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Toggle navigation Topics by WorldWideScience.org Home About News Advanced Search Contact Us Site Map Help Sample records for mycoses « 1 2 3 4 5 » 1. [Mycoses and zoonoses: Cryptococcus spp]. Science.gov (United States) Cabañes, F Javier 2008-03-01 The term "zoonosis" is difficult to delimit because different authors have various definitions for this term. Few mycoses are usually considered zoonoses. However, the role that animals play in the epidemiology of the main human mycoses is still not well known. Moreover, the environmental niches for these fungal agents have not yet been completely determined. This special issue of the "Revista Iberoamericana de MicologÃa" deals with the talks and round table presented at the VIII Spanish Mycological Congress held in October 2006 in Barcelona, Spain on "Cryptococcus spp. and zoonoses". 2. Subcutaneous mycoses: chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis and mycetoma. Science.gov (United States) Bonifaz, Alexandro; Vázquez-González, Denisse; PerusquÃa-Ortiz, Ana MarÃa 2010-08-01 Subcutaneous mycoses are common in subtropical and tropical regions of the world. They are rarely observed in Europe. These mycoses are heterogeneous, but all are caused by penetrating trauma of the skin. Most cases in Europe are observed in returning travelers, aid workers, archaeologists and immigrants. Therefore, a careful, thorough history is essential in order to reach a proper diagnosis. We provide up-to-date epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic data on the three most important imported subcutaneous mycoses in Europe: chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis and mycetoma. 3. Cutaneous involvement in the deep mycoses: A review. Part II -Systemic mycoses. Science.gov (United States) Carrasco-Zuber, J E; Navarrete-Dechent, C; Bonifaz, A; Fich, F; Vial-Letelier, V; Berroeta-Mauriziano, D 2016-12-01 In the second part of this review on the deep mycoses, we describe the main systemic mycoses-paracoccidioidomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, and cryptococcosis-and their cutaneous manifestations. Skin lesions are only occasionally seen in deep systemic mycoses either directly, when the skin is the route of entry for the fungus, or indirectly, when the infection has spread from a deeper focus. These cutaneous signs are often the only clue to the presence of a potentially fatal infection. As with the subcutaneous mycoses, early diagnosis and treatment is important, but in this case, even more so. 4. Virulence Factors IN Fungi OF Systemic Mycoses Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) KUROKAWA Cilmery Suemi 1998-01-01 Full Text Available Pathogenic fungi that cause systemic mycoses retain several factors which allow their growth in adverse conditions provided by the host, leading to the establishment of the parasitic relationship and contributing to disease development. These factors are known as virulence factors which favor the infection process and the pathogenesis of the mycoses. The present study evaluates the virulence factors of pathogenic fungi such as Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in terms of thermotolerance, dimorphism, capsule or cell wall components as well as enzyme production. Virulence factors favor fungal adhesion, colonization, dissemination and the ability to survive in hostile environments and elude the immune response mechanisms of the host. Both the virulence factors presented by different fungi and the defense mechanisms provided by the host require action and interaction of complex processes whose knowledge allows a better understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic mycoses. 5. Cutaneous Involvement in the Deep Mycoses: A Literature Review. Part I-Subcutaneous Mycoses. Science.gov (United States) Carrasco-Zuber, J E; Navarrete-Dechent, C; Bonifaz, A; Fich, F; Vial-Letelier, V; Berroeta-Mauriziano, D 2016-12-01 The deep mycoses are uncommon in our setting. These fungal infections occur mainly in immunosuppressed patients or in tropical climates, and include subcutaneous infections and systemic infections. The skin is always involved in the former. In the first part of this review, we describe the main subcutaneous mycoses: sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, mycetoma, phaeohyphomycosis, hyalohyphomycosis, and lacaziosis. Early recognition and treatment is important, as these infections are frequently associated with high morbidity. 6. Treatment of superficial mycoses: review - part II OpenAIRE 2013-01-01 Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use. Promising new... 7. Treatment of superficial mycoses: review - part II* OpenAIRE 2013-01-01 Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use. Promising new... 8. Treatment of superficial mycoses: review - part II* Science.gov (United States) Dias, Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni; Bernardes-Filho, Fred; Quaresma-Santos, Maria Victória Pinto; Amorim, Adriana Gutstein da Fonseca; Schechtman, Regina Casz; Azulay, David Rubem 2013-01-01 Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use. Promising new, antifungal therapeutic alternatives are also highlighted, as well as available options on the Brazilian and world markets. PMID:24474103 9. Treatment of superficial mycoses: review. Part II. Science.gov (United States) Dias, Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni; Bernardes-Filho, Fred; Quaresma-Santos, Maria Victória Pinto; Amorim, Adriana Gutstein da Fonseca; Schechtman, Regina Casz; Azulay, David Rubem 2013-01-01 Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use. Promising new, antifungal therapeutic alternatives are also highlighted, as well as available options on the Brazilian and world markets. 10. Pulmonary mycoses among the clinically suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis OpenAIRE Tshering Ongmu Bhutia; Luna Adhikari 2015-01-01 Background: This study was carried with the main objectives: (1) to find out the occurrence of pulmonary mycoses in clinically suspected pulmonary tuberculosis cases at central referral hospital, Tadong, Sikkim. (2) To find out the various fungi causing pulmonary mycoses in clinically suspected pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Methods: 200 clinically suspected pulmonary tuberculosis cases who visited the department of microbiology for the diagnostic microscopic examination of sputum sample f... 11. Endemic systemic mycoses: coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis. Science.gov (United States) Bonifaz, Alexandro; Vázquez-González, Denisse; PerusquÃa-Ortiz, Ana MarÃa 2011-09-01 Endemic deep or systemic mycoses are common in specific geographical areas of the world. Coccidioidomycosis is present in semi-desert areas, histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidomycosis in tropical regions and blastomycosis belongs to temperate climates. The two former are widely distributed in the American continent and some tropical regions of the world; the third is limited to Central and South America, and the last to North America and Central and East Africa. These mycoses all have a similar pathogenesis, as the inoculum enters the host through the respiratory tract. Cutaneous manifestations are secondary to lymphatic and hematogenous dissemination. These deep mycoses are exceptional in Europe. Most cases are observed in returning travelers from endemic areas, aid workers, archaeologists, speleologist and immigrants. However, there have been some autochthonous cases of histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum reported in European countries such as Italy and Germany. In this article, we provide up-todate epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic data on the four most important imported systemic mycoses in Europe. 12. Cutaneous Mycoses among Rice Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Chito Clare Ekwealor 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Rice grain is one of the world's most important food crops, and its cultivation is a major occupation in Anambra State, Nigeria. These rice farmers are exposed to various agents that predispose them to cutaneous mycoses. The aim of this work was to screen rice farmers for lesions suggestive of cutaneous mycoses and to isolate and identify fungal agents associated with the infection. This survey was carried out between November 2009 and June 2011 in Anambra State, Nigeria. Clinical samples collected from 201 farmers with lesions suggestive of cutaneous mycoses were processed and the organisms identified. Questionnaires were used to obtain other necessary data and were statistically analyzed. Of the 2,580 rice farmers screened, 201 (7.79% showed positive lesions. Organisms recovered included Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum ferrugineum, Trichophyton megnini, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus terrus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus scleriotorum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Scopulariopsis sp., Chrysosporium sp., Eupenicillium javanicum, Fusarium sp., Penicillium aculeatum, and Penicillium pinophilum. At the end of this work, onychomycosis was observed to be the most prevalent with nondermatophyte molds now becoming very important agents of cutaneous mycoses among rice farmer. 13. Opportunistic filamentous mycoses: aspergillosis, mucormycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and hyalohyphomycosis. Science.gov (United States) PerusquÃa-Ortiz, Ana MarÃa; Vázquez-González, Denisse; Bonifaz, Alexandro 2012-09-01 Opportunistic filamentous mycoses are widely distributed all over the world. They are rarely observed in Europe but are common in developing countries. The most common are the aspergilloses (due to Aspergillus spp.) mostly in neutropenia and immunosuppression; the mucormycoses characterized by rapid progression in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis; the phaeohyphomycoses due to pigmented fungi causing either a mild superficial or a very serious deep disease and the hyalohyphomycoses due to hyaline filamentous fungi (Fusarium spp., Pseudallescheria spp., Scopulariopsis spp.). Cutaneous manifestations are usually secondary to dissemination from pulmonary or visceral disease; primary cases are less frequent and due to direct inoculation into the skin. We review epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic data on the four most important opportunistic filamentous mycoses: aspergillosis, mucormycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and hyalohyphomycosis. 14. [NEW STRATEGIES FOR THE MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF VISCERAL MYCOSES]. Science.gov (United States) Alanio, Alexandre; Bretagne, Stéphane 2015-12-01 The recent improvements of the diagnosis of invasive mycoses have included the shortening of the species identification time for a rapid adaptation of the antifungal treatment, and the anticipation of the diagnosis thanks to biomarkers. Species identification is now achieved using MALDI-TOF 24 hours earlier than with the previous phenotypic tests. The aim is now to identify directly on positive blood bottle either using MALDI-TOF or molecular methods. The biomarkers are dominated by antigens (mannan, galactomanan, glucan) with available commercial kits. These antigens are mainly used as screening tests in patients at risk of invasive mycoses. Their main limitation is their weak specificity rather than their sensitivity. For circulating DNA, the quantitative real-time PCR format and the publication of recommendations for validation of diagnostic assays suggest they should be implemented soon in a diagnostic strategy. 15. Pulmonary mycoses diagnosed using exfoliative cytology: infection or colonization? Science.gov (United States) Singh, Lavleen; Jain, Deepali; Madan, Karan; Mathur, Sandeep R; Chatterjee, Priti; Guleria, Randeep; Iyer, Venkateswaran K 2013-01-01 Flexible bronchoscopy with exfoliative cytology is an important tool for the diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infections. The question of colonization versus true fungal infection is of critical importance. A 5-year retrospective analysis of all cases of pulmonary fungal infection diagnosed using exfoliative cytology was performed. Clinical, radiological, bronchoscopy and histopathology findings were recorded. A total of 69 cases of mycoses were retrieved. The most common fungal organism identified was Aspergillus followed by Candida and Pneumocystis. Most cases of Aspergillus and Candida in cytological specimens presented as a pulmonary mass or endobronchial growth and were diagnosed as carcinomas in biopsy specimens, thus representing colonization. All cases of Pneumocystis with bilateral ground glass infiltrates and cryptococcosis with parenchymal mass lesion in radiology represented true infection. Histoplasma was identified in pleural fluid from a known case of lung carcinoma. Aspergillus and Candida species are the most common fungal organisms. Most of these represent colonization of malignant growths. However, true fungal infections may also present as mass lesions and may masquerade malignancy clinically. Fluid cytological examination is an important diagnostic modality for pulmonary mycoses; however, it is important to correlate results with clinical, bronchoscopy and biopsy findings for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. 16. Pulmonary mycoses among the clinically suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tshering Ongmu Bhutia 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Background: This study was carried with the main objectives: (1 to find out the occurrence of pulmonary mycoses in clinically suspected pulmonary tuberculosis cases at central referral hospital, Tadong, Sikkim. (2 To find out the various fungi causing pulmonary mycoses in clinically suspected pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Methods: 200 clinically suspected pulmonary tuberculosis cases who visited the department of microbiology for the diagnostic microscopic examination of sputum sample for acid fast bacilli were included in this cross sectional study, carried out under the department of microbiology, Sikkim Manipal institute of medical sciences, over one year. Smears of sputum samples were examined microscopically for acid fast bacilli and fungal elements. Sputum samples were also plated onto different fungal culture media. Results: Out of 200 patients, various types of pathogens were detected in 54 (27% patients. Fourteen (7% patients were positive only for AFB, while fungus as a primary etiological agent was detected in 16(8% patients. Fungus as a secondary etiological agent was detected in 4 (2% patients [AFB with fungus in 2 (1%, AFB with fungus and bacteria in 1 (0.5% and bacteria with fungus in 1 (0.5% patient]. Conclusion: Pulmonary mycosis can be a primary infection in non- tuberculosis cases or co-infection in pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Investigation for fungal cause in clinically suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis will prevent misdiagnosis and mistreatment of cases. [Int J Res Med Sci 2015; 3(1.000: 260-268 17. Steroid-binding receptors in fungi: implication for systemic mycoses Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mostafa chadeganipour 2015-03-01 Full Text Available It has been shown that some of the mycotic infections especially systemic mycoses show increased male susceptibility and some steroids have been known to influence the immune response. Researchers found that some fungi including yeasts use "message molecules" including hormones to elicit certain responses, especially in the sexual cycle, but until recently no evidence was available to link specific hormonal evidence to this pronounced sex ratio. More evidence needed to demonstrate that a steroid (s might in some manner influence the pathogenicity of the fungus in vivo. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to shed some light on this subject along with effort to make mycologists more aware of this research as a stimulus for the explore of new ideas and design further research in this area of medical mycology. 18. Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem. Science.gov (United States) Fraser, D W; Ward, J I; Ajello, L; Plikaytis, B D 1979-10-12 To measure the incidence in the United States of systemic mycoses necessitating hospitalization, we reviewed discharge records of 1,875 hospitals participating in the Professional Activity Study of the Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities. Projected incidence rates in 1976 ranged from 23.0 per million for histoplasmosis to 0.2 per million for blastomycosis. High prevalences of leukemia or lymphoma (5.9% to 10.2%) or of other malignancies (9.9% to 13.2%) were recorded in patients with aspergillosis, candidasis, or cryptococcosis. High prevalences of chronic obstructive lung disease (9.6% to 9.9%) were recorded in those with aspergillosis or histoplasmosis. Marked increases from 1970 to 1976 were found in the incidence of aspergillosis (158%), actinomycosis (92%), cryptococcosis (78%), and coccidioidomycosis (74%). Increasing numbers of persons with immunosuppressive conditions, migration of susceptible persons into hyperendemic areas, and aging of the population contributed to the increases. 19. Molecular diagnosis of endemic and invasive mycoses: advances and challenges. Science.gov (United States) Gómez, Beatriz L 2014-01-01 The diagnosis of endemic and invasive fungal disease remains challenging. Molecular techniques for identification of fungi now play a significant and growing role in clinical mycology and offer distinct advantages as they are faster, more sensitive and more specific. The aim of this mini-review is to provide an overview of the state of the art of molecular diagnosis of endemic and invasive fungal diseases, and to emphasize the challenges and current need for standardization of the different methods. The European Aspergillus PCR Initiative (EAPCRI) has made significant progress in developing a standard for Aspergillus polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but recognizes that the process will not be finished until clinical utility has been established in formal and extensive clinical trials. Similar efforts should be implemented for the diagnosis of the other mycoses in order to fully validate the current methods or reinforce the need to design new ones. This manuscript is part of the series of works presented at the "V International Workshop: Molecular genetic approaches to the study of human pathogenic fungi" (Oaxaca, Mexico, 2012). 20. [The early detection of allergic dermatoses and mycoses of the feet in workers in contact with phenol-formaldehyde resins]. Science.gov (United States) Bannikov, E A; Anton'ev, A A; Makarova, L E; Beker, V P; Kiseleva, L L 1990-01-01

Hypersensitivity to phenolformaldehyde resins was detected in 16.2% of workers exposed to them, allergic dermatitis and eczemas in 21.5%, mycoses of the soles in 13.5%, premorbid shifts in half of the examinees. Mycoses of the soles prevailed in subjects with a history of dermatitis and in patients suffering from allergic dermatoses. « 1 2 3 4 5 » « 1 2 3 4 5 » 21. Subcutaneous mycoses in Peru: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the burden of disease. Science.gov (United States) RamÃrez Soto, Max Carlos; Malaga, German 2017-10-01 There is a worrying lack of epidemiological data on the geographical distribution and burden of subcutaneous mycoses in Peru, hindering the implementation of surveillance and control programs. This study aimed to estimate the disease burden of subcutaneous mycoses in Peru and identify which fungal species were commonly associated with these mycoses. We performed a meta-analysis after a systematic review of the published literature in PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO to estimate the burden of subcutaneous mycoses in 25 regions in Peru. The disease burden was determined in terms of prevalence (number of cases per 100,000 inhabitants) and the number of reported cases per year per region. A total of 26 studies were eligible for inclusion. Results showed that sporotrichosis was the most common subcutaneous mycosis (99.7%), whereas lobomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis were rare. Cases of eumycetoma and subcutaneous zygomycosis were not found. Of the 25 regions, the burden of sporotrichosis was estimated for four regions classified as endemic; in nine regions, only isolated cases were reported. The highest burden of sporotrichosis was in Apurimac (15 cases/100,000 inhabitants; 57 cases/year), followed by Cajamarca (3/100,000 inhabitants; 30/year), Cusco (0.5/100,000 inhabitants; 4/year), and La Libertad (0.2/100,000 inhabitants; 2/year). In two regions, the mycoses predominantly affected children. Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous mycosis in Peru, with a high disease burden in Apurimac. Chromoblastomycosis, lobomycosis, and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis are rare mycoses in Peru. © 2017 The International Society of Dermatology. 22. [Mycoses in Venezuela: Working Groups in Mycology reported cases (1984-2010)]. Science.gov (United States) MartÃnez Méndez, Dilia; Hernández Valles, Rosaura; Alvarado, Primavera; Mendoza, Mireya 2013-01-03 In 1984 the Venezuelan Work Groups in Mycology (VWGM) were created introducing an innovative approach to the study of the mycoses in Venezuela. To study the occurrence of the mycoses in Venezuela. Review the reported cases of mycoses by the newsletter BoletÃn Informativo Las Micosis en Venezuela (VWGM) from 1984 to 2010. The data collected showed 36,968 reported cases of superficial mycoses, 1,989 of deep systemic cases, and 822 of localized mycoses. Pityriasis dermatophytosis was the most common superficial infection, and paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis the most frequent deep systemic infection. Chromoblastomycosis was the most frequently diagnosed subcutaneous infection. The data provided showed the distribution by geographical area for each of the fungal infections studied, which may help to establish the endemic areas. Superficial mycosis is a public health problem due to its high morbidity and is probably responsible for some of the outbreaks in high-risk groups. Paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis were reported more often, which agrees with earlier reports prior to the formation of the VWGM. Cases of sporotrichosis and chromoblastomycosis in Venezuela can be considered unique due to the high number of cases. This study highlights the contribution of the VWGM to the behavior of the mycoses in Venezuela, its incidence, prevalence, and the recognition of these infections as a problem of public health importance. The VWGM should keep working in this endeavor, not only reporting new cases, but also unifying the clinical and epidemiological criteria, in order to properly monitor the evolving epidemiological changes reported in these types of infections. Copyright © 2012 Revista Iberoamericana de MicologÃa. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved. 23. A prodrug approach to the use of coumarins as potential therapeutics for superficial mycoses. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Derry K Mercer Full Text Available Superficial mycoses are fungal infections of the outer layers of the skin, hair and nails that affect 20-25% of the world's population, with increasing incidence. Treatment of superficial mycoses, predominantly caused by dermatophytes, is by topical and/or oral regimens. New therapeutic options with improved efficacy and/or safety profiles are desirable. There is renewed interest in natural product-based antimicrobials as alternatives to conventional treatments, including the treatment of superficial mycoses. We investigated the potential of coumarins as dermatophyte-specific antifungal agents and describe for the first time their potential utility as topical antifungals for superficial mycoses using a prodrug approach. Here we demonstrate that an inactive coumarin glycone, esculin, is hydrolysed to the antifungal coumarin aglycone, esculetin by dermatophytes. Esculin is hydrolysed to esculetin β-glucosidases. We demonstrate that β-glucosidases are produced by dermatophytes as well as members of the dermal microbiota, and that this activity is sufficient to hydrolyse esculin to esculetin with concomitant antifungal activity. A β-glucosidase inhibitor (conduritol B epoxide, inhibited antifungal activity by preventing esculin hydrolysis. Esculin demonstrates good aqueous solubility (7,000 stranded marine mammals were necropsied at the three facilities. Necropsy and histopathology records were reviewed to identify cases of locally invasive or systemic mycoses and determine the nature and distribution of fungal lesions. Forty-one animals (0.6%) exhibited cytological, culture- or histologically confirmed locally invasive or systemic mycoses: 36 had coccidioidomycosis, two had zygomycosis, two had cryptococcosis, and one was systemically infected with Scedosporium apiospermum (an Ascomycota). Infected animals included 18 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), 20 southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis), two Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi), one Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), and one northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Coccidioidomycosis was reported from 15 sea lions, 20 sea otters, and one harbor seal, confirming that Coccidioides spp. is the most common pathogen causing systemic mycosis in marine mammals stranding along the central California coast. We also report the first confirmation of C. gattii infection in a wild marine mammal from California and the first report of coccidioidomycosis in a wild harbor seal. Awareness of these pathogenic fungi during clinical care and postmortem examination is an important part of marine mammal population health surveillance and human health protection 30. Etiologic agents of surface mycoses isolated at Laboratorio de Micologia Clinica from Universidad del Cauca Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Emilse Folleco 2014-04-01 Full Text Available Introduction: Superficial fungal infections affect 20 % to 25 % of the world’s population with an increase on its incidence. They are caused by endogenous and exogenous fungi in presence of an alteration of the protective mechanisms of the skin. Objectives: To determine the most common etiologic agents, characterize the patients, describe the type of injury and determine the risk factors associated with superficial mycoses. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study conducted between January 2008 and December 2010; samples were taken from 136 patients who met the inclusion criteria defined samples of skin lesions and nail for KOH and fungal culture were collected and a structured survey for clinical and associated risk factors was applied. Results: Cultures and KOH were positive in 41.9% of samples; the most frequently isolated fungi were Trichophyton interdigitale 12.5%, Trichophyton rubrum (8.8% and Candida albicans (7.4%. Regarding patients, 61% of patients were female and 39 % male, the largest percentage were aged between 21 to 30 years (20.6%, with varied occupations as students (35.3%, housewives (16.9%, traders (14.7%, being affected the feet (35.2 % and hallux toenail (22.7 %. Risk factors were statistically significant prior use of antifungal, corticosteroid use and share objects like slippers. Conclusion: This study found that superficial mycoses are mainly due to fungi of the normal flora of the skin. Sharing personal care items facilitates dispersion of the infective forms of this group fungus as interpersonal. A high percentage of patients used empirical treatments without mycological diagnosis, which may facilitate fungal resistance to commonly used antifungal. Knowledge of risk factors is important for the prevention of fungal infections and mycological studies are essential for effective treatment. 31. PCR-RFLP as a useful tool for diagnosis of invasive mycoses in a healthcare facility in the North of Brazil Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Diego Rayan Teixeira de Sousa 2015-05-01 Conclusion: The results showed that PCR-RFLP is a valuable tool for the identification of invasive mycoses that can be implemented in hospital laboratories, allowing for a high number of clinical analyses per day. 32. A Study of Superficial Mycoses with Clinical Mycological Profile in Tertiary Care Hospital in Ahmedabad, Gujarat Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Bhavsar Hitendra K 2012-04-01 Full Text Available Aims & objectives: Superficial mycoses are commonly encountered fungal diseases prevalent in most parts of the world. It is a fungal disease infecting hair, skin & nails. In most of the cases, it does not produce any symptoms but in some cases it has cosmetic & systemic complications. The present study was carried out to know the prevalence of various superficial fungal pathogens in our institute. Materials & Methods: In our study, a total of 377 samples from skin department were processed & all were examined by conventional direct KOH preparation & fungal culture methods. Identification of the species was done by Lactophenol Cotton Blue mount from colony smear. Results: in present study, males are infected more than females with a ratio of 2.14:1. Tinea corporis was the commonest clinical type (52.78%. The positivity rate of KOH preparation is 68.16% & of culture is 20.15%. Trichophyton rubrum is the commonest fungal isolate (35.26% followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The maximum number of the cases was seen in the monsoon months. Conclusion: Male have higher fungal infection rate than females. Trichophyton rubrum is the common isolate in our geographical area. KOH preparation has higher positivity rate than culture. [National J of Med Res 2012; 2(2.000: 160-164 33. [Superficial mycoses in patients from Anzoátegui state, Venezuela, period 2002-2012]. Science.gov (United States) Lemus-Espinoza, Druvic; Teresa Maniscalchi, MarÃa; Villarroel, Oskarina; Bónoli, Stefano B; Wahab, Fadi; GarcÃa, Oswaldo 2014-12-01 Superficial fungal diseases that affect the skin and its appendages are frequently seen in basic triage and in dermatology services. These diseases are distributed in Venezuela with an incidence of 92.9%. The aim of this study was to determine the genera and species that cause dermatomycoses in residents of Anzoátegui state, Venezuela, during the period 20022012. A total of 4257 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of superficial mycoses were studied, with ages from 7 months to 79 years. The overall prevalence was 30.9%. The most frequent were dermatophytosis (44.7%). M. canis produced 148 cases of tinea capitis. Three dermatophytic agents represented 95% of all cases, with a significant predominance of T. mentagrophytes with 50%. Candidosis occurred in 28.4%. C. albicans, and the C. parapsilosis complex, were responsible for 80% of the cases. The other species identified were C. tropicalis (n = 41, 11.0%), C. glabrata (n = 10, 2.7%), C. guilliermondii (n = 6, 1.6%), C. krusei (n = 4, 1.1%). Pityriasis versicolor occurred in 22.4% of the cases studied, and less frequently were present onychomycosis produced by a non dermatophytic mold: Fusarium oxysporum (n = 34, 65.4%), Aspergillus terreus (n=16, 30.8%) and Scytalidium dimidiatum (n=2; 3.8%). Rare cases of Trichosporon onychomycosis (0.5%) and one case of black tinea were also found. Health education in the population is recommended to promote measures to prevent transmission of these fungi and prevent the spread of this silent public health problem. 34. [Superficial mycoses: casuistry of the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel", Caracas, Venezuela (2001-2014)]. Science.gov (United States) Capote, Ana MarÃa; Ferrara, Giuseppe; Panizo, MarÃa Mercedes; GarcÃa, Nataly; Alarcón, VÃctor; Reviakina, Vera; Dolande, Maribel 2016-03-01 The superficial mycoses are very common infectious diseases and therefore are a frequent reason for medical consultation. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic frequency of superficial mycoses in the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" during 14 years (2001-2014). A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to review the mycological records of patients with presumptive diagnosis of superficial mycosis. Nails, hairs and epidermal scales were the processed samples. The identification of fungi was performed by macro and microscopic observation of colonies and biochemical and physiological tests, as required of the isolated agent. For the investigation of Malassezia spp. only direct examination was performed. Of the 3 228 samples processed, 1 098 (34%) were positive and their distribution according to the etiological agent was: dermatophytes 79.5%; 10.9% yeasts; non-dermatophytes fungi 5.1% and 4.5% Malassezia spp. The most frequently isolated dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum Complex (70.1%), followed by T mentagrophytes complex (15.1%), Microsporum canis (9.4%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (4%). The most frequent ringworms Were: Tinea unguium (66.8%), followed by Tineapedis (16.4%) and Tinea capitis (8.1%). Candida parapsilosis complex (37.5%) was the most frequently isolated yeast and Fusarium spp. (53.6%) was the most isolated among non-dermatophyte fungi, followed by Aspergillus spp. (19.6%) and Acremonium spp. (10.7%). The identification of the etiological agent is essential to guide appropriate treatment. This study constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of the epidemiology of superficial mycoses in our country. 35. Pharmacokinetics of sequential intravenous and enteral fluconazole in critically ill surgical patients with invasive mycoses and compromised gastro-intestinal function NARCIS (Netherlands) Buijk, S L; Gyssens, I C; Mouton, J W; Verbrugh, H A; Touw, D J; Bruining, H A 2001-01-01 OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the pharmacokinetics of sequential intravenous and enteral fluconazole in the serum of surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients with deep mycoses. (2) To determine the concentrations of fluconazole reached at the site of infection. (3) To determine if enteral administ 36. Situación de las micosis en la República Argentina Epidemiological status of mycoses in the Argentine Republic Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) G. Davel 2007-03-01 Full Text Available Se presentan los resultados de una encuesta nacional sobre micosis diagnosticadas entre enero y diciembre de 2004, con datos provistos por 72 laboratorios de 19 provincias y la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. De las 801.805 muestras microbiológicas procesadas ese año, sólo 62.681 (8% fueron sometidas a estudios micológicos. Se diagnosticaron 23.600 casos de micosis: 11.107 (47% superficiales, 10.830 (46% candidiasis de las mucosas y 1.663 (7% profundas. La frecuencia de agentes de micosis superficiales no sufrió cambios significativos (p>0,05 cuando se comparó con un estudio realizado en población de Provincia y Ciudad de Buenos Aires y dos estudios realizados en 1999 y 2002 por la Red Nacional de Laboratorios y el Programa Nacional de Control de Calidad en MicologÃa (RNLM y PNCCM. Del total de micosis profundas, las más frecuentes fueron fungemia por levaduras (34%, criptococosis (20%, aspergilosis broncopulmonar (13%, histoplasmosis (11%, paracoccidioidomicosis (7% y neumocistosis (5%. En contraste con los resultados de cuatro estudios previos sobre micosis broncopulmonares, incluyendo el realizado por RNLM y PNCCM en 2002, la histoplasmosis aumentó ubicándose como la micosis endémica más frecuente en Argentina, superando a la paracoccidioidomicosis.We herein report the results of a retrospective nationwide survey on mycoses diagnosed between January and December, 2004. The study included data provided by 72 laboratories located in 19 provinces and in Buenos Aires City. Out of 801,805 microbiological specimens processed that year, only 62,681 (8% were submitted to mycological studies. A total of 23,600 mycoses cases were diagnosed: 11,107 (47% superficial mycoses, 10,830 (46% mucosal candidiasis and 1,663 (7% deep mycoses. Relative frequencies of superficial mycoses did not differ significantly (p>0.05 from frequencies observed in a previous study covering Buenos Aires City and Province (1993, and from two countrywide surveys 37. 酮康唑乳è†æ²»ç–—浅部真èŒç—…疗效分æž%Efficacy Analysis of Ketoconazole Treat Superficial Mycoses Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

