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N1 road (South Africa) [show article only] hover over links in text for more info City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality – The City of Cape Town is the metropolitan municipality which governs the city of Cape Town, South Africa and its suburbs and exurbs. As the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,740,026, the remote Prince Edward Islands are deemed to be part of the City of Cape Town, specifically of ward 55. Cape Town first received local selfgovernment in 1839, w

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The N1 is a national route in South Africa that runs from Cape Town through Bloemfontein, Johannesburg, Pretoria and Polokwane to Beit Bridge on the border with Zimbabwe.[1] It forms the first section of the famed Cape to Cairo Road.

National route N1

Prior to 1970, the N1 designation was applied to the route from Beit Bridge to Colesberg and then along the current N9 to George, the section from Cape Town to Colesberg was designated the N9.[citation needed]



1. Mayor Patricia de Lille. 2. Seal 3. Helen Zille, former mayor of the City of Cape Town.

Contents

Western Cape – The Western Cape is a province of South Africa, situated in the south-western part of the country. It is the fourth largest of the nine provinces in terms of area and population, with an area of 129,449 square kilometres and 5.8 million inhabitants. About two-thirds of these live in the metropolitan area of Cape Town. The Western Cape was created i

The N1 is indicated in red. Route information

1 Route 1.1 Western Cape 1.2 Northern Cape 1.3 Free State 1.4 Gauteng 1.5 Limpopo 2 Old Route 3 Tolls 4 References 5 External links

Maintained by SANRAL, City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, Western Cape Provincial Government[1]







Length: 1,929 km (1,199 mi) Major junctions

1. Topography of the Western Cape. The Roggeveld and Nuweveld mountains are part of the Great Escarpment (see diagrams below). The other mountain ranges belong to the Cape Fold Belt, also shown in the diagrams below. The Western Cape's inland boundary lies for the most part at the foot of the Great Escarpment.

South end: Buitengracht Street in Cape Town

N2 in Cape Town N7 in Cape Town N12 near Beaufort West

Cape Town – Cape Town is a coastal city in South Africa. It is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg and it is also the capital and primate city of the Western Cape province. As the seat of the Parliament of South Africa, it is also the capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality, th

N12 at Three Sisters N10 at Hanover

Route

N9 at Colesberg N6 near Bloemfontein N8 near Bloemfontein

Western Cape

N5 at Winburg N12 near Soweto N3 near Sandton N14 in Centurion



N4 near Pretoria





N11 near Mokopane North end: A4 at the Zimbabwean border at Beit Bridge Location

N1 freeway as it enters Cape Town

Major Cape Town, Paarl, Worcester, cities: Beaufort West, Colesberg, Bloemfontein, Kroonstad, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Mokopane, Polokwane

1. Clockwise from top: Cape Town CBD, Strand, Clifton beach, Table Mountain, Port of Cape Town, Cape Town City Hall 2. Coat of arms 3. Arrival of Jan van Riebeeck in Table Bay by Charles Bell 4. View of Table Bay with ships of the Dutch East India Company, c. 1683

Highway system Numbered routes of South Africa ←

R727

N2

Õ

N1 near De Doorns atop Hex River Pass The N1 begins in central Cape Town at the northern end of Buitengracht Street outside the entrance to the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront. The first section of the N1 is shared with the beginning of the N2; it is a four-lane elevated freeway that runs along a strip of land between the city centre and the Port of Cape Town. On the eastern edge of the city centre the two roads split, and the N1 turns east as Table Bay Boulevard, passing the Ysterplaat Air Force Base and Century City before the N7 intersects it on its own way out of the city towards Namibia. Major improvements have been made to the Koeberg Interchange, where the N1 meets the M5, one of the main arterial routes linking Milnerton with the Southern Suburbs. The N1 then heads through the suburbs of Goodwood and Bellville, where the R300 terminates at it, before heading towards Paarl. At Paarl, the freeway ends, and the N1 is tolled as it passes through the Huguenot Tunnel running underneath the Du Toitskloof Mountains; the tunnel was opened in the late 1980s to replace the old Du Toitskloof Pass running over the mountain. After emerging from the tunnel, the N1 winds through the Molenaar River Valley (which is a short dual carriageway section) before emerging from the valley and heading towards Worcester, from Worcester, the route heads through the Hex River Valley and then enters the Karoo by ascending the Hex River Pass. Currently only the section of the N1 passing through the Huguenot Tunnel is tolled, although there are plans to toll the N1 from the junction with the R300, roughly to De Doorns, this would allow for upgrading of the N1, most especially the opening and construction of the Northern Bore of the Huguenot Tunnel so that two lanes of traffic could pass in each direction through the tunnel, and the building of grade separated junctions along the N1 through Worcester. Although the town is bypassed, there are a number of traffic lights on the N1 through Worcester. From the top of the pass, the N1 passes Touws River and Matjiesfontein before passing through Laingsburg, then heads towards Beaufort West. The 200 km section between Laingsburg and Beaufort West is notorious for claiming many lives in fatigue-related accidents; also, the N1 begins to turn towards the north-east along this stretch of road. Just before Beaufort West, the N12 from George meets the N1; the N12 shares the N1 route through Beaufort West and for the next 80 km before splitting at Three Sisters. The N12 later meets the N1 again in Johannesburg, making the N12 an alternative route to the N1, passing through Kimberley instead of Bloemfontein, although parts of the N12 between Warrenton and Klerksdorp are in poor condition (although in process of being upgraded), the N1 from Bloemfontein onwards is tolled while the N12 is toll-free. Whereas the N12 also passes through most of the towns en route to Johannesburg, the N1 bypasses every town between Beaufort West and Johannesburg.

N2 road (South Africa) – The N2 is a national route in South Africa that runs from Cape Town through Port Elizabeth, East London and Durban to Ermelo. It is the highway along the Indian Ocean coast of the country. Its total distance of 2,255 kilometres makes it the longest numbered route in South Africa, the N2 begins in central Cape Town at the northern end of Buitengrach







1. The N2, which is also known at this point as the Eastern Boulevard (now Nelson Mandela Boulevard), as it enters the City Bowl of Cape Town. 3. N2 Freeway between George and Mossel Bay 4. Bloukrans Bridge N7 road (South Africa)



1. The N7 north of Vanrhynsdorp N12 road (South Africa) – The road runs roughly from south to north, however, once it passes Kimberley in the Northern Cape, it gradually turns eastward. Only the section between Soweto and Witbank is a limited access dual motorway, the section between Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom is a dual carriage highway. The Meiringspoort section in the Swartberg between De Rust and Kla



1. The N12 at Perseboom Drift in Meiringspoort as it passes through the Swartberg Beaufort West – Beaufort West is a town in the Western Cape province in South Africa. It is the largest town in the arid Great Karoo region and it forms part of the Beaufort West Local Municipality, with 34085 inhabitants in 2011. It is the centre of a district based mainly on sheep farming. Next door to Beaufort West is the Karoo National Park, important fossils

The N1 briefly crosses into the Northern Cape at Three Sisters for a few kilometres before crossing back into the Western Cape, and remains in the Western Cape until just after its intersection with the R63, where it re-enters the Northern Cape.



Northern Cape The N1 has a short section in the Northern Cape; after it passes into this province, it passes through the town of Richmond before intersecting with the N10 at Hanover. The N1 then continues towards Colesberg, where the N9 terminates where it meets the N1, after Colesberg, the N1 crosses the Orange River and enters the Free State.

Free State

The N1 southbound as it enters Ventersburg After the Orange River crossing, the N1 makes a direct line for Bloemfontein, heading in a more northerly direction, the N1 from Colesberg to Bloemfontein is highly significant because it was the first single-carriageway freeway built in South Africa. The bridges with the interchanges at Edenburg and Trompsburg show the ambitious plans for this road as a dual-carriage freeway. Just before reaching Bloemfontein, the N6 from East London terminates where it meets the N1, this intersection marks the beginning of the Bloemfontein Western Bypass, which is the first freeway section on the route since Paarl. The N8 WEST from Kimberley intersects with the N1 bypass, joining it for 3 km, before heading EAST through the central parts of Bloemfontein and then to Maseru in Lesotho, The N1 is signed as a toll road from the N6 interchange until its end at Beit Bridge, the N1 becomes a single carriageway freeway a few kilometres north of Bloemfontein after passing the R30 to Brandfort; however, construction work is in progress to extend the freeway for another 20 km by building a second carriageway. Once the freeway ends, the road will be a single carriageway but with two lanes in each direction until 5 km before the toll plaza at Verkeerdevlei, halfway between Bloemfontein and Winburg. Initial plans were for the N1 from Winburg to Bloemfontein to be a dual-carriageway freeway, at Winburg, the N5 splits from the N1, which bypasses the north of Lesotho before its own termination at the N3 in Harrismith. Many motorists from Cape Town heading for Durban travel the N1 to Winburg, and then N5 to Harrismith as an alternative to reach Durban, this is due to the much better quality of this route compared with the N2, especially between Port Shepstone and Grahamstown. The N1 continues north and passes through Ventersburg before reaching Kroonstad. There the R34 joins the N1 from Welkom. There is a short dual carriageway freeway bypass of Kroonstad, before the N1 heads towards the Vaal River and Gauteng. Just before passing into Gauteng at the Vaal River, the N1 becomes a dual-carriageway freeway and features another toll plaza.

