kuşağı (NTV Documentary Series)
Weekly
25 min.
General public
Documentaries on various scientific topics
CHECK-UP, broadcasted on channel CNN Turk http://www.cnnturk.com/cnnturktv/ default.aspx?PageID=108
Three times a week
30 min.
General public
Health
Yeşil Doğa (Green Environment), broadcasted on channel CNN Turk http://www.cnnturk.com/cnnturktv/ default.aspx?PageID=173
Weekly
60 min.
General public
Environmental issues
Tekno Trend, broadcasted on channel Show TV http://www.showtvnet.com/yasam/t ekno-trend/
Weekly
60 min.
General public
Technology
Target audience
Themes covered
Both IT professionals and enthusiasts
General public
Broadcasted on Samanyolu Haber TV between June 2007 and November 2009. The program covered latest news and trends in the IT world as well as computer game reviews for game enthusiasts.. Broadcasted on national state channel TRT 2 between August 2006 and May 2009. Covered IT topics such as latest news as well as special topics on hardware, software, computer games and internet. The program also hosted important IT professionals as guest speakers.
http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/m
Past TV Program Highlights Programme title (and web-link if possible)
Frequency
Bilişim Dünyası (Information Technology World) Web page is still active: http://www.bilisimdunyasi.tv.tr/
6
Duration (in minutes) 30 min.
Bilişim Rüzgarı (Information Technology Wind) Web page is still active: http://www.bilisimruzgari.com
6
60 min.
.
45
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Special series and one-off documentaries Programme title (and web-link if possible) Bilim ve Yaşam (Science and Life) documentary series, 123 episodes, broadcasted on TRT 2 Işıklarla Yazılmış Öyküler documentary series, 13 episodes, broadcasted on TRT 2
4.4.2 Programme title (and web-link if possible) Bilim ve Teknoloji Dünyası (Science and Technology World), broadcasted on TRT Radyo 1 http://www.trt.net.tr/Radyo/Radyo Ana.aspx Evrenin Sırları (Secrets of the Universe), broadcasted on TRT Radyo 1 http://www.trt.net.tr/Radyo/Radyo Ana.aspx Atık Servettir (Waste is Wealth), broadcasted on TRT Radyo 1 http://www.trt.net.tr/Radyo/Radyo Ana.aspx Bilgi Çağı (Information Age), broadcasted on Açık radyo http://www.acikradyo.com.tr
Frequency
Duration (in minutes)
10
25 min.
General public
Popular science and technology
30 min.
General public
Biography of 13 significant Turkish scientists who had won TÜBİTAK awards.
10
Target audience
Themes covered
Radio programmes Frequency
Duration (in minutes)
Target audience
Themes covered
Scientific and technological developments, researches, scientists, etc.
Weekly
30 min.
General public
Weekly
25 min.
General public
Astronomy
Weekly
25 min.
General public
Environmental issues on waste and recycling
Weekly
30 min.
General public
R&D and innovation
.
46
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
4.4.3
Popular Science articles in newspapers and magazines
Newspaper science sections: Title of newspaper (and web-link if possible)
Frequency of science section Daily
No. of print runs
Target audience
Themes covered
N/A
General public
Daily
N/A
General public
Technology section with emphasis on information technology and internet Popular science and technology news
Haberturk, Internet newspaper http://ekonomi.haberturk.com/tekno loji Hürriyet http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/teknoloj i Milliyet http://teknoloji.milliyet.com.tr
Daily
N/A
General public
Daily
N/A
General public
Daily
N/A
General public
Posta http://www.posta.com.tr/yasam/tek noloji
Daily
N/A
General public
Radikal http://www.radikal.com.tr
Daily
N/A
General public
Internet
Sabah http://www.sabah.com.tr/Teknoloji/ 2010/12/05?ref=sabahMenu Star http://www.stargazete.com/startek
Daily
N/A
General public
Daily
N/A
General public
Zaman http://www.zaman.com.tr
Daily
N/A
General public
Technology section with emphasis on information technology, internet and popular science Technology section with emphasis on information technology and internet Technology section with emphasis on information technology and internet
Akşam http://www.aksam.com.tr/teknoloji8hk.html Cumhuriyet http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr
Technology section with emphasis on information technology and internet Technology section with emphasis on information technology and internet Technology section with emphasis on information technology and internet Popular science and technology news
Popular science magazines: Title (and web-link if possible)
TÜBİTAK Bilim ve Teknik (Science and Technology) Magazine http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr
Frequency
Monthly
No. of print runs
40,000/mo nth
Target audience
General public, 14+
Themes covered Basics of science, latest developments in scientific research and cutting-edge technology. Covers wide range of areas such as space research, astronomy, physics, biology, zoology and animal behaviour, gene technology,
.