é’±é’; è¢çŽ²çŽ²; æŽæœˆèŠ±; ç¿Ÿè 2011-01-01 目的:探讨酮康唑乳è†æ²»ç–—皮肤浅部真èŒç—…的临床疗效.方法:249例皮肤浅部真èŒç—…患者采用酮康唑乳è†æ²»ç–—,æ— ©æ™šå„1次,连用2～4周,观察临床症状和体å¾.结果:249例皮肤浅部真èŒç—…患者ä¸,体股癣有效率94.7%;æ‰‹è¶³ç™£æœ ‰æ•ˆçŽ‡94.3%;花斑癣有效率97.7%;皮肤念ç èŒç—…有效率95.4%,没有å‘现ä¸è‰¯å应.结论:酮康唑乳è†æ²»ç–—皮肤浅部真èŒç— …有较高的疗效.%Objective:To discuss clinical efficacy of Ketoconazole cream in the treatment of superficial mycoses.Methods:249 cases of superficial mycoses using ketoconazole cream in the treatment,twice a day, last 2 to 4 weeks,observing clinical symptoms and signs.Results:249 cases of skin in patients with superficial mycoses,efficiency of tinea corporis and cruris is 94.7%;tinea manuum and pedis is 94.3%;pityriasis versicolor isL97.7%;skin candidiasis is 95.4%,no adverse reactions.Conclusion:Ketoconazole cream in the treatment of superficial mycoses have a higher efficacy. 38. Relevance of Candida and other mycoses for morbidity and mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock due to peritonitis. Science.gov (United States) Lichtenstern, Christoph; Herold, Christina; Mieth, Markus; Brenner, Thorsten; Decker, Sebastian; Busch, Cornelius J; Hofer, Stefan; Zimmermann, Stefan; Weigand, Markus A; Bernhard, Michael 2015-07-01 This single-centre retrospective cohort study evaluated the incidence and outcome of mycoses in critical ill patients (n = 283) with sepsis due to peritonitis. Overall mortality was 41.3%, and the 28-day mortality was 29.3%. Fungal pathogens were found in 51.9%. The common first location was the respiratory tract (66.6%), followed by the abdominal site (19.7%). Candida colonisation was found in 64.6%, and invasive Candida infection in 34.0%. Identified fungi were Candida spp. in 98.6% and Aspergillus spp. in 6.1%. Patients with fungal pathogens showed a higher rate of postoperative peritonitis, APACHE II and tracheotomy. In comparison to patients without fungal pathogens, these patients showed a longer duration on mechanical ventilation, and a higher overall mortality. Patients with Candida-positive swabs from abdominal sites had more fascia dehiscence and anastomosis leakage. Seventy-two patients (48.9%) received antifungal therapy, 26 patients were treated empirically. Antifungal therapy was not associated with a decrease in mortality. Age and renal replacement therapy were associated with mortality. In conclusion, fungi are common pathogens in critically ill patients with peritonitis, and detection of fungi is associated with an increase in overall mortality. Particularly, Candida-positive abdominal swabs are associated with an increase in morbidity. However, we were not able to demonstrate a survival benefit for antifungal therapy in peritonitis patients. © 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH. 39. Topical antifungal-corticosteroid combination therapy for the treatment of superficial mycoses: conclusions of an expert panel meeting. Science.gov (United States) Schaller, Martin; Friedrich, Markus; Papini, Manuela; Pujol, Ramon M; Veraldi, Stefano 2016-06-01 Superficial fungal infections affect 20-25% of people worldwide and can cause considerable morbidity, particularly if an inflammatory component is present. As superficial fungal infections can be diverse, the treatment should be tailored to the individual needs of the patient and several factors should be taken into account when deciding on the most appropriate treatment option. These include the type, location and surface area of the infection, patient age, degree of inflammation and underlying comorbidities. Although several meta-analyses have shown that there are no significant differences between the numerous available topical antifungal agents with regard to mycological cure, agents differ in their specific intrinsic properties, which can affect their clinical use. The addition of a corticosteroid to an antifungal agent at the initiation of treatment can attenuate the inflammatory symptoms of the infection and is thought to increase patient compliance, reduce the risk of bacterial superinfection and enhance the efficacy of the antifungal agent. However, incorrect use of antifungal-corticosteroid therapy may be associated with treatment failure and adverse effects. This review summarises available treatment options for superficial fungal infections and provides general treatment recommendations based on the consensus outcomes of an Expert Panel meeting on the topical treatment of superficial mycoses. 40. CapÃtulo 1: diagnóstico laboratorial das micoses pulmonares Chapter 1: laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary mycoses Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Melissa Orzechowski Xavier 2009-09-01 Full Text Available Nesta era de imunossupressão e transplantes, é imperativa a comunicação entre médicos e laboratoristas devido ao fato de que o diagnóstico de doenças fúngicas, para esses pacientes, deve ser rápido, o que é complicado e requer a cooperação e colaboração de vários profissionais com distintas especializações. Este artigo revisa as técnicas laboratoriais utilizadas para o diagnóstico de infecções fúngicas pulmonares. Os tópicos abordados incluem: fatores relacionados ao hospedeiro, como resposta imunológica e predisposições anatômicas; colheita, armazenamento, remessa e transporte das amostras; processamento laboratorial; exame microscópico direto; técnicas de coloração, cultivo e identificação fúngica; biossegurança em laboratórios; tropismo e reação teciduais; soromicologia; e detecção de antÃgenos.In this era of immunosuppression and transplantation, it is imperative that laboratory scientists remain in close communication with physicians. In patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, the diagnosis of mycoses must be rapid, which is complicated, requiring the cooperation and collaboration of a number of professionals from various fields of expertise. In this paper, the laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infection is reviewed. The following topics are included: host factors such as immunological response and predisposing anatomical features; collection, transport and storage of specimens; laboratory processing of samples; direct microscopy; staining techniques, culture and identification of fungi; laboratory biosafety; tissue tropism and reactions; serology; and antigen detection. « 1 2 3 4 5 » « 1 2 3 4 5 » 41. Invasive mycoses: diagnostic challenges. Science.gov (United States) Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis 2012-01-01 Despite the availability of newer antifungal drugs, outcomes for patients with invasive fungal infections (IFIs) continue to be poor, in large part due to delayed diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy. Standard histopathologic diagnostic techniques are often untenable in at-risk patients, and culture-based diagnostics typically are too insensitive or nonspecific, or provide results after too long a delay for optimal IFI management. Newer surrogate markers of IFIs with improved sensitivity and specificity are needed to enable earlier diagnosis and, ideally, to provide prognostic information and/or permit therapeutic monitoring. Surrogate assays should also be accessible and easy to implement in the hospital. Several nonculture-based assays of newer surrogates are making their way into the medical setting or are currently under investigation. These new or up-and-coming surrogates include antigens/antibodies (mannan and antimannan antibodies) or fungal metabolites (d-arabinitol) for detection of invasive candidiasis, the Aspergillus cell wall component galactomannan used to detect invasive aspergillosis, or the fungal cell wall component and panfungal marker β-glucan. In addition, progress continues with use of polymerase chain reaction- or other nucleic acid- or molecular-based assays for diagnosis of either specific or generic IFIs, although the various methods must be better standardized before any of these approaches can be more fully implemented into the medical setting. Investigators are also beginning to explore the possibility of combining newer surrogate markers with each other or with more standard diagnostic approaches to improve sensitivity, specificity, and capacity for earlier diagnosis, at a time when fungal burden is still relatively low and more responsive to antifungal therapy. 42. Defining responses to therapy and study outcomes in clinical trials of invasive fungal diseases: Mycoses Study Group and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer consensus criteria. Science.gov (United States) Segal, Brahm H; Herbrecht, Raoul; Stevens, David A; Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis; Sobel, Jack; Viscoli, Claudio; Walsh, Thomas J; Maertens, Johan; Patterson, Thomas F; Perfect, John R; Dupont, Bertrand; Wingard, John R; Calandra, Thierry; Kauffman, Carol A; Graybill, John R; Baden, Lindsey R; Pappas, Peter G; Bennett, John E; Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P; Cordonnier, Catherine; Viviani, Maria Anna; Bille, Jacques; Almyroudis, Nikolaos G; Wheat, L Joseph; Graninger, Wolfgang; Bow, Eric J; Holland, Steven M; Kullberg, Bart-Jan; Dismukes, William E; De Pauw, Ben E 2008-09-01 Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) have become major causes of morbidity and mortality among highly immunocompromised patients. Authoritative consensus criteria to diagnose IFD have been useful in establishing eligibility criteria for antifungal trials. There is an important need for generation of consensus definitions of outcomes of IFD that will form a standard for evaluating treatment success and failure in clinical trials. Therefore, an expert international panel consisting of the Mycoses Study Group and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer was convened to propose guidelines for assessing treatment responses in clinical trials of IFDs and for defining study outcomes. Major fungal diseases that are discussed include invasive disease due to Candida species, Aspergillus species and other molds, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Coccidioides immitis. We also discuss potential pitfalls in assessing outcome, such as conflicting clinical, radiological, and/or mycological data and gaps in knowledge. 43. Micoses superficiais na cidade de Manaus, AM, entre março e novembro/2003 Superficial mycoses in the City of Manaus/AM between March and November/2003 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) José Augusto Almendros de Oliveira 2006-06-01 Full Text Available FUNDAMENTOS: Micoses superficiais estritas são infecções fúngicas que se localizam nas camadas superficiais da pele e seus anexos. As micoses superficiais cutâneas representadas pelas dermatofitoses e candidÃases podem ultrapassar a camada córnea da pele. Na região amazônica possuem incidência elevada. OBJETIVOS: Estudar as micoses superficiais, estritas e cutâneas, diagnosticadas sob o ponto de vista epidemiológico e micológico. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Pacientes com suspeita clÃnica de micoses superficiais submetidos a exame micológico no perÃodo de março a novembro de 2003 no Laboratório de Micologia Médica/CPCS/INPA. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados 394 exames, tendo 256 apresentado diagnóstico positivo. As micoses mais incidentes foram onicomicoses (135 e pitirÃase versicolor (98. Malassezia spp. (77 e Candida spp. (72 foram os agentes fúngicos mais isolados. Tinea capitis apresentou maior ocorrência nos pré-escolares (3, e onicomicoses em adultos (94. O sexo feminino foi o mais acometido (91. Todas as classes sociais foram infectadas, com predominância da C (37. CONCLUSÃO: Onicomicoses e pitirÃase versicolor acometeram sobretudo adultos. A Tinea capitis ocorre principalmente, em crianças. As micoses superficiais apresentaram mais incidentes nas mulheres. Malassezia spp. e Candida spp. foram os agentes mais isolados.BACKGROUND - Restricted superficial mycoses are fungal infections that appear on the skin superficial layers and their adnexa. However skin superficial mycoses represented by dermatophytoses and candidiasis can invade the corneal layer. This type of mycosis has a high incidence in the Amazon region. OBJECTIVES To study the restricted superficial mycoses under the epidemiological and mycological point of view. PATIENTS AND METHODS - Patients presenting clinical suspicion of superficial mycoses submitted to mycological examination from March to November 2003 at the Clinical Mycology Laboratory 44. Frequency of superficial mycoses in residents of the tropical jungle (chocó, Colombia) Frecuencia de las micosis superficiales en comunidades de la cuenca del rÃo Baudó (Chocó) OpenAIRE 1991-01-01 A group of 742 persons living along the Baudó river (Chocó, Colombia) was studied for superficial mycoses by means of clinical screening and direct examination for fungl; In 165 (22.2%) clinically suggestive lesions were found; 120 of them were studied by means of direct mycological examination 76 were found to be positive. The most frequent diagnoses were pytiriasis versicolor, tinneas and candidiasis. The freq...

45. Frequency of superficial mycoses in residents of the tropical jungle (chocó, Colombia Frecuencia de las micosis superficiales en comunidades de la cuenca del rÃo Baudó (Chocó Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Juan Carlos Wolff 1991-01-01 Full Text Available A group of 742 persons living along the Baudó river (Chocó, Colombia was studied for superficial mycoses by means of clinical screening and direct examination for fungl; In 165 (22.2% clinically suggestive lesions were found; 120 of them were studied by means of direct mycological examination 76 were found to be positive. The most frequent diagnoses were pytiriasis versicolor, tinneas and candidiasis. The frequency of mycoses was lower than expected for inhabitants of very humid tropical zones; further studies would require the inclusion of fungal cultures. En una muestra de 742 personas, representativa de la población de la Cuenca del RÃo Baudó (Chocó, se halló que 165 (22.2% tenÃan lesiones clÃnicamente sugestivas de micosis superficiales; 120 de ellas fueron estudiadas por examen directo para hongos y 76 resultaron positivas (63.3%. Las entidades más frecuentes fueron pitiriasis versicolor, tiñas y candidiasis. Se concluye que, a la luz de estos resultados, el problema no es de la magnitud esperada para residentes de esta zona muy húmeda tropical pero se recomiendan estudios más a fondo, con cultivos, para definir su verdadera importancia.

46. 宜昌地区浅部真èŒç—…åŠçœŸèŒåˆ†æž%Prevalence of pathogenic fungi of superficial mycoses in Yichang Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 陈春燕; çŽ‹é¹ 2011-01-01 OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and pathogenic fungi species of superficial mycoses in Yichang district. METHODS A total of 1982 specimens of clinically suspected patients in dermatological department with dermatomycoses were examined by Microscopy. The bacterial culture and identification were performed.RESULTS Among 1982 cases, the frequencies of onychomycosis(691 cases), tinea cruris (402 cases) and tinea pedis (374 cases) were 34.9ï¼… ,20. 3ï¼… and 18.9ï¼…, respectively. 1030 strains of pathogenic fungi were isolated,in which the most frequently isolated fungus was Trichophyton rubrum 626 (60. 8ï¼…), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (5.5 ï¼…), Epidermophyton floccosum (2.8 ï¼…), candida and yeast-like fungi (22.2 ï¼…) and others (2.4ï¼…). CONCLUSION Onychomycosis is the most common, and Trichophyton rubrum is the most predominant pathogen of dermatomycoses. The percentage of candida and yeast-like fungus is increased year by year.%目的 了解宜昌地区浅部真èŒç—… åŠçœŸèŒåˆ†å¸ƒç‰¹ç‚¹.方法 对在医院皮肤科就诊,并拟诊为浅部真èŒç—…感染的1982ä¾‹æ‚£è€…æ ‡æœ¬,行显微镜检查㠀细èŒåŸ¹å…»åŠèŒç§é‰´å®š.结果 1982例浅部真èŒç—…患者ä¸,甲真èŒç—…691例,å 34.9%,股癣402例,å 20.3%,è¶³ç™ £374例,å 18.9%;分离的1030æ ªçœŸèŒä¸,主è¦ä¸ºçº¢è‰²æ¯›ç™£èŒ626æ ª,å 60.8%;其余ä¾æ¬¡ä¸ºå‡ä¸é…µæ¯èŒå±žã€é¡»ç™£æ¯›ç™£èŒã€çµ®çŠ¶è¡¨çš®ç™ £èŒåŠçŠ¬å°å¢åèŒ,分别å 22.2%ã€5.5%ã€2.8%ã€2.4%.结论 在浅部真èŒç—…åŠç—…原èŒä¸,甲真èŒç—…最为常è§,致病èŒä»¥çº¢è‰²æ¯›ç™ £èŒå 主导地ä½,å‡ä¸é…µæ¯èŒå±žæ‰€å 比例较往年有大幅增多. 47. Mycoses in the transplanted patient. Science.gov (United States) Dictar, M O; Maiolo, E; Alexander, B; Jacob, N; Verón, M T 2000-01-01 The incidence of invasive fungal infection (IFI) has increased considerably over the past 20 years, and transplant recipients are at especially high risk for fungal infections owing to their overall immunosuppressed condition. Organ transplantation procedures were incorporated as a therapeutic option for many patients who lacked the normal functions of organs such as the heart, liver, kidney, lung, pancreas and small bowel. The prevalence of IFI in solid organ transplant (SOTR) patients ranges from 5 to 50% in kidney and liver transplants, respectively. In bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients, IFI are major causes of morbidity and mortality due to the protracted neutropenic period and graft-versus-host disease. Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. account for >80% of fungal episodes in both SOTR and BMT. The development of new immunosuppressive agents, new prophylaxis strategies (as pre-emptive therapy) and the improvement in surgical techniques led to increase survival of transplant recipients. In this session, a clear and concise update of the recent advances in the laboratory diagnosis of candidiasis and aspergillosis in this kind of patients was presented. However, we still need to establish more rapid, sensitive and specific methods for IFI diagnosis. Representatives of the 'Subcomision de Infecciones en el Paciente Neutropenico y Transplantado (SIPNYT)' de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectologia (SADI), presented the results of an unusual multicenter study both retrospective and descriptive studies of IFI in SOTR and BMT patients in Argentina. In addition, a study of IFI in 1,861 SOTR patients from four centers and the analysis of IFI in 2,066 BMT patients from all 12 BMT centers from Argentina was presented. From these studies it can be concluded that 'all transplant recipients are not the same' and that they should be stratified according to their different risk degrees in order to determine the best prophylaxis and treatment strategies. 48. Inmunodiagnóstico de micosis endémicas y aspergilosis broncopulmonar: Estudio multicéntrico en la República Argentina Immunodiagnosis of endemic mycoses and bronchopulmonary aspergilosis: A multicenter study in Argentina Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) C.E. Canteros 2004-06-01 sera were retested in the reference center. Results of laboratories of origin showed 98.8% concordance with those of reference center. Antibodies against any of the etiological agents were detected in 120 specimens from 98 patients. Endemic mycoses (HP, PCM and CM were diagnosed in 70 patients (71.4% and aspergilosis in 28 (28.6%. The frequencies of the different mycoses in decreasing order were PCM 47 patients (47.9%, aspergilosis 28 patients (28.6%, HP 13 patients (13.3% and CM 10 patients (10.2%. The study was carried out on a voluntary basis and some areas of the country were not represented. However, the frequencies were in range with the expected rates in the population under study. 49. Frecuencia de micosis en pacientes inmunosuprimidos de un hospital regional de la Ciudad de México Frequency of mycoses in immunosuppressed patients in a regional hospital in Mexico City Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Francisca Hernández-Hernández 2003-12-01 Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Aislar e identificar hongos en diferentes especÃmenes de pacientes inmunocomprometidos, atendidos en un hospital de la Ciudad de México, y determinar su asociación con micosis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional transversal en pacientes del Hospital Regional General Ignacio Zaragoza, de junio de 1999 a mayo de 2000. De 108 pacientes se procesaron 268 especÃmenes para estudio micológico que incluyó examen directo, frotis, cultivos y microcultivos en medios especÃficos además de pruebas bioquÃmicas. La mayorÃa de pacientes tenÃa diagnóstico clÃnico de tuberculosis pulmonar y de sÃndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 183 aislamientos de levaduras y 66 de hongos filamentosos. Se diagnosticaron 45 micosis que en su mayorÃa correspondieron a candidosis pulmonar (32 casos. Las especies de Candida más frecuentes asociadas a patologÃa fueron Candida albicans y C parapsilosis. Se obtuvieron cinco aislamientos de Cryptococcus neoformans variedad neoformans, uno de C albidus, tres de Histoplasma capsulatum y uno de Geotrichum candidum, asociados a infección micótica. CONCLUSIONES: El 41.6% de los pacientes estudiados presentaron una micosis asociada principalmente a sÃndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida y a tuberculosis pulmonar.OBJECTIVE: To isolate and identify the fungi in specimens collected from immunocompromised patients seen in Mexico City hospital, and to assess their association with mycosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 268 specimens from 108 patients were processed for mycological study, including direct examination, smears, cultures, and microcultures in specific media, in addition to biochemical tests. Most of the patients had been diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-three yeasts and 66 mycelial fungi were isolated. Forty-five mycoses were diagnosed; the most frequent 50. Superficial Mycoses Associated with Diaper Dermatitis. Science.gov (United States) Bonifaz, Alexandro; Rojas, RubÃ; Tirado-Sánchez, Andrés; Chávez-López, Dinora; Mena, Carlos; Calderón, Luz; MarÃa, Ponce-Olivera Rosa 2016-10-01 Diapers create particular conditions of moisture and friction, and with urine and feces come increased pH and irritating enzymes (lipases and proteases). Fungi can take advantage of all these factors. Candida yeasts, especially C. albicans, are responsible for the most frequent secondary infections and are isolated in more than 80 % of cases. Correct diagnosis is important for ensuring the correct prescription of topical antimycotics. Nystatin, imidazoles and ciclopirox are effective. It is important to realize there are resistant strains. Dermatophytes can infect the diaper area, with the most common agent being Epidermophyton floccosum. The clinical characteristics of dermatophytosis are different from those of candidiasis, and it can be diagnosed and treated simply. Malassezia yeasts can aggravate conditions affecting the diaper area, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and inverse psoriasis. Additional treatment is recommended in this case, because they usually involve complement activation and increased specific IgE levels. Erythrasma is a pseudomycosis that is indistinguishable from candidiasis and may also occur in large skin folds. It is treated with topical antibacterial products and some antimycotics. 51. Isavuconazole Treatment of Cryptococcosis and Dimorphic Mycoses Science.gov (United States) Thompson, George R.; Rendon, Adrian; Ribeiro dos Santos, Rodrigo; Queiroz-Telles, Flavio; Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis; Azie, Nkechi; Maher, Rochelle; Lee, Misun; Kovanda, Laura; Engelhardt, Marc; Vazquez, Jose A.; Cornely, Oliver A.; Perfect, John R. 2016-01-01 Background. Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) caused by Cryptococcus and dimorphic fungi are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Isavuconazole (ISAV) is a novel, broad-spectrum, triazole antifungal agent (IV and by mouth [PO]) developed for the treatment of IFD. It displays potent activity in vitro against these pathogens and in this report we examine outcomes of patients with cryptococcosis or dimorphic fungal infections treated with ISAV. Methods. The VITAL study was an open-label nonrandomized phase 3 trial conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ISAV treatment in management of rare IFD. Patients received ISAV 200 mg 3 times daily for 2 days followed by 200 mg once-daily (IV or PO). Proven IFD and overall response at end of treatment (EOT) were determined by an independent, data-review committee. Mortality and safety were also assessed. Results. Thirty-eight patients received ISAV for IFD caused by Cryptococcus spp. (n = 9), Paracoccidioides spp. (n = 10), Coccidioides spp. (n = 9), Histoplasma spp. (n = 7) and Blastomyces spp. (n = 3). The median length of therapy was 180 days (range 2–331 days). At EOT 24/38 (63%) patients exhibited a successful overall response. Furthermore, 8 of 38 (21%) had stable IFD at the end of therapy without progression of disease, and 6 (16%) patients had progressive IFD despite this antifungal therapy. Thirtythree (87%) patients experienced adverse events. Conclusions. ISAV was well tolerated and demonstrated clinical activity against these endemic fungi with a safety profile similar to that observed in larger studies, validating its broad-spectrum in vitro activity and suggesting it may be a valuable alternative to currently available agents. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00634049. PMID:27169478 52. AIDS-related mycoses: the way forward NARCIS (Netherlands) Brown, G.D.; Meintjes, G.; Kolls, J.K.; Gray, C.; Horsnell, W.; Achan, B.; Alber, G.; Aloisi, M.; Armstrong-James, D.; Beale, M.; Bicanic, T.; Black, J.; Bohjanen, P.; Botes, A.; Boulware, D.R.; Brown, G.; Bunjun, R.; Carr, W.; Casadevall, A.; Chang, C.; Chivero, E.; Corcoran, C.; Cross, A.; Dawood, H.; Day, J.; Bernardis, F. De; Jager, V. de; Repentigny, L. de; Denning, D.; Eschke, M.; Finkelman, M.; Govender, N.; Gow, N.; Graham, L.; Gryschek, R.; Hammond-Aryee, K.; Harrison, T.; Heard, N.; Hill, M.; Hoving, J.C.; Janoff, E.; Jarvis, J.; Kayuni, S.; King, K.; Kolls, J.; Kullberg, B.J.; Lalloo, D.G.; Letang, E.; Levitz, S.; Limper, A.; Longley, N.; Machiridza, T.R.; Mahabeer, Y.; Martinsons, N.; Meiring, S.; Meya, D.; Miller, R.; Molloy, S.; Morris, L.; Mukaremera, L.; Musubire, A.K.; Muzoora, C.; Nair, A.; Kimbowa, J. Nakiwala; Netea, M.; Nielsen, K.; O'Hern, J.; Okurut, S.; Parker, A.; Patterson, T.; Pennap, G.; Perfect, J.; Prinsloo, C.; Rhein, J.; Rolfes, M.A.; Samuel, C.; Schutz, C.; Scriven, J.; Sebolai, O.M.; Sojane, K.; Sriruttan, C.; Stead, D.; Steyn, A.; Thawer, N.K.; Thienemann, F.; Hohenberg, M. Von; Vreulink, J.M.; Wessels, J.; Wood, K.; Yang, Y.L. 2014-01-01 The contribution of fungal infections to the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected individuals is largely unrecognized. A recent meeting highlighted several priorities that need to be urgently addressed, including improved epidemiological surveillance, increased availability of existing 53. AIDS-related mycoses: the way forward NARCIS (Netherlands)

Brown, G.D.; Meintjes, G.; Kolls, J.K.; Gray, C.; Horsnell, W.; Achan, B.; Alber, G.; Aloisi, M.; Armstrong-James, D.; Beale, M.; Bicanic, T.; Black, J.; Bohjanen, P.; Botes, A.; Boulware, D.R.; Brown, G.; Bunjun, R.; Carr, W.; Casadevall, A.; Chang, C.; Chivero, E.; Corcoran, C.; Cross, A.; Dawood, H.; Day, J.; Bernardis, F. De; Jager, V. de; Repentigny, L. de; Denning, D.; Eschke, M.; Finkelman, M.; Govender, N.; Gow, N.; Graham, L.; Gryschek, R.; Hammond-Aryee, K.; Harrison, T.; Heard, N.; Hill, M.; Hoving, J.C.; Janoff, E.; Jarvis, J.; Kayuni, S.; King, K.; Kolls, J.; Kullberg, B.J.; Lalloo, D.G.; Letang, E.; Levitz, S.; Limper, A.; Longley, N.; Machiridza, T.R.; Mahabeer, Y.; Martinsons, N.; Meiring, S.; Meya, D.; Miller, R.; Molloy, S.; Morris, L.; Mukaremera, L.; Musubire, A.K.; Muzoora, C.; Nair, A.; Kimbowa, J. Nakiwala; Netea, M.; Nielsen, K.; O'Hern, J.; Okurut, S.; Parker, A.; Patterson, T.; Pennap, G.; Perfect, J.; Prinsloo, C.; Rhein, J.; Rolfes, M.A.; Samuel, C.; Schutz, C.; Scriven, J.; Sebolai, O.M.; Sojane, K.; Sriruttan, C.; Stead, D.; Steyn, A.; Thawer, N.K.; Thienemann, F.; Hohenberg, M. Von; Vreulink, J.M.; Wessels, J.; Wood, K.; Yang, Y.L. 2014-01-01 The contribution of fungal infections to the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected individuals is largely unrecognized. A recent meeting highlighted several priorities that need to be urgently addressed, including improved epidemiological surveillance, increased availability of existing diagnostic 54. Epidemiology of central nervous system mycoses Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Chakrabarti Arunaloke 2007-01-01 Full Text Available Fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS were considered rare until the 1970s. This is no longer true in recent years due to widespread use of corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs and antibiotics. Immunocompromised patients with underlying malignancy, organ transplantations and acquired immune deficiency syndrome are all candidates for acquiring fungal infections either in meninges or brain. A considerable number of cases of CNS fungal infections even in immunocompetent hosts have been reported. A vast array of fungi may cause infection in the CNS, but barring a few, most of them are anecdotal case reports. Cryptococcus neoformans , Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis. Histoplasma capsulatum are common causes of fungal meningitis; Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Zygomycetes and some of the melanized fungi are known to cause mass lesions in brain. Few fungi like C. neoformans, Cladophialophora bantiana, Exophiala dermatitidis, Ramichloridium mackenzie, Ochroconis gallopava are considered as true neurotropic fungi. Most of the fungi causing CNS infection are saprobes with worldwide distribution; a few are geographically restricted like Coccidioides immitis . The infections reach the CNS either by the hematogenous route or by direct extension from colonized sinuses or ear canal or by direct inoculation during neurosurgical procedures. 55. [New pharmaceuticals in systemic mycoses (author's transl)]. Science.gov (United States) Plempel, M 1981-09-01 The chemotherapy of systemic fungal infections remains problematic due to a lack of alternative agents. There are only 3 drugs available: Amphotericin B, 5-Fluorcytosine and the new iv.-formulation of Miconazole. There are as yet limited experiences concerning one of the Imidazole-derivatives of the new generation, Ketoconazole. The main antimycotic and pharmacokinetic properties of these drugs will be discussed. 56. Human mycoses and advances in antifungal therapy. Science.gov (United States) Fromtling, R A 2001-04-01 The 11th Focus on Fungal Infections meeting was held in Washington, D.C., U.S.A., March 1416, 2001. At the conference, there were well-attended sessions that focused on the pathogenesis and therapy of fungal disease. This report focuses on new information on fungal incidence and pathogenesis as well as on the in vitro and clinical experience of established antifungal drugs (fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B, liposomal formulations of amphotericin B, terbinafine) and the newer antifungal compounds approved for use (e.g., caspofungin) and in development (the new-generation azoles: voriconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, and the candins, micafungin and anidulafungin). 57. Valor de los metodos directos e indirectos de diagnóstico en las micosis sitémicas asociadas al SIDA Efficacy of different diagnosis methods in systemic mycoses associated with AIDS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A.I. Arechavala 1993-04-01 Full Text Available Durante 5 años se estudiaron 117 pacientes con micosis sistémicas asociadas al SIDA: 74 criptococosis, 39 histoplasmosis y 4 con ambas enfermedades. Para el diagnóstico analizamos los siguientes materiales: escarificaciones de lesiones cutáneas o mucosas, aspirados de médula ósea, secreciones bronquiales, biopsias de diversos órganos, lÃquido cefalorraquÃdeo, hemocultivos y sueros para determinaciones serológicas. Fueron estudiadas en total 203 muestras de pacientes con histoplasmosis, el 46.3% de las mismas acusó la presencia de H. capsulatum. Las escarificaciones cutáneas exhibieron la mayor sensibilidad (94.7%, seguidas por las biopsias (80% y los mielocultivos (42.1%. La demostración de anticuerpos circulantes por medio de 3 pruebas serológicas y con de 2 antÃgenos especÃficos dio resultados positivos en el 45.4% de los pacientes. Se estudiaron en total 413 especÃmenes de pacientes con criptococosis, la confirmación diagnóstica fue posible en el 69% de las muestras. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo con el LCR (89.5%, le seguieron en sensibilidad los hemocultivos (61.2%, las escarificaciones cutáneas (42.9% y los urocultivos (41.7%. La búsqueda de antÃgeno en los fluidos orgánicos fue positiva en casi todos los casos. La revisión que presentamos permitirá una búsqueda más racional y rápida de los métodos de diagnóstico en las micosis asociadas al SIDA.One hundred and seventeen patients suffering systemic mycosis and AIDS were studied during 5 years in the Muñiz Hospital of Buenos Aires City. Seventy four of them presented cryptococcosis, 39 histoplasmosis and 4 both mycoses. The following specimens were studied for the diagnosis: skin and mucous membrane scrapings, bone marrow aspirations, bronchial secretions, biopsies of different organs, cerebral spinal fluid and blood cultures. Sera were also collected for serologic tests. A total of 203 samples from patients with histoplasmosis were studied, 46.3% of them 58. Skin and nail mycoses in patients with diabetic foot. Science.gov (United States) Papini, M; Cicoletti, M; Fabrizi, V; Landucci, P 2013-12-01 Diabetes mellitus affects all socioeconomic and age groups and its incidence is rapidly increasing worldwide. The diabetic foot complication represents one of the most complex and serious complications in these patients. Fungal infections can also contribute to the severity of the diabetic foot. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of foot skin and toenail mycosis in a group of 75 patients with diabetic foot complication and in a matched control group. Diabetic patients showed onychomycosis in 53.3% and foot skin mycosis in 46.7% of the cases, with a prevalence of both fungal infections significantly higher than that observed in the control group. At least one type of these fungal infections was present in 69.3% of diabetic subjects with a highly significant difference compared to control group (Pdiabetic foot complication, and that the problem of fungal infections of the foot in diabetic subjects is still highly underestimated. Consequently, there is an important clinical rationale for careful mycological examination of diabetic foot and an adequate treatment tailored for each individual patient according to the fungal species involved. 59. Invasive Mycoses | EU Clinical Trials Register [EU Clinical Trials Register Lifescience Database Archive (English) Full Text Available omparando dos presentaciones del fármaco, una en jarabe y otra en tabletas, en pacientes con leucemia con al...posaconazol por neutropenia grave prolongada por quimioterapia intensiva para leucemia aguda mieloblástica o 60. A Clinicomycological Study of Cutaneous Mycoses in Sawai Man ... African Journals Online (AJOL) a major public health problem, especially in tropical countries like ... Sawai Man Singh Hospital of Jaipur, North India. Aruna Vyas ... All culture media and antibiotics were obtained ... Table 1: Distribution of dermatophytes in relation to age. « 1 2 3 4 5 » « 2 3 4 5 6 » 61. [Role of voriconazole in critically ill patients with invasive mycoses]. Science.gov (United States) Alvarez Lerma, Francisco 2007-09-30 This observational study of the use of voriconazole conducted in Spain has identified reasons, characteristics, and forms of use of voriconazole in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU. Voriconale was used for directed treatment (63%), by the intravenous route (75%), as rescue treatment (41%) in severely ill patients (APACHE 21) with high need of resources and therapeutic interventions. Satisfactory clinical response was obtained in 50% of cases, related adverse events were scarce (16%), and withdrawal of voriconazole was not necessary. Clinical indications included empirical, etiologic, and rescue treatment of infections caused by Aspergillus, Candida albicans and most species different than C. albicans. Voriconazole can be used for preemptive therapy in patients at risk of invasive candidasis. When selecting voriconazole, liver function, renal function (i.v. formulation) and history of azoles use should be considered, although none of these circumstances is an absolute contraindication for the prescription of voriconazole in critically ill patients. 62. Causative agents of superficial mycoses in Istanbul, Turkey: retrospective study. Science.gov (United States) Koksal, Fatma; Er, Emine; Samasti, Mustafa 2009-09-01 The aim of the present study was to determine the percentage of agents, which can give rise to superficial fungal infections in Istanbul, Turkey. Between 2000 and 2007, the clinical samples collected from 8,200 patients attending the outpatient Dermatology Clinic at Mihrimahsultan Medical Center were examined by direct microscopy and culture. Pathogen fungi were detected in 5,722 of the patients. Of the isolates were 4,218 (74%) dermatophytes, 1,196 (21%) Candida sp., 170 (3%) Malassezia furfur, and 138 (2%) Trichosporon sp. Among the dermatophytes, Trichophyton sp. was the most common isolate followed by Epidermophyton floccosum (243) and Microsporum sp. Among the Candida species, C. albicans (549) was also frequently found. Onychomycosis was the most prevalent type of infection, followed by tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, and tinea capitis. In conclusion, our study showed that the most common isolated agents from superficial infections were T. rubrum being Candida sp. the second most prevalent. 63. Diagnose in beeld (92). Een man met koorts tijdens chemotherapie. Invasieve pulmonale mycose NARCIS (Netherlands) van Spronsen, D J; Daenen, S M G J; Kluin-Nelemans, J C 2002-01-01 A 64-year-old male was treated for acute myeloid leukemia with idarubicin and cytarabin. He developed pulmonary mycosis (radiologically consistent with aspergillosis), which responded to intravenous amphotericin B. 64. Why is mucormycosis more difficult to cure than more common mycoses? Science.gov (United States) Katragkou, A; Walsh, T J; Roilides, E 2014-06-01 Although considered to be a rare infection, mucormycosis (zygomycosis) has emerged as the second most common invasive mould infection. Despite the advent of newer antifungal agents, mortality rate of mucormycosis remains exceedingly high. Successful management of mucormycosis requires early diagnosis, reversal of underlying predisposing risk factors, surgical debridement and prompt administration of active antifungal agents. However, mucormycosis is not always amenable to cure. There are challenging obstacles that lead to difficulties in management of amphotericin B. These include unique host-based risk factors for mucormycosis, the fungus' resistance to innate host defences and distinctive features of its immunopathogenesis, such as extensive angioinvasion, increased virulence and use of chelators by the fungus as siderophores. In addition to these obstacles, the difficulties in early diagnosis, including nonspecific clinical manifestations, lack of serological methods, as well limitations of culture and molecular methods, lead to delay in initiation of antifungal therapy. Finally, the variability of susceptibility to amphotericin B and resistance to most other conventional antifungal agents leads to major limitations in successful treatment of this devastating infection. 65. Management of mycetoma: major challenge in tropical mycoses with limited international recognition. Science.gov (United States) Ahmed, Abdalla A O; van de Sande, Wendy W J; Fahal, Ahmed; Bakker-Woudenberg, Irma; Verbrugh, Henri; van Belkum, Alex 2007-04-01 The present review highlights an orphan infectious disease in alarming need of international recognition. While money is being invested to develop new broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs to treat infection in general, improvement in the management of complicated infections such as mycetoma receives little support. Many case presentations describe single-center experience in the management of mycetoma. Unfortunately, randomized and blinded clinical studies into the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment are desperately lacking. Response to medical treatment is usually better in actinomycetoma than eumycetoma. Eumycetoma is difficult to treat using current therapies. Surgery in combination with azole treatment is the recommended regimen for small eumycetoma lesions in the extremities. Bone involvement complicates clinical management, leaving surgical amputation as the only treatment option. Although clinical management has not received major attention recently, laboratory technology has improved in areas of molecular diagnosis and epidemiology. Management of mycetoma and laboratory diagnosis of its etiological agents need to be improved and better implemented in endemic regions. Optimized therapeutic approaches and more detailed epidemiological data are urgently needed. It is vital to initiate multicenter collaborations on national and international levels to develop consensus clinical score sheets and state-of-theart treatment regimens for mycetoma patients. 66. [Mycoses frequency in three communities in the North mountain of the State of Puebla]. Science.gov (United States) Méndez-Tovar, Luis Javier; Lemini-López, Alicia; Hernández-Hernández, Francisca; Manzano-Gayosso, Patricia; Blancas-Espinosa, Roberto; López-MartÃnez, Rubén 2003-01-01 In order to know mycosis frequency in the North of the State of Puebla, Mexico, in habitants from the communities of Ayotoxco, Mazatepec and Zacatipan were studied. Previous medical study biological samples were submitted to direct examination, smear and culture. Histoplasmin and sporotrichin skin test were applied to 57 individual from Zacatipan. From 110 patients 146 mycological studies were performed. Eighty six cases (59%) of mycosis were detected: 43 finger or toenails onychomycosis, 25 tinea pedis, seven tinea capitis, four cases of tinea manum and, finally, five cases of seborrhoeic dermatitis and two of pitiriasis versicolor. We isolated: 18 streins of dermatophytes, mainly Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes (11 and 5 strains respectively); 12 cultures of non-dermatophytes filamentous fungi; six cases of mycelia sterile; six yeast strains, most of them Candida spp but none C. albicans. From 57 patients to whom skin tests were applied, five of them (8.8%) were positive to both antigens; ten positive (17.6%) only to histoplasmin and eight (14%) to sporotrichin. This study showed that rural population from Puebla present a high frequency of superficial mycosis (61% of mycological studies). Considering the percentage of positive skin test we suppose that there are many not diagnosed sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis cases. 67. Superficial Mycoses In Pregnant Women Consulting At University Hospital Center Of Yaounde Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Petmy Lohoue J 2003-01-01 Full Text Available Pregnant women may contaminate new borns and babies with vaginal candidiasis and ringworms, thus the choice of this group for our study. Cases were recruited at the UHC Yaounde from June 2001 to September 2002. Four hundred and thirty (29.3% out of 1467 examined presented at least one mycosis. The principal lesions were vaginal thrush 44% and athlete’s foot 22%. The causal fungi were essentially yeasts with the predominance of candida albicans (72% and for the dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum (71.84%. The other species were Candida tropicalis, Candida Krusei, Candida parapsilosis, candida glabrata, Malassezia furfur, Trichosporon sp., Trichophyton soundanense, Trichophyton interdigitale, Thrichophyton mentagrophytes and scytalidium dimidiatum. Because these infections affect up to 30% of pregnant women, they should be taken into consideration during prenatal care. 68. Molecular Characterization and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Schizophyllum commune, an Emerging Basidiomycete in Bronchopulmonary Mycoses OpenAIRE Chowdhary, Anuradha; Kathuria, Shallu; Singh, Pradeep Kumar; Agarwal, Kshitij; Gaur, Shailendra N.; Roy, Pradip; Randhawa, Harbans S.; Meis, Jacques F. 2013-01-01 Schizophyllum commune (n = 30) showed lowest geometric mean MICs of isavuconazole (0.19 μg/ml), itraconazole (0.2 μg/ml), voriconazole (0.24 μg/ml), and amphotericin B (0.29 μg/ml) and high geometric mean MICs of fluconazole (19.39 μg/ml) and flucytosine (17.28 μg/ml). Five cases (of 8) of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis that were treated with itraconazole had no recrudescence after 6 to 24 months of follow-up. One case each of invasive pulmonary mycosis and fungal ball were treated success... 69. Molecular characterization and in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile of Schizophyllum commune, an emerging basidiomycete in bronchopulmonary mycoses. Science.gov (United States) Chowdhary, Anuradha; Kathuria, Shallu; Singh, Pradeep Kumar; Agarwal, Kshitij; Gaur, Shailendra N; Roy, Pradip; Randhawa, Harbans S; Meis, Jacques F 2013-06-01 Schizophyllum commune (n = 30) showed lowest geometric mean MICs of isavuconazole (0.19 μg/ml), itraconazole (0.2 μg/ml), voriconazole (0.24 μg/ml), and amphotericin B (0.29 μg/ml) and high geometric mean MICs of fluconazole (19.39 μg/ml) and flucytosine (17.28 μg/ml). Five cases (of 8) of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis that were treated with itraconazole had no recrudescence after 6 to 24 months of follow-up. One case each of invasive pulmonary mycosis and fungal ball were treated successfully with voriconazole and itraconazole. 70. Molecular Characterization and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Schizophyllum commune, an Emerging Basidiomycete in Bronchopulmonary Mycoses Science.gov (United States) Kathuria, Shallu; Singh, Pradeep Kumar; Agarwal, Kshitij; Gaur, Shailendra N.; Roy, Pradip; Randhawa, Harbans S. 2013-01-01 Schizophyllum commune (n = 30) showed lowest geometric mean MICs of isavuconazole (0.19 μg/ml), itraconazole (0.2 μg/ml), voriconazole (0.24 μg/ml), and amphotericin B (0.29 μg/ml) and high geometric mean MICs of fluconazole (19.39 μg/ml) and flucytosine (17.28 μg/ml). Five cases (of 8) of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis that were treated with itraconazole had no recrudescence after 6 to 24 months of follow-up. One case each of invasive pulmonary mycosis and fungal ball were treated successfully with voriconazole and itraconazole. PMID:23507274 71. Detection of dermatophytes in human nail and skin dust produced during podiatric treatments in people without typical clinical signs of mycoses. Science.gov (United States) Nowicka, Danuta; Nawrot, Urszula; WÅ‚odarczyk, Katarzyna; PajÄ…czkowska, Magdalena; PatrzaÅ‚ek, Anna; PÄ™cak, Anna; Mozdyniewicz, Paulina; Fleischer, MaÅ‚gorzata 2016-06-01 Pedicures are the most common cosmetic foot treatment. Many pedicurists and podiatrists suffer from respiratory infections and diseases such as asthma, sinusitis, chronic cough and bronchitis. Skin and nail dust may play an important role in the development of occupational diseases and the transmission of mycosis to other clients. To examine the presence of dermatophytes in nail and skin dust produced during podiatric treatments of people without typical symptoms of mycosis and to assess the epidemiological hazards of tinea pedis for podiatrists as well as other clients. Seventy-seven samples underwent direct microscopy and culture. The results of direct microscopy were positive in 28/77 samples (36.36%) and doubtful in 3/77 (3.9%). Fungi were cultured from 36/77 samples (46.75%), including 8/77 (10.3%) positive for dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum-6 isolates and Trichophyton mentagrophytes-2). Material collected during podiatric treatments is potentially infected by pathogenic fungi; thus, there is a need to protect both workers who perform such treatments, as well as other clients, to prevent the transmission of pathogens in the Salon environment. Exposure to this occupational hazard may increase not only the risk of respiratory infections but also increase asthmatic or allergic reactions to Trichophyton. 72. Rapid identification of Candida spp. frequently involved in invasive mycoses by using flow-through hybridization and Gene Chip (FHGC) technology. Science.gov (United States) Li, Chen; Ding, Xiurong; Liu, Zhizhong; Zhu, Juanjuan 2017-01-01 The incidence of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients has increased in recent decades. Rapid and accurate identification of these pathogenic fungi is crucial for initiating a timely, safe, and effective antifungal therapy. Here we developed a microarray based on flow-through hybridization gene chip technology. The microarray was tested for its specificity using a panel of reference and blinded clinical isolates. The results proved that this microarray was highly discriminative, leading to the unequivocal identification of each species, including Candida famata and the highly related species Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis. This new system represents a reliable method that is of potential use in clinical laboratories for the simultaneous detection and identification of the most common pathogenic fungi. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 73. [The agent Latrodectus and canine paecilomycotic eclampsia as a laboratory model in the survey of treatment for mycoses and parasitic diseases]. Science.gov (United States) Gasparian, E R; Streliaeva, A V; Chebyshev, N V; Sagieva, A T; Polzikov, V V; Lazareva, N B; Kurilov, D V; Zuev, S S; Shcheglova, T A; Sadykov, V M 2012-01-01