1. Main Street, Beaufort West 2. Old style church in Donkin Street Three Sisters (Northern Cape) – The Three Sisters are a land formation near Victoria West, Northern Cape, South Africa, comprising three distinctively shaped hills. The farm on which they are situated and the railway siding are also named Three Sisters. The hills are topped with dolorite, and are identical in appearance. They can be seen just to the east of the N1 highway, roughl

1. The Three Sisters (with other mountains in the background) N10 road (South Africa)



1. The N10 in the Northern Cape Hanover, Northern Cape – Hanover, a small town in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, is named after Hanover in Germany. The town was established in 1854, much of the farming in the area is with Merino sheep. The Fountain, a spring in town, releases about 205,000 litres of water per day. A footpath leads up to Trappieskop which offers views of the area. Hanover cla

1. View of Hanover from Trappieskop N9 road (South Africa) – The N9 is a national route in South Africa that connects George with the N1 at Colesberg, via Graaff-Reinet and Middelburg. The N9 begins just south-east of George at an intersection with the N2 and it runs concurrently with the N12 through the center of George and then north over the Outeniqua Pass. From Willowmore, the N9 travels across the Easte

Gauteng Colesberg – Colesberg is a town with 17,354 inhabitants in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, located on the main N1 road from Cape Town to Johannesburg. In a sheep-farming area spread over half-a-million hectares, greater Colesberg breeds many of the countrys top merinos and it is also renowned for producing high-quality racehorses and many stud farm

1. Colesberg Main Street

The N1 between Johannesburg and Pretoria as part of the Ben Schoeman Highway. After crossing the Vaal River, the N1 continues towards Johannesburg, bypassing Vanderbijlpark and featuring another toll plaza at Grasmere. At the southern outskirts of Johannesburg, the N12 once again meets the N1, and shares its route for a few kilometers before splitting off to become the Southern Bypass portion of the Johannesburg Ring Road. From just north of the Vaal River the N1 changes from being a tarred road to a concrete road, until just after the N12, the N1 then becomes the Western Bypass portion of the same ring road, passing through Johannesburg's western suburbs before meeting the N3 (the Eastern Bypass portion of the Johannesburg Ring Road, later going to Durban) and Johannesburg's own M1 freeway at the Buccleuch Interchange. The N1 then heads towards Pretoria along the Ben Schoeman Highway; this section carries 300,000 vehicles per day and is purported to be the busiest stretch of road in South Africa. At Centurion, the N1 meets the N14 and leaves the Ben Schoeman Highway (which then becomes part of the N14) to become the Pretoria Eastern Bypass, intersecting with the R21 during this time. The N4 then joins the N1 from Witbank and follows the N1 a short distance before splitting to the west towards Rustenburg, from the interchange with the N4, the N1 is tolled for the remainder of its length, with various toll plazas located along it. The N1 then heads to the north and passes into Limpopo province.

N6 road (South Africa)



1. The N6 crosses the Orange River on the General Hertzog Bridge at Aliwal North 2. Map of the N6 route Bloemfontein – Bloemfontein is the capital city of the province of Free State of South Africa, and, as the judicial capital of the nation, one of South Africas three national capitals. Bloemfontein is the sixth largest city in South Africa, Bloemfontein was popularly and poetically known as the city of roses, owing to the abundance of these flowers and the annual







Limpopo The N1 then passes near Bela Bela (previously Warmbaths) and Modimolle (previously Nylstroom), at the Modimolle exit, the freeway ends; the section of freeway between the Vaal River and Modimolle is the longest freeway in South Africa by route number at approximately 265 km (although there are two changes in the alignment of freeway in Gauteng, at Buccleuch and Brakfontein Interchanges. South Africa's longest continuous freeway is the N3 between Durban and Ladysmith, which is approximately 20 km shorter. The N1 then heads past Mokopane (previously Potgietersrus), where the N11 intersects it (leaving the N18 as the only national road that does not intersect with the N1), before heading to Polokwane (previously Pietersburg). The Eastern Bypass around Polokwane has recently been opened, although it is not grade separated.

1. View of Bloemfontein from Naval Hill 2. Bloemfontein, circa 1900. 3. The old Raadsaal in Bloemfontein, with the statue of Christiaan de Wet 4. A dust storm envelops Bloemfontein N8 road (South Africa) – The N8 is a national route in South Africa that connects Upington, Kimberley, Bloemfontein and Maseru in Lesotho. It is maintained by the South African National Roads Agency, the road starts at Groblershoop in the Northern Cape, at a junction with the N10 from Upington. It runs east through Griquatown to Kimberley, from Kimberley it runs south-east

After Polokwane, the N1 heads north, crossing the Tropic of Capricorn before passing Louis Trichardt, the N1 then winds through the Soutpansberg Mountains (containing two short tunnels) before heading to Musina. Plans are underway for a bypass around Musina, the route then makes a 16 km line for the Beit Bridge border crossing with Zimbabwe on the Limpopo River. After crossing into Zimbabwe, the route is no longer known as the N1, it passes through the border town of Beit Bridge on the Zimbabwean side before splitting into two routes: the A6 to Bulawayo and the A4 to Harare. List of Coordinates

N5 road (South Africa)

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Old Route Winburg – Winburg is a small mixed farming town in the Free State province of South Africa. It is the oldest proclaimed town in the Orange Free State, South Africa and thus along with Griquatown, Winburg is situated midway between the Orange River and the Vaal River, adjacent to the N1 National Road, which links Cape Town to Johannesburg. The nearest city, B

A section of dual-carriageway freeway on the N1 near Vanderbijlpark in Gauteng Province In numerous places in South Africa, specifically near major cities, the N1 route was built to freeway standards, the original routes usually carry the designation of R101 and are often alternative routes to the newer, sometimes tolled, highways. An example is the R101 over Du Toitskloof Pass where the new N1 highway bypasses the pass altogether by use of the Huguenot Tunnel. There are exceptions to the usual R101 alternative route designation: The old N1 route from Colesberg to Bloemfontein is designated R717 until Redderburg when it is designated N6 The old N1 route through Bloemfontein is designated as the M30. Between Kroonstad and Parys, the old route is designated firstly as the R721 from Kroonstad to Vredefort and then as the R59 through Parys to the interchange with the N1 at the Vaal Toll Plaza, approximately 10 km south of the Vaal River. Between the Vaal River and Johannesburg, several alternative routes exist, the official alternative route being via the Golden Highway (R553). The old N1 route however followed the designation of the R42 to Vereeniging, and then the R82 leading to Johannesburg's M1 freeway. The M1 provides the alternative route through Johannesburg; near the Buccleuch Interchange (the point where the N1, M1 and N3 converge), the R101 then resumes, providing the alternative route through to Polokwane.

1. Dutch Reformed Church, Winburg 2. The Concentration camp cemetery Soweto – Soweto is a township of the city of Johannesburg in Gauteng, South Africa, bordering the citys mining belt in the south. Its name is an English syllabic abbreviation for South Western Townships, formerly a separate municipality, it is now incorporated in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, Suburbs of Johannesburg. George Harrison is







1. Orlando Towers in the Orlando suburb of Soweto 2. Soweto housing (about 2009) 3. Diepmeadow Town Council, Greater Soweto. 4. Orlando Power Station Cooling Towers N3 road (South Africa) – The N3 is a national route in South Africa that connects Johannesburg and Durban, respectively South Africas largest and third-largest cities. Durban is the port through which Johannesburg imports and exports most of its goods, as a result, the N3 is a very busy highway and has a high volume of traffic. The N3 is divided into 12 sections, starting

Tolls The list below only includes mainline toll plazas; e-Toll between Johannesburg and Pretoria, and ramp toll plazas have not been included.





Toll fees (as of 23 March 2012)[2] Name

Huguenot Toll Plaza

Location

Paarl 33°44¢34²S 19°01¢11²E

Light vehicle

Heavy vehicle (2 axles)

Heavy vehicle (3/4 axles)

Heavy vehicle (5+ axles)

R32.00 R89.00

R139.00

R225.00

R39.00 R78.00

R117.00

R164.00

near Parys 26°51¢23²S 27°38¢07²E

R45.00 R85.00

R103.00

R137.00

Lenasia 26°24¢41²S 27°53¢03²E

R14.00 R41.00

R48.00

R63.00

N4 exit to Pumulani Toll Rustenburg Plaza 25°38¢22²S 28°16¢32²E

R8.00

R24.00

R29.00

between Pretoria Carousel Toll and Bela Bela Plaza 25°19¢22²S 28°17¢52²E

R38.00 R102.00

R113.00

R130.00

between Bela Bela Kranskop Toll and Modimolle Plaza 24°46¢54²S 28°28¢17²E

R31.00 R78.00

R104.00

R128.00

between Modimolle and Polokwane Nyl Toll Plaza 24°17¢23²S 28°58¢44²E

R39.00 R74.00

R89.00

R120.00

near Verkeerdevlei Verkeerdevlei 28°47¢56²S Toll Plaza 26°41¢26²E Vaal Toll Plaza Grasmere Toll Plaza

1. N3 freeway approaching Durban, N2/N3 E.B. Cloete Interchange in the foreground 3. A section of the N3 in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, showing the dual-carriageway freeway. Sandton – Sandton is an affluent area situated within the metro of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. It is well known for being the richest square mile in Africa, the name comes from the combination of two of its suburbs, Sandown and Bryanston. In 1969 Sandton was promulgated as a municipality in its own right, the remains of an Iron Age smelter was disco



R20.50





1. Sandton skyline 2. The three original farms, Zandfontein, Driefontein and Rietfontein, and later two additional farms, Witkoppen and Cyferfontein, upon which Sandton was founded. 3. Sandton at night 4. Maude Street adjacent to Sandton Convention Centre

Capricorn Toll Plaza

between Polokwane and Louis Trichardt 23°22¢01²S 29°46¢30²E

R32.00 R87.00

R102.00

R127.00

Baobab Toll Plaza

between Louis Trichardt and Musina R31.00 R83.00 22°38¢49²S 29°55¢07²E

R115.00

R138.00

References

N14 road (South Africa) – The N14 is a national route in South Africa which runs from Springbok in the Northern Cape to Pretoria. It passes through Upington, Kuruman, Vryburg, Krugersdorp and Centurion, the section between Pretoria and Krugersdorp is maintained by the Gauteng Provincial government and is also designated the P158. The N14 is the only National Route in Gauten

Centurion, Gauteng – Centurion is an affluent area with 236,580 inhabitants in Gauteng Province of South Africa, located between Pretoria and Midrand. Formerly an independent municipality, with its own council, it forms part of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality since 2000. Its heart is located at the intersection of the N1 and N14 freeways, the R21 also pas

1. SuperSport Park, Centurion

1. ^ Falkner, John (May 2012). South African Numbered Route Description and Destination Analysis (Report). National Department of Transport. pp. 1–6. Retrieved 27 January 2014. 2. ^ "Toll tariffs 2012" (PDF). South African National Roads Agency. Retrieved 12/09/2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