47
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
mathematics, electronics, medicine and health, chemistry, earth science, etc TÜBİTAK Bilim ve Çocuk (Science for Children) Magazine http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/coc uk
110,000/m onth
Ages 6-13
Popular science magazine, specially addressed to the needs of the eight-year compulsory primary school education.
Monthly
40,000/mo nth
Being the first of its kind in Turkey, magazine addressed to pre-school children of ages 3-6
Contains richly illustrated small stories, speckled with information cut to the size of the target age group
Monthly
N/A
General public, 14+
All kinds of popular science and technology topics
Popüler Bilim http://www.populerbilim.com.tr/
Monthly
N/A
General Public
All kinds of popular science and technology topics
Bilim ve Gelecek http://www.bilimvegelecek.com.tr/
Monthly
N/A
General Public
Popular science, technology, cultural and political topics
Bilim ve Ütopya http://www.bilimveutopya.com/
Monthly
N/A
General Public
All kinds of popular science and technology topics
TÜBİTAK Meraklı Minik (Curious Puppy) Magazine http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/meraklim inik
NTV Bilim http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25147 152
4.4.4
Monthly
Festivals, science weeks etc.
Activity title (and web-link if possible)
Activity type
Organiser
Frequency
TÜBİTAK R&D Days
Workshop
TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey)
11 (March 2009December 2010)
Number of participants (approx) Unknown
Venue (city/ region-/ national) National
Short description
TÜBİTAK organizes the each regional R&D Days under the auspieces of State Minister Prof. Dr. Mehmet Aydın. TÜBİTAK President Prof. Dr. Nüket YETİŞ makes a presentation on recent developments in STI area in Turkey and in the region highlighting the
.
48
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
TÜBİTAK Formula-G and Hydro Mobile Races
Solar and Hydrogen Car Race
TÜBİTAK
Annual
In 2010, 46 Formula-G teams and 24 Hydro Mobile teams were participated with a total of 800 crew members
May vary. Year 2010 races were organized in Izmir
TÜBİTAK National Sky Observation Festival http://senlik.tug.tu bitak.gov.tr
Festival
TÜBİTAK National Observatory
Annual
More than 300 participants, 10 trainers and 8 specialists
Antalya
İzmir International Fair http://ief.izfas.co m.tr
Fair
İzmir Fair Company
Annual
1.5 million
İzmir
potential of the region. The participants are governors, university presidents, presidents of chambers of commerce and industry, senior executives of the provinces and representatives from the business enterprise sector who have conducted R&D projects participated in the organization. To raise awareness of alternative energy use and to raise university students‟ capability to put their knowledge into practice, TÜBİTAK has been organizing Formula-G Race since 2005 and Hydro Mobile Race since 2007. 3 day activity includes seminars, workshops and astronomy experiments for different age groups. During these activities, participants are informed about latest news and development in astronomy, observatory astronomy, amateur astronomy, etc. İzmir International Fair gathers together a variety of Consumer and Industrial Products under one roof. The outstanding sectors at fair are Technology and Sub Industry, IT, Telecommunication,
.
49
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
CeBIT Bilişim Eurasia http://www.cebitb ilisim.com/index. html
Fair
CeBIT, is the world's best known, most successful trade show brand.
Annual
More than 130,000 visitors from various industries
Istanbul
Internet Week http://internethaft asi.org.tr
Celebration week
Bilisim STK Platform
Annual
Undefined
Open activity celebrate throughout Turkey
COMPEX Fair http://www.comp ex.com.tr
Fair
Rönesans Fuarcılık A.Ş.
Annual
Unknown
Istanbul
4.4.5
Food products, Automotive Sub Industry, Furniture, Decoration, Household, Appliances, White Goods, Construction Machinery, Agricultural Machinery and Electric, Electronic, Computer, IT, Telecommunication. CeBIT Bilişim Eurasia 2011, the leading ICT industry exhibition in Eurasian Region gathering local and international companies, governmental bodies, NGO's and academicians under the same roof. Covers most industry verticals, including machinery, textile, logistics, tourism, education and healthcare Dedicated to promote awareness about the importance of internet in Turkey and to promote development of internet related technologies Multimedia, IT and internet fair
National portals, blogs
Activity title (and weblink)
Activity type
Web page of TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey)
Portal, information resource
Number of users (if known) Unknown
Themes covered
Short description
European Union-FP7 Support programmes in Science and Society activities such as TÜBİTAK Formula-G Solar
With the aim of disseminating and advancement of science in Turkey, dedicated
.