The extragent used to prepare a Latrodectus mactans hydrocarbon extract is a multicomponent system composed of alkanes, alkenes, and arenes. More than 100 compounds were identified in the hydrocarbon extract (petroleum). The petroleum matrix of Latrodectus mactans was first obtained to manufacture homeopathic remedies. The authors could prepare the first Russian homeopathic medicine from Latrodectus mactans, which proved to be effective in treating canine eclampsia. Canine experiments provide a rationale for the authors' choice as the only homeopathic remedy among thousand known drugs to treat female eclampsia. It is Latrodectus mactans that is in the list of homeopathic medicines permitted for use in accordance with Order No. 335 (Supplement 2) of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Russia, issued on November 29, 1995. It is manufactured from Latrodectus mactans living in the USA. 74. Defining responses to therapy and study outcomes in clinical trials of invasive fungal diseases: Mycoses Study Group and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer consensus criteria. NARCIS (Netherlands) Segal, B.H.; Herbrecht, R.; Stevens, D.A.; Ostrosky-Zeichner, L.; Sobel, J.; Viscoli, C.; Walsh, T.J.; Maertens, J.; Patterson, T.F.; Perfect, J.R.; Dupont, B.; Wingard, J.R.; Calandra, T.; Kauffman, C.A.; Graybill, J.R.; Baden, L.R.; Pappas, P.G.; Bennett, J.E.; Kontoyiannis, D.P.; Cordonnier, C.; Viviani, M.A.; Bille, J.; Almyroudis, N.G.; Wheat, L.J.; Graninger, W.; Bow, E.J.; Holland, S.M.; Kullberg, B.J.; Dismukes, W.E.; Pauw, B.E. de 2008-01-01 Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) have become major causes of morbidity and mortality among highly immunocompromised patients. Authoritative consensus criteria to diagnose IFD have been useful in establishing eligibility criteria for antifungal trials. There is an important need for generation of cons 75. The frequency of superficial mycoses according to agents isolated during a ten-year period (1999-2008) in Zagreb area, Croatia. Science.gov (United States) Miklić, Paola; Skerlev, Mihael; Budimcić, Dragomir; Lipozencić, Jasna 2010-01-01 Fungal infections involving the skin, hair and nails represent one of the most common mucocutaneous infections. Significant changes in the epidemiology, etiology and clinical pattern of mycotic infections have been observed during the last years. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the incidence and the etiologic factors of superficial fungal infections in Zagreb area, Croatia, over a 10-year period (1999-2008). A total of 75828 samples obtained from 67 983 patients were analyzed. Dermatomycosis was verified by culture in 17410 (23%) samples obtained from 16086 patients. Female patients were more commonly affected than male (59% vs. 41%). Dermatophytes were responsible for 63% of all superficial fungal infections, followed by yeasts (36%) and molds (1%). Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes (both var. interdigitalis and var. granulosa) was the most frequent dermatophyte isolated in 58% of all samples, followed by Microsporum (M). canis (29%) and T. rubrum (10%). The most common clinical forms of dermatomycosis were onychomycosis (41%), tinea corporis (17%) and tinea pedis (12%). Candida spp. was mainly isolated from fingernail debris. 76. Dermatomycoses In Diabetics - A Clinical Study Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Parthiban K 1998-01-01 Full Text Available Two hundred diabetics including 153 non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and 47 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients, were screened for mycoses. Candidiasis was the commonest mycoses, followed by dermatophtoses and pityriasis versicolor. The fasting blood glucose level was observed to be higher in candidialsis compared to other mycoses. 77. Analysis of superficial mycoses and pathogenic fungi for 201 patients in dermatology clinic in Guangzhou%201例浅部真èŒç—…åŠå…¶ç—…原èŒåˆ†æž Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 朱慧兰; 肖常é’; æŽæŒ¯æ´; æ¢ç¢§åŽ; æŽå¹³; æŽæ¶¦ç¥¥; èµ–ç»´ 2007-01-01 浅部真èŒç—…（Superficial mycosis）是指皮肤ã€è¶¾ç”²å’Œæ¯›å‘å‘生的真èŒæ„ŸæŸ“，浅部真èŒç—…主è¦çš„致病真èŒåŒ… 括皮肤癣èŒã€é©¬æ‹‰è‰²èŒå’Œå¿µç èŒã€‚éšç€å…疫抑制剂的广泛应用ã€ç”Ÿæ´»æ°´å¹³åŠè¯Šç–—水平的ä¸æ–æ高，浅部真èŒç—…çš„å‘ç—… 率有é€å¹´å¢žåŠ 趋势。目å‰å„地区有关浅部真èŒç—…åŠå…¶ç—…原èŒç§çš„报é“ä¸ä¸€ã€‚å¯èƒ½ä¸Žæµ…部真èŒç—…æ„ŸæŸ“çš„ç ±»åž‹ä¸Žè‡´ç—…èŒç§å˜åœ¨åœ°åŒºå·®å¼‚。 78. ä¸å›½ä¸åŒåŒºåŸŸæµ…部真èŒç—…åŠè‡´ç—…èŒè°ƒæŸ¥æ¯”较分æž%Comparative Analysis of Superficial Mycoses and Pathogenic Bacteria in Different Region of China Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) è‚æŒ¯åŽ 2010-01-01 浅部真èŒç—…的致病èŒçš„生æ€å’Œæµè¡Œå¤„于动æ€å˜åŒ–过程ä¸,国内外对浅部真èŒç—…致病èŒç§çš„鉴定ã€ä¸´åºŠè¯Šæ–与治疗 ã€ä»¥åŠæµè¡Œç—…å¦æ–¹é¢çš„ç ”ç©¶ä¹Ÿè¶Šæ¥è¶Šå¤š,我们将近åå‡ å¹´é—´å›½å†…å¦è€…在ä¸å›½å¤§é™†ä¸åŒåŒºåŸŸçš„所作病原èŒçš„å˜è¿ã€å„åŒºåŠ¨æ €æƒ…å†µå’Œå…·ä½“ç–¾ç—…çš„ç ”ç©¶ç»¼è¿°å¦‚ä¸‹. 79. [Skin changes in workers in plywood manufacture]. Science.gov (United States) Bannikov, E A; Anton'ev, A A; Kondinskaia, V E; Matusevich, S L; Diundiukova, V P 1990-01-01 Hypersensitivity to occupational allergens was detected in 45% of workers, allergic dermatoses and eczema in 8%, mycoses of the soles in 12%, premorbid changes of the skin in 30% of the examinees. Mycoses of the soles are more frequent in subjects with a history of, or suffering from dermatoses. 80. Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by a Novel Species, Pseudochaetosphaeronema martinelli NARCIS (Netherlands) Ahmed, Sarah A; Desbois, Nicole; Quist, D; Miossec, C; Atoche, Carlos; Bonifaz, Alexandro; de Hoog, G Sybren Among the opportunistic mycoses that are emerging in patients with immunosuppression or severe underlying illness, many isolates lack of characteristic sporulation and until recently could not be identified. Clinical signs are mostly nonspecific and therefore such infections have often been « 2 3 4 5 6 » « 3 4 5 6 7 » 81. Fungal colonization - an additional risk factor for diseased dogs and cats? Science.gov (United States) BiegaÅ„ska, MaÅ‚gorzata; DardziÅ„ska, Weronika; Dworecka-Kaszak, Bożena 2014-01-01 The aim of the presented mini-review is to review the literature data referring to opportunistic mycoses in pet dogs and cats suffering from other concurrent diseases, comparable to human medical disorders with high risk of secondary mycoses. This review also presents the preliminary results of a project aimed at understanding the fungal colonization and occurrence of secondary mycoses in pets suffering from metabolic disorders, neoplasms and viral infections. The incidence of opportunistic mycoses is higher in such individuals, mostly because of their impaired immunity. The main risk factors are primary and secondary types of immunodeficiency connected with anti-cancer treatment or neoplastic disease itself. Moreover, literature data and the results of our investigations show that Candida yeasts are prevalent among diabetic animals and indicate that these fungi are the main etiological agents of secondary infections of the oral cavity, GI and urogenital tracts. Other important conditions possibly favoring the development of mycoses are concurrent infections of cats with FeLV and FIV viruses. Thus, in all cases of the mentioned underlying diseases, animals should be carefully monitored by repeated mycological examination, together with inspection of other parameters. Also, the prophylaxis of opportunistic mycoses should be carefully considered alike other factors influencing the prognosis and the outcome of primary diseases. 82. [Epidemiological transition of mycosis diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: from surface to depth]. Science.gov (United States) Chandenier, J; Desoubeaux, G 2015-02-01 Fungi are schematically responsible for three distinct kinds of infections: superficial mycoses, subcutaneous and deep ones. The current socio-epidemiological transition observed in sub-Saharan Africa does not actually lead to similar consequences regarding these three categories of fungal entities. For instance, it has long been known that superficial mycoses are very prevalent in tropical areas, since they are partly due to the warm climate and the promiscuity. They are mostly caused by dermatophytic fungi or Malassezia sp. (Pityriasis versicolor). Subcutaneous mycoses are rarer, and usually due to dimorphic fungi which are accidentally inoculated into the body after a skin injury or a trauma. Sometimes very spectacular, the clinical outcome is then described as chronic. Thus, chromoblastomycosis, rhinoentomophtoromycosis or mycetoma are some examples of subcutaneous mycoses which remain well-known by practitioners of endemic countries. Deep mycoses (or invasive / systemic mycoses) are defined by fungal infections of deep anatomical sites that should be normally sterile. By contrast with the other entities mentioned above, the outcome may be rapidly fatal for the patient. One of the most outstanding examples was the great increasing of cryptococcal meningitis during the HIV outbreak in the 80'. A few other similar mycoses may be feared in a near future, since they usually occur in contexts of important immunosuppression which are about to be definitely experienced in Africa: overall increase of chronic diseases like diabetes, lengthening life expectancy and its associated diseases, widespread medical practices which were only seen in advanced intensive care units, onco-haematology departments or graft centers so far. Thus, the deep mycoses will inevitably increase in Africa, as they did in all developed countries over the last two decades. The consequences will not only be limited to the clinical management as described above: the diagnostic approach is also 83. Tinea versicolor, tinea nigra, white piedra, and black piedra. Science.gov (United States) Bonifaz, Alexandro; Gómez-Daza, Fernando; Paredes, Vanessa; Ponce, Rosa MarÃa 2010-03-04 Superficial mycoses are fungal infections limited to the stratum corneum and its adnexal structures. The most frequent types are dermatophytoses or tineas. Tinea versicolor involves the skin in the form of hypochromic or hyperchromic plaques, and tinea nigra affects the skin of the palms with dark plaques. White piedra and black piedra are parasitic infections of scalp hairs in the form of concretions caused by fungal growth. Diagnosis of these mycoses is made from mycologic studies, direct examination, stains, and isolation, and identification of the fungi. Treatment includes systemic antifungals, topical antifungals, and keratolytics. 84. Neglected fungal zoonoses: hidden threats to man and animals. Science.gov (United States) Seyedmousavi, S; Guillot, J; Tolooe, A; Verweij, P E; de Hoog, G S 2015-05-01 Zoonotic fungi can be naturally transmitted between animals and humans, and in some cases cause significant public health problems. A number of mycoses associated with zoonotic transmission are among the group of the most common fungal diseases, worldwide. It is, however, notable that some fungal diseases with zoonotic potential have lacked adequate attention in international public health efforts, leading to insufficient attention on their preventive strategies. This review aims to highlight some mycoses whose zoonotic potential received less attention, including infections caused by Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei, Lacazia loboi, Emmonsia spp., Basidiobolus ranarum, Conidiobolus spp. and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. 85. A neglected epidemic: fungal infections in HIV/AIDS. Science.gov (United States) Armstrong-James, Darius; Meintjes, Graeme; Brown, Gordon D 2014-03-01 Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of HIV-related mortality globally. Despite widespread rollout of combined antiretroviral therapy, there are still up to 1 million deaths annually from IFIs, accounting for 50% of all AIDS-related death. A historic failure to focus efforts on the IFIs that kill so many HIV patients has led to fundamental flaws in the management of advanced HIV infection. This review, based on the EMBO AIDS-Related Mycoses Workshop in Cape Town in July 2013, summarizes the current state of theart in AIDS-related mycoses, and the key action points required to improve outcomes from these devastating infections. 86. [Dermatophytoses in Mexico]. Science.gov (United States) Arenas, Roberto 2002-06-01 The dermatophytic infections are superficial mycoses common in Mexico, they have an estimated frequency of 5% in dermatological outpatients. In this review we present a global view of these mycoses as well as their etiological agents in tinea capitis, tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris and onychomycosis and also uncommon infections such as tinea imbricata and epidermophytosis of the diaper area. We also analyze these infections in diabetic patients, healthy carriers and dermatophytic infections in pets and laboratory animals. The most important publications about dermatophytosis in Mexico in the dermatological, epidemiological or mycological area are reviewed, specially those published in the last ten years. 87. Serum Amyloid P Component and Systemic Fungal Infection: Does It Protect the Host or Is It a Trojan Horse? Science.gov (United States) Klotz, Stephen A.; Sobonya, Richard E.; Lipke, Peter N.; Garcia-Sherman, Melissa C. 2016-01-01 It is a striking observation that tissue of patients invaded by the deep mycoses often lacks evidence of an inflammatory response. This lack of host response is often attributed to neutropenia secondary to chemotherapy. However, systematic studies do not support this simplistic explanation. However, invasive fungal lesions are characterized by abundant fungal functional amyloid, which in turn is bound by serum amyloid P component (SAP). We postulate that SAP is important in the local immune response in invasive fungal infections. The interaction between fungal functional amyloid, SAP, and the immune response in deep mycoses is discussed. PMID:27704020 88. [Subcutaneous mycotic cysts in Madagascar (Histological aspects. Diagnostic value of the Gomori-Grocott stain. Associations with pheo-sporotrichosis)]. Science.gov (United States) Coulanges, P; Brygoo, E R; Rakotomalala, J C 1975-01-01 The authors report three cases of mycosic subcutaneous cysts and study the problem of the phaeo-sporotrichosis, a cystic lesion due to dematies brown fungi which are often introduced under the skin by a sting. Because of the absence of brown pigmentation of the fungi present in the three cases reported, the authors propose to group these various cysts under the name of "syndrome of the mycosic cysts" a part of which only being constituted by the phaeosporo trichosis. They emphasize the importance to draw surgeons' attention on such lesions, a priori clinically banal, and pathologists' attention on Gomori-Grocott staining in tropical countries. 89. Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by a Novel Species, Pseudochaetosphaeronema martinelli NARCIS (Netherlands) Ahmed, Sarah A; Desbois, Nicole; Quist, D; Miossec, C; Atoche, Carlos; Bonifaz, Alexandro; de Hoog, G Sybren 2015-01-01 Among the opportunistic mycoses that are emerging in patients with immunosuppression or severe underlying illness, many isolates lack of characteristic sporulation and until recently could not be identified. Clinical signs are mostly nonspecific and therefore such infections have often been disregar 90. Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by a Novel Species, Pseudochaetosphaeronema martinelli NARCIS (Netherlands) Ahmed, Sarah A; Desbois, Nicole; Quist, D; Miossec, C; Atoche, Carlos; Bonifaz, Alexandro; de Hoog, G Sybren 2015-01-01 Among the opportunistic mycoses that are emerging in patients with immunosuppression or severe underlying illness, many isolates lack of characteristic sporulation and until recently could not be identified. Clinical signs are mostly nonspecific and therefore such infections have often been disregar 91. Voriconazole-Resistant Penicillium oxalicum: An Emerging Pathogen in Immunocompromised Hosts OpenAIRE Chowdhary, Anuradha; Kathuria, Shallu; Agarwal, Kshitij; Sachdeva, Neelam; Singh, Pradeep K.; Jain, Sandeep; Meis, Jacques F. 2014-01-01 Penicillium species are rarely reported agents of infections in immunocompromised patients. We report 3 cases of invasive mycosis caused by voriconazole-resistant Penicillium oxalicum in patients with acute myeloid leukemia, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, while on voriconazole therapy. Penicillium oxalicum has not been previously recognized as a cause of invasive mycoses. 92. [New developments in antifungal therapy: fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin NARCIS (Netherlands) Wout, J.W. van 't; Kuijper, E.J.; Verweij, P.E.; Kullberg, B.J. 2004-01-01 The azole antifungal voriconazole and the echinocandin caspofungin have recently become available for the treatment of invasive mycoses. Fluconazole remains the drug of choice for candidemia, except for infections with one of the resistent species such as Candida krusei and some strains of Candida g 93. Clinical Investigation Program. Annual Research Progress Report. Science.gov (United States) 1980-09-30 Stereoscope 79/118 $6149.00 Ion Generator 78/116 $5000.00 Poultry Cages 79/301 $2929.00 Microtome/Cryostat 79/304 $5494.72 Tissue Embedder 79/300... Mycology : Assessment of bacteriologic and seroligic parameters of clinically-important mycoses normal and immunologic comprised host. Presented: American 94. HASTANE KAYNAKLI (Nozokomiyal) MANTAR Ä°NFEKSÄ°YONLARININ EPÄ°DEMÄ°YOLOJÄ°SÄ° OpenAIRE 2014-01-01 Background.- Nosocomial fungal infections have became important causes of morbidity and mortality over the last ten years. Immunocompromised patients are at a high risk of hospital acquired fungal infections, specially candidemia. Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections concerning on frequently isolated causative agents and major risk factors have been reviewed in this paper.* Anahtar Kelimeler: Nozokomiyal mikoz, Epidemiyoloji*Key Words: Nosocomial mycoses, Epidemiology 95. Neglected fungal zoonoses : hidden threats to man and animals NARCIS (Netherlands) Seyedmousavi, S; Guillot, J; Tolooe, A; Verweij, P E; de Hoog, G S 2015-01-01 Zoonotic fungi can be naturally transmitted between animals and humans, and in some cases cause significant public health problems. A number of mycoses associated with zoonotic transmission are among the group of the most common fungal diseases, worldwide. It is, however, notable that some fungal di 96. Neglected fungal zoonoses: hidden threats to man and animals NARCIS (Netherlands) Seyedmousavi, S.; Guillot, J.; Tolooe, A.; Verweij, P.E.; Hoog, G.S. de 2015-01-01

Zoonotic fungi can be naturally transmitted between animals and humans, and in some cases cause significant public health problems. A number of mycoses associated with zoonotic transmission are among the group of the most common fungal diseases, worldwide. It is, however, notable that some fungal di 97. Neglected fungal zoonoses: Hidden threats to man and animals NARCIS (Netherlands) S. Seyedmousavi (Seyedmojtaba); J. Guillot; A. Tolooe (Ali); P.E. Verweij (Paul); G.S. de Hoog 2015-01-01 textabstractZoonotic fungi can be naturally transmitted between animals and humans, and in some cases cause significant public health problems. A number of mycoses associated with zoonotic transmission are among the group of the most common fungal diseases, worldwide. It is, however, notable that so 98. H:\\PMKER 25(1)\\PDF 25(1)\\EMANFO.xps African Journals Online (AJOL) AISA mycoses chez les animaux et des maladies fongiques chez les végétaux. Ainsi, les genres Aspergillus ... tivement à la couverture des besoins en protéines animales des ... quelques pieds isolés de palmier à huile (Elaeis guineensis), des ... 99. Enhanced activity of antifungal drugs using natural phenolics against yeast strains of Candida and Cryptococcus Science.gov (United States) Candidiasis and cryptococcosis are diseases of widening global incidence as a result of increasing immunosuppressive disorders, such as AIDS. An enduring problem for treatment of these mycoses is recurrent development of resistance to introduced antifungal drugs. We examined the potential for enhan... 100. Annual Progress Report Fiscal Year 1989 Science.gov (United States) 1989-09-30 93 Kossman, Marcia L.: 89/56 (Ongoing) Follow- up Support for Breastfeeding...subjects and in reaction media. Submitted Cross GM, Morgan C, Mooney A, Martin C, et al: Tenyear follow- up on alcoholism treatment. Alcoholism...center evaluation of Itraconazole for the treatment or systemic mycoses. All patients todate have had disseminated cocci. all have had favorable responses « 3 4 5 6 7 » « 4 5 6 7 8 » 101. Isolation and screening of black fungi as degraders of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons NARCIS (Netherlands) Isola, D.; Selbmann, L.; de Hoog, G.S.; Fenice, M.; Onofri, S.; Prenafeta-Boldu, F.X.; Zucconi, L. 2013-01-01 Black fungi reported as degraders of volatile aromatic compounds were isolated from hydrocarbon-polluted sites and indoor environments. Several of the species encountered are known opportunistic pathogens or are closely related to pathogenic species causing severe mycoses, among which are 102. Acute, rapidly progressive renal failure with simultaneous use of amphotericin B and pentamidine. OpenAIRE Antoniskis, D; Larsen, R.A. 1990-01-01 We report four cases of acute reversible renal failure in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome who received both amphotericin B (for systemic mycoses) and pentamidine isethionate (for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia). The concurrent use of amphotericin B with either inhaled pentamidine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole did not cause significant renal impairment. 103. Pilzinfektionen des Zentralnervensystems bei immunkompetentem Wirt [Fungal infections of the central nervous system in the immunocompetent host NARCIS (Netherlands) Tintelnot, K.; de Hoog, G.S.; Haase, G. 2013-01-01 The majority of mycoses which lead to mycotic tumors in patients without any predisposing underlying disease are either caused by Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans or by dematiaceous fungi which include Cladophialophora bantiana, Ramichloridium mackenziei, Exophiala and Fonsecaea species. The de 104. Detection of Tropical Fungi in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue: Still an Indication for Microscopy in Times of Sequence-Based Diagnosis? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hagen Frickmann 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Introduction. The aim of the study was the evaluation of panfungal PCR protocols with subsequent sequence analysis for the diagnostic identification of invasive mycoses in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples with rare tropical mycoses. Materials and Methods. Five different previously described panfungal PCR/sequencing protocols targeting 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA gene fragments as well as internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 fragments were evaluated with a collection of 17 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of patients with rare and/or tropical invasive mycoses, comprising chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, mycetoma/maduromycosis, and rhinosporidiosis, in a proof-of-principle analysis. Results. The primers of the panfungal PCRs readily and predominantly reacted with contaminating environmental fungi that had deposited on the paraffin blocks. Altogether three sequence results of histoplasmosis and mycetoma samples that matched the histological assessment were associated with sample age  0.05). Overall, our study suggests no significant correlation between the antifungal susceptibility profiles and virulence attributes of ocular fungal isolates. 210. Calcofluor white combination antifungal treatments for Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Joanne M Kingsbury Full Text Available Superficial mycoses caused by dermatophyte fungi are among the most common infections worldwide, yet treatment is restricted by limited effective drugs available, drug toxicity, and emergence of drug resistance. The stilbene fluorescent brightener calcofluor white (CFW inhibits fungi by binding chitin in the cell wall, disrupting cell wall integrity, and thus entails a different mechanism of inhibition than currently available antifungal drugs. To identify novel therapeutic options for the treatment of skin infections, we compared the sensitivity of representative strains of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans to CFW and a panel of fluorescent brighteners and phytoalexin compounds. We identified the structurally related stilbene fluorescent brighteners 71, 85, 113 and 134 as fungicidal to both T. rubrum and C. albicans to a similar degree as CFW, and the stilbene phytoalexins pinosylvan monomethyl ether and pterostilbene inhibited to a lesser degree, allowing us to develop a structure-activity relationship for fungal inhibition. Given the abilities of CFW to absorb UV(365 nm and bind specifically to fungal cell walls, we tested whether CFW combined with UV(365 nm irradiation would be synergistic to fungi and provide a novel photodynamic treatment option. However, while both treatments individually were cytocidal, UV(365 nm irradiation reduced sensitivity to CFW, which we attribute to CFW photoinactivation. We also tested combination treatments of CFW with other fungal inhibitors and identified synergistic interactions between CFW and some ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors in C. albicans. Therefore, our studies identify novel fungal inhibitors and drug interactions, offering promise for combination topical treatment regimes for superficial mycoses. 211. Veterinary Fusarioses within the United States Science.gov (United States) Sutton, Deanna A.; Wiederhold, Nathan; Robert, Vincent A. R. G.; Crous, Pedro W.; Geiser, David M. 2016-01-01 Multilocus DNA sequence data were used to assess the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of 67 Fusarium strains from veterinary sources, most of which were from the United States. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the strains comprised 23 phylogenetically distinct species, all but two of which were previously known to infect humans, distributed among eight species complexes. The majority of the veterinary isolates (47/67 = 70.1%) were nested within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), and these included 8 phylospecies and 33 unique 3-locus sequence types (STs). Three of the FSSC species (Fusarium falciforme, Fusarium keratoplasticum, and Fusarium sp. FSSC 12) accounted for four-fifths of the veterinary strains (38/47) and STs (27/33) within this clade. Most of the F. falciforme strains (12/15) were recovered from equine keratitis infections; however, strains of F. keratoplasticum and Fusarium sp. FSSC 12 were mostly (25/27) isolated from marine vertebrates and invertebrates. Our sampling suggests that the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), with eight mycoses-associated species, may represent the second most important clade of veterinary relevance within Fusarium. Six of the multilocus STs within the FSSC (3+4-eee, 1-b, 12-a, 12-b, 12-f, and 12-h) and one each within the FIESC (1-a) and the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (ST-33) were widespread geographically, including three STs with transoceanic disjunctions. In conclusion, fusaria associated with veterinary mycoses are phylogenetically diverse and typically can only be identified to the species level using DNA sequence data from portions of one or more informative genes. PMID:27605713 212. Fungistatic activity of all-trans retinoic acid against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Campione E 2016-04-01 Full Text Available Elena Campione,1 Roberta Gaziano,2 Daniele Marino,2 Augusto Orlandi3 1Department of Dermatology, 2Department of Microbiology, 3Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy Purpose: Fungal infections are a major complication in hematologic and neoplastic patients causing severe morbidity and mortality. Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans are among the most invasive opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients, and classic antifungal drugs are frequently unsuccessful in these patients. Recent reports hypothesize that the antifungal efficacy of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA is mainly related to its strong capacity to stimulate monocyte-mediated immunity, but no consideration was given to its potential direct fungistatic activity. Moreover, ATRA offers the opportunity for systemic therapy. Methods and results: We investigated the efficacy of ATRA at different concentrations for its antifungal activity against opportunistic A. fumigatus and C. albicans obtained from clinical samples according to standard protocols. A fungistatic activity of ATRA on A. fumigatus and C. albicans at 0.5–1 mM concentration was documented up to 7 days. Conclusion: This is the first evidence of a direct and strong fungistatic activity of ATRA against A. fumigatus and C. albicans. The potential adjuvant therapeutic application of ATRA might be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of systemic mycoses in immunocompromised patients. The discovery of a direct fungistatic activity, in association with its reported immunomodulatory properties, makes ATRA an excellent candidate for new combined antifungal strategies for systemic mycoses in immunocompromised and cancer patients. Keywords: all-trans retinoic acid, fungistatic activity, fungal infections 213. Predictive value of serologic tests in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Luz Elena Cano 1987-10-01 Full Text Available A serologic study was undertaken in a group of 43 patients with active paracoccidioidomycosis who were treated in the same form (ketoconazole, for identical periods of time (6 months, and folio wed-up for various periods posttherapy. The tests employed were agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID and complement fixation (FC. Also studied were 50 sera from patients with proven histoplasmosis and pulmonary aspergilloma, 30 patients with culturaly proven tuberculosis as well as 92 specimens from healthy individuals, residents in the endemic area for paracoccidioidomycosis. A single lot of yeast filtrate antigen was used throughout the study. The value of each test was measured according to GALEN and GAMBINO6. Both tests were highly sensitive, 89 and 93% respectively. Regarding their specificity, the AGID was totally specific while the CF exhibited 96.6% and 97% specificity in front of tuberculosis patients and healthy individuals respectively and 82% in comparison with patients with other mycoses. The concept of predictive value, that is, the certainty one has in accepting a positive test as diagnostic of paracoccidioidomycosis, favored the AGID procedure (100% over the CF test. The latter could sort out with 93% certainty a patient with paracoccidioidomycosis among a group of healthy individuals and with 97.5% in the case of TB patients; when the group in question was composed by individuals with other deep mycoses, such certainty was lower (81%. The above results indicate that both the AGID and the CF tests furnish results of high confidence; one should not relay, however, in the CF alone as a means to establish the specific diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. 214. A breath fungal secondary metabolite signature to diagnose invasive aspergillosis. Science.gov (United States) Koo, Sophia; Thomas, Horatio R; Daniels, S David; Lynch, Robert C; Fortier, Sean M; Shea, Margaret M; Rearden, Preshious; Comolli, James C; Baden, Lindsey R; Marty, Francisco M 2014-12-15 Invasive aspergillosis (IA) remains a leading cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients, in part due to the difficulty of diagnosing this infection. Using thermal desorptiongas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we characterized the in vitro volatile metabolite profile of Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common cause of IA, and other pathogenic aspergilli. We prospectively collected breath samples from patients with suspected invasive fungal pneumonia from 2011 to 2013, and assessed whether we could discriminate patients with proven or probable IA from patients without aspergillosis, as determined by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group consensus definitions, by direct detection of fungal volatile metabolites in these breath samples. The monoterpenes camphene, α- and β-pinene, and limonene, and the sesquiterpene compounds α- and β-trans-bergamotene were distinctive volatile metabolites of A. fumigatus in vitro, distinguishing it from other pathogenic aspergilli. Of 64 patients with suspected invasive fungal pneumonia based on host risk factors, clinical symptoms, and radiologic findings, 34 were diagnosed with IA, whereas 30 were ultimately diagnosed with other causes of pneumonia, including other invasive mycoses. Detection of α-trans-bergamotene, β-trans-bergamotene, a β-vatirenene-like sesquiterpene, or trans-geranylacetone identified IA patients with 94% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 81%-98%) and 93% specificity (95% CI, 79%-98%). In patients with suspected fungal pneumonia, an Aspergillus secondary metabolite signature in breath can identify individuals with IA. These results provide proof-of-concept that direct detection of exogenous fungal metabolites in breath can be used as a novel, noninvasive, pathogen-specific approach to identifying the precise microbial cause of pneumonia. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 215. Characterization of Metarhizium viride Mycosis in Veiled Chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus), Panther Chameleons (Furcifer pardalis), and Inland Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Science.gov (United States) Schmidt, Volker; Klasen, Linus; Schneider, Juliane; Hübel, Jens; Pees, Michael 2017-03-01 Metarhizium viride has been associated with fatal systemic mycoses in chameleons, but subsequent data on mycoses caused by this fungus in reptiles are lacking. The aim of this investigation was therefore to obtain information on the presence of M. viride in reptiles kept as pets in captivity and its association with clinical signs and pathological findings as well as improvement of diagnostic procedures. Beside 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (small subunit [SSU]) and internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS-1), a fragment of the large subunit (LSU) of 28S rDNA, including domain 1 (D1) and D2, was sequenced for the identification of the fungus and phylogenetic analysis. Cultural isolation and histopathological examinations as well as the pattern of antifungal drug resistance, determined by using agar diffusion testing, were additionally used for comparison of the isolates. In total, 20 isolates from eight inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), six veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus), and six panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) were examined. Most of the