N4 road (South Africa) – The N4 is a national route in South Africa that runs from Skilpadshek on the Botswana border, past Rustenburg, Pretoria, Witbank and Nelspruit, to Komatipoort on the Mozambique border. It forms the South African section of the Trans-Kalahari Corridor, which runs from Walvis Bay to Maputo, the South African section can be divided into two parts with

External links



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National (N) Routes in South Africa

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Numbered routes in the Western Cape

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Major freeways in Johannesburg

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Freeways in Cape Town

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=N1_road_(South_Africa)&oldid=815049506" Categories: N1 road (South Africa) National Roads in South Africa Roads in Cape Town Streets and roads of Johannesburg Toll roads in South Africa Hidden categories: CS1 errors: dates Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Infobox road maps for Wikidata migration All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo

1. The N4 road eastbound at the interchange with the R556 road near Modderspruit. Pretoria – Pretoria is a city in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the three capital cities, serving as the seat of the executive branch of government. Pretoria is the part of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities including Centurion. There have been propo







1. Clockwise from top left: Pretoria CBD skyline, Front view of the Union Buildings, Voortrekker Monument, Administration Building of the University of Pretoria, Church Square, Loftus Versfeld Stadium and the Palace of Justice. 2. Seal 3. Statue of Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius (27 November 1798 – 23 July 1853) in Pretoria 4. The Union Buildings, seat of South Africa's government N11 road (South Africa) – The N11 is a national route in South Africa which runs from the Botswana border through Mokopane, Middelburg, Ermelo and Newcastle to end at the N3 near Ladysmith. From the border post at Groblers Bridge, the N11 runs south-east through Limpopo province to Mokopane, in Mpumalanga it continues south-east to Ermelo, where it meets the N17 and the eas