50
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
www.tubitak.gov.tr
Car Race, TÜBİTAK Hydromobile Race, Project Support programme for Nature Education and Science Schools Fellowship opportunities for undergraduate and graduate studies, Post Doctoral Research Fellowships Research / Education Community General Information TÜBİTAK R&D Institutions Funding Programmes such as The Support Programme for Scientific and Technological Research Projects, Short-Term R&D Funding Programme, Support Programme for Research Projects of Public Institutions, National Young Researchers Career Development Programme, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate All necessary information resource for primary and secondary education Scholarships National exams (i.e. university entrance exam, higher education entrance exams, etc.) Activities E-learning
Web page of Ministry of EducationWeb page of Ministry of Education http://www.meb.gov.tr
Portal, information Resource, blogs
Unknown
Web page of The Council of Higher Education http://www.yok.gov.tr
Portal, information Resource
Unknown
Legislation, universities, academic publications, statistics, administrative units, theses database, scholarships
Web page of the Turkish Statistical Institute www.tuik.gov.tr
Portal, information Resource
Unknown
Statistical and Economic Indicators, Symposiums Statistical information for : Agriculture; Business Statistics; Education & Culture and Sport; Employment & Unemployment and Wages; Environment & Energy; Finance, Money, Bank &Debt; Foreign Trade; Income
government internet resource offering a portal to information about science and society activities, research support and funding programmes, etc.
Dedicated government internet resource covering all the aspects of compulsory primary education and secondary education; information resource for students, teachers and parents Dedicated government internet resource offering a portal to information for higher education Dedicated government internet resource offering a portal to important statistical information
.
51
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Web page of Prime Ministry State Planning Organization http://www.dpt.gov.tr
Portal, information Resource
4.4.6
Unknown
Distribution, Consumption & Poverty; Inflation &Price; Justice & Election; National Accounts; Population, Demography, Housing & Gender; Science, Technology & Information; Social Security & Health; Tourism; Transportation & Communication Recent Publications such as Medium Term Programme, Main Macroeconomic and Fiscal Targets, Development Plans, Main Economic Indicators, etc. Economic Publications Sectorial Studies and Projects Regional Studies e-Publications
Dedicated government internet resource offering a portal to information about the activities of State Planning Organization
Science museums and centers
Activity title (and web-link if possible)
Activity type
Number of visitors/ year 88,832
Themes covered
Venue (city)
Short description
Feza Gürsey Science Centre http://www.fezagurseybilim merkezi.com
Science Centre
Astronomy, environment, human body, maths, physics, sports
Ankara
Science Centre
N/A
Animals, plants and space
İstanbul
Middle East technical University (METU) Science Centre www.tbm.metu.edu.tr
Science Centre
20000
Ankara
Istanbul Technical University Science Centre www.bilimmerkezi.itu.edu.tr
Science Centre
N/A
peopleenvironmenttechnology, transportation, communication, physics Optics, mechanics, magnetism, DNA, maths, space and physics
Feza Gürsey Science Centre was founded in 1993 and it has 48 exhibits in various themes that were imported from Ontorio Science Centre. Şişli Science Centre has robotics and drama workshops, winter & summer science schools, competitions and exhibitions with animals, plants and space themes. METU Science Centre has 3 exhibition galleries.
Şişli Science Centre http://www.fezagurseybilim merkezi.com
İstanbul
İTÜ Science Centre has exhibitions on optics, mechanics, magnetism, DNA, maths, space and
.
52
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Uzay Kampı Türkiye http://www.spacecampturkey .com/tr/ourcamp.asp?page=s pacecamp&sub=ourcamp
Science Centre
Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam
Museum for the History of Science and Technology
N/A
4.4.7
N/A
İzmir
physics and an electronics & robots academy. Interactive simulations for children and adults. The centre provides training camps.
İstanbul
The museum has exact replicas of the scientific and technical instruments from the ninth through the seventeenth centuries.
Astronomy, science, mathematics and space
Objects from many disciplines such as astronomy, geography, nautics, geometry, optics, medicine, chemistry, mineralogy, physics, techniques, architecture and military techniques
Citizen-or Civil society organizations initiatives
Activity title (and web-link if possible) METU (Middle East Technical University) Science Festival
Activity type Festival
Frequency Annual
Number of participants N/A (Open to public)
Izmir Olympic Games of Education and Science http://www.egitimvebilimoli mpiyati.com
Project Competition
Annual
Open to public
Nesin Mathematics Village http://matematikkoyu.org
Summer Camps for high school, undergraduate and graduate students.