lizards suffered from fungal glossitis, stomatitis, and pharyngitis or died due to visceral mycosis. Treatment with different antifungal drugs according to resistance patterns in all three different lizard species was unsuccessful. Sequence analysis resulted in four different genotypes of M. viride based on differences in the LSU fragment, whereas the SSU and ITS-1 were identical in all isolates. Sequence analysis of the SSU fragment revealed the first presentation of a valid large fragment of the SSU of M. viride According to statistical analysis, genotypes did not correlate with differences in pathogenicity, antifungal susceptibility, or species specificity. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology. 216. 系统性红斑狼疮患者åˆå¹¶ç”²çœŸèŒç—…ã€å£è…”念ç èŒç—…的临床资料分æž%Clinical Analysis of Onychomycosis and Oral Candidiasis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) é»„è¿œå¿ ; è‘£æ£è“‰; 林伯盛; 马丹晓 2011-01-01 目的 探讨分æžç³»ç»Ÿæ€§çº¢æ–‘狼疮(SLE)患者åˆå¹¶ç”²çœŸèŒç—›ã€å£è…”念ç èŒç—…的情况åŠç‰¹ç‚¹.方法 观察176例SLE患者 的甲真èŒç—…åŠå£è…”念ç èŒç—…çš„å±é™©å› ç´ åŠå…¶è‡´ç—…真èŒæž„æˆæƒ…况.结果 176例SLE患者ä¸,104例åˆå¹¶çœŸèŒæ„ŸæŸ“.甲真èŒç— …61例(34.66%),å£è…”念ç èŒç—…69例(39.20%),å…¶ä¸äºŒè€…åŒæ—¶å‘生26例(14.77%).甲真èŒç—…的主è¦ç—…原体为红色毛癣èŒ,ä¸´åºŠç ±»åž‹ä¸»è¦ä¸ºè¿œç«¯ä¾§ä½ç”²ä¸‹åž‹(52.46%).å£è…”念殊èŒç—…主è¦ç—…原体为白念ç èŒ.甲真èŒç—…的患病率éšç€SLEç—…ç¨‹å»¶é•¿è€Œå¢žåŠ .å £è…”å¿µç èŒç—…的患病率å—泼尼æ¾æ¯æ—¥ç”¨é‡ã€æŽ¥å—甲强龙冲击治疗ã€ä½¿ç”¨å¹¿è°±æŠ—ç”Ÿç´ çš„å½±å“.使用å…疫抑制剂åŠç—… 情严é‡ç¨‹åº¦å¯¹äºŒè€…çš„å‘生å‡æœ‰å½±å“.结论 SLE易å‘生甲真èŒç—…å’Œå£è…”念ç èŒç—…,è¦æ—©æœŸæ£€æŸ¥å¹¶å…³æ³¨å˜åœ¨å±é™©å› ç´ æ‚£è€… 的甲åŠå£è…”é»è†œå˜åŒ–.%Objective To investigate the prevalence of onychomycosis and oral candidiasis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Methods Incidence of onychomycosis and oral candidasis were observed in 176 SLE patients. Constituent ratio of the pathogenic fungi and the risk factors of the two mycoses were also included. Results One hundred and four SLE patients had concomitant mycoses. Sixty-one were onychomycosis ( 34.66ï¼… ), 69 oral candidiasis ( 39.20ï¼… ), 26 with both mycoses. Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans were the major pathogens of onychomycosis and oral candidiasis, respectively. Onychomycosis was correlated with the duration of SLE, immunosuppressive drug use, and severity of SLE. While oral candidiasis was correlated with prednisone dose, methylprednisolone pulse therapy, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Nail and oral changes should be noted early in those SLE patients with risk factors, immunosuppressive drug use, and severity of SLE. Conclusion SLE patient is susceptible to onychomycosis and oral candidiasis. Nail and oral changes should be noted early in those SLE 217. Analysis of epidemiology and microscrope examination in 8591 cases of superficial mycosis in Wenzhou region%温州地区8591例浅部真èŒç—…å‘ç—…åŠé•œæ£ €æƒ…å†µåˆ†æž Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) å´çŽ²å‰‘; 陈彬; æŽè¶…; å¾äº‘å‡; æŽç§‰ç…¦ 2012-01-01 目的:了解温州地区皮肤科门诊浅部真èŒç—…å‘ç—…çš„ç§ç±»ã€æž„æˆæ¯”åŠæµè¡Œç—…å¦ç‰¹ç‚¹,评估直接镜检法对浅部真èŒç—… 的诊æ–æ„义.方法:采用病例回顾性分æž,对8591例临床拟诊为浅部真èŒç—…者进行直接镜检.结果:è¿‘äº”å¹´å°±è¯Šäººæ• °å‘ˆä¸Šå‡è¶‹åŠ¿,å„ç§æµ…部真èŒç—…å‘ç—…ç§ç±»å’Œæž„æˆæ¯”没有明显å˜åŒ–.浅部真èŒç—…å‘病率以手足癣(33.3ï¼…)ã€ç”²ç™ £(23.3ï¼…)ã€èŠ±æ–‘癣(12.8ï¼…)为å‰ä¸‰ä½.镜检阳性率排在å‰ä¸‰ä½çš„是股癣(68.8ï¼…)ã€èŠ±æ–‘癣(68.4ï¼…)ã€é©¬æ‹‰è ‰²èŒæ¯›å›Šç‚Ž(63.1ï¼…),总阳性率为55.0ï¼….结论:温州地区浅部真èŒå‘ç—…çš„ç§ç±»å’Œæž„æˆæ¯”æ— æ˜Žæ˜¾å˜åŒ–,ç›´æŽ¥é•œæ£ €æ³•ä½œä¸ºçœŸèŒå¦æ£€éªŒæ–¹æ³•ç»æµŽã€ç®€ä¾¿æ˜“è¡Œ,值得临床使用.%Objective:To investigate the variety and constitute of superficial mycoses, as well as epidemiological characteristics in dermatology clinic in Wenzhou. To evaluate the significance of microscope examination. Methods:Direct microscopy was performed on clinical specimens collected from 8591 cases of suspected patients with superficial mycosis in our hospital. Results:The visiting number showed a gradually increasing tendency. There was no obvious change in variety and constitute of superficial mycoses from 2006 to 2010. The incidence rate on the top list was; tinea pedis and tinea manus (33. 3% ) , tinea unguium (23. 3% ) , tinea versicolor (12. 8% ). The top three positive rate under microscopy was tinea inguinalis (68. 8% ) , tinea versicolor (68.4% ) , pityrosporum folliculitis (63. 1% ) , with the overall positive rate of 55. 0%. Conclusion:There was no obvious change in variety and constitute of superficial mycosis in dermatology clinic in Wenzhou region. Direct microscopic examination was worth using clinically as an economic and convenient method for diagnosis of superficial mycosis. 218. Evaluation of growth conditions and DNA extraction techniques used in the molecular analysis of dermatophytes. Science.gov (United States) Gnat, S; Nowakiewicz, A; Ziółkowska, G; TroÅ›ciaÅ„czyk, A; Majer-Dziedzic, B; ZiÄ™ba, P 2017-05-01 Recent molecular methods for diagnosis of superficial mycoses have determined the need for a rapid and easy method of extracting DNA. The aim of study was to determine growth conditions and techniques of DNA extraction for Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum. Samples were prepared of each of the DNA extraction methods (phenol-chloroform, CTAB and four different kits) for all of the incubation periods (4, 7 and 10 days) of the cultures on the solid and in the liquid medium. The highest DNA concentrations were obtained using the phenol-chloroform method. The concentration of DNA extracted with the CTAB method accounted for 62·21%, for kits it corresponded from 35·53 to 15·41%. The analysis of the DNA weight yield revealed the highest isolation efficiency of the phenol-chloroform method, 1 mg of mycelium yielded 223·8 μg DNA. Lower DNA yield (by 39·32%) was obtained with the CTAB method; in the case of kits by 68·46-85·32%. In most of the techniques, the DNA yield on the solid medium was higher. In summary, the highest DNA yield was noted in the 7-day cultures and extraction with the phenol-chloroform method. Importantly, the type of culture was not relevant for the diagnostic result. Most mycoses are caused by fungi that reside in nature. The severity of the infection depends on the pathogenic attributes, socioeconomic factors and local environmental conditions. Recent diagnosis increasingly relies on not only the clinical features. Molecular identifications have determined the need for a rapid and easy method of extracting DNA. Usually two factors have to be considered: maximize the DNA yield and ensure that the extracted DNA is susceptible to enzymatic reactions. These data suggest that phenol-chloroform methods and a 7-day culture period may be useful for validation and constitute the first step of molecular diagnosis of dermatophytes. © 2017 The Society for Applied Microbiology. 219. Agentes etiológicos de micosis superficiales aislados en un Hospital de Santa Fe: Argentina Etiological agents of dermatomycoses isolated in a hospital of Santa Fe City: Argentina Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M. E. Nardin 2006-03-01 Full Text Available Las micosis superficiales están limitadas a piel, pelos, uñas y membranas mucosas. Los principales agentes etiológicos son los dermatofitos y las levaduras del género Candida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer los agentes etiológicos de las dermatomicosis y la localización de las lesiones que producÃan. Se analizaron 2073 muestras de piel, pelos, uñas y membranas de mucosa oral, provenientes de 1817 pacientes que asistieron a la Sección MicrobiologÃa del Laboratorio Central del Hospital Dr. J. M. Cullen desde setiembre de 1999 a setiembre de 2003 inclusive. La toma de muestra y posterior procesamiento e identificación se realizó de acuerdo a la localización y al tipo de lesiones que presentaban los pacientes. El 55,67% de los materiales resultó positivo, correspondiendo el 63% a mujeres y el 37% a varones. La piel lisa fue la localización más frecuente. En las dermatofitosis predominó Trichophyton rubrum y en aquellas donde desarrollaron levaduras la especie Candida albicans fue prevalente. Se destaca el aislamiento de 14 hongos filamentosos no dermatofitos (Fusarium spp. y Aspergillus spp., considerados agentes patógenos emergentes en micosis superficiales.Superficial mycoses are limited to skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes. The most common etiological agents are dermatophytes and yeasts of Candida genus. The aim of this work was to know the etiological agents of dermatomycoses and their clinical presentation. Were analized 2073 samples of skin, hair, nails, and oral mucous membranes obtained from 1817 patients who attended the Microbiology Branch of the Central Laboratory at Dr. J. M. Cullen Hospital, since September 1999 to September 2003. The samples were examined and identified according to the localization and type of lesion. Out of the total samples 55.67% were positive; 63% were recovered from females, and 37% from males. The most common localization was the skin. Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequent 220. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations of itraconazole, terbinafine and ketoconazole against dermatophyte species by broth microdilution method Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) V K Bhatia 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Purpose: Various antifungal agents both topical and systemic have been introduced into clinical practice for effectively treating dermatophytic conditions. Dermatophytosis is the infection of keratinised tissues caused by fungal species of genera Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum, commonly known as dermatophytes affecting 20–25% of the world's population. The present study aims at determining the susceptibility patterns of dermatophyte species recovered from superficial mycoses of human patients in Himachal Pradesh to antifungal agents; itraconazole, terbinafine and ketoconazole. The study also aims at determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs of these agents following the recommended protocol of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI (M38-A2. Methodology: A total of 53 isolates of dermatophytes (T. mentagrophyte-34 in no., T. rubrum-18 and M. gypseum-1 recovered from the superficial mycoses were examined. Broth microdilution method M38-A2 approved protocol of CLSI (2008 for filamentous fungi was followed for determining the susceptibility of dermatophyte species. Results: T. mentagrophyte isolates were found more susceptible to both itraconazole and ketoconazole as compared to terbinafine (MIC50: 0.125 µg/ml for itraconazole, 0.0625 µg/ml for ketoconazole and 0.5 µg/ml for terbinafine. Three isolates of T. mentagrophytes (VBS-5, VBSo-3 and VBSo-73 and one isolate of T. rubrum (VBPo-9 had higher MIC values of itraconazole (1 µg/ml. Similarly, the higher MIC values of ketoconazole were observed in case of only three isolates of T. mentagrophyte (VBSo-30 = 2 µg/ml; VBSo-44, VBM-2 = 1 µg/ml. The comparative analysis of the three antifungal drugs based on t-test revealed that 'itraconazole and terbinafine' and 'terbinafine and ketoconazole' were found independent based on the P < 0.005 in case of T. mentagrophyte isolates. In case of T. rubrum, the similarity existed between MIC values of 'itraconazole and « 9 10 11 12 13 » « 10 11 12 13 14 » 221. Causes of morbidity and mortality in free-living birds in an urban environment in Germany. Science.gov (United States) Stenkat, Julia; Krautwald-Junghanns, M-E; Schmidt, Volker 2013-12-01 Free-living birds are often presented to veterinarians at rehabilitation centers as well as in private practice. Information about disease processes and causes of death of indigenous freeliving birds can aid the clinician in establishing proper treatment and in the assessment of potential zoonotic risks. For the present study, pathogens as causes of morbidity and mortality were determined by performing a complete necropsy on free-living birds presented to the Clinic for Birds and Reptiles of the University of Leipzig (Germany) that died shortly after admission or were euthanized due to an unfavorable prognosis. Over a 2-year period, 251 birds representing 13 families (Accipitridae, Apodidae, Columbidae, Corvidae, Falconidae, Fringillidae, Hirundinidae, Paridae, Passeridae, Picidae, Strigidae, Sturnidae and Turdidae) were examined. Trauma (62%), including several bite injuries inducing bacterial septicemia caused by Pasteurella multocida, was the most common cause of morbidity. Parasitic disease (18%) was mainly caused by Trichomonas gallinae, Eucoleus dispar and Syngamus trachea. Metabolic disease (13%), including fibrous osteodystrophy, was almost exclusively limited to juvenile specimens. Different Enterobacteriaceae including E. coli, Salmonella Typhimurium DT040 as well as Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium were identified as causal agents of primary bacterial disease (5%). Primary bacterial infection as cause of death or disease was of major importance in nestlings. Viral infections, mycoses and intoxication had minor significance as causes of morbidity. 222. Cryptococcus neoformans granuloma in the lung and spinal cord of a free-ranging cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus. A clinical report and literature review : clinical communication Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) I.R. Millward 2005-06-01 Full Text Available A 6-year-old, male, wild-born, free-ranging cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus was evaluated for acute onset of progressive lameness in the right hind limb. Survey radiographs were unrewarding and myelography indicated an intramedullary compressive mass at the L3-L4 region. A fine needle aspirate of the lesion indicated the presence of Cryptococcus organisms. Necropsy confirmed the presence of granulomas (cryptococcoma in the lung and the spinal cord (meningomyelitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. Cryptococcus neoformans is a yeast-like organism that is a potential pathogen to many species. Initial infection is thought to be of respiratory origin and then it commonly disseminates systemically from the nasal cavity or lungs to the skin, eyes and central nervous system in particular. The cheetah tested negative for both feline leukaemia virus (FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV, as have all the previously reported cheetah cases. C. neoformans is a non-contagious, opportunistic organism and is the most common systemic mycoses in domestic cats and the cheetah. 223. Cryptococcus neoformans granuloma in the lung and spinal cord of a free-ranging cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). A clinical report and literature review. Science.gov (United States) Millward, I R; Williams, M C 2005-12-01 A 6-year-old, male, wild-born, free-ranging cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) was evaluated for acute onset of progressive lameness in the right hind limb. Survey radiographs were unrewarding and myelography indicated an intramedullary compressive mass at the L3-L4 region. A fine needle aspirate of the lesion indicated the presence of Cryptococcus organisms. Necropsy confirmed the presence of granulomas (cryptococcoma) in the lung and the spinal cord (meningomyelitis) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. Cryptococcus neoformans is a yeast-like organism that is a potential pathogen to many species. Initial infection is thought to be of respiratory origin and then it commonly disseminates systemically from the nasal cavity or lungs to the skin, eyes and central nervous system in particular. The cheetah tested negative for both feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), as have all the previously reported cheetah cases. C. neoformans is a non-contagious, opportunistic organism and is the most common systemic mycoses in domestic cats and the cheetah. 224. Clinical significance and molecular characterization of nonsporulating molds isolated from the respiratory tracts of bronchopulmonary mycosis patients with special reference to basidiomycetes. Science.gov (United States) Singh, Pradeep Kumar; Kathuria, Shallu; Agarwal, Kshitij; Gaur, Shailendra Nath; Meis, Jacques F; Chowdhary, Anuradha 2013-10-01 Nonsporulating molds (NSMs), especially basidiomycetes, have predominantly been reported as human pathogens responsible for allergic and invasive disease. Their conventional identification is problematic, as many isolates remain sterile in culture. Thus, inconclusive culture reports might adversely affect treatment decisions. The clinical significance of NSMs in pulmonary mycoses is poorly understood. We sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and D1/D2 domain of the larger subunit (LSU) of 52 NSMs isolated from respiratory specimens. The basidiomycetes were the predominant NSMs, of which Schizophyllum commune was the most common agent in allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM), followed by Ceriporia lacerata in invasive fungal disease. Porostereum spadiceum, Phanaerochaete stereoides, Neosartorya fischeri, and Marasmiellus palmivorus were the other molds observed. Application of ITS and LSU region sequencing identified 92% of the isolates. The antifungal susceptibility data revealed that all basidiomycetes tested were susceptible to amphotericin B and resistant to caspofungin, fluconazole, and flucytosine. Except for 3 isolates of S. commune and a solitary isolate of M. palmivorus, all basidiomycetes had low MICs for itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. Basidiomycetes were isolated from patients with ABPM, invasive pulmonary mycosis/pneumonia, or fungal balls. In addition, the majority of the basidiomycetes were isolated from patients with chronic respiratory disorders who were sensitized to one of the basidiomycetous fungi and demonstrated precipitating antibodies against the incriminating fungi, indicating an indolent tissue reaction. Thus, isolation of basidiomycetes from the lower respiratory tract could be significant, and it is important to monitor these patients in order to prevent subsequent lung damage. 225. Histoplasmosis pulmonar: presentación de un caso Pulmonary histoplasmosis: a case report Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Manuela Pérez M 2012-06-01 Full Text Available La histoplasmosis corresponde a la micosis geográfica más frecuente; en nuestro medio, la infección por este hongo dismórfico sólo ha sido reportada en forma esporádica entre quienes han viajado a zonas endémicas. Presentamos el caso de una paciente sana que consultó 6 meses después de su viaje, con dolor torácico como única sintomatologÃa. La cirugÃa y el estudio histológico del nódulo pulmonar resecado mostraron que se trataba de un caso de histoplasmosis pulmonar.Histoplasmosis is the most common of geographic mycoses; in Chile, infection caused by this dysmorphic fungus has been reported only sporadically among persons who have traveled to endemic areas. We report a healthy patient case who consulted 6 months after her trip, with chest pain as single symptom. Surgery and histological study of the pulmonary nodule showed that it was a pulmonary histoplasmosis case. 226. Systemic mycosis in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with detection of cystofilobasidiales DNA. Science.gov (United States) Field, Cara L; Tuttle, Allison D; Sidor, Inga F; Nyaoke, Akinyi; Deering, Kathleen M; Gilbert-Marcheterre, Kelly; Risatti, Guillermo; Spoon, Tracey; Meegan, Jenny; Romano, Tracy A; Frasca, Salvatore; Dunn, J Lawrence 2012-03-01 A 6-yr-old, intact male California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with a systemic mycosis died after 5 wk of antifungal drug therapy. Antemortem clinical findings included hind flipper swelling, ring-lesions on skin of the flippers, and dermal nodules that increased in size and number spreading from the hind flippers and ventral abdomen to the foreflippers and muzzle. Lesions were accompanied by severe lymphadenopathy and development of systemic clinical signs despite therapy using itraconazole and later voriconazole. Histopathologic evaluation of biopsies revealed granulomatous dermatitis due to infection by fungus-producing yeast cells in tissue. Isolation attempts, using biopsied skin and tissue samples collected at necropsy, failed to yield growth of a fungus producing yeast cells like those in histologic section. Consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of biopsied skin for fungal DNA produced an amplicon having significant sequence identity with a Cystofilobasidiales, a fungus belonging to a subclade that includes several Cryptococcus spp. Histopathologic evaluation of necropsy tissues revealed a systemic mycosis with yeast cells disseminated throughout subcutis, lymph nodes, and viscera. Hepatic necrosis was identified associated with acute liver failure, possibly from the voriconazole administration. This is the first report documenting the clinical presentation, treatment, and pathologic findings of infection associated with Cystofilobasidiales in a marine mammal and serves to expand the understanding of mycoses in pinnipeds. 227. [Dementia in Patients with Central Nervous System Mycosis]. Science.gov (United States) Morita, Akihiko; Ishihara, Masaki; Konno, Michiko 2016-04-01 Central nervous system (CNS) mycosis is a potentially life-threatening but treatable neurological emergency. CNS mycoses progress slowly and are sometimes difficult to distinguish from dementia. Though most patients with CNS mycosis have an underlying disease, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and/or use of immunosuppressants, cryptococcosis can occur in non-immunosuppressed persons. One of the major difficulties in accurate diagnosis is to detect the pathogen in patients' cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures. Thus, the clinical diagnosis is often made by combining circumstantial evidence, including mononuclear cell-dominant pleocytosis with low glucose and protein elevation in the CSF, as well as positive results from an antigen-based assay and a (1-3)-beta-D-glucan assay using plasma and/or CSF. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostics, which are not performed as routine examinations and are mostly performed as part of academic research in Japan, are sensitive tools for the early diagnosis of CNS mycosis. Mognetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful to assess the complications of fungal meningitis, such as abscess, infarction, and hydrocephalus. Clinicians should realize the advantages and disadvantages of these diagnostic tools. Early and accurate diagnosis, including identification of the particular fungal species, enables optimal antifungal treatment that produces good outcomes in patients with CNS mycosis. 228. Chromoblastomycosis. Science.gov (United States) Queiroz-Telles, Flavio; de Hoog, Sybren; Santos, Daniel Wagner C L; Salgado, Claudio Guedes; Vicente, Vania Aparecida; Bonifaz, Alexandro; Roilides, Emmanuel; Xi, Liyan; Azevedo, Conceição de Maria Pedrozo E Silva; da Silva, Moises Batista; Pana, Zoe Dorothea; Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes; Walsh, Thomas J 2017-01-01 Chromoblastomycosis (CBM), also known as chromomycosis, is one of the most prevalent implantation fungal infections, being the most common of the gamut of mycoses caused by melanized or brown-pigmented fungi. CBM is mainly a tropical or subtropical disease that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around the world. The following characteristics are associated with this disease: (i) traumatic inoculation by implantation from an environmental source, leading to an initial cutaneous lesion at the inoculation site; (ii) chronic and progressive cutaneous and subcutaneous tissular involvement associated with fibrotic and granulomatous reactions associated with microabscesses and often with tissue proliferation; (iii) a nonprotective T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response with ineffective humoral involvement; and (iv) the presence of muriform (sclerotic) cells embedded in the affected tissue. CBM lesions are clinically polymorphic and are commonly misdiagnosed as various other infectious and noninfectious diseases. In its more severe clinical forms, CBM may cause an incapacity for labor due to fibrotic sequelae and also due to a series of clinical complications, and if not recognized at an early stage, this disease can be refractory to antifungal therapy. 229. Validation of western blot for Histoplasma capsulatum antibody detection assay. Science.gov (United States) Almeida, Marcos de Abreu; Pizzini, Cláudia Vera; Damasceno, Lisandra Serra; Muniz, Mauro de Medeiros; Almeida-Paes, Rodrigo; Peralta, Regina Helena Saramago; Peralta, José Mauro; Oliveira, Raquel de Vasconcelos Carvalhaes; Vizzoni, Alexandre Gomes; de Andrade, Carla Lourenço Tavares; Zancopé-Oliveira, Rosely Maria 2016-02-24 Histoplasmosis is worldwide systemic mycoses caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The isolation and identification of H. capsulatum in culture is the reference test for histoplasmosis diagnosis confirmation. However, in the absence of it, serology has been used as a presumptive diagnosis through antibody and antigen detection. The purpose of the present study was to validate an immunoassay method (western blot) for antibodies detection in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis. To validate the western blot (WB) a study was conducted using 118 serum samples from patients with histoplasmosis and 118 serum controls collected from January 2000 to December 2013 in residents of the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Diagnostic validation parameters were calculated based on the categorization of results obtained in a 2 × 2 table and subjected to statistical analysis. In addition, the viability of deglycosylated histoplasmin antigen (ptHMIN) onto nitrocellulose membranes previously sensitized was evaluated during the same period. The WB test showed sensitivity of 94.9 %, specificity of 94.1 %, positive predictive value of 94.1 %, negative predictive value of 94.9 %, accuracy of 94.5 %, and almost perfect precision. Besides, the strips have proved to be viable for using at least 5 years after ptHMIN antigen sensitization. Western blot test using ptHMIN provides sensitive, specific, and faster results. Therefore, could be considered a useful tool in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis being used by public health system, even in situations where laboratory facilities are relatively limited. 230. Agent-based modeling approach of immune defense against spores of opportunistic human pathogenic fungi Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Christian eTokarski 2012-04-01 Full Text Available Opportunistic human pathogenic fungi like the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus are a majorthreat to immunocompromised patients. An impaired immune system renders the body vulnerable to inva-sive mycoses that often lead to the death of the patient. While the number of immunocompromised patientsis rising with medical progress, the process and dynamics of defence against invaded and ready to germinatefungal conidia are still insufï¬ciently understood.Besides macrophages, neutrophil granulocytes form an important line of defence in that they clear conidia.Live imaging shows the interaction of those phagocytes and conidia as a dynamic process of touching, drag-ging and phagocytosis. To unravel strategies of phagocytes on the hunt for conidia an agent-based modelingapproach is used, implemented in NetLogo. Different modes of movement of phagocytes are tested regard-ing their clearing efï¬ciency: random walk, short term persistence in their recent direction, chemotaxis ofchemokines excreted by conidia and communication between phagocytes.