RELATED RESEARCH TOPICS 1. City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality – The City of Cape Town is the metropolitan municipality which governs the city of Cape Town, South Africa and its suburbs and exurbs. As the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,740,026, the remote Prince Edward Islands are deemed to be part of the City of Cape Town, specifically of ward 55. Cape Town first received local self-government in 1839, with the promulgation of an ordinance by the government of the Cape Colony. As part of the reforms, municipal government experienced a complete overhaul. At the time of the 2000 municipal elections these various structures were merged to form the City of Cape Town as a metropolitan municipality governing the whole metropolitan area. It is for this reason that the City of Cape Town is sometimes referred to as the Unicity, the current municipality covers Cape Point in the south-west, Somerset West in the south-east, and Atlantis in the north, and includes Robben Island. Cape Town is governed by a 231member city council, which chooses the executive mayor, the city is divided into 116 wards, each ward directly elects one member of the council. The other 115 councillors are elected by a system of party-list proportional representation, the city manager is the non-political head of the citys administration. After the creation of the unicity from the six previous municipalities, subcouncils consist of geographically clustered wards with proportional councillors assigned to them and led by a subcouncil chairman who is elected by a majority vote of each subcouncil. The current executive Deputy Mayor is Ian Neilson, the current city manager is Achmat Ebrahim, who was appointed in April 2006. The local municipality was one of the four to have passed the 2009-10 audit by the Auditor-General of South Africa, the following table shows the results of the 2016 election. The City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality in its present form took shape after the 2000 municipal elections, the old Central Cape Town MLC council had been governed by the New National Party, but they were losing support to the African National Congress and the Democratic Party. To strengthened the opposition vote against the ANC, the DP, to this end DP changed its name to Democratic Alliance, and NNP members ran as DA candidates in the local election. The DA won Cape Town with a majority, and Peter Marais of the NNP became mayor of the unicity. DA leader Tony Leons attempt to remove Marais from his position in 2001 caused the disintegration of the alliance, and NNP came to join forces with the ANC. Marais was replaced as mayor by Gerald Morkel, but Morkel was himself ousted in October 2002 after a large number of DA councilors had defected to the NNP after the local floor crossing period. Nomaindia Mfeketo of the ANC became mayor supported by an ANC-NNP coalition, in 2004, after a dismal showing in the general elections that year, the NNP prepared for dissolution and merger with the ANC, and most of its councilors joined the governing party. This gave the ANC an outright majority on the council and this lasted until the 2006 local government election, in which the DA was the largest single party, ahead of the ANC, but with no party holding a majority 2. Western Cape – The Western Cape is a province of South Africa, situated in the south-western part of the country. It is the fourth largest of the nine provinces in terms of area and population, with an area of 129,449 square kilometres and 5.8 million inhabitants. About two-thirds of these live in the metropolitan area of Cape Town. The Western Cape was created in 1994 from part of the former Cape Province, the Western Cape Province is roughly L-shaped, extending north and east from the Cape of Good Hope, in the southwestern corner of South Africa. It stretches about 400 kilometres northwards along the Atlantic coast and about 500 kilometres eastwards along the South African south coast and it is bordered on the north by the Northern Cape and on the east by the Eastern Cape. The total land area of the province is 129,462 square kilometres and it is roughly the size of England or the State of Louisiana. Its capital city and largest city is Cape Town, and some major cities include Stellenbosch, Worcester, Paarl. The Garden Route and the Overberg are popular tourism areas. The Western Cape is the southernmost region of the African continent with Cape Agulhas as its southernmost point, the coastline varies from sandy between capes, to rocky to steep and mountainous in places. The only natural harbour is Saldanha Bay on the west coast, however a lack of fresh water in the region meant that it has only recently been used as a harbour. But fresh water coming off Table Mountain and Devils Peak allowed the early European settlers to build Cape Town on the shores of this less than satisfactory anchorage, the province is topographically exceptionally diverse. Most of the province falls within the Cape Fold Belt, a set of parallel ranges of sandstone folded mountains of Cambrian-Ordovician age. The valleys between ranges are very fertile as they contain the weathered loamy soils of the Bokkeveld mustones. The far interior forms part of the Karoo and this region of the Province is generally arid and hilly with a prominent escarpment that runs close to the Provinces most inland boundary. The Escarpment marks the edge of South Africas central plateau. The principal rivers of the province are the Berg and Olifants which drain into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Breede and Gourits which drain into the Indian Ocean. The vegetation is extremely diverse, with one of the worlds seven floral kingdoms almost exclusively endemic to the province, namely the Cape Floral Kingdom. These evergreen heathlands are extremely rich in diversity, with at least as many plant species occurring on Table Mountain as in the entire United Kingdom 3. Cape Town – Cape Town is a coastal city in South Africa. It is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg and it is also the capital and primate city of the Western Cape province. As the seat of the Parliament of South Africa, it is also the capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality, the city is famous for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point. As of 2014, it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and it is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates to South Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, in 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times and the British Daily Telegraph. Located on the shore of Table Bay, Cape Town was first developed by the Dutch East India Company as a station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India. Jan van Riebeecks arrival on 6 April 1652 established the first permanent European settlement in South Africa, Cape Town quickly outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa, the earliest known remnants in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek and date to between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago. It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as Cape of Good Hope because of the optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India. Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope in 1497, in the late 16th century, Portuguese, French, Danish, Dutch and English but mainly Portuguese ships regularly stopped over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper and iron with the Khoikhoi in exchange for fresh meat, the settlement grew slowly during this period, as it was hard to find adequate labour. This labour shortage prompted the authorities to import slaves from Indonesia, many of these became ancestors of the first Cape Coloured communities. Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples and citrus, had an important, the Dutch Republic being transformed in Revolutionary Frances vassal Batavian Republic, Great Britain moved to take control of its colonies. Britain captured Cape Town in 1795, but the Cape was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803, British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Cape Town was permanently ceded to Britain and it became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony, whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s. With expansion came calls for independence from Britain, with the Cape attaining its own parliament. Suffrage was established according to the non-racial, but sexist Cape Qualified Franchise, the discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886, prompted a flood of immigrants to South Africa 4. N2 road (South Africa) – The N2 is a national route in South Africa that runs from Cape Town through Port Elizabeth, East London and Durban to Ermelo. It is the highway along the Indian Ocean coast of the country. Its total distance of 2,255 kilometres makes it the longest numbered route in South Africa, the N2 begins in central Cape Town at the northern end of Buitengracht Street outside the entrance to the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront. The first section of the N2 is shared with the beginning of the N1, on the eastern edge of the city centre the two roads split, and the N2 turns south as Nelson Mandela Boulevard, crossing above the yards and approach tracks of Cape Town railway station. The N2 descends to level in Woodstock before approaching the major interchange known as Hospital Bend because of its proximity to Groote Schuur Hospital. In this interchange, the N2 and the M3 merge to form a massive 10-lane freeway before diverging again, after Hospital Bend the N2 turns east to travel across the Cape Flats as a 6-lane freeway to Somerset West, this section is known as Settlers Way. Along this route it crosses the M5, M7 and R300 freeways, in Somerset West it is reduced to an undivided highway, passing through several intersections with traffic lights, which cause frequent congestion. East of Somerset West the N2 climbs Sir Lowrys Pass to enter the Overberg region and it passes near the town of Grabouw on the Hottentots-Holland plateau before descending the Houwhoek Pass to Botrivier. Just west of Mossel Bay the N2 again becomes a divided freeway, from there it travels across Kaaimans Pass to Wilderness and on to Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. The Bloukrans Bridge marks the border with the Eastern Cape and is the site of the worlds highest bridge bungy, Bloukrans Bridge Bungy. In the Eastern Cape the N2 passes near Humansdorp and Jeffreys Bay before becoming a divided freeway through the city of Port Elizabeth, ending at Colchester. The N2 continues in a direction from Port Elizabeth, moving away from the coast towards Grahamstown, en route the N10 splits from the N2. After Grahamstown the N2 passes through the former Ciskei, at King Williams Town it turns back towards the coast, the N2 passes around East London on a bypass, it meets the N6 which runs northwards from East London towards Bloemfontein. After East London the N2 turns again towards the interior, to avoid the terrain of the Wild Coast. It passes through the former Transkei and its former capital Mthatha, near Kokstad, KwaZuluNatal the N2 crosses into the province of KwaZulu-Natal. From Kokstad the N2 turns again back towards the coast, meeting it at Port Shepstone, at the Westville four-level bypass the N2 meets the N3 from Johannesburg. After Durban the N2 continues as a freeway along the Natal North Coast past Umhlanga Rocks, Ballito and Tongaat and it passes the port of Richards Bay and turns north, moving away from the coast into the heart of Zululand. It passes close to the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park and the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve and it approaches the border with Swaziland near to the border post of Golela, and turns westwards, running just south of the border through the town of Pongola before entering Mpumalanga province 5. N12 road (South Africa) – The road runs roughly from south to north, however, once it passes Kimberley in the Northern Cape, it gradually turns eastward. Only the section between Soweto and Witbank is a limited access dual motorway, the section between Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom is a dual carriage highway. The Meiringspoort section in the Swartberg between De Rust and Klaarstroom follows the cut by the Groot River. It is a scenic drive crossing twelve old drifts, the writer C. J. Langenhoven chiselled the name of the elephant Herrie from his book Sonde met die Bure, on this rock in July 1929 6. Beaufort West – Beaufort West is a town in the Western Cape province in South Africa. It is the largest town