Annually, separate time periods for different focus groups.
Open to students
Short description Organized by METU Society and Science Research Centre and METU Materials Science Society, festival calendar included several science exhibits, experiments, alternative fuel cars, robots, music, dance and fun shows. Organized by Izmir Province National Education Directorate, provides our children and teenagers the opportunity of experiencing the excitement of inventing new projects by using their creativity. The Mathematics Village consists of a few houses built of stone, mud and straw in the traditional village style. Away from any distraction such as TV, radio or music, any sort of mathematical activity can take place simultaneously, from top level research to elementary teaching. It is most suitable for small workshops, with or without families.
.
53
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Turkish Astronomical Society Telescope Building Competition
Competition
For year 2010
Open to public
The competition is organized with the aim of promoting interest in astronomy among all age groups. Program consists of seminars on medical science as well as social activities
Dokuz Eylül University Scientific Research Society Medical Centre Science Festival http://www.dokuzeylulbat.co m
Festival
Annual
Open to interested audience
WWF-.TURKEY http://www.wwf.org.tr/
Nature conservation education for students
Annually, separate time periods for different focus groups
Open to public
WWF TURKEY aims to enhance the conservation and sustainable management of Turkey‟s and natural resources.
Geological Heritage Conservation Society (Jemirko) Field activities supported by Geology Engineering Department of universities http://www.jemirko.org.tr/
Science and society project
Open to public
The purpose of Jemirko is to conserve the geological heritage of Turkey and to introduce this heritage to further generations.
Elementary School Charity Foundation (ILKYAR) http://www.ilkyar.org.tr/
Science and society project
Annually, separate time periods for different focus groups Annually, separate time periods for different focus groups
Open to public
ILKYAR helps elementary and middle school children in rural Turkey, especially trying to keep girls in school. Regional boarding schools where these rural students arrive for their basic education is their specialty. ILKYAR aims to promote among rural students the love of reading and the desire to stay in school.
Underwater Research Society Prof. Dr. Bahtiye Mursaloğlu Science Camp. http://www.sad.org.tr/
Science Camp
For year 2009
Open to public
The camp has been held since 1993. The aim of the Science Camp is to train 3rd or 4th grade undergraduates or beginners of graduate school in the applied marine conservation sciences and management, in particular on monk seals, sea grass meadows and fish. The camp was
.
54
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
entitled to "Prof. Dr. Bahtiye Mursaloğlu Foça Science Camp" in honour of the first scientist to work on critically-endangered monk seals in Turkey.
.
55
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
5
The Fukushima accident
5.1
Media coverage and public debate
News on the Japanese earthquake and tsunami and the condition of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was the headline of both printed and visual media and on the cover page of daily newspapers for at least a month. Day-to-day progress and recovery was presented. The first round on news concentrated on the scale of the accident, if the Japanese specialists had been able to bring the situation under control and the condition of the Japanese people. The second round of news concentrated on the spread of radiation, nuclear contamination, how much Turkey will be affected and specialist views on the event. Explanations from Türkiye Atom Enerji Kurumu (TAEK - Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ) and government were generally soothing. Officials announced that all the export products from Japan were controlled and necessary radiation measurements were done by TAEK. The sensibility of the Turkish people on nuclear plants and accidents comes from the Chernobyl accident. The Turkish public that oppose nuclear power plants are mostly concerned with safety issues and familiar with the radiation risks after Chernobyl. Therefore officials and specialists tried to frame the Fukushima Daiichi accident to public through a comparison of Chernobyl and Fukushima. The construction of a nuclear power plant in Akkuyu and Sinop had been a hot topic even before the Fukushima Daiichi accident. Naturally, specialists and officials invited to TV-programs were first asked about the situation in Japan while the following questions and discussions were mostly on the Turkey‟s planned nuclear plants. While the specialists and public emphasized the safety issues, the officials tried to explain the planned nuclear plant, the technology and express the government‟s resoluteness on the issue. The officials tried to distinguish the Fukushima accident from Chernobyl and the Three Miles Island accident. One main difference that was emphasised was that what happened in Fukushima Daicchi was not a technical problem. It was a result of an unexpected natural disaster. Even though the public was convinced that this was a result of a tsunami with an unexpected amplitude, the level of concerns and anxiety on the Akkuyu nuclear power planned seems to have increased. The part of the emphasis and discussions was on the fact that Akkuyu is 25 km away from a fault line. It was mentioned many times by officials that
.