231. Cutaneous blastomycosis. An imported case with good response to itraconazole. Science.gov (United States) Bonifaz, Alexandro; Morales, Diana; Morales, Neredi; Mercadillo, Patricia; González, Gloria M; Hernández-Hernández, Francisca; Araiza, Javier; Vázquez-González, Denisse 2016-01-01 Blastomycosis is a subacute or chronic deep mycosis caused by a dimorphic fungus called Blastomyces dermatitidis, which generally produces a pulmonary form of the disease and, to a lesser extent, extra-pulmonary forms such as cutaneous, osteoarticular and genitourinary, among others. Cutaneous blastomycosis is the second clinical presentation in frequency. It is considered as primary when it begins by inoculation of the fungus due to traumas, and secondary when the lung fails to contain the infection. We present the case of a 57 yearold male who had a 5 year-history of an irregularly shaped verrucous infiltrative plaque related to and insect bite and posterior trauma due to the manipulation of the lesion. B. dermatitidis was identified using direct examination, stains, isolation in culture media, histopathology, and molecular studies. An antifungal susceptibility test was performed using method M38-A2 (CLSI). Clinical and mycological cure was achieved with itraconazole. This cutaneous blastomycosis case acquired in the United States (Indianapolis) is rather interesting and looks quite similar to other mycoses such as coccidioidomycosis or sporotrichosis. The presented case shows one of the multiple issues concerning migration between neighboring countries. Copyright © 2014 Revista Iberoamericana de MicologÃa. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved. 232. The efficacy and safety of sertaconazole cream (2 %) in diaper dermatitis candidiasis. Science.gov (United States) Bonifaz, Alexandro; Tirado-Sánchez, Andrés; Graniel, MarÃa José; Mena, Carlos; Valencia, Adriana; Ponce-Olivera, Rosa MarÃa 2013-04-01 Diaper dermatitis (DD) is an inflammatory irritating condition that is common in infants. Most cases are associated with the yeast colonization of Candida or diaper dermatitis candidiasis (DDC), and therefore, the signs and symptoms improve with antimycotic treatment. Sertaconazole is a broad-spectrum third-generation imidazole derivative that is effective and safe for the treatment for superficial mycoses, such as tineas, candidiasis, and pityriasis versicolor. Our goal was to assess the efficacy and safety of sertaconazole cream (2 %) in DDC. Twenty-seven patients with clinical and mycological diagnosis of DDC were enrolled and treated with 2 daily applications for 14 days and were followed-up for 2 further weeks. Three etiologic agents were isolated: Candida albicans in 88.8 %, Candida parapsilosis in 7.3 %, and Candida glabrata in 3.2 %. There was an average symptom reduction from 7.1 to 3.2 in the middle of treatment and to 1.2 and 0.4 units at the end of treatment and follow-up, respectively. The treatment evaluation at the end of the follow-up period showed a total clinical and mycological cure in 88.8 %, improvement in 3.7 %, and failure in 7.4 %. There was side effect (3.7 %) of skin irritation, but the drug was not discontinued. Based on its safety and effectiveness, sertaconazole cream may be considered a new alternative for DDC treatment. 233. In vitro characterization of Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes biofilms. Science.gov (United States) Costa-Orlandi, C B; Sardi, J C O; Santos, C T; Fusco-Almeida, A M; Mendes-Giannini, M J S 2014-01-01 Dermatophytes are fungi responsible for a disease known as dermatophytosis. Biofilms are sessile microbial communities surrounded by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and host defenses. This paper describes, for the first time, the characteristics of Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes biofilms. Biofilm formation was analyzed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) as well as by staining with crystal violet and safranin. Metabolic activity was determined using the XTT reduction assay. Both species were able to form mature biofilms in 72 h. T. rubrum biofilm produced more biomass and EPS and was denser than T. mentagrophytes biofilm. The SEM results demonstrated a coordinated network of hyphae in all directions, embedded within EPS in some areas. Research and characterization of biofilms formed by dermatophytes may contribute to the search of new drugs for the treatment of these mycoses and might inform future revisions with respect to the dose and duration of treatment of currently available antifungals. 234. Transcriptional profiling reveals the expression of novel genes in response to various stimuli in the human dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Aquino-Ferreira Roseli 2010-02-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Cutaneous mycoses are common human infections among healthy and immunocompromised hosts, and the anthropophilic fungus Trichophyton rubrum is the most prevalent microorganism isolated from such clinical cases worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the transcriptional profile of T. rubrum exposed to various stimuli in order to obtain insights into the responses of this pathogen to different environmental challenges. Therefore, we generated an expressed sequence tag (EST collection by constructing one cDNA library and nine suppression subtractive hybridization libraries. Results The 1388 unigenes identified in this study were functionally classified based on the Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences (MIPS categories. The identified proteins were involved in transcriptional regulation, cellular defense and stress, protein degradation, signaling, transport, and secretion, among other functions. Analysis of these unigenes revealed 575 T. rubrum sequences that had not been previously deposited in public databases. Conclusion In this study, we identified novel T. rubrum genes that will be useful for ORF prediction in genome sequencing and facilitating functional genome analysis. Annotation of these expressed genes revealed metabolic adaptations of T. rubrum to carbon sources, ambient pH shifts, and various antifungal drugs used in medical practice. Furthermore, challenging T. rubrum with cytotoxic drugs and ambient pH shifts extended our understanding of the molecular events possibly involved in the infectious process and resistance to antifungal drugs. 235. Cave Entrance dependent Spore Dispersion of Filamentous Fungi Isolated from Various Sediments of Iron Ore Cave in Brazil: a colloquy on human threats while caving Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Erika Linzi Silva Taylor 2014-04-01 Full Text Available Caves are stable environments with characteristics favoring the development of fungi. The fungal community present in a cave also includes pathogenic and opportunistic species out of which some are also served as energy sources in such energy stared ecosystems. Studies on microbial diversity and their role on such energy starved ecosystem are scarce. The present study was aimed to identify the cultivable filamentous fungi present in the various sediment of an iron ore cave and to recognize them as pathogenic and/or opportunistic species. Further the impact of cave entrance on the spore depositions on various distances dependent sediments were analyzed. The results suggest a diverse microbial community inhabiting the cave and an influence of cave entrance over spore deposition on various sediments. We counted a total of 4,549 filamentous fungi that included 34 species of 12 genera: Acremonium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Paecilomyces, Purpureocillium, Penicillium, Torula, Trichoderma, Mucor and Rhizopus. A positive significant relation was observed between spore deposition and distance from cave entrance (p= 0.001. Areas of potential mycoses risks were recognized. This is the first study on microbiological community of an iron ore cave in the country. 236. Sporotrichosis: an update. Science.gov (United States) Bonifaz, A; Vázquez-González, D 2010-10-01 Sporotrichosis is the most frequent and worldwide distributed subcutaneous mycoses. The aim of this article is to review the most recent aspects of sporotrichosis about its epidemiology, etiologic agents, mycologic characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. The causative agents of sporotrichosis belong to five well defined species of dimorphic fungi of the called Sporothrix schenckii complex. Sporotrichosis and its etiologic agents have specific endemic areas, but it is possible to find epidemics of the disease in practically every continent, the entrance via is cutaneous due to the inoculation of the fungi into the skin after a traumatism and less frequent due to respiratory way. Clinical manifestations are widely variable, with important involvement of the skin and the superficial lymphatic system, but also with affection of the mucosa and some organs like lungs, bones and joints. Nowadays sporotrichosis is considered a true zoonosis with important changes related to the endemic areas and the ecologic features of the causative pathogens. The therapy of choice is the potassium iodide (KI), but other alternatives are itraconazole, terbinafine, thermotherapy and in severe cases amphotericin B. The importance of the recognition of the clinical manifestations of the disease in some non-endemic areas helps to challenge the diagnosis and give an accurate therapy. 237. Mycological Pattern of Dermatomycoses in a Tertiary Care Hospital Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ravinder Kaur 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Background. Dermatomycoses are not diseases requiring compulsory notifications; rather they cause cosmetic defacements. Indian subcontinent with a varied topography is favorable for various fungal infections. Objective. To look for the epidemiological and mycological profile of superficial mycoses in North India. Methods. Three hundred and fifty-one clinical samples of skin, hair, and nail were examined to find the fungal etiology of the dermatomycoses. Results. Dermatomycoses were seen in 215/351 (61.2% of cases. Most common isolates obtained were nondermatophyte molds (NDMs (36.1%, followed by dermatophytes (13.8% and yeasts (8.6%. Aspergillus niger (9% was the most common mold. Trichophyton rubrum (4.6% was the most common dermatophyte isolated, while amongst the yeasts Non-albicans Candida (NAC species were more common (6%. Many other NDMs like Syncephalastrum spp., Cunninghamella spp., Rhodotorula spp., A. terreus, Scytalidium spp. and Scopulariopsis spp. were also isolated. Conclusion. Our study reflects an increasing role of NDMs (thought to be normal laboratory or environmental contaminants as a causative agent of dermatomycoses, replacing the dermatophytes. Clinician’s awareness of the demographic profile of the population involved along with more studies on dermatomycoses can help in understanding the etiological profile in area, leading to prevention of disease occurrence and cosmetic disfigurement. 238. INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) AnnaMaria Nosari 2012-01-01 Full Text Available Infectious complications have been known to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in CLL patients who are predisposed to infections because of both the humoral immunodepression inherent to hematologic disease, which is related to stage and duration of CLL, and to further immunosuppression related to therapy. The majority of infections in CLL patients treated with alkilating agents is of bacterial origin. The immunodeficiency and natural infectious history of alkylator-resistant, corticosteroid-treated patients appears to have changed with the administration of purine analogs, which has been complicated by very severe and unusual infections and also more viral infections due to sustained reduction of CD4-positive T lymphocytes. The following introduction of monoclonal antibody therapies, in particular alemtuzumab, further increased the immunodepression, increasing also infections which appeared more often in patients with recurrent neutropenia due to chemotherapy cycles. Epidemiological data regarding fungal infections in lymphoproliferative disorders are scarce. Italian SEIFEM group in a retrospective multicentre study regarding CLL patients reported an incidence of mycoses 0.5%; however, chronic lymphoproliferative disorders emerged as second haematological underlying disease after acute leukemia in a French study on aspergillosis; in particular CLL with aspergillosis accounted for a third of these chronic lymphoproliferative diseases presenting mould infection. 239. INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) AnnaMaria Nosari 2012-11-01 Full Text Available Infectious complications have been known to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in CLL patients who are predisposed to infections because of both the humoral immunodepression inherent to hematologic disease, which is related to stage and duration of CLL, and to further immunosuppression related to therapy. The majority of infections in CLL patients treated with alkilating agents is of bacterial origin. The immunodeficiency and natural infectious history of alkylator-resistant, corticosteroid-treated patients appears to have changed with the administration of purine analogs, which has been complicated by very severe and unusual infections and also more viral infections due to sustained reduction of CD4-positive T lymphocytes. The following introduction of monoclonal antibody therapies, in particular alemtuzumab, further increased the immunodepression, increasing also infections which appeared more often in patients with recurrent neutropenia due to chemotherapy cycles. Epidemiological data regarding fungal infections in lymphoproliferative disorders are scarce. Italian SEIFEM group in a retrospective multicentre study regarding CLL patients reported an incidence of mycoses 0.5%; however, chronic lymphoproliferative disorders emerged as second haematological underlying disease after acute leukemia in a French study on aspergillosis; in particular CLL with aspergillosis accounted for a third of these chronic lymphoproliferative diseases presenting mould infection. 240. Expression of chitinase genes of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates in lepidopteran pests and on synthetic media. Science.gov (United States) Bhanu Prakash, G V S; Padmaja, V; Jami, Sravan Kumar; Kirti, P B 2012-12-01 Pathogenecity of the well characterized entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae used for biocontrol of a wide range of insect pests secretes hydrolytic enzymes that degrade the host cuticle. The chitinolytic activity of high and low virulent isolates of M. anisopliae was assayed on minimal medium (MM) + colloidal chitin and MM supplemented with insect cuticles. Ex- pression pattern of four chitinase genes (chitinase (chi), chi 1, chi 2, chi 3) was profiled during pathogenic stages of the entomopathogen under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis confirmed that chitinase cDNAs were expressed during the germination of fungus under nutrientdeprived conditions. RT-PCR analysis performed for the four chitinase genes on the two insect hosts Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera at six developmental stages of the pathogen displayed up-regulation in S. litura at mycosed and conidiated condition while with H. armigera there was expression only after 48 h of incubation. Differential expression of chi, chi 1 and chi 2 genes in vitro (nitrogen rich and nitrogen limiting media) and in vivo (live insect hosts S. litura and H. armigera) implicate the role of substrate differences in pathogenesis. « 10 11 12 13 14 » « 11 12 13 14 15 » 241. Antifungal susceptibility testing for yeasts: how, when and why, according to the new EUCAST guidelines Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Esther Manso 2011-03-01 Full Text Available Antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts and the development of interpretive breakpoints are nowadays very important topics both for the increasing incidence of invasive mycoses and number of available antifungal drugs and for the appearance of acquired resistance. The Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (AFST of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST has recently released both the operative standards to evaluate the fermenting yeasts susceptibility against antimycotic drugs and the breakpoints for infections due to some Candida species and for some of the available antifungals. Antifungal susceptibility testing is mandatory on a routine base for: 1. therapeutic failure, 2. breakthrough fungemias, 3. on yeasts isolated from patients who recently received prophylactic antifungal treatments, and 4. when the deep-seated infection is due to less common yeasts, with an unknown susceptibility pattern. The Medical Mycology Committee (CoSM of the Italian Society of Clinical Microbiologists (AMCLI adopted the interpretive breakpoints of both CLSI and EUCAST. The operating procedure for antifungal susceptibility testing according to EUCAST is supported by the recommendation to use, when clinically necessary, validated commercial methods (Vitek2, Sensititre, E-test. Finally, the CoSM reports the recommendations for a correct management of antifungal susceptibility testing. 242. Network Modeling Reveals Cross Talk of MAP Kinases during Adaptation to Caspofungin Stress in Aspergillus fumigatus. Science.gov (United States) Altwasser, Robert; Baldin, Clara; Weber, Jakob; Guthke, Reinhard; Kniemeyer, Olaf; Brakhage, Axel A; Linde, Jörg; Valiante, Vito 2015-01-01 Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are highly conserved in eukaryotic organisms. In pathogenic fungi, their activities were assigned to different physiological functions including drug adaptation and resistance. Aspergillus fumigatus is a human pathogenic fungus, which causes life-threatening invasive infections. Therapeutic options against invasive mycoses are still limited. One of the clinically used drugs is caspofungin, which specifically targets the fungal cell wall biosynthesis. A systems biology approach, based on comprehensive transcriptome data sets and mathematical modeling, was employed to infer a regulatory network and identify key interactions during adaptation to caspofungin stress in A. fumigatus. Mathematical modeling and experimental validations confirmed an intimate cross talk occurring between the cell wall-integrity and the high osmolarity-glycerol signaling pathways. Specifically, increased concentrations of caspofungin promoted activation of these signalings. Moreover, caspofungin affected the intracellular transport, which caused an additional osmotic stress that is independent of glucan inhibition. High concentrations of caspofungin reduced this osmotic stress, and thus decreased its toxic activity. Our results demonstrated that MAPK signaling pathways play a key role during caspofungin adaptation and are contributing to the paradoxical effect exerted by this drug. 243. Caspofungin for the treatment of invasive fungal disease in hematological patients (ProCAS Study). Science.gov (United States) Jarque, I; Tormo, M; Bello, J L; Rovira, M; Batlle, M; Julià , A; Tabares, S; Rivas, C; Fernández-Sevilla, A; GarcÃa-Boyero, R; Debén, G; González-Campos, J; Capote, F J; Sanz, M A 2013-02-01 Caspofungin is an echinocandin with proven efficacy in invasive candidiasis (IC) and invasive aspergillosis (IA). This multicenter, prospective, non-comparative, observational ProCAS study was aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of caspofungin in adult hematological patients with IC or IA under everyday clinical conditions. Favorable outcomes included complete and partial responses on the last day of caspofungin therapy. Safety was assessed up to 14 days post-caspofungin. A total of 115 patients (69 male) with a median age of 52 years (range, 23-78 years) were analyzed. Underlying disease was acute myeloid leukemia in 45 patients (39%), and 21 (18%) were allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. Thirty-four (29.5%) patients had a diagnosis of IA and 26 (22.6%) had IC (candidemia). The median duration of caspofungin therapy was 14 days (range, 1-100). The overall favorable response rate was 77% (20/26) for patients with IC (69% first-line) and 79% (27/34) for those with IA. Antifungal therapy with caspofungin was generally well tolerated, only two (1.7%) patients having a non-serious drug-related adverse reaction. These results suggest that caspofungin, either alone or in combination, should be considered an effective and safe option for the treatment of invasive mycoses in patients with severe hematological disorders. 244. Analysis of black fungal biofilms occurring at domestic water taps. I: compositional analysis using Tag-Encoded FLX Amplicon Pyrosequencing. Science.gov (United States) Heinrichs, Guido; Hübner, Iris; Schmidt, Carsten K; de Hoog, G Sybren; Haase, Gerhard 2013-06-01 Mass growth of dark fungal biofilms on water taps and associated habitats was observed in various German drinking water distribution systems recently. Customers of affected drinking water systems are anxious about potential and unknown health risks. These environments are known to harbour a fungal flora also comprising a variety of fungal opportunists that are well known to cause superficial mycoses in humans (Exophiala equina, Exophiala lecanii-corni) but are not known to establish dark biofilms so far. To gain profound insight on composition of respective biofilms, a metagenomic approach using Tag-Encoded FLX Amplicon Pyrosequencing (TEFAP) of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 region in comparison with a classical cultivation approach using Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol and erythritol-chloramphenicol-agar was performed. E. lecanii-corni was found to be the major component in 10 of 13 biofilms analysed independently of the method used. Alternaria sp., E. equina, Fusarium spp. and Ochroconis spp. were also relatively abundant. As expected, TEFAP usually revealed a higher diversity than the cultivation approaches. For example, opportunistic species like Candida albicans or Exophiala dermatitidis were detected in very low amounts. In conclusion, TEFAP turned out to be a promising and powerful tool for the semi-quantitative analysis of fungal biofilms. Referring to relevant literature, potential biological hazards caused by fungi of the dark biofilms can be regarded as low. 245. Review of the new delayed-release oral tablet and intravenous dosage forms of posaconazole. Science.gov (United States) Guarascio, Anthony J; Slain, Douglas 2015-02-01 The triazole antifungal posaconazole was first approved as an oral suspension formulation. Despite pharmacokinetic target attainment and clinical efficacy in premarketing trials, postmarketing analyses indicated unpredictable bioavailability resulting in subtherapeutic concentrations and reports of breakthrough fungal infections. The newly approved posaconazole delayed-release tablet and intravenous formulations display more consistent bioavailability in the presence of concomitant disease states, medications, and dietary considerations that classically alter drug concentrations of the oral suspension. Both the delayed-release tablet and intravenous formulation display a similar adverse-effect profile to the oral suspension. The posaconazole delayed-release oral tablet is not significantly affected by gastric acid suppression therapy, and the intravenous dosage form provides an option for patients who are intubated or unable to tolerate oral medications. Pharmacoeconomic considerations, particularly with intravenous posaconazole, will likely play a role in dosage form selection and frequency of use. Due to sustained, higher drug concentrations, the new posaconazole formulations hold promise for greater efficacy in antifungal prophylaxis and bring opportunity for further study in the treatment of invasive mycoses. 246. Antifungal susceptibility survey of 2,000 bloodstream Candida isolates in the United States. Science.gov (United States) Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis; Rex, John H; Pappas, Peter G; Hamill, Richard J; Larsen, Robert A; Horowitz, Harold W; Powderly, William G; Hyslop, Newton; Kauffman, Carol A; Cleary, John; Mangino, Julie E; Lee, Jeannette 2003-10-01 Candida bloodstream isolates (n = 2,000) from two multicenter clinical trials carried out by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group between 1995 and 1999 were tested against amphotericin B (AMB), flucytosine (5FC), fluconazole (FLU), itraconazole (ITR), voriconazole (VOR), posaconazole (POS), caspofungin (CFG), micafungin (MFG), and anidulafungin (AFG) using the NCCLS M27-A2 microdilution method. All drugs were tested in the NCCLS-specified RPMI 1640 medium except for AMB, which was tested in antibiotic medium 3. A sample of isolates was also tested in RPMI 1640 supplemented to 2% glucose and by using the diluent polyethylene glycol (PEG) in lieu of dimethyl sulfoxide for those drugs insoluble in water. Glucose supplementation tended to elevate the MIC, whereas using PEG tended to decrease the MIC. Trailing growth occurred frequently with azoles. Isolates were generally susceptible to AMB, 5FC, and FLU. Rates of resistance to ITR approached 20%. Although no established interpretative breakpoints are available for the candins (CFG, MFG, and AFG) and the new azoles (VOR and POS), they all exhibited excellent antifungal activity, even for those strains resistant to the other aforementioned agents. 247. Data on morphological features of mycosis induced by Colletotrichum nymphaeae and Lecanicillium longisporum on citrus orthezia scale Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gabriel Moura Mascarin 2016-09-01

Full Text Available We describe symptoms of mycosis induced by two native fungal entomopathogens of the citrus orthezia scale, Praelongorthezia praelonga (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae, an important pest of citrus orchards. The data presented in this article are related to the article entitled “Seasonal prevalence of the insect pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum nymphaeae in Brazilian citrus groves under different chemical pesticide regimes†[1]. The endemic fungal pathogen, C. nymphaeae, emerges through the thin cuticular intersegmental regions of the citrus orthezia scale body revealing orange salmon-pigmented conidiophores bearing conidial masses, as well as producing rhizoid-like hyphae that extend over the citrus leaf. By contrast, nymphs or adult females of this scale insect infected with Lecanicillium longisporum exhibit profuse outgrowth of bright white-pigmented conidiophores with clusters of conidia emerging from the insect intersegmental membranes, and mycosed cadavers are commonly observed attached to the leaf surface by hyphal extensions. These morphological differences are important features to discriminate these fungal entomopathogens in citrus orthezia scales. 248. Patterns of skin disease in a sample of the federal prison population: a retrospective chart review Science.gov (United States) Gavigan, Geneviève; McEvoy, Alana; Walker, James 2016-01-01 Background: Dermatology in vulnerable populations is under-researched. Our objective was to analyze the most commonly referred skin diseases affecting the Correctional Service Canada inmates in Ontario. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, retrospective chart review of inmate patients seen from 2008 until 2013 was performed. Two groups of patients were included in the analysis: those assessed in-person, and those evaluated by e-consult. Results: In the in-person patient group, the 3 most common diagnoses were acne, psoriasis and other superficial mycoses. For the e-consult group, the 3 most frequent diagnoses were acne, psoriasis and rosacea. There was a clear bias toward more inmates being seen in-person where the service was provided (Collins Bay Institution) than from other correctional institutions in Eastern Ontario. Interpretation: Most of the skin diseases that affected the incarcerated population studied were common afflictions, similar to those affecting the general population, which is in agreement with other studies. Future studies investigating skin diseases in male and female inmates across Canada would bestow more generalizable data. PMID:27398381 249. Mutations in the Cyp51A gene and susceptibility to itraconazole in Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from avian farms in France and China. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Dong Ying; Gricourt, Marine; Arné, Pascal; Thierry, Simon; Seguin, Dominique; Chermette, René; Huang, Wei Yi; Dannaoui, Eric; Botterel, Françoise; Guillot, Jacques 2014-01-01 Azole resistance in the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is an emerging problem and may develop during azole therapy in humans and animals or exposure to azole fungicides in the environment. To assess the potential risk of azole-resistance emergence in avian farms where azole compounds are used for the control of avian mycoses, we conducted a drug susceptibility study including A. fumigatus isolates from birds and avian farms in France and Southern China. A total number of 175 isolates were analyzed: 57 isolates were collected in France in avian farms where chemoprophylaxis with parconazole was performed; 51 isolates were collected in southern China in avian farms where no chemoprophylaxis was performed; and 67 additional isolates came from the collection of a mycology laboratory. No resistant isolate was detected, and the distribution of minimum inhibitory concentrations was similar for isolates collected in farms with or without azole chemoprophylaxis. For 61 randomly selected isolates, the full coding sequence of the Cyp51A gene was determined to detect mutations. Nine amino acid alterations were found in the target enzyme, 3 of which were new. 250. Antifungal effect of various essential oils against Candida albicans. Potentiation of antifungal action of amphotericin B by essential oil from Thymus vulgaris. Science.gov (United States) Giordani, R; Regli, P; Kaloustian, J; Mikaïl, C; Abou, L; Portugal, H 2004-12-01 The antifungal effect of the essential oil from Satureja montana L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Lavandula hybrida Reverchon, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merril and Perry, Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and six chemotypes of Thymus vulgaris L. on Candida albicans growth were studied. The most efficiency was obtained with the essential oil from Thymus vulgaris thymol chemotype (MIC 80% = 0.016 microL/mL and Kaff = 296 microL/mL). The presence in the culture medium of essential oil from Thymus vulgaris thymol chemotype (0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 microg/mL) and amphotericin B involved a decrease of the MIC 80% of amphotericin B. In contrast, the combination of amphotericin B and low concentrations (0.00031-0.0025 microg/mL) of essential oil was antagonistic. The strongest decrease (48%) of the MIC 80% was obtained with medium containing 0.2 microL/mL of essential oil. These results signify that the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris thymol chemotype potentiates the antifungal action of amphotericin B suggesting a possible utilization of this essential oil in addition to antifungal drugs for the treatment of mycoses. 251. Development a diagnostic pan-dermatophyte TaqMan probe real-time PCR assay based on beta tubulin gene. Science.gov (United States) Mirhendi, Hossein; Motamedi, Marjan; Makimura, Koichi; Satoh, Kazuo 2016-08-01 Early differentiation of dermatophytosis from other cutaneous mycoses is essential to avoid inaccurate therapy. DNA-based techniques including real-time PCR have increasingly been considered for detection of fungal elements in clinical specimens. In this study, after partial sequence analysis of beta tubulin (BT2) gene in 13 common and rare pathogenic dermatophyte species, a pan-dermatophyte primer and probe set was designed in a TaqMan probe-based PCR format. The sensitivity and specificity of the system was tested with 22 reference strains of dermatophytes, 234 positive clinical specimens, 32 DNA samples extracted from normal nails, several fungi other than dermatophytes and human DNAs. Analytical detection limit of the designed PCR on serially diluted DNAs of prepared recombinant plasmid indicated that only five molecules per sample are the minimum number for reliable detection by the assay. A total of 226 out of 234 (96.5%) DNAs extracted from clinical samples, but none of the 32 nail samples, from healthy volunteers were positive in PCR. The real-time PCR targeted beta tubulin gene established in this study could be a sensitive diagnostic tool which is significantly faster than the conventional culture method and should be useful in the clinical settings, in large-scale epidemiological studies and in clinical trials of antifungal therapy. 252. Larvas de simulÃdeos (Diptera, Simuliidae do centro oeste, sudeste e sul do Brasil, parasitadas por microsporÃdeos (Protozoa e mermitÃdeos (Nematoda Simulids larvae (Diptera, Simuliidae from middle western, southeastern and southern Brazil, with microsporids (Protozoa and mermithids (Nematoda parasites Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Carmen Ambrós Ginarte 2003-09-01 Full Text Available A survey of simulid larval parasites was carried out in different localities of the states of Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from February 1996 to May 1998. Prevalences for the microsporidian Polydispyrenia simulii Lutz & Splendore, 1908 were found in Morungaba and Leme, São Paulo, ranging from around 0.7 to 66.7%, depending mainly on the host simulid species. Microsporidiosis was registered in localities of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. Parasitism by Isomermis sp. (Nematoda, Mermithidae was found in Simulium larvae from Serra do Japi, ranging from 0.8 to 45.8%, depending on the simulid species and the larval microhabitat in the stream, whether a cemented ramp in a lake outlet or the natural stream bed. Parasitism by mermithids was also found in ten localities. Mycoses caused by Coelomycidium sp. were for the first time recorded for larvae of Simulium (Chirostilbia pertinax Kollar, 1832. 253. Clinical Use of Fungal PCR from Deep Tissue Samples in the Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases - A Retrospective, Observational Study. Science.gov (United States) Ala-Houhala, Mari; Koukila-Kähkölä, Pirkko; Antikainen, Jenni; Valve, Jaana; Kirveskari, Juha; Anttila, Veli-Jukka 2017-09-01 We evaluated the clinical use of panfungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs). We focused on the deep tissue samples. We first described the design of panfungal PCR, which is in clinical use at Helsinki University Hospital. Secondly, we retrospectively evaluated the results of 307 fungal PCR tests performed from 2013-2015. Samples were taken from normally sterile tissues and fluids. The patient population was non-selected. We classified the likelihood of IFD according to the criteria of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG), compering the fungal PCR results to the likelihood of IFD along with the culture and microscopy results. There were 48 (16%) positive and 259 (84%) negative PCR results. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR for diagnosing invasive fungal disease were 60.5% and 91.7%, respectively, while the NPV and PPV were 93.4% and 54.2%, respectively. The concordance between the PCR and the culture results was 86% and 87% between PCR and microscopy, respectively. Of the 48 patients with positive PCR results 23 had a proven or probable IFD. Fungal PCR can be useful for diagnosing IFDs in deep tissue samples. It is beneficial to combine fungal PCR with culture and microscopy. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 254. Identification and molecular epidemiology of dermatophyte isolates by repetitive-sequence-PCR-based DNA fingerprinting using the DiversiLab system in Turkey. Science.gov (United States) Koc, A Nedret; Atalay, Mustafa A; Inci, Melek; Sariguzel, Fatma M; Sav, Hafize 2017-05-01 Dermatophyte species, isolation and identification in clinical samples are still difficult and take a long time. The identification and molecular epidemiology of dermatophytes commonly isolated in a clinical laboratory in Turkey by repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) were assessed by comparing the results with those of reference identification. A total of 44 dermatophytes isolated from various clinical specimens of 20 patients with superficial mycoses in Kayseri and 24 patients in Hatay were studied. The identification of dermatophyte isolates was based on the reference identification and rep-PCR using the DiversiLab System (BioMerieux). The genotyping of dermatophyte isolates from different patients was determined by rep-PCR. In the identification of dermatophyte isolates, agreement between rep-PCR and conventional methods was 87.8 % ( 36 of 41). The dermatophyte strains belonged to four clones (A -D) which were determined by the use of rep-PCR. The dermatophyte strains in Clone B, D showed identical patterns with respect to the region. In conclusion, rep-PCR appears to be useful for evaluation of the identification and clonal relationships between Trichophyton rubrum species complex and Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex isolates. The similarity and diversity of these isolates may be assessed according to different regions by rep-PCR. © 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH. 255. Prospective multicentre PCR-based Aspergillus DNA screening in high-risk patients with and without primary antifungal mould prophylaxis. Science.gov (United States) Springer, J; Lackner, M; Nachbaur, D; Girschikofsky, M; Risslegger, B; Mutschlechner, W; Fritz, J; Heinz, W J; Einsele, H; Ullmann, A J; Löffler, J; Lass-Flörl, C 2016-01-01 Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and, among other factors, this is due to a delay in diagnosis performed with conventional techniques. A prospective, multicentre study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Aspergillus DNA screening in the early diagnosis of IA. Patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy for acute leukaemia were enrolled for biomarker screening. Three centres applied the same protocol for in-house PCR, which was compliant with the European Aspergillus PCR Initiative recommendations, to guarantee the highest diagnostic standards. Two thousand one hundred and twenty-eight sera from 213 patients were investigated and stratified according to the revised European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria for invasive fungal disease. The incidence rates of probable and possible IA were 18% and 38%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of PCR were superior in antifungal drug-naive patients, being 71.4%, 92.3%, and 62.5%, respectively. The last of these key performance indicators (PPV) was moderate in patients receiving primary prophylaxis, at 5.4%. Negative predictive values for both strategies applied were 100% with and 98.3% without antifungal mould prophylaxis. PCR has the potential to play a decisive role in the diagnosis and management of Aspergillus infections in centres not applying primary antifungal mould prophylaxis. 256. Inhibition of the Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase Siderophore A (SidA) Blocks Siderophore Biosynthesis and Aspergillus fumigatus Growth. Science.gov (United States) MartÃn Del Campo, Julia S; Vogelaar, Nancy; Tolani, Karishma; Kizjakina, Karina; Harich, Kim; Sobrado, Pablo 2016-11-18 Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and the most common causative agent of fatal invasive mycoses. The flavin-dependent monooxygenase siderophore A (SidA) catalyzes the oxygen and NADPH dependent hydroxylation of l-ornithine (l-Orn) to N(5)-l-hydroxyornithine in the biosynthetic pathway of hydroxamate-containing siderophores in A. fumigatus. Deletion of the gene that codes for SidA has shown that it is essential in establishing infection in mice models. Here, a fluorescence polarization highthroughput assay was used to screen a 2320 compound library for inhibitors of SidA. Celastrol, a natural quinone methide, was identified as a noncompetitive inhibitor of SidA with a MIC value of 2 μM. Docking experiments suggest that celastrol binds across the NADPH and l-Orn pocket. Celastrol prevents A. fumigatus growth in blood agar. The addition of purified ferric-siderophore abolished the inhibitory effect of celastrol. Thus, celastrol inhibits A. fumigatus growth by blocking siderophore biosynthesis through SidA inhibiton. 257. Dermatomycosis: Conditions that contribute to the disease development Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Stojanov Igor M. 2011-01-01 Full Text Available Skin lesions caused by dermatophytes are classified depending on the infected skin structure: surface layer of cutis, fur layer, clutches or nails. Surface mycoses are caused by dermatophytes: Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton species (also important are Malassezia spp., Candida spp., and Trichosporon. Skin is the target tissue for fungal infections if the epithelial layer is damaged and immune system cannot cope with the infection, or if the conditions are favorable for dermatophytes, which spread in the cutis due to the enzyme activities. Dermatophytes can be found on skin surface if they contaminate or colonize epidermis or hair follicles. However, clinical symptoms of lesion on the skin are sometimes absent. According to the literature data 6-9% of skin lesions are caused by dermatophyte in human medicine. Similar situation is in veterinary medicine. Fungus that cause dermatomycosis are widespread in the nature and could be divided into: zoophilic, geophilic and anthrophilic. The goal of this paper is to present the latest knowledge in pathogenesis on dermatomycosis, predisposing factors important for the outcome of the disease, and immunological reaction of organism to the fungal infection. Our intention is to summarize the subject and present the facts related to specific problems in dermatomycosis. 258. Clinical Evaluation of Superficial Fungal Infections in Children Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ragıp ErtaÅŸ 2015-12-01 Full Text Available Objective: This retrospective study was referred to evaluate 51 cases of superficial mycoses, referred to our Pediatric Dermatology outpatient clinic in one year. Methods: We reviewed following data for all patients: age, gender, accompanied diseases, clinical types, localization and treatment. Superficial mycotic infections were diagnosed on the basis of clinical picture, direct microscopy and some of them were confirmed by fungal cultures. Results: Our patients comprised 33 boys (64.7% and 18 girls (35.3%, with an average age of 6.2 years (range 4 months to 17 years. Eighteen patients (35.3% had dermatophytes on the scalp. Clinical forms, in the order of frequency, were: tinea capitis profunda in 10 patients (19.6%, tinea capitis superficialis in 8 patients (15.8%, tinea unguium in 8 patients (15.8%. Tinea capitis (35.3% was the most frequent form of dermatomycosis. The most common symptom was the pruritus. Thirty (58% patients were treated with local antimycotics and 21 (42% patients were treated with systemic terbinafine or itraconazole. Conclusion: In this study it was found that, tinea capitis was the most frequent form of dermatomycosis and onychomycosis in children are not uncommon as it is mentioned. The data also suggest that topical antifungal agents may be effective and well-tolerated in the treatment of onychomycosis and tinea capitis in children. 259. Dermatophytes and saprobe fungi isolated from dogs and cats in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Paixão G.C. 2001-01-01 Full Text Available The possible involvement of saprobe fungi in dermatomycoses, as well as the determination of the incidence of dermatophytes in dogs and cats were studied. During a period of one year, 74 dogs and 18 cats, with cutaneous lesions suggesting mycoses were included in this study. The mycological analyses were conducted by direct microscopy and by fungal culture on Sabouraud agar, chloramphenicol Sabouraud agar and mycosel agar. Of the 92 samples, 21 resulted in positive cultures for dermatophytes. Dermatophyte fungi pure cultures were obtained from 13 samples. A simultaneous growth of dermatophytes plus saprobe fungi was observed in 8 of the samples. Of the remaining 71 samples, no fungal growth was observed in 10 samples, and at minimum the growth of one saprobe fungi in 61. One, two and three genera of saprobe fungi were isolated in 29, 30 and 2 samples, respectively. Microsporum canis was isolated in 6 (28.6 % and 10 samples (47.6 % from cats and dogs, respectively, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in 2 (9.5 % and 3 samples (14.3 % from cats and dogs, respectively. The following genera of saprobe fungi were also isolated: Alternaria sp (1.9%, Chaetomium sp (1.9%, Rhizopus sp (2.9%, Curvularia sp (3.9%, Candida sp (6.8%, Trichoderma sp (6.8%, Fusarium sp (7.8%, Cladosporium sp (8.7%, Penicillium sp (21.4% and Aspergillus sp (37.9%. 260. Synthesis, X-ray Single Crystal Structure, Molecular Docking and DFT Computations on N-[(1E-1-(2H-1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl-3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylpropylidene]-hydroxylamine: A New Potential Antifungal Agent Precursor Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Reem I. Al-Wabli 2017-02-01 Full Text Available Mycoses are serious health problem, especially in immunocompromised individuals. A new imidazole-bearing compound containing an oxime functionality was synthesized and characterized with different spectroscopic techniques to be used for the preparation of new antifungal agents. The stereochemistry of the oxime double bond was unequivocally determined via the single crystal X-ray technique. The title compound 4, C13H13N3O3·C3H8O, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21with a = 9.0963(3 Ã…, b = 14.7244(6 Ã…, c = 10.7035(4 Ã…, β = 94.298 (3°, V = 1429.57(9 Ã…3, Z = 2. The molecules were packed in the crystal structure by eight intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions. A comprehensive spectral analysis of the title molecule 4 has been performed based on the scaled quantum mechanical (SQM force field obtained by densityfunctional theory (DFT calculations. A molecular docking study illustrated the binding mode of the title compound 4 into its target protein. The preliminary antifungal activity of the title compound 4 was determined using a broth microdilution assay. « 11 12 13 14 15 » « 12 13 14 15 16 » 261. Recurrent Scedosporium apiospermum mycetoma successfully treated by surgical excision and terbinafine treatment: a case report and review of the literature. Science.gov (United States) Tóth, Eszter J; Nagy, Géza R; Homa, Mónika; Ãbrók, Marianna; Kiss, Ildikó É; Nagy, Gábor; Bata-CsörgÅ‘, Zsuzsanna; Kemény, Lajos; Urbán, Edit; Vágvölgyi, Csaba; Papp, Tamás 2017-04-14 Scedosporium apiospermum is an emerging opportunistic filamentous fungus, which is notorious for its high levels of antifungal-resistance. It is able to cause localized cutaneous or subcutaneous infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent persons, pulmonary infections in patients with predisposing pulmonary diseases and invasive mycoses in immunocompromised patients. Subcutaneous infections caused by this fungus frequently show chronic mycetomatous manifestation. We report the case of a 70-year-old immunocompromised man, who developed a fungal mycetomatous infection on his right leg. There was no history of trauma; the aetiological agent was identified by microscopic examination and ITS sequencing. This is the second reported case of S. apiospermum subcutaneous infections in Hungary, which was successfully treated by surgical excision and terbinafine treatment. After 7 months, the patient remained asymptomatic. Considering the antifungal susceptibility and increasing incidence of the fungus, Scedosporium related subcutaneous infections reported in the past quarter of century in European countries were also reviewed. Corticosteroid treatment represents a serious risk factor of S. apiospermum infections, especially if the patient get in touch with manure-enriched or polluted soil or water. Such infections have emerged several times in European countries in the past decades. The presented data suggest that besides the commonly applied voriconazole, terbinafine may be an alternative for the therapy of mycetomatous Scedosporium infections. 262. An official American Thoracic Society statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Science.gov (United States) Limper, Andrew H; Knox, Kenneth S; Sarosi, George A; Ampel, Neil M; Bennett, John E; Catanzaro, Antonino; Davies, Scott F; Dismukes, William E; Hage, Chadi A; Marr, Kieren A; Mody, Christopher H; Perfect, John R; Stevens, David A 2011-01-01 With increasing numbers of immune-compromised patients with malignancy, hematologic disease, and HIV, as well as those receiving immunosupressive drug regimens for the management of organ transplantation or autoimmune inflammatory conditions, the incidence of fungal infections has dramatically increased over recent years. Definitive diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infections has also been substantially assisted by the development of newer diagnostic methods and techniques, including the use of antigen detection, polymerase chain reaction, serologies, computed tomography and positron emission tomography scans, bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and video-assisted thorascopic biopsy. At the same time, the introduction of new treatment modalities has significantly broadened options available to physicians who treat these conditions. While traditionally antifungal therapy was limited to the use of amphotericin B, flucytosine, and a handful of clinically available azole agents, current pharmacologic treatment options include potent new azole compounds with extended antifungal activity, lipid forms of amphotericin B, and newer antifungal drugs, including the echinocandins. In view of the changing treatment of pulmonary fungal infections, the American Thoracic Society convened a working group of experts in fungal infections to develop a concise clinical statement of current therapeutic options for those fungal infections of particular relevance to pulmonary and critical care practice. This document focuses on three primary areas of concern: the endemic mycoses, including histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis; fungal infections of special concern for immune-compromised and critically ill patients, including cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, and Pneumocystis pneumonia; and rare and emerging fungal infections. 263. Deep-Seated Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Patients in Iran before and after Treatments Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Shahindokht Bassiri Jahromi Ali Asghar Khaksar 2005-03-01 Full Text Available During the last two decades or so, the incidence of fungal infections has increased dramatically. Deep- seated mycoses are creating serious problems for clinicians working with certain populations of patients, such as those with cancer, the immunocompromised, and physiologically compromised.A study of fungal isolated for identification of deep fungal infections, risk factors and etiologic agents in immunocompromised patients was carried out in the section of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran from 1994 to 2001. Eighty two immunosupressed patients with deep fungal infection were retrospectively analyzed for etiology and risk factors. They had one or more predisposing factors to disseminated fungal infections. Diagnosis was established by demonstration of fungus in direct and cultural examinations. Candida spp. were isolated in 67% (36.5% C. albicans and 30.5% non-albincans, and Aspergillus spp. were isolated in 15% of cases. The most frequent risk factors were hematologic malignancy (ALL, lymphoma, Hodgkin, multiple myeloma and diabetes mellitus. This study suggests that in immunocompromised patients, fungal infections especially in saprophytic infections, back ground evaluation and clinical features, correspondence of clinical symptoms and laboratory examinations should be considered and investigation of other factors which created the infection will lead us to a clear picture of patients situation. 264. Mucormycosis in Cairo, Egypt: review of 10 reported cases. Science.gov (United States)