in the arid Great Karoo region and it forms part of the Beaufort West Local Municipality, with 34085 inhabitants in 2011. It is the centre of a district based mainly on sheep farming. Next door to Beaufort West is the Karoo National Park, important fossils have been found in the area, initially by David Baird, son of the local magistrate in 1827. As part of a drive to create employment opportunities, a project was started and used to supply premium herbs. Despite receiving awards and rescue funding, the project was not sustainable and has been defunct since 2010, the old Town Hall and the Dutch Reformed Church have been declared national monuments. Beaufort West was the first town to be established in the central Karoo, the town was founded in 1818 and initially named Beaufort after Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort, who was the father of Lord Charles Henry Somerset, then governor of the Cape Colony. The town was renamed Beaufort West in 1869 to avoid confusion with Port Beaufort in the Western Cape as well as Fort Beaufort in the Eastern Cape, the town became prosperous with the introduction of Saxon Merino sheep. One of those who first farmed them, John Molteno, was a young Anglo-Italian immigrant who founded the towns first bank in 1854. Beaufort West became the first municipality in South Africa on 3 February 1837 and had the countrys first town hall, when the railroad reached the town in 1880 it became a marshalling yard and locomotive depot and today it is the largest town in the Karoo. Professor Christiaan Barnard, the town’s most famous son, performed the first successful heart transplant. He is honoured in the museum, which houses a display of awards presented to him. Beaufort West is the site of one of the largest migrations of mammals on record, in 1849, Sir John Fraser observed and famously documented a herd of Springbok that took three days to pass the town. Sir John Fraser LlD, was born in Beaufort West in the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope in 1840 and he later studied medicine at Kings College, Aberdeen. In 1871, he was appointed Private Secretary to Jan Brand, Christiaan Barnard, the pioneering heart surgeon, grew up in Beaufort West. His father, Adam Barnard, was a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church, one of his four brothers, Abraham, died of a heart problem at the age of five. Barnard matriculated from the Beaufort West High School in 1940, and went to study medicine at the University of Cape Town Medical School and he is commemorated in the local museum. In his youth, this Anglo-Italian immigrant was a farmer and businessman who opened Beaufort Wests first bank, elizabeth Maria Molteno, civil and womens rights activist, was born in Beaufort West 7. Three Sisters (Northern Cape) – The Three Sisters are a land formation near Victoria West, Northern Cape, South Africa, comprising three distinctively shaped hills. The farm on which they are situated and the railway siding are also named Three Sisters. The hills are topped with dolorite, and are identical in appearance. They can be seen just to the east of the N1 highway, roughly 75 km outside Beaufort West, north of the junction of the N1, due to the open and mountainous Karoo scenery, the area has become a relatively well-known landmark. There is a large Shell Ultra City branded full service petrol station nearby, a small station was built here in 1881 and it serviced the enormous tracts of farmland in the surrounding districts 8. Hanover, Northern Cape – Hanover, a small town in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, is named after Hanover in Germany. The town was established in 1854, much of the farming in the area is with Merino sheep. The Fountain, a spring in town, releases about 205,000 litres of water per day. A footpath leads up to Trappieskop which offers views of the area. Hanover claims to be the countrys most central place, historic figures were at the centre of life here, people like Olive Schreiner, author and womens rights champion, and the tempestuous Rev. Thomas Francois Burgers. Among its residents were the wealthy and eccentric, well-known people of today hailing from Hanover includes Zwelinzima Vavi, the General Secretary of the Congress of South African Trade Unions. The countrys first observatory once stood proud at the top of Trappieskop, today the busy Karoo N1 route cuts through the veld between the town and its cemetery. But during the last century all roads converged in Hanover and all passed through the town. It was on an important stop for stage coaches carrying passengers to the Diamond Fields, daily life bubbled with people ever on the move. But then in 1884, the advent of the railway deprived the town of much of its through traffic, South African author and womens rights pioneer, Olive Schreiner, and husband Cron lived in Hanover from 1900 to 1907 in a typical small iron-roofed Karoo cottage with a stoep. Schreiner House, on the corner of Grace and New street, Olive was very happy in Hanover where the Karoo air relieved her asthma. She wrote to friends saying, ‘this is the prettiest village I have ever seen, farmers moved gradually northwards and settled in this area in the 18th century. One of the farms was Petrusvallei which in time became Hanover. The farm was granted to W. L. Pretorius in November 1841. Petrusvallei was part of a district of Graaff-Reinet and simply known as Bo-Zeekoeirivier. Farmers had to long and arduous journeys to Graaff-Reinet for church, communion or nagmaal services, marriages. But in time they felt the need for a religious, administrative and educational centre of their own, on 17 July 1854, a six-man committee bought the farm for the sum of 33333 Rixdollars. Their intention was to start a settlement and church farm, gouws was retained as manager and J. J. Swart was in charge of finances 9. N9 road (South Africa) – The N9 is a national route in South Africa that connects George with the N1 at Colesberg, via Graaff-Reinet and Middelburg. The N9 begins just south-east of George at an intersection with the N2 and it runs concurrently with the N12 through the center of George and then north over the Outeniqua Pass. From Willowmore, the N9 travels across the Eastern Cape Karoo through Aberdeen to GraafReinet, from Graaf-Reinet it crosses the Sneeuberge through Naudesberg Pass and Lootsberg Pass to Middelburg, where it meets the N10. The N9 and N10 are concurrent northwards out of Middelburg, the N9 continues northwards through Noupoort to end at an intersection with the N1 just outside Colesberg. An urban legend in the vanishing hitchiker tradition arose after a girl named Marie Charlotte Roux was killed in an accident not far from Uniondale on Easter Sunday of 1968. Folklorist Sigrid Schmidt wrote that coverage of the tale by the South African press helped spread the Uniondale legend nationwide. R306 connecting road South African National Roads Agency Route listing fr, Outeniqua Pass 10. Colesberg – Colesberg is a town with 17,354 inhabitants in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, located on the main N1 road from Cape Town to Johannesburg. In a sheep-farming area spread over half-a-million hectares, greater Colesberg breeds many of the countrys top merinos and it is also renowned for producing high-quality racehorses and many stud farms, including one owned by renowned golfer, Gary Player, are nearby. The site of the lay on one of the well-travelled routes used by traders, hunters and explorers to gain access to the interior. Towerberg or Coleskop is a prominent hill near the town and an easily seen from a distance by travellers. Colesberg saw a number of battles and skirmishes during the second AngloBoer War. A number of 1820 Settlers established farms in the Colesberg district, outnumbered as a religious group, some attended the Methodist Church and others the Dutch Reformed Church, where services in English were specially held for them. Anglican officials in Cape Town appointed Dr CEH Orpen as Rector and the first services were conducted in the Court House and the London Mission Chapel, which became known as St Stephens Church. In 1852 the construction of the Anglican Christ Church was started, having been designed by Sophy Gray, the Colesberg Bank was founded in 1861. Michael Davitt wrote while documenting the Second Boer War, that the previous generation noted the village as a rendezvous for hunters, originally plots were pegged out and sold on the site of the town to fund the building of the Dutch Reformed church. A large number of Heritage Sites registered with the South African Heritage Resources Agency are located in Colesberg, farming in the area is dedicated almost entirely to horses and merino sheep. While in an area spread over half-a-million hectares, greater Colesberg breeds many of the countrys top merinos. Colesberg is renowned for producing high-quality racehorses and many farms, including one owned by legendary golfer. The ostrich-feather boom of the early 1900s, which left many farmers rich, is long forgotten, the town has a thriving tourism industry. There is a hotel, a motel, and many guest houses and B&Bs around town, most having restaurants, several guest farms operate in the district offering accommodation with 4x4 trails, mountain bike trails, game hunting and bird watching. Three major service stations with on-site shops, restaurants and toilet facilities are located on the N1 at Colesberg, small industries are located in town, including a sheep abbatoir, a factory which makes a range of furniture to order and a panel beater. The Doornkloof Nature Reserve is located near Colesberg on the confluence of the Orange and Seekoei Rivers 11. Bloemfontein – Bloemfontein is the capital city of the province of Free State of South Africa, and, as the judicial capital of the nation, one of South Africas three national capitals. Bloemfontein is the sixth largest city in South Africa, Bloemfontein was popularly and poetically known as the city of roses, owing to the abundance of these flowers and the annual rose festival held there. The citys Sesotho name is Mangaung, meaning place of cheetahs, Bloemfontein has since 2011 formed part of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, having previously been part of the Mangaung Local Municipality. Bloemfontein is situated at an altitude of 1,395 m above sea level, the city is home to 369,568 residents, while the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality has a population of 645,455. Although modern day Bloemfontein has a reputation for its flowers in an arid region. Bloemfontein literally means fountain of flowers or flower spring in Dutch, with colonial policy shifts, the region changed into the Orange River Sovereignty and eventually the Orange Free State Republic. From 1902–10 it served as the capital of the Orange River Colony, in 1910 it became the Judicial capital of the Union of South Africa. Warden originally chose the site largely because of its proximity to the route to Winburg, the spacious open country. Bloemfontein was the farm of Johannes Nicolaas Brits born 21 February 1790, owner. Johann – as he was known – sold the farm to Maj Warden, as the capital of the Orange Free State Republic the growth and maturing of the Republic resulted in the growth of the town. Numerous public buildings remain in use today were constructed. This was largely facilitated by the excellent governance of the Republic, the old Orange Free States presidential residence the Old Presidency is currently a museum and cultural space in the city. A railway line was built in 1890 connecting Bloemfontein to Cape Town. The writer J. R. R. Tolkien was born in the city on 3 January 1892, though his family left South Africa following the death of his father, Arthur Tolkien and he recorded that his earliest memories were of a hot country. In 1899 the city was the site of the Bloemfontein Conference, the conference was a final attempt to avert a war between Britain and the South African Republic. With its failure the stage was set for war, which broke out on 11 October 1899, the rail line from Cape Town provided a centrally located railway station, and proved critical to the British in occupying the city later. On 13 March 1900, following the Battle of Paardeberg, British forces captured the city and built a concentration camp nearby to house Boer women and children. The National Womens Monument, on the outskirts of the city, the hill in town was named Naval Hill after the naval guns brought in by the British in order to fortify the position against attack 12. N8 road (South Africa) – The N8 is a national route in South Africa that connects Upington, Kimberley, Bloemfontein and Maseru in Lesotho. It is maintained by the South African National Roads Agency, the road