56
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
necessary surveys and examinations had been done and the required licence for the region upon which the nuclear power plant will be constructed had been obtained. The opponents and some specialists requested re-examination. The main reason behind their demand was the new researches on the fault line near the region in question. Another issue that came into prominence in the news and programs was the nuclear plant that has been planned to be built on the Black Sea coast in the Sinop province. The operator of Japan‟s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, TEPCO, was also involved in the nuclear power plant planned to be built in the Black Sea Region. While the opposition in the public towards the construction of nuclear plants grew after Fukushima Daicchi accident, there was not much opposition to the consortium where TEPCO was a part. The government declared that the consortium had been delayed because of the accident. The general public perception of the Turkish government‟s attitude on the issue was that government still wanted to work with TEPCO as long as the delay was not too long. The latest news as of August 2011 on the issue was that TEPCO has withdrawn from the bid.
5.2
Levels and modes of public involvement
Discussions on the construction of nuclear power plants in Turkey and nuclear energy were once again brought to table after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Citizens who follow the developments related to the explosion expressed their views on the issue in the media, TV programs, interviews and open sessions. The surveys show that the number of opponents of nuclear energy increased after the Fukushima Daiichi accident. This may very well be due to the discussions that covered the risks and inevitable consequences in case of a nuclear accident. The concerns and level of anxiety due to the possibility of a similar incident happening were especially high among the residents of the regions where nuclear power plants are planned to be built. According to the surveys, the vast majority of the public are not familiar with the advantages and disadvantages of a nuclear power plant. The need of informing the public on the issue was once again mentioned. When the opinion on nuclear energy was asked to public living further away from the construction area, the number of opponents decreased. Therefore researchers mention the Turkish public‟s behaviour on nuclear power plants can be classified as a 'Not-in-my-back-yard'-behaviour and they add that public better perceive the advantages of nuclear power once they live far away from the nuclear plant, therefore the issue should be handled by including the sociological and physiological dimensions and should not be regarded just as a scientific and political issue. Some Turkish specialists mention that the decisions on nuclear power plants are technical more than political, ant that the decision therefore should not be handled just by politicians. According to one survey, 90% of the public living near
.
57
Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)
Akkuyu and Sinop wants their opinion to be considered while the rest leaves the decision to the government.
5.3
Political responses and scientific advice
The public‟s primary concern at the beginning was the level and spread of radiation. Even though the news on radiation levels from Japan as well as the explanations from the Turkish government was giving the impression that things are under control, a part of the Turkish public was suspicious. There were people thinking they cover up the extent of a nuclear disaster and that announcements are misleading. The Minister of Energy and Natural Resource and the Chairman of TAEK said that the radiation measurements had been done at 99 different locations in Turkey and there is no sign of high levels of radiation in these readings that are transferred through an online system to the crises desk formed under TAEK after the Fukushima Daiichi accident. TAEK also published radiation measurements announced by Japan on TAEK‟s website. The radiation readings done at borders and airlines on import products from Japan along with the above mentioned activities were all met positively by the Turkish public supporting the thoughts that the Turkish government is keeping the situation under control and doing what is supposed to be done. The level of satisfaction was however lower during the discussions of the nuclear power plants planned to be built in Akkuyu. The Minister of Energy and Natural Resources mentioned that the Fukushima Daiichi is a first generation nuclear plant while the Akkuyu nuclear power plant will be a 3rd generation. The concern regard Akkuyu being 25 km away from a fault line, which increases the possibility of a nuclear catastrophe related to a natural disaster was also answered by officials. It was mentioned many times by officials that the licence for Akkuyu was attained as a result of surveys and examinations. Both the prime minster and the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources stated that there is a risk in every action. But they tried to reassure the public that they will not get into something that is bad for Turkey. They will pursue this aim and nuclear energy is needed to meet the growing electricity demand, to reduce energy dependence on foreign supply and to diversify the methods of electricity generation as well as to boost Turkey‟s international prestige and respectability. They also cited in their talks that the nuclear energy issue is no longer a “yes” or “no” question for Turkey. Instead safety and technical dimensions should be discussed. Officials explained that a risky nuclear plant is not under the assurance of one government but of the International Atomic Energy Agency since the potential danger is not local but rather a global one. Therefore, a risky nuclear power plant will not be allowed anywhere in the world.
.