Zaki, Sherif M; Elkholy, Iman M; Elkady, Nadia A; Abdel-Ghany, Khayria 2014-01-01 We report on 10 cases of mucormycosis, as defined by The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) standards of invasive fungal diseases, among patients with a recent history of neutropenia, prolonged use of corticosteroids and treatment with immunosuppressants. They were all observed at the Ain Shams University Specialized Hospital in Cairo, Egypt, during the year 2010. These cases were categorized as 50% proven and 50% probable, with none considered to be possible mucormycosis. The median age of the patients discussed in this report was 50 years (range 22-68 years), of which 80% were male and 20% were female. Uncontrolled diabetes with ketoacidosis was noted in 60% of cases, while 40% of the patients had undergone liver transplantations. Pulmonary mucormycosis was the predominant presentation as it was noted in 80% of cases, but there was only 20% sinus involvement. Members of the genus Lichtheimia were the most common etiologic agents (40% of all cases), whereas Rhizopus ssp. were recovered from 30% of cases, Syncephalastrum spp. in 20%, and 10% of patients were infected with Rhizomucor. Liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (LAMB) was successfully used to treat all the cases described in this report. We concluded that the incidence of mucormycosis was relatively high during the study period in this onecenter study and that additional studies looking into the diagnosis and the control of mucormycosis in Egypt are required. 265. Fungal infection in organ transplant patients Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 洪微; 温海; 廖万清 2003-01-01 Purpose To review the characteristics and evolution of the fungal spectrum, and the risk factors causing fungal infection, and to make progress in diagnosing fungal infection after organ transplantation.Data sources An English-language literature search (MEDLINE 1990-2000) and bibliographic review of textbooks and review articles.Study selection Twentythree articles were selected from the literature that specifically addressed the stated purpose.Results Fungal infections in organ transplant patients were generally divided into two types: â‘ disseminated primary or reactivation infection with one of the geographically restricted systemic mycoses; â‘¡ opportunistic infection by fungal species that rarely cause invasive infection in normal hosts. The risk factors of fungal infection after a transplant can be evaluated and predicted according to the organ recipient ’s conditions before, during and after the transplant. Progress in early diagnostic methods during the past 10 years has mainly revolved around two aspects, culture and non-culture. Conclusions It is important to undertake a systemic evaluation on the condition of the organ recipient before, during and after a transplant; should any risk factor for fungal infection be suspected, diagnosis should be made as early as possible by employing mycological techniques including culture and non-culture methods. 266. Fungal Zinc Homeostasis - A Tug of War Between the Pathogen and Host. Science.gov (United States) Walencik, Paulina K; Watly, Joanna; Rowinska-Zyrek, Magdalena 2016-01-01 In the last decade, drug resistant invasive mycoses have become significantly more common and new antifungal drugs and ways to specifically deliver them to the fungal cell are being looked for. One of the biggest obstacles in finding such comes from the fact that fungi share essential metabolic pathways with humans. One significant difference in the metabolism of those two cells that can be challenged when looking for possible selective therapeutics is the uptake of zinc, a nutrient crucial for the fungal survival and virulence. This work summarizes the recent advances in the biological inorganic chemistry of zinc metabolism in fungi. The regulation of zinc uptake, various types of its transmembrane transport, storage and the maintenance of intracellular zinc homeostasis is discussed in detail, with a special focus on the concept of a constant 'tug of war' over zinc between the fungus and its host, with the host trying to withhold essential Zn(II), and the fungus counteracting by producing high-affinity zinc binding molecules. 267. Isobolographic analysis of pharmacodynamic interactions between antifungal agents and ciprofloxacin against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Science.gov (United States) Stergiopoulou, Theodouli; Meletiadis, Joseph; Sein, Tin; Papaioannidou, Paraskevi; Tsiouris, Ioannis; Roilides, Emmanuel; Walsh, Thomas J 2008-06-01 Patients suffering from invasive mycoses often receive concomitant antifungal therapy and antibacterial agents. Assessment of pharmacodynamic interactions between antifungal and antibacterial agents is complicated by the absence of a common antifungal end point for both agents. Ciprofloxacin has no intrinsic antifungal activity but may interact with antifungal agents, since it inhibits DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II), which is abundant in fungi. We therefore employed isobolographic analysis adapted to incorporate a nonactive agent in order to analyze the potential in vitro interaction between the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin and several representative antifungal agents against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus strains by using a microdilution checkerboard technique. In agreement with earlier in vitro studies, conventional fractional inhibitory concentration index analysis was unable to detect interactions between ciprofloxacin and antifungal agents. However, isobolographic analysis revealed significant pharmacodynamic interactions between antifungal agents and ciprofloxacin against C. albicans and A. fumigatus strains. Amphotericin B demonstrated concentration-dependent interactions for both species, with synergy (interaction indices, 0.14 to 0.81) observed at ciprofloxacin concentrations of Isobolographic analysis may help to elucidate the pharmacodynamic interactions between antifungal and non-antifungal agents and to develop better management strategies against invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis. 268. Epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Venezuela. Science.gov (United States) Mata-Essayag, Sofia; Delgado, Alejandro; Colella, Maria T; Landaeta-Nezer, Maria E; Rosello, Arantza; Perez de Salazar, Celina; Olaizola, Carolina; Hartung, Claudia; Magaldi, Sylvia; Velasquez, Etna 2013-08-01 Sporotrichosis is one of the most common subcutaneous mycoses in Venezuela. It is a granulomatous chronic infection with cutaneous or subcutaneous tissue lesions. Regional lymphatic involvement may be present; extracutaneous disease is rare. The causal fungus Sporothrix schenckii has been isolated from soil, vegetation, and animals on numerous occasions and in many localities throughout the world. The aim of this study is to describe clinical and epidemiological features of cases of sporotrichosis observed in Venezuela and review of the literature. We included the demographic data, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatment, and follow-up of patients with sporotrichosis from 1963 to 2009, diagnosed at the Department of Medical Mycology. One-hundred and thirty-three sporotrichosis cases were diagnosed. Most patients were under the age of 30 years (66.15%). In 61.6% of them, the mode of transmission was not identified. The predominant clinical form in this population was lymphocutaneous (63.15%). Direct microscopic diagnosis was performed in 123 cases, and 57.9% yielded positive results for asteroid body. Sporotrichosis is an endemic subcutaneous mycosis in Venezuela. There are no reports to this date of disseminated forms of the disease, even amongst patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Direct microscopic examination of wet mount slides with saline solution or distilled water in the search for asteroid bodies is paramount. Saturated sodium and potassium iodine solutions continue to be extremely efficacious and affordable to most of our patients, therefore our treatment of choice. © 2013 The International Society of Dermatology. 269. Is the emergence of fungal resistance to medical triazoles related to their use in the agroecosystems? A mini review. Science.gov (United States) Ribas E Ribas, AÃcha Daniela; Spolti, Pierri; Del Ponte, Emerson Medeiros; Donato, Katarzyna Zawada; Schrekker, Henri; Fuentefria, Alexandre Meneghello Triazole fungicides are used broadly for the control of infectious diseases of both humans and plants. The surge in resistance to triazoles among pathogenic populations is an emergent issue both in agriculture and medicine. The non-rational use of fungicides with site-specific modes of action, such as the triazoles, may increase the risk of antifungal resistance development. In the medical field, the surge of resistant fungal isolates has been related to the intensive and recurrent therapeutic use of a limited number of triazoles for the treatment and prophylaxis of many mycoses. Similarities in the mode of action of triazole fungicides used in these two fields may lead to cross-resistance, thus expanding the spectrum of resistance to multiple fungicides and contributing to the perpetuation of resistant strains in the environment. The emergence of fungicide-resistant isolates of human pathogens has been related to the exposure to fungicides used in agroecosystems. Examples include species of cosmopolitan occurrence, such as Fusarium and Aspergillus, which cause diseases in both plants and humans. This review summarizes the information about the most important triazole fungicides that are largely used in human clinical therapy and agriculture. We aim to discuss the issues related to fungicide resistance and the recommended strategies for preventing the emergence of triazole-resistant fungal populations capable of spreading across environments. 270. Fungal infections of the oral mucosa. Science.gov (United States) Krishnan, P Anitha 2012-01-01 Fungal infections in humans occur as a result of defects in the immune system. An increasing emergence in oral Candidal and non-Candidal fungal infections is evident in the past decade owing to the rise in the immunodeficient and immunocompromised population globally. Oral Candidal infection usually involves a compromised host and the compromise may be local or systemic. Local compromising factors include decreased salivation, poor oral hygiene, wearing dentures among others while systemic factors include diabetes mellitus, nutritional deficiency, HIV infection/AIDS and others. Oral candidiasis is generally a localized infection and rarely appears as a systemic fungal disease whereas oral nonCandidal fungal infections are usually signs of disseminated disease. Some of the non-Candidal fungi that were once considered exotic and geographically restricted are now seen worldwide, beyond their natural habitat, probably attributed to globalization and travels. Currently infections from these fungi are more prevalent than before and they may present either as primary oral lesions or as oral manifestations of systemic mycoses. This review discusses the various predisposing factors, clinical presentations, clinical differential diagnosis, diagnosis and management of oral candidiasis, as well as briefly highlights upon a few of the more exotic non-Candidal fungi that infect the oral mucosa. 271. Historical aspects of dermatomycoses. Science.gov (United States) Negroni, Ricardo 2010-03-04 Physicians have been aware of superficial fungal infections for centuries, but the causal agents and treatments of fungal infections remained unknown until the mid-1800s, when numerous important findings were reported. Among the relevant researchers in the field of superficial mycoses were Remak, who found the fungal nature of favus in 1837; Berg, who reported oral candidosis in 1841; and Wilkinson, who described vaginal candidosis in 1849. Tinea versicolor was described clinically in 1846 by Eichstedt, and its etiologic agent was identified in 1853. Beigel reported white piedra in 1856, and Cerqueira, tinea nigra in 1891. The book Les Tiegnes was published by Sabouraud in 1910, and black piedra infection was described by Horta in 1911. In 1927, Nannizzi reported the description of the sexual state of Microsporum gypseum. The current classification of dermatophytes was published by Emmons in 1934, and the taxonomy of yeast fungi was described by Lodder and Kreger-van Rij in 1952. Finally, the successful treatment of tinea capitis with griseofulvin by Gentles in 1958 saved many patients with tinea capitis from permanent hair loss, a common side effect after treatment with thallium. (c) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 272. Standardization and characterization of antigens for the diagnosis of aspergillosis. Science.gov (United States) Stopiglia, Cheila Denise Ottonelli; Arechavala, Alicia; Carissimi, Mariana; Sorrentino, Julia Medeiros; Aquino, Valério Rodrigues; Daboit, Tatiane Caroline; Kammler, Luana; Negroni, Ricardo; Scroferneker, Maria Lúcia 2012-04-01 The aim of this study was to develop and characterize antigens for the diagnosis of aspergillosis. Nine strains of Aspergillus species Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus flavus , and Aspergillus niger were grown in Sabouraud and Smith broth to produce exoantigens. The antigens were tested by immunodiffusion against sera from patients with aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The protein fraction of the antigens was detected by SDS-PAGE; Western blot and representative bands were assessed by mass spectrometry coupled to a nano Acquity UltraPerformance LC and analyzed by the Mascot search engine. Concurrently, all sera were tested with Platelia Aspergillus EIA. The most reactive antigens to sera from patients infected by A. fumigatus were produced by A. fumigatus MG2 Sabouraud and pooled A. fumigatus Sabouraud samples, both with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 100% and 97%, respectively. Aspergillus niger and A. flavus antigens were reactive against A. niger and A. flavus sera, each one with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Two proteins, probably responsible for antigenic activity, β-glucosidase in A. fumigatus and α-amylase in A. niger were attained. The commercial kit had a specificity of 22%, sensitivity of 100%, positive predictive value of 48%, and negative predictive value of 100%. The antigens produced showed high sensitivity and specificity and can be exploited for diagnostics of aspergilloma. 273. Epidemiology of superficial fungal diseases in French Guiana: a three-year retrospective analysis. Science.gov (United States) Simonnet, Christine; Berger, Franck; Gantier, Jean-Charles 2011-08-01 A three-year retrospective analysis of fungi isolated from specimens of patients with superficial fungal infections in French Guiana is presented. Clinical samples from 726 patients with presumptive diagnoses of onychomycosis (28.2% of the patients), tinea capitis (27.8%), superficial cutaneous mycoses of the feet (22.0%), and of other areas of the body (21.9%), were assessed by microscopic examination and culture. Dermatophytes accounted for 59.2% of the isolates, followed by yeasts (27.5%) and non-dermatophytic molds (13.1%). Trichophyton rubrum was the most common dermatophyte recovered from cases of onychomycosis (67.4%), tinea pedis (70.6%) and tinea corporis (52.4%). In contrast, Trichophyton tonsurans was the predominant species associated with tinea capitis (73.9%). Yeasts were identified as the principal etiologic agents of onychomycosis of the fingernails (74.2%), whereas molds were found mainly in cases of onychomycosis of the toenails. In such instances, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (70.8%) was the most common mold recovered in culture. In conclusion, the prevalence of T. rubrum and the occurrence of onychomycosis and fungal infections of the feet in French Guiana are similar to results reported from Europe, whereas the frequency of tinea capitis and the importance of T. tonsurans in such infections are similar to the situation in the Americas. 274. Potential of polymerase chain reaction and galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with febrile neutropenia. Science.gov (United States) Aslan, Muge; Oz, Yasemin; Aksit, Filiz; Akay, Olga M 2015-06-01 The incidence of invasive aspergillosis (IA) has increased over the last years, especially in immuncompromised patients with high mortality rates. Because of difficulties about the diagnosis; serological methods [galactomannan (GM) antigen test] and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) developed in recent years. MycAssay Aspergillus PCR performance in the diagnosis of IA was evaluated and compared with the GM and in-house PCR. This study was conducted with 358 serum samples obtained from 99 patient with febrile neutropenic episodes who were followed in haematology and bone marrow transplantation units. Patients were classified by the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria, 18 of them is proven and probable IA. GM antigen test and two different real-time PCR; one of them is fist commercial PCR for IA; Mycassay Aspergillus and the other one is in-house real-time PCR performed. Sensitivity values were Mycassay Aspergillus PCR, in-house PCR, and GM 65.38%, 11.53% and 23.07%, respectively. The high sensitivity obtained from Mycassay Aspergillus PCR and sensitivity is increased by using a combination of diagnostic methods. GM antigen test and real-time PCR could be beneficial for early diagnosis and treatment of IA. For routine usage of PCR as diagnostic assay more studies needed in future. 275. 5-fluorocitosina e anfotericina-B no tratamento da criptococose do sistema nervoso central Amphotericin-B and 5-fluorocytosine in the treatment of cryptococcosis of the central nervous system: report of two cases Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) J. P. S. Nobrega 1975-09-01 Full Text Available Registro de dois casos de criptococose do sistema nervoso central, em um deles associada a candidÃase. Em ambos foram utilizados no tratamento anfotericina-B e 5-fluorocitosina. Em função dos resultados obtidos são feitas considerações quanto à utilidade de cada uma das drogas no tratamento da criptococose, bem como quanto ao uso associado de ambas.Two cases of cryptococcosis of the central nervous system are reported. The treatment was based on the association of amphotericin-B with 5fluorocytosine. Details on the therapeutic proprieties of these drugs are discussed considering the results obtained. Amphotericin-B was administered intravenously and intrathecally in the two cases. The total amount of amphotericin administered intravenously in the first case was 5.375 mgm, and the oral doses of 5-fluorocytosine were not superior to 100 mgm/kg/of body weight. This patient died 130 days after the first symptoms of the disease. The second patient had been submitted previously to kidney transplantation after bilateral nephrectomy, and inmunossupressive drugs were administered to him since then. Candidiasis and cryptococcosis of the central nervous system developped two years later. 5fluorocytosine was administered orally (200 mgm/kg of body weight and amphotericin-B. The total amount of this drug administered intravenously was 2.00 mgm. There was complete clinical and laboratory remission of the mycoses in this case. 276. 范瑞强教授治疗å¤å‘性外阴阴é“念ç èŒç—…ç»éªŒ%Professor Fan Ruiqiangs Experience of Treating Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 王平; 樊志奇; 范瑞强 2014-01-01 Recurrent Vulvo Vaginal Candidiasis(RVVC)is a type of common mycoses in the vagina which is caused by Monilia.In Pro-fessor Fan Ruiqiangs opinion,the pathogenesis of RVVC is the accumulation of damp heat giving birth to worms,as time goes by,liver-spleen becomes disordered,with spleen being deficient and liver being stagnant.When it confers to treatment of RVVC,professor Fan considers that external treatment is more important than internal treatment,and syndrome differentiation should be applied.%å¤å‘æ€§å¤–é˜´é˜ ´é“念ç èŒç—…（Recurrent Vulvo Vaginal Candidiasis，RVVC）是一ç§å¸¸è§çš„由念ç èŒæ„ŸæŸ“引起的女性外阴皮肤é»è†œçœŸèŒç—…〠‚范瑞强教授认为该病的病机主è¦æ˜¯æ¹¿çƒè•´ç»“，湿çƒç”Ÿè™«ï¼Œæ—¥ä¹…è‚脾ä¸å’Œï¼Œè„¾è™šè‚éƒï¼Œæ²»ç–—æ–¹é¢ï¼ŒèŒƒæ•™æŽˆè® ¤ä¸ºæœ¬ç—…的治疗应以外治为主，内外兼顾，内治则应辨è¯è®ºæ²»ã€‚ 277. Activity of an Intralipid formulation of nystatin in murine systemic candidiasis. Science.gov (United States) Semis, R; Mendlovic, S; Polacheck, I; Segal, E 2011-10-01 Since nystatin (NYT) is used only topically owing to its toxicity upon systemic administration, a study was initiated aiming to develop a formulation of NYT that could be used systemically against invasive mycoses. The present research is a continuation of previous in vitro investigation of the antifungal effect of nystatin-Intralipid (NYT-IL) against Candida, exploring its in vivo activity. NYT-IL was tested in murine systemic candidiasis induced in naïve as well as cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed female ICR mice. The infection was assessed by survival rate (SR), mean survival time (MST) and qualitative and quantitative fungal organ colonisation. Mice were treated by intravenous administration of various doses of NYT-IL for 5 consecutive days starting either 24h or 48 h after the initiation of infection. The experiments showed that NYT-IL is therapeutically effective in the murine candidiasis model. NYT-IL was found to be less toxic in vivo than NYT and therefore higher doses of NYT-IL could be used. The efficacy of NYT-IL was expressed in treated naïve and immunosuppressed mice by increased SR, prolonged MST and reduced fungal organ colonisation. Early initiation of treatment increased efficacy. In summary, the Intralipid formulation of NYT can be administered parenterally and is effective against systemic experimental Candida infection. 278. Fungal diseases: could nanostructured drug delivery systems be a novel paradigm for therapy? Science.gov (United States) Voltan, Aline Raquel; Quindós, Guillermo; Alarcón, Kaila P Medina; Fusco-Almeida, Ana Marisa; Mendes-Giannini, Maria José Soares; Chorilli, Marlus 2016-01-01 Invasive mycoses are a major problem for immunocompromised individuals and patients in intensive care units. Morbidity and mortality rates of these infections are high because of late diagnosis and delayed treatment. Moreover, the number of available antifungal agents is low, and there are problems with toxicity and resistance. Alternatives for treating invasive fungal infections are necessary. Nanostructured systems could be excellent carriers for antifungal drugs, reducing toxicity and targeting their action. The use of nanostructured systems for antifungal therapy began in the 1990s, with the appearance of lipid formulations of amphotericin B. This review encompasses different antifungal drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, carriers based on solid lipids and nanostructure lipids, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and others. All these delivery systems have advantages and disadvantages. Main advantages are the improvement in the antifungal properties, such as bioavailability, reduction in toxicity, and target tissue, which facilitates innovative therapeutic techniques. Conversely, a major disadvantage is the high cost of production. In the near future, the use of nanosystems for drug delivery strategies can be used for delivering peptides, including mucoadhesive systems for the treatment of oral and vaginal candidiasis. PMID:27540288 279. Antifungal Activity of Thapsia villosa Essential Oil against Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Dermatophyte Species Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Eugénia Pinto 2017-09-01 Full Text Available The composition of the essential oil (EO of Thapsia villosa (Apiaceae, isolated by hydrodistillation from the plant’s aerial parts, was analysed by GC and GC-MS. Antifungal activity of the EO and its main components, limonene (57.5% and methyleugenol (35.9%, were evaluated against clinically relevant yeasts (Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans and Malassezia furfur and moulds (Aspergillus spp. and dermatophytes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs were measured according to the broth macrodilution protocols by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI. The EO, limonene and methyleugenol displayed low MIC and MFC (minimum fungicidal concentration values against Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, dermatophytes, and Aspergillus spp. Regarding Candida species, an inhibition of yeast–mycelium transition was demonstrated at sub-inhibitory concentrations of the EO (MIC/128; 0.01 μL/mL and their major compounds in Candida albicans. Fluconazole does not show this activity, and the combination with low concentrations of EO could associate a supplementary target for the antifungal activity. The association of fluconazole with T. villosa oil does not show antagonism, but the combination limonene/fluconazole displays synergism. The fungistatic and fungicidal activities revealed by T. villosa EO and its main compounds, associated with their low haemolytic activity, confirm their potential antimicrobial interest against fungal species often associated with human mycoses. 280. Fungal isolation and enumeration in foods. Science.gov (United States) Bueno, Dante Javier; Silva, Julio Oscar; Oliver, Guillermo 2004-01-01 Humans have now been growing and storing enough food for a long enough time that some rapidly evolving organisms, such as fungi, are moving into niches created by the exploitation of certain plants as food. Food is expected to be nutritious. The most important of the physicochemical conditions that affects fungal growth is related to the biological state of the food. Living foods, particularly fresh fruits, vegetables, and also grains and nuts before harvest, possess powerful defense mechanisms against microbial invasion. When the specific microorganisms overcome defense mechanisms, the spoilage of a living food starts. Other factors to consider are water activity, hydrogen ion concentration, temperature, gas tension, consistency, nutrient status, specific solute effect, and preservation. The consequences of mold contamination of foods are diverse: unsightly appearance, chemical (removal or change of most of the constituents) and nutritional value changes, modification of organoleptic quality, difficulties in preservation, occupational hazards (mycoses, allergies), and toxicoses (mycotoxicoses). It is possible to recognize a succession of three distinct mycoflora during the storage of cereals, but they can also be mixed: 1. Field fungi growing and established before harvesting (Alternaria, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Cladosporium). 2. Storage fungi taking over and dominanting in the silo (Aspergillus and Penicillium). 3. Advanced decay fungi (Papulospora, Sordaria, Fusarium graminearum, and members of the order Mucorales). « 12 13 14 15 16 » « 13 14 15 16 17 »

281. The role of resting spores in the survival of the mite-pathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana from Mononychellus tanajoa during dry periods in Brazil. Science.gov (United States) Elliot, Sam L; Mumford, John D; de Moraes, Gilberto J 2002-11-01 Survival of pathogens during long periods of unfavorable conditions can be critical to their ecology and to their use in biological control. In northeastern Brazil, the mite pathogen Neozygites floridana must survive hot and dry conditions between wet seasons when it infects the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa. We report on large numbers of mite cadavers bearing resting spores towards the end of epizootics in mid-1995. High within-leaf variability indicated that local factors may be important in determining resting spore formation. These spores remain in the host cadaver on a leaf until the cadaver breaks up, whereupon the spores fall freely to the soil, there to remain dormant. Laboratory simulation of field conditions led to ca. 25% of mycosed individuals bearing resting spores. Mummies (without resting spores) kept in hot and dry conditions showed little or no viability within 2 months, implying no role for survival over extended dry periods. It is proposed that resting spores form the principal means by which this pathogen survives the dry season in the study area. This has implications for its introduction to new areas in classical biological control. 282. Concepts and principles of photodynamic therapy as an alternative antifungal discovery platform Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) George eTegos 2012-04-01 Full Text Available Opportunistic fungal pathogens may cause superficial or serious invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised and debilitated patients. Invasive mycoses represent an exponentially growing threat for human health due to a combination of slow diagnosis and the existence of relatively few classes of available and effective antifungal drugs. Therefore systemic fungal infections result in high attributable mortality. There is an urgent need to pursue and deploy novel and effective alternative anti-fungal countermeasures. Photodynamic therapy was established as a successful modality for malignancies and age-related macular degeneration but photodynamic inactivation has only recently been intensively investigated as an alternative antimicrobial discovery and development platform. The concept of photodynamic inactivation requires microbial exposure to either exogenous or endogenous photosensitizer molecules, followed by visible light energy, typically wavelengths in the red/near infrared region that cause the excitation of the photosensitizers resulting in the production of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that react with intracellular components, and consequently produce cell inactivation and death. Anti-fungal photodynamic therapy is an area of increasing interest, as research is advancing i to identify the photochemical and photophysical mechanisms involved in photoinactivation; ii to develop potent and clinically compatible photosensitizers; iii to understand how photoinactivation is affected by key microbial phenotypic elements multidrug resistance and efflux, virulence and pathogenesis determinants, and formation of biofilms; iv to explore novel photosensitizer delivery platforms and v to identify photoinactivation applications beyond the clinical setting such as environmental disinfectants. 283. Atypical disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent child, caused by an "aberrant" variant of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) LACAZ Carlos da Silva 1999-01-01 Full Text Available A case of atypical disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis in a five-year old, otherwise healthy child, native and resident in São Paulo metropolitan area is reported. Cutaneous lesions were clinically atypical. Histologic examination disclosed a granulomatous reaction but no fungal structures could be demonstrated by specific staining nor by immunohistochemical reaction. The fungus was isolated from biopsy material on two different occasions, confirming diagnosis of an unusual fungal infection. The fungus, originally thought to be a Sepedonium sp. due to the large sized, hyaline or brownish colored tuberculated macroconidia and to lack of dimorphism (yeast form at 37 °C produce H and M antigens, visualized by the immunodiffusion with rabbit anti-Histoplasma capsulatum hyperimmune serum. Patient?s serum sample was non reactive with H. capsulatum antigen by immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and complement fixation tests, and immunoenzymatic assay failed to detect the specific circulating antigen. This serum was tested negative by double immunodiffusion when antigen obtained from one of the isolated samples was used. Both cultures were sent to Dr. Leo Kaufman, Ph.D. (Mycoses Immunodiagnostic Laboratory, CDC-Atlanta/USA, who identified them as H. capsulatum by the exoantigen and gen-probe tests. Both clinic and mycologic characteristics of the present case were atypical, suggesting the fungus isolated is an ?aberrant variant? of H. capsulatum var. capsulatum, as described by SUTTON et al. in 199719. Treatment with itraconazole 100 mg/day led to cure within 90 days 284. ECIL recommendations for the use of biological markers for the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases in leukemic patients and hematopoietic SCT recipients. Science.gov (United States) Marchetti, O; Lamoth, F; Mikulska, M; Viscoli, C; Verweij, P; Bretagne, S 2012-06-01 As culture-based methods for the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases (IFD) in leukemia and hematopoietic SCT patients have limited performance, non-culture methods are increasingly being used. The third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-3) meeting aimed at establishing evidence-based recommendations for the use of biological tests in adult patients, based on the grading system of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The following biomarkers were investigated as screening tests: galactomannan (GM) for invasive aspergillosis (IA); β-glucan (BG) for invasive candidiasis (IC) and IA; Cryptococcus Ag for cryptococcosis; mannan (Mn) Ag/anti-mannan (AMn) Ab for IC, and PCR for IA. Testing for GM, Cryptococcus Ag and BG are included in the revised EORTC/MSG (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group) consensus definitions for IFD. Strong evidence supports the use of GM in serum (A II), and Cryptococcus Ag in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (A II). Evidence is moderate for BG detection in serum (B II), and the combined Mn/A-Mn testing in serum for hepatosplenic candidiasis (B III) and candidemia (C II). No recommendations were formulated for the use of PCR owing to a lack of standardization and clinical validation. Clinical utility of these markers for the early management of IFD should be further assessed in prospective randomized interventional studies. 285. Advances and prospects for molecular diagnostics of fungal infections. Science.gov (United States) Bretagne, Stéphane 2010-11-01 The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods published for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections are still not included in the revised European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group definitions of IA. This could be achieved with consensual PCR procedures. A checklist of items has been proposed to improve the reliability of the results and clinicians' confidence in them, with emphasis on limiting false-positive results from contamination with either previously amplified products or environmental commensals. Internal amplification controls are mandatory to expose false-negative results. However, our ignorance of the origin and the kinetics of fungal DNA during an infection hamper the choice of the best specimen and DNA extraction protocol. Evidence is increasing that serum could be a good compromise between sensitivity and ease of DNA extraction. Once a technical consensus is achieved, clinical studies should be initiated to integrate quantitative PCR in the diagnostic armamentarium. 286. Multiple subcutaneous cysts due to Exophiala spinifera in an immunocompetent patient. Science.gov (United States) Badali, Hamid; Chander, Jagdish; Bayat, Mansour; Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba; Sidhu, Shailpreet; Rani, Hena; Attri, Ashok; Handa, Uma; Meis, Jacques F; de Hoog, G Sybren 2012-02-01 Here we report a case of a 55-year-old Indian male presenting with multiple subcutaneous cysts, which developed from painful nodules at the dorsal right wrist joint. Subsequently a painful nodule appeared on the left knee joint. Cytological examination of the knee swelling revealed a suppurative inflammatory lesion consisting of neutrophils, lymphocytes, multinucleated giant cells and few fungal elements, without involvement of the overlying skin. Exophiala spinifera was cultured (CBS 125607) and its identity was confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS rDNA). The cysts were excised surgically, without need of additional antifungal therapy. There was no relapse during one-year follow-up and the patient was cured successfully. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing showed that posaconazole (0.063 μg/ml) and itraconazole (0.125 μg/ml) had the highest and caspofungin (4 μg/ml) and anidulafungin (2 μg/ml) the lowest activity against this isolate. However, their clinical effectiveness in the treatment of E. spinifera infections remains to be evaluated. In this case report, we have also compiled cases of human E. spinifera mycoses which have been reported so far. 287. Epidemiology and identification of potential fungal pathogens causing invasive fungal infections in a tertiary care hospital in northeast Thailand. Science.gov (United States) Faksri, Kiatichai; Kaewkes, Wanlop; Chaicumpar, Kunyaluk; Chaimanee, Prajuab; Wongwajana, Suwin 2014-11-01 Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are life threatening and associated with a high mortality rate. Here, we describe the distribution of pathogens, host risk factors, and significance of fungi isolated from patients with IFIs. The study included 861 fungal isolates recovered between 2006 and 2011 from 802 patients at Srinagarind Hospital, Thailand. Based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group 2008 criteria, 28.5% (245/861 isolates) of the fungal isolates were considered to be causative agents of IFIs. The most common fungus was Candida albicans (46%, 396/861 isolates). However, the most common yeast causing IFIs was Cryptococcus neoformans (34.7%, 85/245 isolates), while the most common mould was Penicillium marneffei (10.6%, 26/245 isolates). Cryptococcosis was significantly associated with human immunodeficiency virus infections (P 95%), moderate (5%-95%), and rare (50 years (mean age, 50.7 ± 19.9) were recorded. Hematological malignancies represented 50% (median time for occurrence, 8.8 months after disease onset), diabetes 23%, and trauma 18% of cases. Sites of infection were lungs (28%; 79% in hematology patients), rhinocerebral (25%; 64% in diabetic patients), skin (20%), and disseminated (18%). Median time between first symptoms and diagnosis was 2 weeks. The main fungal species were Rhizopus oryzae (32%) and Lichtheimia species (29%). In cases where the causative species was identified, R. oryzae was present in 85% of rhinocerebral forms compared with only 17% of nonrhinocerebral forms (P trauma (HR, 6.9 [1.6-28.6], P = .008) and if ≥2 underlying conditions (HR, 5.9 [1.8-19.0]; P = .004). Mucormycosis localization remained the only independent factor associated with survival. This 3-year study performed in one country shows the diverse clinical presentation of mucormycosis with a high prevalence of primary skin infection following trauma and a prognosis significantly influenced by localization. 323. [Aspects of dysmicrobism in the isolation of Koch bacilli and its pathological implications]. Science.gov (United States) Jemna, I; Vintilescu, E; Lego, I 1982-01-01 The results are presented, of a follow-up over several years concerning the changes which occurred in the products sampled from tuberculous patients, with regard to the ecologic balance between Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and other mycobacteria and fungi under the influences of chemical drugs and antibiotics. Thus atypical mycobacteria have been recorded, in a proportion of 1.07% (and in some periods as high as 2.52%). Other species were also identified, classified according to morphological and chemical characteristics. These species are included in a synoptic scheme used in laboratories which are concerned with the isolation of mycobacteria. At present different species of mycobacteria can be isolated on the same culture medium, as appears also from the results of the authors of this study. Beside manifestations of dysmicrobism another fact was also demonstrated, namely the frequent isolation of fungi in patients undergoing anti-tuberculous therapy, or secondary to the anti-tuberculous treatment. This has permitted, on the basis of the authors' cases to confirm some pulmonary mycoses according to generally accepted rigorous laboratory techniques. The present study stresses the new pathologic phenomena interrelated with tuberculosis. These data expand the knowledge of laboratory techniques and methods, and improve cooperation between laboratories and clinical units involved in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary affections. 324. Disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis with peripleuritis in an AIDS patient Paracoccidioidomicosis diseminada con peripleuritis en paciente con SIDA Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Marcelo Corti 2004-02-01 Full Text Available Paracoccidioidomycosis is one of the most frequent systemic and endemic mycoses of Latin America caused by a dimorphic fungus. In AIDS patients, paracoccidioidomycosis appears as a severe and disseminated disease with a wide spectrum of clinical findings. The CD4 counts are usually less than 200 cell/mu L. We present a case of disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis with peripleuritis and subcutaneous abscesses on the chest wall as initial manifestation of AIDS. In endemic countries, paracoccidioidomycosis should be included as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.La paracoccidioidomicosis es una de las micosis sistémicas endémicas más frecuentes de Latinoamérica, causada por un hongo dimorfo. En los pacientes con SIDA se presenta como una enfermedad grave y diseminada, con un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clÃnicas. Los niveles de linfocitos T CD4 + son habitualmente < de 200 cél/myL. Presentamos un caso de paracoccidioidomicosis diseminada con peripleuritis y abscesos subcutáneos sobre la pared torácica como manifestación inicial del SIDA. En paÃses endémicos, la paracoccidioidomicosis debe incluirse como una complicación oportunista de los pacientes con SIDA. 325. Establishment of fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and Bionectria ochroleuca (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as endophytes on artichoke Cynara scolymus. Science.gov (United States) Guesmi-Jouini, J; Garrido-Jurado, I; López-DÃaz, C; Ben Halima-Kamel, M; Quesada-Moraga, E 2014-06-01 Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are commonly found in diverse habitats and are known to cause mycoses in many different taxa of arthropods. Various unexpected roles have been recently reported for fungal entomopathogens, including their presence as fungal endophytes, plant disease antagonists, rhizosphere colonizers and plant growth promoting fungi. In Tunisia, a wide range of indigenous EPF isolates from different species, such as Beauveria bassiana and Bionectria ochroleuca, were found to occur in the soil, and to be pathogenic against the artichoke aphid Capitophorus elaeagni (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Since endophytic fungi are recently regarded as plant-defending mutualists and their presence in internal plant tissue has been discussed as an adaptive protection against insects, we were interested on elucidating the possible endophytic behavior of B. bassiana and B. ochroleuca on artichoke, Cynara scolymus, after foliar spraying tehcnique. The leaf spray inoculation method was effective in introducing the inoculated fungi into the plant tissues and showed, then, an endophytic activity on artichoke even 10 days later. According S-N-K test, there was significant differences between the two fungal treatments, B. ochroleuca (84% a) and B. bassiana (78% a), and controls (0% b). Likewise, the inoculated entomopathogenic fungi were also isolated from new leaves even though with significant differences respectively between controls (0% c), B. bassiana (56% b) and B. ochroleuca (78% a). These results reveals significant new data on the interaction of inoculated fungi with artichoke plant as ecological roles that can be exploited for the protection of plants. 326. Inhibitory effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae essential oil and beta-pinene on the growth of dematiaceous moulds Efeito inibitório do óleo essencial de Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae e beta-pineno sobre o crescimento de fungos dematiáceos Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ana Carolina Pessoa Moreira 2007-03-01 Full Text Available Dematiaceous moulds are pathogen microorganisms able to act as etiological agents of mycoses with different degrees of severity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume essential oil and beta-pinene in inhibiting the growth of various strains of dematiaceous moulds (Alternaria brassicola, Cladosporium herbarium, C. resinae, C. cladosporioides, Chaetomum globosum, Curvularia sp., Fonsecaea compacta, Piedraia hortae. Antimicrobial assays were led by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration-MIC using the solid medium diffusion procedure and observing the interference of the MIC values on the mould radial mycelial growth along 14 days. MIC values found to C. zeylanicum essential oil oscillated between 63 and 125 µL/mL. beta-pinene showed MIC value of 125 µL/mL for the most mould strains, however C. resinae and C. globosum were resistant to it in all assayed concentrations. MIC values found to C. zeylanicum essential oil and beta-pinene presented intense fungicidal effect noted by a total inhibition of the mycelial growth of C. cladosporioides and F. compacta along 14 days of exposure. These results showed the intense antimould potential of C. zeylanicum essential oil and beta-pinene which could be regarded in a rational use in pharmaceutical formulations used to treat some mycoses, particularly, those caused by dematiaceous moulds.Os fungos dematiáceos são microrganismos patogênicos capazes de agir como agentes etiológicos de micoses com diferentes graus de severidade. Este estudo avaliou a efetividade do óleo essencial de Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume e beta-pineno em inibir o crescimento de várias cepas de fungos dematiáceos (Alternaria brassicola, Cladosporium herbarium, C. resinae, C. cladosporioides, Chaetomum globosum, Curvularia, Fonsecaea compacta, Piedraia hortae. Os ensaios antimicrobianos foram conduzidos através da determinação da Concentração Inibitória MÃnima-CIM utilizando-se da t 327. Aspectos epidemiológicos de pacientes com lesões ungueais e cutâneas causadas por Scytalidium spp Epidemiological aspects of patients with ungual and cutaneous lesions caused by Scytalidium spp Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ana Paula Martins Xavier 2010-12-01 Full Text Available FUNDAMENTO: As dermatomicoses causadas por fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos são infecções raras, exceto as onicomicoses, cuja prevalência vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Dentre esses agentes etiológicos destacam-se o Scytalidium dimidiatum e o S. hyalinum, fungos emergentes responsáveis por micoses em unhas e pele. OBJETIVO: Investigar as caracterÃsticas epidemiológicas das onicomicoses e micoses de outras localizações causadas pelos fungos do gênero Scytalidium, utilizando-se como parâmetros sexo, idade e localizações das lesões. MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se 81 amostras com cultura positiva para o gênero em estudo, oriundas de 74 pacientes encaminhados ao Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia (ID situado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ, no perÃodo de 1997 a 2006. As amostras foram submetidas a confirmação diagnóstica por exame direto e cultura. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de onicomicoses por Scytalidium spp. foi de 0,87%, entre as idades de 41 e 60 anos (48,64%. Em relação à localização das lesões, os pés foram mais acometidos (91,36%, com predomÃnio do hálux esquerdo. No exame direto, as estruturas mais encontradas foram hifas hialinas; na cultura, a espécie S. dimidiatum foi a mais frequente. CONCLUSÃO: As onicomicoses por Scytalidium spp. são raras e o S. dimidiatum foi a espécie mais isolada neste laboratório no perÃodo em estudo.BACKGROUND: Dermatomycoses caused by non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi are rare infections, except for onychomycosis, whose prevalence has increased over the past few years. Among these etiologic agents, we highlight Scytalidium dimidiatum and S. hyalinum, emergent fungi that cause mycoses that affect the nails and skin. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of onychomycosis and other mycoses caused by the fungi Scytalidium spp, using sex, age and site of infection as parameters. METHODS: Eighty-one samples were evaluated showing positive culture for Scytalidium 328. Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America. Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. Science.gov (United States) Nucci, Marcio; Thompson-Moya, Luis; Guzman-Blanco, Manuel; Tiraboschi, Iris Nora; Cortes, Jorge Alberto; EchevarrÃa, Juan; Sifuentes, Jose; Zurita, Jeannete; Santolaya, MarÃa E; Alvarado Matute, Tito; de Queiroz Telles, Flavio; Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes 2013-01-01 Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of adults who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America' includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, duration of candidemia treatment, and central venous catheter management in patients with candidemia. This manuscript is the second of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America'. 329. Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America. Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. Science.gov (United States) Santolaya, MarÃa E; Alvarado Matute, Tito; de Queiroz Telles, Flavio; Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes; Zurita, Jeannete; Tiraboschi, Iris Nora; Cortes, Jorge Alberto; Thompson-Moya, Luis; Guzman-Blanco, Manuel; Sifuentes, Jose; EchevarrÃa, Juan; Nucci, Marcio 2013-01-01 Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of neonates who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America' includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, central venous catheter management, and management of complications. This manuscript is the fourth of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America'. 330. Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America. Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. Science.gov (United States) Santolaya, MarÃa E; de Queiroz Telles, Flavio; Alvarado Matute, Tito; Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes; Zurita, Jeannete; Tiraboschi, Iris Nora; Cortes, Jorge Alberto; Thompson-Moya, Luis; Guzman-Blanco, Manuel; Sifuentes, Jose; EchevarrÃa, Juan; Nucci, Marcio 2013-01-01 Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of children who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America' includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, duration of candidemia treatment, and central venous catheter management in children with candidemia. This manuscript is the third of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America'. 331. Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America. Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. Science.gov (United States)

Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes; Cortes, Jorge Alberto; Zurita, Jeannete; Guzman-Blanco, Manuel; Alvarado Matute, Tito; de Queiroz Telles, Flavio; Santolaya, MarÃa E; Tiraboschi, Iris Nora; EchevarrÃa, Juan; Sifuentes, Jose; Thompson-Moya, Luis; Nucci, Marcio 2013-01-01 Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the diagnosis of candidemia, as well as on the usefulness and application of susceptibility testing in patients who have a confirmed diagnosis of candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America' includes diagnostic methods used to detect candidemia, Candida species identification, and susceptibility testing. The availability of methods, their costs and treatment settings are considered. This manuscript is the first of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America'. 332. Fungal infections in burns: Diagnosis and management Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Capoor Malini 2010-10-01 Full Text Available Burn wound infection (BWI is a major public health problem and the most devastating form of trauma worldwide. Fungi cause BWI as part of monomicrobial or polymicrobial infection, fungaemia, rare aggressive soft tissue infection and as opportunistic infections. The risk factors for acquiring fungal infection in burns include age of burns, total burn size, body surface area (BSA (30-60%, full thickness burns, inhalational injury, prolonged hospital stay, late surgical excision, open dressing, artificial dermis, central venous catheters, antibiotics, steroid treatment, long-term artificial ventilation, fungal wound colonisation (FWC, hyperglycaemic episodes and other immunosuppressive disorders. Most of the fungal infections are missed owing to lack of clinical awareness and similar presentation as bacterial infection coupled with paucity of mycology laboratories. Expedient diagnosis and treatment of these mycoses can be life-saving as the mortality is otherwise very high. Emergence of resistance in non-albicans Candida spp., unusual yeasts and moulds in fungal BWI, leaves very few fungi susceptible to antifungal drugs, leaving many patients susceptible. There is a need to speciate fungi as far as the topical and systemic antifungal is concerned. Deep tissue biopsy and other relevant samples are processed by standard mycological procedures using direct microscopy, culture and histopathological examination. Patients with FWC should be treated by aggressive surgical debridement and, in the case of fungal wound infection (FWI, in addition to surgical debridement, an intravenous antifungal drug, most commonly amphotericin B or caspofungin, is prescribed followed by de-escalating with voriconazole or itraconazole, or fluconazole depending upon the species or antifungal susceptibility, if available. The propensity for fungal infection increases, the longer the wound is present. Therefore, the development of products to close the wound more rapidly 333. Chitin recognition via chitotriosidase promotes pathologic type-2 helper T cell responses to cryptococcal infection. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Darin L Wiesner 2015-03-01 Full Text Available Pulmonary mycoses are often associated with type-2 helper T (Th2 cell responses. However, mechanisms of Th2 cell accumulation are multifactorial and incompletely known. To investigate Th2 cell responses to pulmonary fungal infection, we developed a peptide-MHCII tetramer to track antigen-specific CD4+ T cells produced in response to infection with the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. We noted massive accruement of pathologic cryptococcal antigen-specific Th2 cells in the lungs following infection that was coordinated by lung-resident CD11b+ IRF4-dependent conventional dendritic cells. Other researchers have demonstrated that this dendritic cell subset is also capable of priming protective Th17 cell responses to another pulmonary fungal infection, Aspergillus fumigatus. Thus, higher order detection of specific features of fungal infection by these dendritic cells must direct Th2 cell lineage commitment. Since chitin-containing parasites commonly elicit Th2 responses, we hypothesized that recognition of fungal chitin is an important determinant of Th2 cell-mediated mycosis. Using C. neoformans mutants or purified chitin, we found that chitin abundance impacted Th2 cell accumulation and disease. Importantly, we determined Th2 cell induction depended on cleavage of chitin via the mammalian chitinase, chitotriosidase, an enzyme that was also prevalent in humans experiencing overt cryptococcosis. The data presented herein offers a new perspective on fungal disease susceptibility, whereby chitin recognition via chitotriosidase leads to the initiation of harmful Th2 cell differentiation by CD11b+ conventional dendritic cells in response to pulmonary fungal infection. 334. Characterization and virulence of Beauveria spp. recovered from emerald ash borer in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Science.gov (United States) Johny, Shajahan; Kyei-Poku, George; Gauthier, Debbie; Frankenhuyzen, Kees van; Krell, Peter J 2012-09-15 The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive wood boring beetle that is decimating North America's ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). To find effective and safe indigenous biocontrol agents to manage EAB, we conducted a survey in 2008-2009 of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) infecting EAB in five outbreak sites in southwestern Ontario, Canada. A total of 78 Beauveria spp. isolates were retrieved from dead and mycosed EAB cadavers residing in the phloem tissues of dead ash barks, larval frass extracted from feeding galleries under the bark of dead trees. Molecular characterization using sequences of the ITS, 5' end of EF1-α and intergenic Bloc region fragments revealed that Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria pseudobassiana were commonly associated with EAB in the sampled sites. Based on phylogenetic analysis inferred from ITS sequences, 17 of these isolates clustered with B. bassiana, which further grouped into three different sub-clades. However, the combined EF1-α and Bloc sequences detected five genotypes among the three sub-clades. The remaining 61 isolates clustered with B. pseudobassiana, which had identical ITS sequences but were further subdivided into two genotypes by variation in the EF1-α and Bloc regions. Initial virulence screening against EAB adults of 23 isolates representing the different clades yielded 8 that produced more than 90% mortality in a single concentration assay. These isolates differed in virulence based on LC(50) values estimated from multiple concentration bioassay and based on mean survival times at a conidia concentration of 2×10(6) conidia/ml. B. bassiana isolate L49-1AA was significantly more virulent and produced more conidia on EAB cadavers compared to the other indigenous isolates and the commercial strain B. bassiana GHA suggesting that L49-1AA may have potential as a microbiological control agent against EAB. 335. Inhibitory activity of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts against Alternaria solani and Curvularia lunata, the pathogenic dematiaceous moulds Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sharma Bechan 2009-03-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Dematiaceous moulds are pathogenic microorganisms and act as etiological agents of mycoses with different degrees of severity in humans and animals. These moulds also cause loss of food crops and storage food products. The information regarding antimicrobial efficacy of the plant preparations on these moulds is scanty. The present study reveals phytochemical characterization and the effect of bark and leaf extracts of Indian spice plant, Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cz, against the growth of two species of dematiaceous moulds, Alternaria solani and Curvularia lunata. Methods Cz bark and leaf samples were sequentially extracted in different solvents using Soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical analyses of extracts were done as per standard protocols. The antifungal bioassay of extracts was done by hanging drop technique. The inhibition of fungal spore germination was monitored under influence of three different concentrations of extracts. Results The lowest test concentration (50 μg/ml of extracts of Cz bark prepared into acetone and that of Cz leaf into petroleum ether and ethanol exhibited complete inhibition (100% of spore germination in both the moulds. At 100 μg/ml concentration all the extracts showed about 50 to 100% inhibition. However, the treatment of the spores of the two fungal species with highest concentration (500 μg/ml of bark and leaf extracts in all the solvents showed 100% fungicidal activity as it completely arrested the germination of spores. Relatively lower activity of aqueous extracts at 50 and 100 μg/ml concentrations suggests that the antifungal ingredients present in Cz bark and leaf are more soluble in organic solvents than water. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the Cz bark and leaves contain certain fungicidal constituents exhibiting potential antimould activity against A. solani and C. lunata. 336. Characterization of the medically important yeast Trichosporon mucoides and its close sister Trichosporon dermatis by traditional and advanced technologies. Science.gov (United States) Suh, Sung-Oui; Houseknecht, Janice L; Grosso, Kendra M; Carrion, Miguel E 2015-10-01 Trichosporon dermatis is a causative agent of several mycoses in immunocompromised patients but is often misidentified as Trichosporon mucoides due to their phenotypic resemblance. In order to evaluate the current identification keys for these species and to develop a rapid and reliable identification method, 11 strains of these yeasts were fully characterized in this study by traditional and advanced technologies. DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), IGS1, and D1/D2 regions identified six of the yeasts as T. dermatis that were previously known as T. mucoides, including ATCC 204094 that has been used as the quality-control strain of T. mucoides for the VITEK 2 system and other commercial yeast identification kits. These two species could not be differentiated reliably by any previously known phenotypic keys for the species, such as growth patterns on ethylamine, phloroglucinol and tyramine, or by the VITEK 2 system. On the other hand, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) proved to be a rapid and reliable identification tool for the two closely related yeasts. With newly added superspectra from fully authenticated reference strains, the VITEK MS system using MALDI-TOF MS successfully separated strains of T. dermatis and T. mucoides at a similarity level of approximately 67 % for the mass spectra data, and could identify these strains at the species level with 100 % accuracy in repeated tests. Furthermore, the in vitro susceptibility results indicated that itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole were more effective against both T. mucoides and T. dermatis than the other antifungal agents tested in this study. 337. Development of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous measurement of voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole. Science.gov (United States) Wadsworth, John M; Milan, Anna M; Anson, James; Davison, Andrew S 2017-01-01 Background Azole-based antifungals are the first-line therapy for some of the most common mycoses and are now also being used prophylactically to protect immunocompromised patients. However, due to variability in both their metabolism and bioavailability, therapeutic drug monitoring is essential to avoid toxicity but still gain maximum efficacy. Methods Following protein precipitation of serum with acetonitrile, 20  µL of extract was injected onto a 2.1 × 50 mm Waters Atlantis dC18 3  µm column. Detection was via a Waters Quattro Premier XE tandem mass spectrometer operating in ESI-positive mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detected two product ions for each compound and one for each isotopically labelled internal standard. Ion suppression, linearity, stability, matrix effects, recovery, imprecision, lower limits of measuring interval and detection were all assessed. Results Optimal chromatographic separation was achieved using gradient elution over 8 minutes. Voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole eluted at 1.71, 2.73 and 3.41 min, respectively. The lower limits of measuring interval for all three compounds was 0.1 mg/L. The assay was linear to 10 mg/L for voriconazole (R(2 )= 0.995) and 5 mg/L for posaconazole (R(2 )= 0.990) and itraconazole (R(2 )= 0.991). The assay was both highly accurate and precise with % bias of voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole, respectively, when compared with previous NEQAS samples. The intra-assay precision (CV%) was 1.6%, 2.5% and 1.9% for voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole, respectively, across the linear range. Conclusion A simple and robust method has been validated for azole antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring. This new assay will result in a greatly improved sample turnaround time and will therefore vastly increase the clinical utility of azole antifungal drug monitoring. 338. Pathogenicity of Trichosporon asahii in a murine model of disseminated trichosporonosis Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) æ— 2008-01-01 Background In recent years, superficial and deep mycoses caused by trichosporon were occasionally reported. In 2001, we reported the first case of disseminated trichosporonosis caused by Trichosporon asahii (T. asahii) in China. In this study, the pathogenicity of T. asahii was investigated in a murine model of disseminated trichosporonosis. Methods Seventy-five mice were randomly divided into 7 groups. Each group was inoculated with T. asahii, through intradermal, gastrointestinal tract or intravenous injection. The mice in the experimental groups were given an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CY) to induce granulocytopenia. Mice in the therapeutic group were given both liposomal amphotericin B and fluconazole. The main viscera of the mice were examined by means of tissue culture and pathologic sections. Results In the two intravenous inoculation groups, T. asahii was isolated from at least one organ in 10 of the 12 granulocytopenic mice and 2 of the 14 immunocompetent mice. Two of the 7 mice in the granulocytopenia group presented with lesions in the inoculation position, but none of the 30 mice in the granulocytopenia and the control group which were inoculated intradermally or through the gastrointestinal tract had viscera infection. In the therapeutic group, the ratio of consequently dead mice, the number of involved viscera, and the incidence of systemic infection were significantly less than the untreated group. Acute purulent inflammation and granulomatous inflammation were the main pathological changes in the course of the infection. Arthrospores and filaments were found in the focus. Conclusions T. asahii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes cutaneous and visceral infections in immunologically impaired hosts. An immunocompetent host was to be infected by the invading T. asahii. Several organs, namely the liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and heart, were predisposed. The therapy of combining liposomal amphotericin B with fluconazole can 339. Performance of Aspergillus PCR in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of cerebral aspergillosis. Science.gov (United States) Imbert, S; Brossas, J-Y; Palous, M; Joly, I; Meyer, I; Fekkar, A 2017-06-20 Cerebral aspergillosis is a rare but often fatal form of invasive aspergillosis that remains difficult to diagnose. The literature has shown the value of Aspergillus PCR in blood-derived samples for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis but provides far less information for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cerebral aspergillosis. Here, we evaluated the usefulness of an Aspergillus PCR assay performed on CSF for the diagnosis of cerebral aspergillosis. This retrospective study involved 72 patients with suspected cerebral aspergillosis for a total of 88 CSF samples in whom CSF Aspergillus PCR was performed. Seventeen patients had proven/probable invasive aspergillosis according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria, including 12 cases of proven/probable cerebral aspergillosis. Aspergillus PCR in CSF was positive in nine of the twelve patients with cerebral aspergillosis, i.e. 75% sensitivity. In contrast, CSF culture was positive for Aspergillus in only two patients. In the non-cerebral aspergillosis group (60 patients), PCR was positive in one patient, i.e. 98.3% specificity. In this particular population of high-risk patients with suspicion of cerebral aspergillosis, the disease incidence was 16.7%. Therefore, the positive and negative predictive values of PCR were 90% and 95.2%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that Aspergillus PCR in CSF is an interesting tool that may eliminate the need for cerebral biopsy in patients with suspected cerebral aspergillosis. Copyright © 2017 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 340. [Traditional concept of madness and therapeutic difficulties in the Moose of Kadiogo.]. Science.gov (United States) Ouango, J G; Karfo, K; Kere, M; Ouedraogo, M; Kabore, G; Ouedraogo, A 1998-01-01 The practice of psychiatry in the south of the Sahara in Africa collides with many problems of acceptability of care for the ill and their families. The frequent rejection of the psychiatrist's therapeutic approach can often be explained by the inadaptation of the etiopathogenic approach. Indeed, in black Africa, responsibility of illness differs according to the fact that one has been schooled or not. The western world teaches minorities having the chance to live there or learn about it, that the human body can be assaulted by bacteria, viruses, mycoses or be self-assaulted by changes of its own physiology. Traditional education, for its part, regards the body as a mysterious entity susceptible of being penetrated or eaten by geniuses and anthrophagic sorcerers following a mystico-religious mechanism linked to beliefs and customs. In the majority of the Moose of the Moaga plateau in Burkina Faso, especially regarding madness, these assailants are ancestral geniuses or geniuses from the bush. Psychological suffering caused by a family, social or intrapsychic conflict independent of the invisible world is ultimately delirious for them thus provoking a resistance to give up complete charge of their mentally ill to psychiatric care. For us, an analysis of probable causes of this resistance appeared necessary. Interviews have shown that the psychiatric institution is experienced by the Moose of Kadiogo as a stage in the therapeutic itinerary of their mentally ill, a stage in the course of which their demand for care is reduced to the elimination of inconvenient symptoms. For them, the elimination of the cause derives from a knowledge that psychiatry does not possess, which renders the therapeutic relationship frustrating for both parties. « 15 16 17 18 19 » « 16 17 18 19 20 » 341. Experimental model of arthritis induced by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in rats. Science.gov (United States) Loth, Eduardo Alexandre; Biazin, Samia Khalil; Paula, Claudete Rodrigues; Simão, Rita de Cássia Garcia; de Franco, Marcello Fabiano; Puccia, Rosana; Gandra, Rinaldo Ferreira 2012-09-01 Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a disease caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), is highly prevalent in Brazil, where it is the principal cause of death by systemic mycoses. The disease primarily affects men aged 30-50 year old and usually starts as a pulmonary focus and then may spread to other organs and systems, including the joints. The present study aimed to develop an experimental model of paracoccidioidomycotic arthritis. Two-month-old male Wistar rats (n = 48) were used, divided in 6 groups: test groups EG/15 and EG/45 (received one dose of 100 μl of saline containing 10(5) Pb viable yeasts in the knee); heat killed Pb-group HK/15 and HK/45 (received a suspension of 10(5) Pb nonviable yeasts in the knee) and control groups CG/15 and CG/45 (received only sterile saline in the knee). The rats were killed 15 and 45 days postinoculation. In contrast with the control rats, the histopathology of the joints of rats of the test groups (EG/15 and EG/45) revealed a picture of well-established PCM arthritis characterized by extensive sclerosing granulomatous inflammation with numerous multiple budding fungal cells. The X-ray examination revealed joint alterations in these groups. Only metabolic active fungi evoked inflammation. The experimental model was able to induce fungal arthritis in the knees of the rats infected with metabolic active P. brasiliensis. The disease tended to be regressive and restrained by the immune system. No evidence of fungal dissemination to the lungs was observed. 342. Compatibility among entomopathogenic hyphocreales and two beneficial insects used to control Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleurodidae) in Mediterranean greenhouses. Science.gov (United States) Hamdi, Faten; Fargues, Jacques; Ridray, Gilles; Jeannequin, Benoît; Bonato, Olivier 2011-09-01 The effect of the combined use of Encarsia formosa or Macrolophus caliginosus and one of three marketed mycoinsecticides, Mycotal® (Leucanicillium muscarium-based), Naturalis-Lâ„¢ (Beauveria bassiana-based) and PreFeRal® (Isaria fumosorosea-based), on the control of the whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, was studied under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The results of both types of tests, the bioassays and the greenhouse trials, for all combinations of E. Formosa with each of the three mycoinsecticides showed that the total mortality of larval populations of T. vaporariorum was not affected. The mortality of T. vaporariorum larvae treated in the second instar revealed the capacity for both B. bassiana- and L. muscarium-based formulations and E. formosa to kill the host either separately or in association. Because of its higher pathogenic activity (under our test conditions), L. muscarium provoked a large proportion of mycoses in larvae exposed to parasitization. In contrast, the efficacy of parasitization was higher in larvae treated with B. bassiana and exposed to E. formosa because of a lower pathogenic activity of the fungus. Bioassays carried out with third-instar larvae of T. vaporariorum showed a low susceptibility to both tested fungi. Consequently, mortalities recorded in larvae subjected to the combined treatments by consecutive exposures or at 2-4 days post-parasitization were mainly caused by the development of the parasitoid. Greenhouse trials showed that fungus-induced mortality of T. vaporariorum in plants treated with L. muscarium, I. fumosorosea, and B. Bassiana was significant compare to control. L. muscarium, B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea killed young whitefly larvae and limited parasitization to 10% or less. Second-instar larvae of M. caliginosus were not susceptible to L. muscarium and B. bassiana formulations with any mode of contamination: direct spraying of larvae, spraying on the foliar substrate or by contaminated T. vaporariorum 343. Prospects of application of vegetable oils as antifungal agents (Literature review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A. A. Mikheev 2017-04-01 Full Text Available Purpose of work – to summarize and present modern scientific literature reviews of alternative antifungal agents usage, among which herbal medicines, and in particular herbal oils, may play significant role. Fungal infections (mycoses are one of the leading infectious diseases in the world. Besides the medical importance, pathogenic fungi play a significant role in the food industry as potential pollutants. In order to treat fungal infections and to prevent food spoilage various medications that are products of chemical synthesis are widely used and the need for them increases significantly. However, among large number of medications and herbal drugs only a small part is used to treat fungal infections and to prevent food decay, though plants contain a lot of bioactive compounds with potential antifungal properties. Therefore, question of application of vegetable oils as antifungal agents is relevant. Various plants contain oils that have the potential antifungal properties, but are often used only in gastronomic purpose. The same time those oils can be successfully used for the treatment of candidiasis and infections caused by fungi of genera Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Fusarium, Metrhizium, Ophiostoma, Scopulariopsis and others. Their effects are manifested like using a single vegetable oil and mixtures of oils. Conclusions. Vegetable oils usage has big perspectives due to the lack of «addictive» effect and the development of resistance in fungi of different taxa. Vegetable oils do not require considerable investments for their reception, and thanks to traditions of aromo- and herbal medicine, their usage can be more effective in contrast to traditional chemotherapeutic agents. The search and study of new medicines based on vegetable oils may be a perspective direction of modern microbiological sciences and requires further deep studies of their biological properties and mechanisms of action. 344. A mycosis-like granuloma of fish Science.gov (United States) Wood, E.M.; Yasutake, W.T.; Lehman, W.L. 1955-01-01 Mycoses of systemic distribution are rarely observed in fresh-water fish in this country. In a recent review of atypical cell growths in fishes, Nigrelli cited the only known instance of a mycetoma in a North American fresh-water fish which occurred in the head of fingerling landlocked salmon from an Idaho hatchery. The fungus associated with this granuloma was characterized by a branching septate mycelium. Rucker reported a streptomycete which was pathogenic to blueblack salmon. This organism produced internal nodules containing masses of hyphae but no inflammatory response. A pathogenic fungus has been observed frequently in marine fish, however, and in both marine and fresh-water fish in Europe. This organism was tentatively classified as a Phycomycete in or near the order Chytridiales and was assigned to the genus and species Ichthyophonus hoferi, later reclassified as Ichthyosporidium hoferi. The graduloma described in this report occurs in fresh-water trout and is apparently caused by a budding, yeast-like form with no hyphae which evokes a tremendous inflammatory reaction. Morphologically, the organism does not resemble the previously described Ichthyosporidium. The lesions were first seen accidentally in sections prepared from a diplobacillus infection of brook trout termed “kidney disease.†Subsequently, the granuloma was observed in three widely separated infections involving the diplobacillus in each instance.The histological material was received in a fixed condition; thus, no cultural data was available and the nomenclature and classification of the mycotic organism were not attempted. The present distribution of the disease, however, with its potential threat to domestic fish populations, seemed to warrant a description and discussion of the disease. Efforts are in progress to culture the organism. 345. The Arthroderma benhamiae hydrophobin HypA mediates hydrophobicity and influences recognition by human immune effector cells. Science.gov (United States) Heddergott, Christoph; Bruns, Sandra; Nietzsche, Sandor; Leonhardt, Ines; Kurzai, Oliver; Kniemeyer, Olaf; Brakhage, Axel A 2012-05-01 Dermatophytes are the most common cause of superficial mycoses in humans and animals. They can coexist with their hosts for many years without causing significant symptoms but also cause highly inflammatory diseases. To identify mechanisms involved in the modulation of the host response during infection caused by the zoophilic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae, cell wall-associated surface proteins were studied. By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we found that a hydrophobin protein designated HypA was the dominant cell surface protein. HypA was also detected in the supernatant during the growth and conidiation of the fungus. The A. benhamiae genome harbors only a single hydrophobin gene,