starts at Groblershoop in the Northern Cape, at a junction with the N10 from Upington. It runs east through Griquatown to Kimberley, from Kimberley it runs south-east into the Free State, on a recently upgraded stretch of road, to Bloemfontein. East of Bloemfontein, the runs through Botshabelo, Thaba Nchu 13. Winburg – Winburg is a small mixed farming town in the Free State province of South Africa. It is the oldest proclaimed town in the Orange Free State, South Africa and thus along with Griquatown, Winburg is situated midway between the Orange River and the Vaal River, adjacent to the N1 National Road, which links Cape Town to Johannesburg. The nearest city, Bloemfontein, is 120 km away, when the Voortrekkers reached the area of Winburg, there were no other tribes or inhabitants. The trade of cattle for land between the Vaal and Vet Rivers, undertaken by Andries Pretorius and the Bataung Chief Makwana in 1836, in exchange for continued protection, the Voortrekkers were offered the land between the Vet and Vaal Rivers. The Voortrekker leaders had a disagreement as to where to establish a town. A vote was held under the Burgers and Andries Pretoriuss group won and elected to establish the town in its current position and to call it Winburg, Winburg acted as a settlement and religious centre for Voortrekkers. It carries the names of the Voortrekker leaders, Piet Uys, Andries Hendrik Potgieter, Andries Pretorius, Piet Retief, the lengths of the five tiers are proportional to the distances travelled by the respective settler groups. The monument is built near the site of the birth-house of Martinus Theunis Steyn, the town was the site of a concentration camp for women and children captured by the British Army during their scorched earth campaign during the Second Boer War. 355 children and 132 adults died in camp due to malnutrition and contagious diseases. The famous Boer General Koos de la Rey was born in the district of Winburg on the farm Doornfontein, General De La Rey was the leading Boer General of the Western Transvaal in 1899 –1901. Winburg had an armed commando supporting the British soldiers during the war of 1899 –1901. The first shots of the Maritz Rebellion in 1914, against the involvement in South West Africa, were fired in the district of Winburg. The first President of the Republic of South Africa, when it gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1961, was Charles Robberts Swart, the white community of Winburg is famous for the differences in political heritage. The town was divided into two camps, due to their support to either the South African Party of General Jan Smuts, or the National Party of Dr Daniel François Malan. This led to the division of the Dutch Reformed Church into two congregations, Klip Kerk and which was the original church for the Dutch Reformed Church. Bitter feuds were fought between supporters of the two parties, the Klipkerk supporters demolished the Rietfontein Church project several times. In later years this division was almost erased, the National Partys support and later abdication to the African National Congress, led to a new division in the community. Old feuds were re-ignited and with the town divided along religious lines again, a new church, the communities in Winburg, as in most South African towns, still lead segregated lives, a remnant of apartheid days 14. Soweto – Soweto is a township of the city of Johannesburg in Gauteng, South Africa, bordering the citys mining belt in the south. Its name is an English syllabic abbreviation for South Western Townships, formerly a separate municipality, it is now incorporated in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, Suburbs of Johannesburg. George Harrison is today credited as the man who discovered an outcrop of the Main Reef of gold on the farm Langlaagte in February 1886. Within ten years of the discovery of gold in Johannesburg,100,000 people flocked to this part of the ZuidAfrikaansche Republic in search of riches and they were of all races and all nationalities. In October 1887 the government of the ZAR bought the portion of the farm Braamfontein. There were large quantities of clay, suitable for brickmaking, along the stream, the government decided that more money was to be made from issuing brick makers licences at five shillings per month. The result was that many landless Dutchspeaking burghers of the ZAR settled on the property and they also erected their shacks there. Soon the area was known either Brickfields or Veldschoendorp, soon other working poor, Coloureds, Indians and Africans also settled there. The government, who sought to differentiate the white working class from the black, laid out new suburbs for the Burghers, Coolies, Malays and Kaffirs, in April 1904 there was a bubonic plague scare in the shanty town area of Brickfields. The town council decided to condemn the area and burn it down, beforehand most of the Africans living there were moved far out of town to the farm Klipspruit, south-west of Johannesburg, where the council had erected iron barracks and a few triangular hutments. The rest of them had to build their own shacks, the fire brigade then set the 1600 shacks and shops in Brickfields alight. Thereafter the area was redeveloped as Newtown, Pimville was next to Kliptown, the oldest Black residential district of Johannesburg and first laid out in 1891 on land which formed part of Klipspruit farm. The future Soweto was to be out on Klipspruit and the adjoining farm called Diepkloof. It is important to note that in die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek and the subsequent Transvaal Colony it was not unlawful for people of colour to own fixed property, consequently, the township of Sophiatown was laid out in 1903 and Blacks were encouraged to buy property there. For the same reasons Alexandra, Gauteng was planned for Black ownership in 1912, the subsequent Natives Land Act of 1913 did not change the situation because it did not apply to land situated within municipal boundaries. In 1923 the Parliament of the Union of South Africa passed the Natives Act, the purpose of the Act was to provide for improved conditions of residence for natives in urban areas, to control their ingress into such areas and to restrict their access to intoxicating liquor. The Act required local authorities to provide accommodation for Natives lawfully employed, pursuant to this Act the Johannesburg town council formed a Municipal Native Affairs Department in 1927. It bought 1300 morgen of land on the farm Klipspruit No.8, the township was named after the chairman of the Native Affairs committee, Mr. Edwin Orlando Leake 15. N3 road (South Africa) – The N3 is a national route in South Africa that connects Johannesburg and Durban, respectively South Africas largest and third-largest cities. Durban is the port through which Johannesburg imports and exports most of its goods, as a result, the N3 is a very busy highway and has a high volume of traffic. The N3 is divided into 12 sections, starting with section 1 in Durban, between the two cities, the route passes the following towns and cities, Pietermaritzburg, Estcourt, Ladysmith, Harrismith, Heidelberg and Germiston. It no longer passes through any of these towns, as bypasses have been built all of them. The last bypass that was built was around the town of Warden and it then heads through Westville before bypassing the south of Pinetown. The route is tolled at Mariannhill as it leaves the urban area. From Cato Ridge, the route passes Camperdown before turning towards the northwest and heading towards Pietermaritzburg, the route then becomes rather pictureque as it heads through the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, passing through Mooi River before heading to Estcourt. Just past Estcourt, access to the Central and Northern Drakensberg via the R74 is provided, the N3 passes Ladysmith to the west, with the N11 providing access to Ladysmith itself. A few kilometers after the N11 interchange, the N3 is tolled once again, from here, the N3 ascends the South African plateau via Van Reenens Pass, at the top of the pass, the N3 crosses into the Free State. After crossing into the Free State, the N3 heads to Harrismith, the N3 then heads to the north, and passes the town of Warden and heads towards Villiers, where a toll is located. Immediately after Villers, the N3 crosses the Vaal River and enters Mpumalanga, the N3 then heads through the south-western tip of Mpumalanga in the direction of Heidelberg. Just before reaching Heidelberg, the N3 is tolled, this marks the point where the N3 crosses into Gauteng. The N3 then bypasses Heidelberg before heading towards Johannesburg, on approaching Johannesburg, the N3 passes the townships of Katlehong and Vosloorus before reaching Alberton, here, it intersects with the N17. Almost immediately afterwards, the N12 merges with the N3, with the N3 then becoming the Eastern Bypass portion of the Johannesburg Ring Road. The N3 then heads through Germiston before heading to Bedfordview, where the N12 leaves the N3 at the Giloolys Interchange and provides access to the East Rand. From here, the N3 passes Edenvale and Alexandra before terminating at the Buccleuch Interchange just south of Midrand and north of Sandton, where the N3 has been realigned, the old alignment has been designated R103. The R103 exists in three sections, between Durban and Ladysmith, between Warden and Villiers, and between Heidelberg and Johannesburg. The R103 is typically used to avoid the toll plazas on the N3, with one exception being the Tugela East Toll Plaza located on the R103 itself where the R103 16. Sandton – Sandton is an affluent area situated within the metro of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. It is well known for being the richest square mile in Africa, the name comes from the combination of two of its suburbs, Sandown and Bryanston. In 1969 Sandton was promulgated as a municipality in its own right, the remains of an Iron Age smelter was discovered in Lone Hill, a suburb of northern Sandton. One of the first Voortrekker parties to settle in the area were the Esterhuysen family on the farm Zandfontein, a monument to commemorate them may be found just off Adrienne Street in Sandown where the family cemetery is located. Zandfontein, Driefontein and Rietfontein encumbered what was to become Sandton, the municipal coat of arms of Sandton pays homage to the three farms with three round fountain barrels on its chevron. In the late 19th-century the Wilhelmi family of Hanover, Germany acquired the farm Driefontein No.3 while Rietfontein was owned by the Ehler family, the original Driefontein homestead, now within the confines of the Field & Study Centre, was looted during the Anglo-Boer War. The ruins are visible on the bank of the Klein Jukskei River. The Wilhemi family, upon return from Germany built the new 1906 Driefontein Farmhouse on what is present-day Fifteenth Street, the farmhouse served as the icon and headquarters for the now defunct Sandton Historical Foundation and is listed as a City of Johannesburg Owned Heritage Site. Sandton was established as a municipality in 1969 by the office of the Administrator of the Transvaal. It had formerly not formed part of Johannesburg but was managed, in part by the parent city, initially it was very much a residential area consisting mostly of small holdings with a rural horsey lifestyle attracting many of the upper-middle classes and Johannesburg elites. It was subsequently dubbed the mink and manure belt, Rivonia had previously been known as Edenburg and was changed to make itself distinct from Edenburg, Free State. It was named for the surname Riven, Sandton and its constituencies were traditionally relatively more liberal than surrounds. The construction of Sandton City marked a significant change for the Sandton area and it ushered in rapid commercialisation and industrialisation. Sandton came to symbolise the White Flight movement of Johannesburg and secured itself as Johannesburgs second Central Business District, despite this, Sandton is still unofficially earmarked as a distinct region of the city and operates as a macro-suburb. Urban decay in downtown Johannesburg caused many corporate offices to move from the Johannesburg Central Business District to Sandton in the 1990s and it has become the new financial district of South Africa and Johannesburgs premier business centre. Much of the focus of Johannesburg has shifted from the Central Business District to Sandton. However, three of South Africas four largest banks have kept their offices in downtown Johannesburg, along with Transnet. The other bank, Nedbank, has its headquarters in Sandton, a lot of the new money has moved north to Sandton, including investment banks, financial consultants and the like

Zimbabwe – Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that cou



19. N4 road (South Africa) – The N4 is a national route in South Africa that runs from Skilpadshek on the Botswana border, past Rustenburg, Pretoria, Witbank and Nelspruit, to Komatipoort on the Mozambique border. It forms the South African section of the Trans-Kalahari Corridor, which runs from Walvis Bay to Maputo, the South African section can be divided into two parts with Pretoria in the middle. The western portion links Gaborone in Botswana with Pretoria, while the eastern portion links Pretoria with Nelspruit, the eastern section from Pretoria to Middelburg is a four-lane dual-carriageway tolled freeway opened in 1968, with toll gates at Donkerhoek and just east of Middelburg. The freeway from Witbank to Middelburg was one of the first concrete freeways built in South Africa, at eMalahleni, the freeway converges with the N12 from Johannesburg. An alternative route to the N4, known as the R104, between Witbank and Middelburg the alternative is the dangerous R555. After Wonderfontein the toll road runs along the old alignment of the N4 until the Lebombo Border Post, from Middelburg to Belfast the N4 is a single-carriageway highway with two lanes in both directions, thereafter, the N4 is a wide shouldered single-carriageway highway. The section east of Middelburg has been improved, including a northern bypass of Nelspruit. The N4 east of Pretoria forms part of the Maputo Corridor Toll Route, prior to 1990, the N4 used to end at Proefplaas Interchange with the N1. Where the N4 used to run through Pretoria, this has been renamed the M2, however, the N4 designation has not yet been removed from the Magalies Freeway itself. The N4 now bypasses Pretoria through the east and the north as a four-lane dual-carriageway motorway, after Rosslyn the N4 becomes a single carriageway highway, and joins the old R27 alignment at the R512 road to Brits. Three new grade-separated junctions were built before Rustenburg, as well as a new bypass of Rustenburg to the south of the town. Thereafter the N4 rejoins the old alignment of the R27 just west of Rustenburg, just west of Zeerust, the N4 turns northwest towards the Botswana border. The toll gates can be bypassed between Rustenburg and Pretoria by following the old Rustenburg Road, now the R104, the N4 West Platinum Highway toll route is currently operated by the Bakwena consortium under license from the South African National Roads Agency Limited. Bakwena is in the process of adding a second carriageway to the N4 between Brits and Rustenburg which would widen the roadway to four lanes. The N4 East toll route is operated by Trans African Concessions under license from SANRAL. South African National Roads Agency Bakwena Platinum Corridor Trans African Concessions 20. Pretoria – Pretoria is a city in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the three capital cities, serving as the seat of the executive branch of government. Pretoria is the part of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities including Centurion. There have been proposals to change the name of Pretoria itself to Tshwane, the elder Pretorius had become a national hero of the Voortrekkers after his victory over Dingane and the Zulus in the Battle of Blood River. The elder Pretorius also negotiated the Sand River Convention, in which Britain acknowledged the independence of the Transvaal and it became the capital of the South African Republic on 1 May 1860. The founding of Pretoria as the capital of the South African Republic can be seen as marking the end of the Boers settlement movements of the Great Trek, during the First Boer War, the city was besieged by Republican forces in December 1880 and March 1881. The peace treaty ended the war was signed in Pretoria on 3 August 1881 at the Pretoria Convention. The Second Boer War resulted in the end of the Transvaal Republic, the city surrendered to British forces under Frederick Roberts on 5 June 1900 and the conflict was ended in Pretoria with the signing of the Peace of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902. The Pretoria Forts were built for the defence of the city just prior to the Second Boer War, though some of these forts are today in ruins, a number of them have been preserved as national monuments. The Boer Republics of the ZAR and the Orange River Colony were united with the Cape Colony, Pretoria then became the administrative capital of the whole of South Africa, with Cape Town the legislative capital and Bloemfontein served as the judicial capital. Between 1910 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of Transvaal, on 14 October 1931, Pretoria achieved official city status. When South Africa became a republic in 1961, Pretoria remained its administrative capital and it lies at an altitude of about 1,339 m above sea level, in a warm, sheltered, fertile valley, surrounded by the hills of the Magaliesberg range. Pretoria has a subtropical climate with long hot rainy summers and short cool to cold. The city experiences the typical winters of South Africa with cold, clear nights, although the average lows during winter are mild it can get bitterly cold due to the clear skies, with nighttime low temperatures in recent years in the range of 2 to −5 °C. The average annual temperature is 18.7 °C, rain is chiefly concentrated in the summer months, with drought conditions prevailing over the winter months, when frosts may be sharp. Snowfall is a rare event, snowflakes were spotted in 1959,1968 and 2012 in the city. During a nationwide heatwave in November 2011, Pretoria experienced temperatures that reached 39 °C, similar record-breaking extreme heat events also occurred in January 2013, when Pretoria experienced temperatures exceeding 37 °C on several days. The year 2014 was one of the wettest on record for the city, a total of 914 mm fell up to the end of December, with 220 mm recorded in this month alone 21. N11 road (South Africa) – The N11 is a national route in South Africa which runs from the Botswana border through Mokopane, Middelburg, Ermelo and Newcastle to end at the N3 near Ladysmith. From the border post at Groblers Bridge, the N11 runs southeast through Limpopo province to Mokopane, in Mpumalanga it continues south-east to Ermelo, where it meets the N17 and the eastern end of the N2. From Ermelo it runs south to enter KwaZulu-Natal at Volksrust, in KwaZulu-Natal it continues south through Newcastle, where it meets the R34 and then south-west through Ladysmith to end at the N3 freeway. The N11 is arguably the worst road in South Africa, as it carries 1000 trucks a day due to being a route between Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal to the N3 freeway. Newcastle is the largest and main city along this scenic route, SANRAL has plans for upgrading the Newcastle bypass which encompass bulking up of the various interchanges and partial realignment of the route. Currently this route is experiencing major roadwork and upgrade between Middelburg and Ermelo, Volksrust and Newcastle, Newcastle to the R68 Dundee interchange and Ladysmith to the N3 freeway, South African National Roads Agency Route listing An old-fashioned National Road | Travels with Akela 22. Zimbabwe – Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country. The capital and largest city is Harare, a country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used. Since the 11th century, present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a route for migration. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s, in 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations—which it withdrew from in 2003 and it is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU-PF party won the following the end of white minority rule. Under Mugabes authoritarian regime, the security apparatus has dominated the country. Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era, the name Zimbabwe stems from a Shona term for Great Zimbabwe, an ancient ruined city in the countrys south-east whose remains are now a protected site. Two different theories address the origin of the word, many sources hold that Zimbabwe derives from dzimbadza-mabwe, translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as large houses of stone. The Karanga-speaking Shona people live around Great Zimbabwe in the province of Masvingo. Zimbabwe was formerly known as Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia, a further alternative, put forward by nationalists in Matabeleland, had been Matopos, referring to the Matopos Hills to the south of Bulawayo. In a 2001 interview, black nationalist Edson Zvobgo recalled that Mawema mentioned the name during a rally, and it caught hold. The black nationalist factions subsequently used the name the during the Second Chimurenga campaigns against the Rhodesian government during the Rhodesian Bush War of 1964-1979, major factions in this camp included the Zimbabwe African National Union, and the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union. ProtoShona-speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands, the Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Shona states, beginning around the 10th century. Around the early 10th century, trade developed with Arab merchants on the Indian Ocean coast, the main archaeological site uses a unique dry stone architecture. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of sophisticated trade states developed in Zimbabwe by the time of the first European explorers from Portugal and they traded in gold, ivory, and copper for cloth and glass. From about 1300 until 1600, Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the Kingdom of Zimbabwe and this Shona state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwes stone architecture, which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdoms capital of Great Zimbabwe 23. Beit Bridge – Beitbridge or Mzingwane is a border town in the province of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. The name also refers to the border post and bridge spanning the Limpopo River, the town lies just north of the Limpopo River about 1 km from the Alfred Beit Road Bridge which spans the Limpopo River between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The main roads lead from the border 321 km north-west to Bulawayo and 585 km north-east to Harare via Masvingo, the Beitbridge border post is the busiest road border post in southern Africa, and is best avoided during busy border-crossing seasons. Beitbridge has an estimated 2,570 houses in formal settlements and 3,000 in informal settlements, formal-settlement dwellings are mainly two- to three-room brick houses, while those in the informal settlements are among the worst mud houses in Zimbabwe. The mud houses have since been demolished, average house occupancy in the low-income and informal settlements varies considerably, as many people do not bring their families to Beitbridge, but includes at least four people. Recreational facilities are limited in areas, consisting largely of bars. The major sources of local employment —freight, retail, construction, customs, informal sector activities—primarily vending and sex work—are as large as those in the formal sector, employing about 1,400. Outside Beitbridge town, farming is a major employer, a diamond mine recently closed, increasing unemployment and poverty. Most women rely on vending, sex work and cross-border trading for income, truckers are present in the area with work coming from the border area of South Africa. The Alfred Beit Road Bridge is named after Alfred Beit, founder of the De Beers diamond mining company and he was also a director of a number of companies, among them the British South Africa Company and Rhodesia Railways. The original bridge was constructed in 1929 at a cost of $600,000, the new bridge was completed in 1995, and was officially opened on 24 November. It was built by the Zimbabwean Government, which now benefits from the tolls levied on crossings, the new bridge can accommodate much heavier traffic than the old one could, which is now for rail traffic only. On the South African side of the border the N1 Highway connects this border post to the economic centres of Pretoria. On the Zimbabwean side of the border post the road splits in two, with the A6 running to Bulawayo and the R1 to Masvingo. A railway also passes through this border post, side by side with the road, and splits into a line to Bulawayo and a line to Gweru via Rutenga. Three railway lines meet at Beitbridge, the South African Spoornet line to Polokwane, the National Railways of Zimbabwe line to Gweru via Rutenga, on 21 February, two days before, Mugabe had turned 84. It was reported that workers repaired the potholes on the roads in the city to make sure Mugabes motorcade moved swiftly with a measure of comfort. Bulawayo Matabeleland South Musina Mwenezi District 24. Paarl – Paarl is a city with 191,013 inhabitants in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is the third oldest town and European settlement in the Republic of South Africa, due to the growth of the Mbekweni township, it is now a de facto urban unit with Wellington. It is situated about 60 kilometres northeast of Cape Town in the Western Cape Province and is renowned for its scenic beauty and deep viticulture. Paarl is the seat of the Drakenstein Local Municipality, although not part of the Cape Town metropolitan area, Paarl is unusual in South Africa in that the name of the place is pronounced differently in English and Afrikaans. An unusual feature of the name of the town is that Afrikaners customarily attach the definite article to it, people say in die Paarl, Mandela spent three years in prison here living in a private house within the walls. Today, a statue of Mandela stands outside the prison. Paarl hosted a match from the ICC Cricket World Cup 2003, the headquarters of Ceres Fruit Juices are located in the city, although its namesake, Ceres valley and source of much of the fruit, is around one hours drive to the northeast. The district is well known for its Pearl Mountain or Paarl Rock. This huge granite rock is formed by three rounded outcrops that make up Paarl Mountain and has compared in majesty to Uluru in Australia. The area that is now known as Paarl was first inhabited by the Khoikhoi, the Peninsular Khoikhoi people and the Cochoqua people lived in this area divided by the Berg River Valley. The Cochaqua were cattle herding people and among the richest of the Khoi tribes and they had between 16, 000-18,000 members and originally called Paarl Mountain, Tortoise Mountain. The Dutch East India Company under the leadership of Jan van Riebeeck established meat trading relationships with the Khoikhoi people on the Table Bay coastline, gabemma was the Fiscal for the settlement on the shores of Table Bay. The diamonds disappeared from the name and it became simply as Pearl Rock or Pearl Mountain. In 1687, Governor Simon van der Stel gave title to the first colonial farms in the area to free burghers, the following year, the French Huguenots arrived in the Western Cape and began to settle on farms in the area. The fertile soil and the Mediterranean-like climate of this region provided perfect conditions for farming, the settlers planted orchards, vegetable gardens and above all, vineyards. Thus began Paarls long and continuing history as a major wine, the Khoi peoples were defeated in local war and were further decimated by European diseases. The population scattered inland toward the Orange River or became laborers on settler farms, in the 2001 census Paarls population was recorded as being 82,713 people in 20,138 households, in a land area of 32.2 square kilometres. 67. 8% of the inhabitants described themselves as Coloured,21. 2% as White,10. 5% as Black African,85. 5% spoke Afrikaans as their first language,8. 5% spoke Xhosa, and 5. 2% spoke English 25. Worcester, Western Cape – Worcester is a town in the Western Cape, South Africa. It is located 120 kilometres north-east of Cape Town on the N1 highway north to Johannesburg, the town also serves as the hub of the Western Capes interior commercial, distribution and retail activity with a shopping mall, well developed central business district and infrastructure. Worcester is located at an elevation of 220 metres and can be reached by road either travelling on the N1 highway through the Huguenot Tunnel or by driving through spectacular Mountain passes. Geographically, the district is delimited mainly by mountains, to the southwest lies the massive Stettyns mountain range with an annual rainfall in excess of 2000 mm, to the west lie the Du Toitskloof mountains and northwest lies the Slanghoek, Little Drakenstein, Elandskloof and Lemiet mountain ranges. To the north rises the Hex River Mountains which include the peaks of Chavonness, Brandwacht. Northeast of the town the colourful Keerom Mountain runs into the Langeberg range, Worcester and its surroundings form part of the Breede River catchment area, which is fed by a number of smaller rivers supplemented by the run-off from the winter snows in the mountains. The district also includes the Hex River Valley, from here the road gave access in the south-east to the original great rift valley of Africa as Jan Smuts once described the Breede River Valley. Worcester district is as old as hunting grounds and cattle runs go in the Cape, before 1700, the area now known as the Breede River Valley was a hunters paradise, teeming with game and wild birds. The main source of income, especially the sale of elephant tusks came from hunting licenses issued by the Dutch East India Company, by 1709 European farmers were given grazing rights in the area over de Breede Rivier. In 1714 the first quitrent farms were released, settlement in most cases was not on a permanent basis and Hartebees huisies were erected. When European settlers first arrived at the later Cape Colony, the Breede River Valley was inhabited by San hunter/gatherers, the Gainou, Korannas and Afrkaner tribes traded livestock with the settlers. With the European settlers came the smallpox virus, that would turn into an epidemic for the Khoi people, European settlement took place at Waay Hoek, Bossiesveld, Kleinbosch, Slanghoek, Brandvalley, Vendutiekraal, Rooye Wal and Doornrivier. The first farms in the Hex River Valley were Kloppersbosch and De Buffelskraal, with the European settlers came their slaves and eventually so-called free Khoi, who would settle on the farms as labourers. Fischer duly reported that the two quitrent farms, De Lange Rug and Roodedraai, be bought for this purpose. On 9 January 1819 the Colonial surveyors, Tulleken and Hertzog cartographed the two farms and