designated hypA. A hypA deletion mutant was generated, as was a complemented hypA mutant strain (hypA(C)). In contrast to the wild type and the complemented strain, the hypA deletion mutant exhibited "easily wettable" mycelia and conidia, indicating the loss of surface hydrophobicity of both morphotypes. Compared with the wild type, the hypA deletion mutant triggered an increased activation of human neutrophil granulocytes and dendritic cells, characterized by an increased release of the immune mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). For the first time, we observed the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps against dermatophytes, whose level of formation was increased by the ΔhypA mutant compared with the wild type. Furthermore, conidia of the ΔhypA strain were killed more effectively by neutrophils. Our data suggest that the recognition of A. benhamiae by the cellular immune defense system is notably influenced by the presence of the surface rodlet layer formed by the hydrophobin HypA. 346. [Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America. Grupo Proyecto Épico]. Science.gov (United States) Santolaya, MarÃa E; Alvarado Matute, Tito; de Queiroz Telles, Flavio; Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes; Zurita, Jeannete; Tiraboschi, Iris Nora; Cortes, Jorge Alberto; Thompson-Moya, Luis; Guzman-Blanco, Manuel; Sifuentes, Jose; EchevarrÃa, Juan; Nucci, Marcio 2013-01-01 Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of neonates who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America' includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, central venous catheter management, and management of complications. This manuscript is the fourth of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America'. 347. [Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America. Grupo Proyecto Épico]. Science.gov (United States) Nucci, Marcio; Thompson-Moya, Luis; Guzman-Blanco, Manuel; Tiraboschi, Iris Nora; Cortes, Jorge Alberto; EchevarrÃa, Juan; Sifuentes, Jose; Zurita, Jeannete; Santolaya, MarÃa E; Alvarado Matute, Tito; de Queiroz Telles, Flavio; Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes 2013-01-01 Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of adults who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America' includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, duration of candidemia treatment, and central venous catheter management in patients with candidemia. This manuscript is the second of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America'. 348. [Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America. Grupo Proyecto Épico]. Science.gov (United States) Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes; Cortes, Jorge Alberto; Zurita, Jeannete; Guzman-Blanco, Manuel; Alvarado Matute, Tito; de Queiroz Telles, Flavio; Santolaya, MarÃa E; Tiraboschi, Iris Nora; EchevarrÃa, Juan; Sifuentes, Jose; Thompson-Moya, Luis; Nucci, Marcio 2013-01-01 Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the diagnosis of candidemia, as well as on the usefulness and application of susceptibility testing in patients who have a confirmed diagnosis of candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America' includes diagnostic methods used to detect candidemia, Candida species identification, and susceptibility testing. The availability of methods, their costs and treatment settings are considered. This manuscript is the first of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America'. 349. [Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America. Grupo Proyecto Épico]. Science.gov (United States) Santolaya, MarÃa E; de Queiroz Telles, Flavio; Alvarado Matute, Tito; Colombo, Arnaldo Lopes; Zurita, Jeannete; Tiraboschi, Iris Nora; Cortes, Jorge Alberto; Thompson-Moya, Luis; Guzman-Blanco, Manuel; Sifuentes, Jose; EchevarrÃa, Juan; Nucci, Marcio 2013-01-01 Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of children who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America' includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, duration of candidemia treatment, and central venous catheter management in children with candidemia. This manuscript is the third of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America'. 350. Sandpits as a reservoir of potentially pathogenic fungi for children. Science.gov (United States) Wójcik, Anna; BÅ‚aszkowska, Joanna; Kurnatowski, Piotr; Góralska, Katarzyna 2016-12-23 Fungi belonging to various physiological and morphological groups present in the environment are potential human pathogens. Some of them are considered as emerging pathogens. Therefore, their presence in children's playgrounds should be regarded as health risk factor. Sixty-eight samples of sand collected from 17 sandpits of different localities in Åódź, Poland, in autumn 2010 and 2011, and in spring 2011 and 2012 were evaluated. The fungi were isolated with classical mycological methods and identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical features. The prevalence of fungi in spring was 94.1% of sandpits in both layers of sand (depth 0-3 cm and 10-15 cm) and in one kindergarten sandpit, but only in a deeper layer. In autumn, fungi occurred in both layers in all sandpits (100%). The fungal concentration (CFU/g of sand) varied considerably (range 0 uncountable) in both layers. A total of 352 isolates belonging to 80 species were found. There were 69 yeasts and yeast-like fungi isolates from 12 species (9 species in each season), and 283 filamentous fungi from 68 species: 35 species in spring and 55 in autumn, with 4 keratinolytic species. There were important causes of allergies, among them Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata, as well as of opportunistic mycoses: Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus and new and 'emerging' fungal pathogens e.g., Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, Fusarium and Scedosporium species. Potentially pathogenic fungi are present in the sand taken from sandpits in Åódź. This fact poses a significant threat to child health and therefore proper maintenance and periodic checking of sandpits are of great importance. 351. Comparison of In Vitro Activities of the New Triazole SCH56592 and the Echinocandins MK-0991 (L-743,872) and LY303366 against Opportunistic Filamentous and Dimorphic Fungi and Yeasts Science.gov (United States) Espinel-Ingroff, Ana 1998-01-01 The in vitro antifungal activities of SCH56592, MK-0991, and LY303366 against 83 isolates of Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus, Bipolaris spp., Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cladophialophora bantiana, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Histoplasma capsulatum, Phialophora spp., Pseudallescheria boydii, Rhizopus arrhizus, Scedosporium prolificans, and Sporothrix schenckii were compared. The in vitro activities of these agents against 104 isolates of yeast pathogens of Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, and Trichosporon beigelii were also compared. MICs were determined by following a procedure under evaluation by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) for broth microdilution testing of the filamentous fungi (visual MICs) and the NCCLS M27-A broth microdilution method for yeasts (both visual and turbidimetric MICs). The in vitro fungicidal activity of SCH56592 was superior (minimum fungicidal concentrations [MFCs], 0.25 to 4 μg/ml for 7 of 18 species tested) to those of MK-0991 and LY303366 (MFCs, 8 to >16 μg/ml for all species tested) for the molds tested, but the echinocandins had a broader spectrum of fungicidal activity (MFCs at which 90% of strains are inhibited [MFC90s], 0.5 to 4 μg/ml for 6 of 9 species tested) than SCH56592 (MFC90s, 0.25 to 8 μg/ml for 4 of 9 species tested) against most of the yeasts tested. Neither echinocandin had in vitro activity (MICs, >16 μg/ml) against C. neoformans and T. beigelii, while the SCH56592 MICs ranged from 0.12 to 1.0 μg/ml for these two species. The MICs of the three agents for the other species ranged from 0.99, and the distances between the isolates were highly correlated with both systems. The Mantel coefficient and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient were 35,699 and 0.32, respectively (P < or = 1.2 x 10(-6)). Using MLP, the average specificity and sensitivity of clustering compared to MLST were 83% and 73%, respectively, when the singletons were excluded. The two methods are similarly discriminatory and can be interchangeable depending on the objectives. MLP is less expensive and faster than MLST. However, MLST is currently more accurate and additional standardization is needed for MLP. 363. Spectrum of clinically relevant Exophiala species in the United States. Science.gov (United States) Zeng, J S; Sutton, D A; Fothergill, A W; Rinaldi, M G; Harrak, M J; de Hoog, G S 2007-11-01 Numerous members of the genus Exophiala are potential agents of human and animal mycoses. The majority of these infections are cutaneous and superficial, but also fatal systemic infections are known. We re-identified 188 clinical isolates from the United States, which had a preliminary morphological identification of Exophiala species, by sequencing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA. Molecular identifications of the strains were as follows, in order of frequency: 55 E. dermatitidis (29.3%), 37 E. xenobiotica (19.7%), 35 E. oligosperma (18.6%), 13 E. lecanii-corni (6.9%), 12 E. phaeomuriformis (6.4%), 7 E. jeanselmei (3.7%), 7 E. bergeri (3.7%), 6 E. mesophila (3.2%), 5 E. spinifera (2.7%), 3 Exophiala sp. 1 (1.6%), 3 E. attenuata (1.6%), 3 Phialophora europaea (1.3%), 1 E. heteromorpha (0.5%), and 1 Exophiala sp. 2 (0.5%) strains. Exophiala strains were repeatedly isolated from deep infections (39.9%) involving lung, pleural fluid, sputum, digestive organs (stomach, intestines, bile), heart, brain, spleen, bone marrow, blood, dialysis fluid, lymph node, joint, breast, middle ear, throat, and intraocular tissues. About 38.3% of the Exophiala spp. strains were agents of cutaneous infections including skin, mucous membranes, nail, and corneal epithelium lesions. The other strains caused superficial infections (0.5%, including hair) or subcutaneous infection (12.0%, including paranasal sinusitis, mycetoma, and subcutaneous cyst). The systemic infections were preponderantly caused by E. dermatitidis, E. oligosperma, E. phaeomuriformis, E. xenobiotica, and E. lecanii-corni. Strains of E. bergeri, E. spinifera, E. jeanselmei, E. mesophila, and E. attenuata mainly induced cutaneous and subcutaneous infections. Since relatively few unknown ITS motifs were encountered, we suppose that the list of opportunistic Exophiala species in temperate climates is nearing completion, but a number of species still have to be described. 364. Early diagnosis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis as a main determinant of outcome – review of literature according to the presented case report Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) MichaÅ‚ Borys 2017-03-01 Although. [i]Aspergillus spp[/i] infection is not the major cause of morbidity in Intensive Care Units (ICUs, mortality among patients treated for it is tremendous. Moreover, invasive aspergillosis (IA is an independent risk factor of hospital costs and length of stay. The prevalence of this disease is inversely correlated with the immunocompetence of individuals; for instance, the incidence of IA among patients with leukemia is estimated as high as 12.7%. Although there is a significant improvement in the antifungal armamentarium, the appropriate treatment is still being given too late, mostly because of late diagnosis. As well as the diagnosis, the criteria for recognition of IA constitute a challenge. [b]Objective[/b]. The aim of this review, based on a case report, is to introduce the problem of poor diagnosis and treatment of IA, especially in the critical care settings. The presented scenario is an example which assists in showing the evidence-based medicine (EBM approach to the treatment of fungal infections. Furthermore, to demonstrate the appropriate approach to diagnosis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis, the guidelines of The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG are presented. [b]Conclusions.[/b] According to presented literature, Galactomannan assay enables early diagnosis and remains a specific and sensitive tool to diagnose [i]Asppergillosis, [/i]both in serum and BAL fluid. The guidelines recommend voriconazole as a first line treatment in IA. Failure to detect and implement proper antifungal treatment may lead to fatal consequences, as in the presented case. 365. Occupational skin diseases in automotive industry workers. Science.gov (United States) Yakut, Yunus; Uçmak, Derya; Akkurt, Zeynep Meltem; Akdeniz, Sedat; Palanci, Yilmaz; Sula, Bilal 2014-03-01 Studies on occupational skin diseases in workers of the automotive industry are few. To investigate the prevalence of occupational skin diseases in workers of the automotive industry. Between September and December 2011, a total of 405 workers from the automotive repair industry in Diyarbakır were interviewed. They were active workers in the repair industry who had been employed for at least six months. Business owners, sellers of spare parts and accounting officers were not included. The employees were examined at their workplaces and the working conditions were observed. Detailed dermatological examination was performed. The mean age of the 405 workers who participated in the study was 27.7 ± 10.3. The mean working time of employees was 13.3 ± 10.4 years. All of the employees were male. Dermatological diseases were not detected in 144 out of 405 workers (35.6%) and at least one condition was diagnosed in 261 (64.4%). The most frequent diagnosis was callus, hyperkeratosis, clavus (27.7%), followed by nail changes (16.8%) and superficial mycoses (12.1%). Contact dermatitis was seen at a rate of 5.9%. Traumatic lesions such as hyperkeratotic lesions and nail changes were found most frequently. Traumatic lesions were common among individuals who did not use gloves. Most nail changes were localized leuconychia, a finding not reported in the studies on automotive industry workers. In accordance with the literature, irritant contact dermatitis was observed in patients with a history of atopy and who had been working for a long time. Occupational skin diseases comprise an important field in dermatology, deserving much attention. Further studies on occupational dermatology are necessary. 366. Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana isolated from Moroccan Argan forests soil against larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in laboratory conditions. Science.gov (United States) Imoulan, Abdessamad; Elmeziane, Abdellatif 2014-03-01 The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the major tephritid pest in Morocco. This pest survives in Moroccan forests Argania spinosa and continually invades the nearest agricultural areas. Entomopathogenic fungi are an interesting tool for fruit fly control and hold a useful alternative to conventional insecticides. However, primary selection of effective pathogens should be taken in laboratory condition prior to applying them in the field. Here, we used third late instar larvae of C. capitata to investigate the effectiveness of 15 local Beauveria bassiana isolates. Results showed that all isolates were able to infect the larval stage, producing a large mortality rate in puparia ranging from 65 to 95 % and caused significant reduction in adult emergence. The fungal treatments revealed that the mycosis occurred also in adults escaping infection as pupariating larvae. The percentage of mycosed puparia was highest in strain TAM6.2 (95 %) followed by ERS4.16 (90 %), therefore they were the most virulent. Median lethal concentration (LCâ‚…â‚€) was studied for five isolates at four concentrations ranging from 10âµ to 10⸠conidia mlâ»Â¹. The results showed that the slopes of regression lines for B. bassiana ERS4.16 (slope = 0.386) and TAM6.2 (slope = 0.41) were the most important and had the lowest LCâ‚…â‚€ values (2.85 × 10³ and 3.16 × 10³ conidia mlâ»Â¹ respectively). This investigation suggests that the soil of Argan forests contains pathogenic B. bassiana isolates and highlights for the first time their potential as biological control toward C. capitata larval stage in Morocco. 367. Efficacy of oral cochleate-amphotericin B in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. Science.gov (United States) Santangelo, R; Paderu, P; Delmas, G; Chen, Z W; Mannino, R; Zarif, L; Perlin, D S 2000-09-01 Amphotericin B (AMB) remains the principal therapeutic choice for deep mycoses. However, its application is limited by toxicity and a route of administration requiring slow intravenous injection. An oral formulation of this drug is desirable to treat acute infections and provide prophylactic therapy for high-risk patients. Cochleates are a novel lipid-based delivery system that have the potential for oral administration of hydrophobic drugs. They are stable phospholipid-cation crystalline structures consisting of a spiral lipid bilayer sheet with no internal aqueous space. Cochleates containing AMB (CAMB) inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, and the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of CAMB administered orally was evaluated in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. The results indicate that 100% of the mice treated at all CAMB doses, including a low dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight/day, survived the experimental period (16 days). In contrast, 100% mortality was observed with untreated mice by day 12. The fungal tissue burden in kidneys and lungs was assessed in parallel, and a dose-dependent reduction in C. albicans from the kidneys was observed, with a maximum 3.5-log reduction in total cell counts at 2.5 mg/kg/day. However, complete clearance of the organism from the lungs, resulting in more than a 4-log reduction, was observed at the same dose. These results were comparable to a deoxycholate AMB formulation administered intraperitoneally at 2 mg/kg/day (P cochleates are an effective oral delivery system for AMB in a model of systemic candidiasis. 368. Efficacy of Oral Cochleate-Amphotericin B in a Mouse Model of Systemic Candidiasis Science.gov (United States) Santangelo, Rosaria; Paderu, Padmaja; Delmas, Guillaume; Chen, Zi-Wei; Mannino, Raphael; Zarif, Leila; Perlin, David S. 2000-01-01 Amphotericin B (AMB) remains the principal therapeutic choice for deep mycoses. However, its application is limited by toxicity and a route of administration requiring slow intravenous injection. An oral formulation of this drug is desirable to treat acute infections and provide prophylactic therapy for high-risk patients. Cochleates are a novel lipid-based delivery system that have the potential for oral administration of hydrophobic drugs. They are stable phospholipid-cation crystalline structures consisting of a spiral lipid bilayer sheet with no internal aqueous space. Cochleates containing AMB (CAMB) inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, and the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of CAMB administered orally was evaluated in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. The results indicate that 100% of the mice treated at all CAMB doses, including a low dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight/day, survived the experimental period (16 days). In contrast, 100% mortality was observed with untreated mice by day 12. The fungal tissue burden in kidneys and lungs was assessed in parallel, and a dose-dependent reduction in C. albicans from the kidneys was observed, with a maximum 3.5-log reduction in total cell counts at 2.5 mg/kg/day. However, complete clearance of the organism from the lungs, resulting in more than a 4-log reduction, was observed at the same dose. These results were comparable to a deoxycholate AMB formulation administered intraperitoneally at 2 mg/kg/day (P cochleates are an effective oral delivery system for AMB in a model of systemic candidiasis. PMID:10952579 369. Detection of antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis melanin in in vitro and in vivo studies during infection. Science.gov (United States) Urán, Martha E; Nosanchuk, Joshua D; Restrepo, Angela; Hamilton, Andrew J; Gómez, Beatriz L; Cano, Luz E 2011-10-01 Several cell wall constituents, including melanins or melanin-like compounds, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of microbial diseases caused by diverse species of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and helminthes. Among these microorganisms, the dimorphic fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis produces melanin in its conidial and yeast forms. In the present study, melanin particles from P. brasiliensis were injected into BALB/c mice in order to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). We identified five immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) κ-chain and four IgM melanin-binding MAbs. The five IgG1 κ-chain isotypes are the first melanin-binding IgG MAbs ever reported. The nine MAbs labeled P. brasiliensis conidia and yeast cells both in vitro and in pulmonary tissues. The MAbs cross-reacted with melanin-like purified particles from other fungi and also with commercial melanins, such as synthetic and Sepia officinalis melanin. Melanization during paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) was also further supported by the detection of IgG antibodies reactive to melanin from P. brasiliensis conidia and yeast in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from P. brasiliensis-infected mice, as well as in sera from human patients with PCM. Serum specimens from patients with other mycoses were also tested for melanin-binding antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and crossreactivities were detected for melanin particles from different fungal sources. These results suggest that melanin from P. brasiliensis is an immunologically active fungal structure that activates a strong IgG humoral response in humans and mice. 370. Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales), a fungal pathogen of Bagrada hilaris and Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae and Triozidae): Prevalence, pathogenicity, and interplay of environmental influence, morphology, and sequence data on fungal identification. Science.gov (United States) Torres Acosta, Reyna Ivonne; Humber, Richard A; Sánchez-Peña, Sergio R 2016-09-01 The exotic bagrada bug or painted bug, Bagrada hilaris, and the native potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericera (=Paratrioza) cockerelli, are key pests of horticulture in western North America. In 2014-2015, adult and juvenile B. hilaris and B. cockerelli killed by fungi in the genus Zoophthora were detected near Saltillo, northeastern Mexico. We report the field prevalence and observations of Zoophthora on these hosts. The morphology and growth characteristics of field-collected specimens and pure in vitro cultures, as well as molecular markers (ITS1 and ITS4) were analyzed to identify these Zoophthora populations. Although there were morphological spore differences detected among field collections from both insect hosts, the fungi causing these mycoses can be identified as the same species (Zoophthora radicans), according to morphometric data from in vitro cultures (where differences observed in field material were attenuated) and sequence data (96-99% identity for ITS1 and 4). These results underscore the plasticity of field collections and in vitro cultures, and the relevance of comprehensive morphological and molecular analysis from cultures under standard conditions. Dose-response bioassays were conducted with one Z. radicans strain against bagrada bug nymphs. Exposure to conidial showers from cultures induced 30-90% mortality. This is the first report of a natural enemy of bagrada bug in Mexico, and the first published report of entomophthoralean fungi naturally attacking bagrada bugs and potato psyllids. Z. radicans should be further investigated as a tool in the biological control of hemipterans. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 371. Epidemiological survey of dermatophytosis in Tehran, Iran, from 2000 to 2005 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Bassiri-Jahromi Shahindokht 2009-01-01 Full Text Available Background: Cutaneous fungal infections are common in Tehran, Iran, and causative organisms include dermatophytes, yeasts and non-dermatophyte molds. The prevalence of superficial mycosis infections has risen to such a level that skin mycoses now affect more than 20-25% of the world′s population, making them the most frequent form of infection. Aims: Our aim was to determine the prevalence of superficial cutaneous fungal infections especially dermatophytosis in our Medical Mycology Laboratory in the Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran. Methods: A total of 17,573 specimens were collected from clinically suspected tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea capitis, tinea faciei, tinea pedis, tinea manuum and finger and toe onychomycosis from 2000 to 2005. Patients were referred to our laboratory for direct examination, fungal culture and identification. The incidence of each species was thus calculated. Results: Dermatophytes remain the most commonly isolated fungal organisms, except from clinically suspected finger onychomycosis, in which case Candida species comprise> 7% of the isolates. Epidermophyton floccosum remains the most prevalent fungal pathogen and increased incidence of this species was observed in tinea cruris. Trichophyton tonsurans continues to increase in incidence. Conclusion: This study identifies the epidemiologic trends and the predominant organisms causing dermatophytosis in Tehran, Iran. These data can be used to ascertain the past and present trends in incidence, predict the adequacy of our current pharmacologic repertoire and provide insight into future developments. Consideration of the current epidemiologic trends in the incidence of cutaneous fungal pathogens is of key importance to investigational effort, diagnosis and treatment. 372. The antidepressant sertraline provides a promising therapeutic option for neurotropic cryptococcal infections. Science.gov (United States) Zhai, Bing; Wu, Cheng; Wang, Linqi; Sachs, Matthew S; Lin, Xiaorong 2012-07-01 Therapeutic treatment for systemic mycoses is severely hampered by the extremely limited number of antifungals. The difficulty of treatment of fungal infections in the central nervous system is further compounded by the poor central nervous system (CNS) penetration of most antifungals due to the blood-brain barrier. Only a few fungistatic azole drugs, such as fluconazole, show reasonable CNS penetration. Here we demonstrate that sertraline (Zoloft), the most frequently prescribed antidepressant, displays potent antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, the major causative agent of fungal meningitis. In in vitro assays, this neurotropic drug is fungicidal to all natural Cryptococcus isolates tested at clinically relevant concentrations. Furthermore, sertraline interacts synergistically or additively with fluconazole against Cryptococcus. Importantly, consistent with our in vitro observations, sertraline used alone reduces the brain fungal burden at an efficacy comparable to that of fluconazole in a murine model of systemic cryptococcosis. It works synergistically with fluconazole in reducing the fungal burden in brain, kidney, and spleen. In contrast to its potency against Cryptococcus, sertraline is less effective against strains of Candida species and its interactions with fluconazole against Candida strains are often antagonistic. Therefore, our data suggest the unique application of sertraline against cryptococcosis. To understand the antifungal mechanisms of sertraline, we screened a whole-genome deletion collection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for altered sertraline susceptibility. Gene ontology analyses of selected mutations suggest that sertraline perturbs translation. In vitro translation assays using fungal cell extracts show that sertraline inhibits protein synthesis. Taken together, our findings indicate the potential of adopting this antidepressant in treating cryptococcal meningitis. 373. Isolation of Microsporum gypseum from the haircoat of health wild felids kept in captivity in Brazil Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Bentubo Henri Donnarumma Levy 2006-01-01 Full Text Available Dermatophytes are fungi that cause superficial mycoses in animals and humans. While studies have shown that domestic cats (Felis catus are often asymptomatic carriers of dermatophytes, and thus a significant source of infection, this aspect has not been studied in relation to their wild relatives. The present study was aimed at determining the presence of dermatophytes on the haircoat of healthy wild felids, kept in captivity at "Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo". Samples were taken from 130 adult animals of both sexes: 25 lions (Panthera leo, 12 tigers (Panthera tigris, 6 jaguars (Panthera onca, 4 leopards (Panthera pardus, 2 snow leopards (Panthera uncia, 2 pumas (Puma concolor, 2 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus, 1 ocelot (Leopardus pardalis, 28 tiger cats (Leopardus tigrinus, 10 margays (Leopardus wiedii, 8 geoffroy's cats (Leopardus geoffroyi, 22 jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi and 8 pampas cats (Oncifelis colocolo. The samples were obtained by rubbing the haircoat of the animals with squares of sterile carpet, and then seeded onto Petri dishes containing Mycobiotic agar (Difco(TM. The plates were incubated at 25°C for 4 weeks. The isolates were subcultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol (100mg/L and cultured on slides for posterior identification by their macro- and microscopic characteristics. Microsporum gypseum was isolated from two apparently healthy lionesses (1.6%, both kept in terrariums. The most prevalent contaminants were of the genera Penicillium (27.9%; Cladosporium (24.5%; Acremonium (12.1%; Scopulariopsis and Chrysosporium (9.8%; and Aspergillus (5.3%. The occurrence of dermatophytes in the haircoat of healthy wild felids, maintained in captivity, confirms their status as asymptomatic carriers and characterizes them as sources of infection for other animals and for humans. 374. International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM)-ITS reference DNA barcoding database--the quality controlled standard tool for routine identification of human and animal pathogenic fungi. Science.gov (United States) Irinyi, Laszlo; Serena, Carolina; Garcia-Hermoso, Dea; Arabatzis, Michael; Desnos-Ollivier, Marie; Vu, Duong; Cardinali, Gianluigi; Arthur, Ian; Normand, Anne-Cécile; Giraldo, Alejandra; da Cunha, Keith Cassia; Sandoval-Denis, Marcelo; Hendrickx, Marijke; Nishikaku, Angela Satie; de Azevedo Melo, Analy Salles; Merseguel, Karina Bellinghausen; Khan, Aziza; Parente Rocha, Juliana Alves; Sampaio, Paula; da Silva Briones, Marcelo Ribeiro; e Ferreira, Renata Carmona; de Medeiros Muniz, Mauro; Castaà ±Ã³n-Olivares, Laura Rosio; Estrada-Barcenas, Daniel; Cassagne, Carole; Mary, Charles; Duan, Shu Yao; Kong, Fanrong; Sun, Annie Ying; Zeng, Xianyu; Zhao, Zuotao; Gantois, Nausicaa; Botterel, Françoise; Robbertse, Barbara; Schoch, Conrad; Gams, Walter; Ellis, David; Halliday, Catriona; Chen, Sharon; Sorrell, Tania C; Piarroux, Renaud; Colombo, Arnaldo L; Pais, Célia; de Hoog, Sybren; Zancopé-Oliveira, Rosely Maria; Taylor, Maria Lucia; Toriello, Conchita; de Almeida Soares, Célia Maria; Delhaes, Laurence; Stubbe, Dirk; Dromer, Françoise; Ranque, Stéphane; Guarro, Josep; Cano-Lira, Jose F; Robert, Vincent; Velegraki, Aristea; Meyer, Wieland 2015-05-01 Human and animal fungal pathogens are a growing threat worldwide leading to emerging infections and creating new risks for established ones. There is a growing need for a rapid and accurate identification of pathogens to enable early diagnosis and targeted antifungal therapy. Morphological and biochemical identification methods are time-consuming and require trained experts. Alternatively, molecular methods, such as DNA barcoding, a powerful and easy tool for rapid monophasic identification, offer a practical approach for species identification and less demanding in terms of taxonomical expertise. However, its wide-spread use is still limited by a lack of quality-controlled reference databases and the evolving recognition and definition of new fungal species/complexes. An international consortium of medical mycology laboratories was formed aiming to establish a quality controlled ITS database under the umbrella of the ISHAM working group on "DNA barcoding of human and animal pathogenic fungi." A new database, containing 2800 ITS sequences representing 421 fungal species, providing the medical community with a freely accessible tool at http://www.isham.org/ and http://its.mycologylab.org/ to rapidly and reliably identify most agents of mycoses, was established. The generated sequences included in the new database were used to evaluate the variation and overall utility of the ITS region for

the identification of pathogenic fungi at intra-and interspecies level. The average intraspecies variation ranged from 0 to 2.25%. This highlighted selected pathogenic fungal species, such as the dermatophytes and emerging yeast, for which additional molecular methods/genetic markers are required for their reliable identification from clinical and veterinary specimens. 375. Enhanced antifungal efficacy of tebuconazole using gated pH-driven mesoporous nanoparticles Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mas N 2014-05-01 Full Text Available Núria Mas,1–3 Irene Galiana,3 Silvia Hurtado,†Laura Mondragón,1–3 Andrea Bernardos,1–3 Félix Sancenón,1–3 MarÃa D Marcos,1–3 Pedro Amorós,4 Nuria Abril-Utrillas,5 Ramón MartÃnez-Máñez,1–3 José Ramón MurguÃa1,3 1Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM, Centro Mixto Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; 2Departamento de QuÃmica, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; 3CIBER de BioingenierÃa, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain; 4Institut de Ciència del Materials (ICMUV, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; 5Servicio GinecologÃa y Obstetricia, Hospital de la Plana, Vila-real, Spain†Silvia Hurtado passed away in September 2013 Abstract: pH-sensitive gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been synthesized. Increased extracellular pH and internalization into living yeast cells triggered molecular gate aperture and cargo release. Proper performance of the system was demonstrated with nanodevices loaded with fluorescein or with the antifungal agent tebuconazole. Interestingly, nanodevices loaded with tebuconazole significantly enhanced tebuconazole cytotoxicity. As alterations of acidic external pH are a key parameter in the onset of fungal vaginitis, this nanodevice could improve the treatment for vaginal mycoses.Keywords: capped mesoporous nanoparticles, intracellular release, pH-responsive nanoparticles, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, tebuconazole loading 376. Mortality risk from entomopathogenic fungi affects oviposition behavior in the parasitoid wasp Trybliographa rapae. Science.gov (United States) Rännbäck, Linda-Marie; Cotes, Belen; Anderson, Peter; Rämert, Birgitta; Meyling, Nicolai V 2015-01-01 Biological control of pests in agroecosystems could be enhanced by combining multiple natural enemies. However, this approach might also compromise the control efficacy through intraguild predation (IGP) among the natural enemies. Parasitoids may be able to avoid the risk of unidirectional IGP posed by entomopathogenic fungi through selective oviposition behavior during host foraging. Trybliographa rapae is a larval parasitoid of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum. Here we evaluated the susceptibility of D. radicum and T. rapae to two species of generalist entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium brunneum isolate KVL 04-57 and Beauveria bassiana isolate KVL 03-90. Furthermore, T. rapae oviposition behavior was assessed in the presence of these entomopathogenic fungi either as infected hosts or as infective propagules in the environment. Both fungi were pathogenic to D. radicum larvae and T. rapae adults, but with variable virulence. When host patches were inoculated with M. brunneum conidia in a no-choice situation, more eggs were laid by T. rapae in hosts of those patches compared to control and B. bassiana treated patches. Females that later succumbed to mycosis from either fungus laid significantly more eggs than non-mycosed females, indicating that resources were allocated to increased oviposition due to perceived decreased life expectancy. When presented with a choice between healthy and fungal infected hosts, T. rapae females laid more eggs in healthy larvae than in M. brunneum infected larvae. This was less pronounced for B. bassiana. Based on our results we propose that T. rapae can perceive and react towards IGP risk posed by M. brunneum but not B. bassiana to the foraging female herself and her offspring. Thus, M. brunneum has the potential to be used for biological control against D. radicum with a limited risk to T. rapae populations. 377. Inhibitory activity of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts against Alternaria solani and Curvularia lunata, the pathogenic dematiaceous moulds. Science.gov (United States) Mishra, Ajay K; Mishra, Amita; Kehri, H K; Sharma, Bechan; Pandey, Abhay K 2009-03-07 Dematiaceous moulds are pathogenic microorganisms and act as etiological agents of mycoses with different degrees of severity in humans and animals. These moulds also cause loss of food crops and storage food products. The information regarding antimicrobial efficacy of the plant preparations on these moulds is scanty. The present study reveals phytochemical characterization and the effect of bark and leaf extracts of Indian spice plant, Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cz), against the growth of two species of dematiaceous moulds, Alternaria solani and Curvularia lunata. Cz bark and leaf samples were sequentially extracted in different solvents using Soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical analyses of extracts were done as per standard protocols. The antifungal bioassay of extracts was done by hanging drop technique. The inhibition of fungal spore germination was monitored under influence of three different concentrations of extracts. The lowest test concentration (50 microg/ml) of extracts of Cz bark prepared into acetone and that of Cz leaf into petroleum ether and ethanol exhibited complete inhibition (100%) of spore germination in both the moulds. At 100 microg/ml concentration all the extracts showed about 50 to 100% inhibition. However, the treatment of the spores of the two fungal species with highest concentration (500 microg/ml) of bark and leaf extracts in all the solvents showed 100% fungicidal activity as it completely arrested the germination of spores. Relatively lower activity of aqueous extracts at 50 and 100 microg/ml concentrations suggests that the antifungal ingredients present in Cz bark and leaf are more soluble in organic solvents than water. The results demonstrated that the Cz bark and leaves contain certain fungicidal constituents exhibiting potential antimould activity against A. solani and C. lunata. 378. ä¸è‰è¯æŠ—白念ç èŒä½œç”¨ç ”究进展%Research progress of Chinese herbal medicine against Candida albicans Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) æŽå§æ¯…; å¤å¿—宽; æ¨è“‰å¨… 2013-01-01 Candida albicans is one of the most common human fungal pathogen,which can cause a variety of superficial and deep mycoses,and often become resistant to commonly used antifungal agents.So looking for broad-spectrum,high efficiency,low toxicity anti-Candida drugs has became a hot research.Extremely rich resources of Chinese herbal medicine have certain advantages of the prevention and treatment of Candida infections.To study the role of Chinese herbal medicine against Candida albicans,articles summarize the three aspects:herbal mechanism of action against Candida albicans and its active ingredient,single herb and compound herbal preparations against Candida albicans,synergistic effect of compound traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine against Candida albicans.The Chinese herbal medicine against Candida albicans clinical and experimental studies in recent years were reviewed.The article further confirmed the role of herbal anti-Candida albicans and showed the broad application prospects of herbal antifungal aspects.%白念ç èŒ,是人类最常è§çš„真èŒç—…原体,å¯å¼•èµ·å„ç§æµ…表åŠæ·±éƒ¨çœŸèŒç—…,对常用抗真èŒè¯ç‰©æ˜“产生è€è¯.æ–‡ç« å°±è¿‘å¹ ´æ¥æœ‰å…³ä¸è‰è¯æŠ—白念ç èŒçš„相关临床åŠå®žéªŒç ”究进行综述,主è¦ä»Žä¸è‰è¯æŠ—白念ç èŒçš„作用机制åŠå…¶æ´»æ€§æˆåˆ†ã€å•å‘³åŠå ¤æ–¹ä¸è‰è¯åˆ¶å‰‚抗白念ç èŒä½œç”¨ã€ä¸è¥¿è¯ååŒæŠ—白念ç èŒä½œç”¨å‡ 个方é¢è¿›è¡Œé˜è¿°. 379. Galactomannan and Real-Time PCR in the diagnosis of invasive Aspergillosis: preliminary data Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Cristina Pedrotti 2014-03-01 Full Text Available The diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis is notoriously difficult. The standard culture-based methods have shown considerable limitations in performance. For this reason, non-culture methods have been increasingly employed for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, and, among them, the methods based on Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR. In this study we assess the contribution in lowering diagnosis errors provided by the RT-PCR method when run alongside other methods. We analyzed 23 biological samples, 14 serum samples, and 9 bronchoalveolar lavage samples (BAL from 10 immunocompromised patients who were selected according to EORTC/MSG criteria (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group. On the serum sample we searched the galactomannan (GM (Platelia Aspergillus® and the fungal genome (MycAssayTMAspergillus; the BAL samples were subjected also to the culture tests. In 11 serum samples the results showed concordance between GM and RTâ €“PCR tests, while in 3 samples we report discordance: 2 results were GM positive and RT-PCR negative, and 1 results GM negative and RT-PCR indeterminate. In 5 BAL samples the results showed concordance between the two methods, while 4 were GM positive and RT-PCR negative. The data, although still preliminary, suggest an increased accuracy in the diagnosis of suspected invasive aspergillosis when employing both RT-PCR and GM tests given that the RT-PCR test eliminates the false positive results of the GM test. The PCR methods require, however, further applications of this type of diagnostic because of the severe limit given by the lack of standardization. 380. Overview of the lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Science.gov (United States) Dupont, Bertrand 2002-02-01 Invasive fungal infections have been increasingly recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised host. Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum and has remained the drug of choice for life-threatening invasive fungal infections. However, adverse events, particularly renal insufficiency, are limiting factors in achieving an effective dose: the prescription of amphotericin B is a compromise between toxicity and efficacy. Lipid formulations offer a better therapeutic index by circumscribing amphotericin B toxicity. Three lipid formulations are available in most countries: AmBisome, the only true liposome; Abelcet, with a ribbon-like structure; and Amphocil/Amphotec, composed of disc-like structures. All these formulations contain amphotericin B, but they differ in shape, size, reticuloendothelial clearance, C(max), AUC and visceral diffusion. The impact of these differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on clinical efficacy is still unclear. Efficacy has been shown in neutropenic patients with fever of unknown origin, systemic candidosis, invasive aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis and a variety of other difficult-to-treat mycoses, such as Fusarium or Zygomycetes infections. The effective dose may vary from one formulation to the other and is c. 3-5 mg/kg/day. All formulations are less nephrotoxic than amphotericin B. In one randomized double-blind study, AmBisome 3 or 5 mg/kg/day was less nephrotoxic and gave fewer infusion-related events than Abelcet 5 mg/kg/day. Abelcet induces fewer infusion-related side effects than Amphocil. All formulations seem at least as effective as amphotericin B. In some patients with life-threatening mycosis who failed treatment with, or were intolerant to, amphotericin B, the lipid formulations were effective. Further studies with comparable selected high-risk patients are warranted to clarify the usefulness and the indications of each of the formulations. Cost is a factor limiting prescription « 17 18 19 20 21 » « 18 19 20 21 22 » 381. Fungal infection risk groups among school children Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Elżbieta Ejdas 2014-08-01 Full Text Available The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between ocurrence of fungi in children and living environment (city - countryside, sex, age, diet, undergone diseases therapy with antibiotics and exposure to hospital environment, and to indicate children potentially vulnerable to fungal infections. The material was consisted of swabs collected from the oral cavily, the throat and the nose of healthy children, aged 6-9 and 10-15, from both urban and rural environmens. Candida albicans, the basic aetiological factor in thc majority of mycoses recorded in humans, unquestionably prevailed in the group of the 13 speciec of yeast-like fungi and yeasts isolated. Records of C. glabrata and C. krusei increasing numbers of whose strains show resistance to basic antimycoties, as well as relatively frequent records of Trichosporon beigelii, Saccharomycopsis capsularis and Saccharomyces sp., fungi whose expansiveness and enzymatic activity have been growing, may be considered disconcerting. Vulnerability to fungal infection increases following anti-bacterial antibiotic therapy in the majority of subjects regardless season or age. This is particularly true primarily of the most stable ontocoenosis of the throat. Younger children, on the other hand, are the most vulnerable foUowing infection of the respiratory system. Fungi are likely to colonise the nose in this case. Children living in the countryside who had been ll immediately prior to the collection of the material constitute the highest risk group of the occurrence of fungi in any of the ontocoenoses studied. A greater number of positive inoculations were recorded in these children in comparison to the children from the city. It may be indicative of a more extensive spectrum of natural reservoirs of fungi and the vectors of their transmission in rural areas than those in the city, lower health hygiene and lower immunity or of a more common carriage of fungi among rural children. 382. Paracoccidioidomycosis in a western Brazilian Amazon State: Clinical-epidemiologic profile and spatial distribution of the disease Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gabriel de Deus Vieira 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Introduction: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM is a systemic infection caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. PCM is considered one of the most important systemic mycoses in Latin America. Methods: This is a clinical, epidemiological, retrospective, quantitative study of PCM cases in patients attending the National Health Service in the State of Rondônia in 1997-2012. The examined variables included sex, age group, year of diagnosis, education level, profession, place of residence, diagnostic test, prior treatment, medication used, comorbidities and case progress. Results: During the study period, 2,163 PCM cases were registered in Rondônia, and the mean annual incidence was 9.4/100,000 people. The municipalities with the highest rates were located in the southeastern region of Rondônia, and the towns of Pimenteiras do Oeste and Espigão do Oeste had the highest rates in the state, which were 39.1/100,000 and 37.4/100,000 people, respectively. Among all cases, 90.2% and 9.8% were observed in men and women, respectively, and most cases (58.2% were observed in patients aged between 40 and 59 years. Itraconazole was used to treat 91.6% (1,771 of cases, followed by sulfamethoxazole in combination with trimethoprim (4.4% [85] of cases. One hundred thirty-one (6% patients died. Conclusions: The State of Rondônia has a high incidence of PCM, and the municipalities in the southeastern region of the state were found to have the highest incidence rates of this disease. Our findings suggest that Rondônia is the state in the northern region with the highest mortality rate for PCM. 383. Monitoring procalcitonin in febrile neutropenia: what is its utility for initial diagnosis of infection and reassessment in persistent fever? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) James Owen Robinson Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Management of febrile neutropenic episodes (FE is challenged by lacking microbiological and clinical documentation of infection. We aimed at evaluating the utility of monitoring blood procalcitonin (PCT in FE for initial diagnosis of infection and reassessment in persistent fever. METHODS: PCT kinetics was prospectively monitored in 194 consecutive FE (1771 blood samples: 65 microbiologically documented infections (MDI, 33.5%; 49 due to non-coagulase-negative staphylococci, non-CNS, 68 clinically documented infections (CDI, 35%; 39 deep-seated, and 61 fever of unexplained origin (FUO, 31.5%. RESULTS: At fever onset median PCT was 190 pg/mL (range 30-26'800, without significant difference among MDI, CDI and FUO. PCT peak occurred on day 2 after onset of fever: non-CNS-MDI/deep-seated-CDI (656, 8086350 vs. FUO (205, 33-771; p500 pg/mL distinguished non-CNS-MDI/deep-seated-CDI from FUO with 56% sensitivity and 90% specificity. PCT was >500 pg/ml in only 10% of FUO (688, 570-771. A PCT peak >500 pg/mL (1196, 524-11950 occurred beyond 3 days of persistent fever in 17/21 (81% invasive fungal diseases (IFD. This late PCT peak identified IFD with 81% sensitivity and 57% specificity and preceded diagnosis according to EORTC-MSG criteria in 41% of cases. In IFD responding to therapy, median days to PCT