on 4 November, the first official advertisement for the sale of plots was issued. On 28 February 1820, the date of the establishment of Worcester,89 of the proclaimed 144 plots were sold. Fischer also reported that this becomes more important when the new road over the Franschhoek Mountains will be completed. The African Rifles Regiment started construction of road in 1819 26. Kroonstad – Kroonstad is the third-largest city of the Free State province of South Africa and lies two hours drive from Gauteng. Kroonstad was established in 1855 by the Irish pioneer Joseph Orpen, while Kroon means crown, this was in fact the name of a horse that had drowned in the nearby ford. A lover of animals, Orpen had witnessed the incident, similarly, the ford in question came to be known as Kroondrift. It is the second largest urban centre in the Northern Free State, Kroonstad is the centre of a rich agricultural district, producing maize, wheat, dairy and meat products and wool. The Bloemhoek Dam lies just east of the city and supplies much of its water needs, a caravan park and many more camp sites on the banks of the willow-lined Vals River are frequented by anglers and watersport enthusiasts. Horse riding, gliding and hiking trails are also available, Kroonstad lies directly on top of the N1, and bypasses the city to the east. Other regional roads in the city are the R34 to Odendaalsrus, the R76 to Steynsrus, the R721 to Vredefort, Kroonstad is an important railway junction from cape town to Johannesburg via Bloemfontein. Kroonstad is served by an airport with no passenger flights. Construction is currently underway with the aim of developing it into a regional airport, shopping in Kroonstad is characterised by typical high street shopping. The development of the new Kroonstad Waterfront mall is underway, other shopping centres in the city are Panorama Plaza, Shoprite and PicknPay centres. Kroonstad is said to be one of the Free State’s loveliest cities and lies on the banks of the Vals River and it is situated in an area characterised by open spaces and an abundant variety of vegetation that makes it particularly beautiful. Kroonstad is a quaint city that serves as a stop over en route between Johannesburg and Bloemfontein, lying as it does at virtually the halfway mark. Today, as an important administrative, agricultural and educational centre, sporting facilities of all kinds are well catered for as the headquarters of the SA Jukskei Council has been established here since 1951. The city is rich in historical sights, several buildings and statues, a former concentration camp. Kroonstad is an important agricultural centre in the Free State with a predominantly agriculturalorientated economy served by a modern toll-road. This brings the PWV Region within two hours drive from Kroonstad as well as being accessible from the North West, Bloemfontein, a blockhouse south of city is a reminder of later stages of the Second Boer War. Stone corbelled huts, refuges for the inhabitants of the region. In addition, San rock art and fossils are present in the region, by 1931, the Kroonstad municipal council had assumed a coat of arms 27. Johannesburg – Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africas three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court, the city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade. In 2011, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 4,434,827, in the same year, the population of Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area was 7,860,781. Some view the surrounding the city of Johannesburg yet more broadly than the metropolitan area, adding Ekurhuleni, West Rand and Lenasia. The land area of the city is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2. The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm, the city is commonly interpreted as the modern day El Dorado due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand. The name is attributed to one or all of three men involved in the establishment of the city, in ten years, the population was 100,000 inhabitants. A separate city from the late 1970s until the 1990s, Soweto is now part of Johannesburg, Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been separated as a residential area for blacks, who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper. Lenasia is predominantly populated by English-speaking South Africans of Indian descent, controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name Johannes who were involved in the history of the city. Among them are the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Johannes Rissik, Christiaan Johannes Joubert, another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Paul Kruger, president of the South African Republic 1883-1900. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility, precise records for the choice of name were lost. Rissik and Joubert were members of a delegation sent to England to attain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him and Rissik Street is today a street where the historically important and dilapidated Post Office, since burnt out. The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by San people, the Sotho–Tswana practised farming and extensively mined and smelted metals that were available in the area. The most prominent site within Johannesburg is Melville Koppies, which contains an iron smelting furnace, the main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by Jan Gerritse Bantjes that triggered the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the start of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name, Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility 28. Polokwane – Polokwane, meaning Place of Safety in Northern Sotho, is a city in the Polokwane Local Municipality and the capital of the Limpopo province, South Africa. It is also referred to by its former official name. Polokwane is South Africas largest urban centre north of Gauteng and it was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In the 1840s, Voortrekkers under the leadership of Andries Potgieter established Zoutpansbergdorp and this settlement had to be abandoned because of clashes with the local tribes. They founded a new town in 1886 and named it Pietersburg in honour of Voortrekker leader Petrus Jacobus Joubert, the British built a concentration camp at Pietersburg during the Boer War to house almost 4,000 Boer women and children. The city was the site of the ANC national conference which saw Jacob Zuma take over as head of the party, in 1904 Pietersburg had a population of 3,276, of whom 1,620 were whites. Pietersburg was an area during apartheid and so had an overwhelming white majority before 1990. After the dismantling of apartheid the city retained a large white population. Neighbouring townships have a black majority, the South African census showed the population of Polokwane City as 130,028 with 43,846 households in the 2011 census. Under the apartheid government certain areas were allocated to certain racial groups, westernburg is a former Coloured township. Seshego and Turfloop are former black townships outside Polokwane, nirvana is a former Indian township. Serala View and Marula Heights are new black elite suburbs and these suburbs no longer host exclusive racial groups and the local government has launched a project to encourage ethnic integration. Polokwane features a semi-arid climate under the Köppen climate classification, despite its position on the Tropic of Capricorn, the climate is tempered by its position on a plateau 1230 meters above sea level. Average temperatures reach around 21–22 °C in January and fall to 11 °C in July, as with much of inland South Africa, Polokwane has experienced notably warmer seasons over the last decade than its long term average. Polokwane has a dry climate with a rainy season and a pronounced dry spell during winter. Average annual rainfall is 495 millimetres, with December or January the wettest month, a public airport, Polokwane International Airport, is located just North of the city. There are daily flights to Johannesburg, running east, the R71 connects the city with Tzaneen, Phalaborwa and the Kruger National Park. The Nelson Mandela road traffic island is situated on the outskirts of Polokwane when approaching from the direction of Johannesburg and it was built prior to the 2010 FIFA World Cup as part of beautifying the city for the event 29. Numbered routes of South Africa – In South Africa some roads are designated as numbered routes to help with navigation. There is a numbering scheme consisting of national, provincial and regional routes. Route numbers are allocated to classes as follows, National routes. Regional parallel routes, R101 to R120, regional routes in the former Cape Province, R300 to R499. Regional routes in the former Transvaal Province, R500 to R599, regional routes in KwaZulu-Natal, R600 to R699. Regional routes in the Free State, R700 to R799 and this rule is not universally followed, for example in Johannesburg where there is both an N1 and an M1 30. National route (South Africa) – National routes in South Africa are a class of roads and freeways which connect major cities. They form the highest category in the South African route numbering scheme, most segments of the national route network are maintained by the South African National Roads Agency, but some are maintained by provincial or local road authorities. The system was built during the 1970s by the National Party government of South Africa, although construction of new roads. There are also parts of the route network that are maintained by provincial or local authorities rather than SANRAL. National Routes are denoted with the letter N followed by a number indicating the specific route, on maps and some signage, national routes are shown by a pentagon with the number of the road inside. There are fifteen declared national routes, which are listed below 31. South Africa – South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind 32. Cape to Cairo Road – The proposal was similar to the Cape to Cairo Railway, another proposed infrastructure project through the same colonies. Neither were completed before British colonial rule ended in the colonies, the road would also link some of the most important cities on the continent, including Cape Town, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Harare, Lusaka, Nairobi, Khartoum and Cairo. One of the proponents of the route was Cecil John Rhodes. German East Africa was a gap in the British territories, shortly before his death he had persuaded the German Kaiser to allow access through his colony for the Cape to Cairo telegraph line. In 1918 Tanganyika became British and the gap in territories was filled, one of the biggest problems was the decline of the Empire and fragmentation of the British colonies. Even though Egypt became independent in 1922, British influence there was enough for Cairo to be viewed as part of the British sphere of interest. After Egypt, Sudan was the next to become independent in 1956, France had a rival strategy in the late 1890s to link its colonies from west to east across the continent, Senegal to Djibouti. Southern Sudan and Ethiopia were in the way, but France sent expeditions in 1897 to establish a protectorate in southern Sudan and to find a route across Ethiopia. The first known attempt to drive a vehicle from Cape Town to Cairo was by a Captain Kelsey in 1913-14, the road remains a somewhat elusive idea. Some sections, especially in Kenya, Ethiopia, South Sudan and Sudan, are unpassable at times due to political, a number of adventure travel companies offer Cape to Cairo overland expeditions using four-wheel drive trucks with bus bodies. There are numerous alternative routes in South Africa and two routes through Zimbabwe, via Bulawayo or Harare. From Lusaka, Zambias Great North Road continues the route into Tanzania, the surface may be badly potholed in some sections through Zambia and points north. In Tanzania there are a number of roads could be deemed to be part of the route, most would consider it to be the road from Tunduma on the Tanzania-Zambia border, through Morogoro to the Arusha turnoff, and north to Arusha, then to Nairobi in Kenya. There was a marker in the 1930s in Arusha, Tanzania, the route from Isiolo in Kenya to Moyale on the Ethiopian border through the northern Kenyan desert has sometimes been dangerous due to bandits. Through Ethiopia the route is mainly tarred but some sections may have deteriorated severely, a track from Lake Tana to Gedaref takes the route into Sudan. Tarred highways continue the route to Cairo, an Egyptian and a Sudanese company committed in January 2010 to build a 400 kilometres stretch of highway between Aswan and Dongola in Sudan. The stretch of highway between Dongola and Wadi Halfa is complete as of June 2010 and a land port opened between Sudan and Egypt in 2015, at Wadi Halfa on Lake Nasser there is land port between Sudan and Egypt. The Cairo–Cape Town Highway follows much of the Cape-to-Cairo Roads route but it passes through Ethiopia and not through Johannesburg and this new route has a length of 10,228 km 33. De Doorns – De Doorns is a town in Cape Winelands District Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It lies in the Hex River Valley,32 km north-east of Worcester and 40 km south-west of Touwsrivier and it is in the centre of an export grape growing region, surrounded by over 200 table grape farms. The town takes its name from the farm De Doorns boven aan de Hex Rivier, the area was declared a subdrosty of Tulbagh in 1819 and the farm became the seat of the areas own drosty in 1822. The De Doorns farm was bought by the government of Cape Prime Minister John Molteno in 1875, the line was immediately built through De Doorns, connecting it to Cape Town on the coast and reaching Montagu Road in 1877, on its way to Kimberley. Around the station, the hamlet of De Doorns would later develop, a village management board was instituted for De Doorns in 1933 and municipal status attained in 1951 34. Victoria & Alfred Waterfront – The Victoria & Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town is situated on the Atlantic shore, Table Bay Harbour, the City of Cape Town and Table Mountain. Adrian van der Vyver designed the complex, the Waterfront attracts more than 23 million visitors a year. Situated in South Africa’s oldest working harbour, the 123 hectares area has developed for mixed-use. Prince Alfred, second son of Queen Victoria, visited the Cape Colony harbour in 1860 as a sixteen year-old Royal Navy Midshipman in HMS Euryalus and he made a big splash with the colonials and the tribal chiefs on this first-ever visit by a member of the Royal Family. The first basin of the new Navy Yard was named after him, the complex houses over 450 retail outlets, including fashion, homeware and curios, to jewellery, leather goods and audio-visual equipment. The V&A Waterfront is also still a harbour and fishing boats bring in fresh fish. The Waterfront has recently seen development in its new Silo district, the project is expected to be completed in 2017 with the Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa, a Virgin Active gym and a hotel in the works. Two Oceans Aquarium University of Cape Town Graduate School of Business Nelson Mandela Gateway to Robben Island Chavonnes Battery Official web site V&A Waterfront – The Story of its Development 35. Concurrency (road) – A concurrency in a road network is an instance of one physical road bearing two or more different highway, motorway, or other route numbers. When two freeways share the same right-of-way, it is called a common section or commons. Other terminology for a concurrency includes overlap, coincidence, duplex, triplex, multiplex, concurrent numbering can become very common in countries that allow it. In some countries, however, concurrent numbering is avoided by posting only one number on road signs. Criticism of concurrencies include environmental intrusion, as well as being considered a factor in road accidents, most concurrencies are simply a combination of two route numbers on the same physical road. This is often advantageous as well as economically advantageous, it may be better for two route numbers to be combined into one along riverways or through mountain valleys. Some nations allow for concurrencies to occur, however, some nations specifically do not allow it to happen, in those nations which do permit concurrencies, it can become very common. In these countries, there are a variety of concurrences which can occur, an example of this is the concurrency of I-70 and I-76 on the Pennsylvania Turnpike in western Pennsylvania. A triple Interstate concurrency is found north of Madison, Wisconsin, with I-39, I-90, Wisconsin has another triple Interstate concurrency along the five-mile section of I-41, I-43, and I-894 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The concurrency of I41 and I-43 on this roadway is an example of a wrong-way concurrency, the longest Interstate highway concurrency is I-80 and I-90 for 265 miles across Indiana and Ohio. There are examples of eight-way concurrencies, I-465 around Indianapolis and Georgia State Route 10 Loop around downtown Athens, Georgia. Portions of the 53-mile I-465 overlap with I-74, US31, US36, US40, US52, US421, SR37, seven of the eight other designations overlap between exits 46 and 47 to create an eight-way concurrency. In the United States, concurrencies are simply marked by placing signs for both routes on the same or adjacent posts, the federal Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices prescribes that when mounting these adjacent signs together that the numbers will be arranged vertically or horizontally in order of precedence. The order to be used is Interstate Highways, U. S. Highways, state highways, and finally county roads, several states do not officially have any concurrencies, instead officially ending routes on each side of one. There are several circumstances where unusual concurrencies exist along state borders, one example occurs along the Oklahoma–Arkansas state line. At the northern end of this border Oklahoma State Highway 20 runs concurrently with Arkansas Highway 43, concurrencies are also found in Canada. In Manitoba, the Trans-Canada Highway from Winnipeg to Portage la Prairie is concurrently signed with Yellowhead Highway, in Ontario, the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 403 run concurrently between Burlington and Oakville, forming the provinces only concurrency between two 400-series highways. In the United Kingdom, routes do not run concurrently with others, where this would normally occur, the roadway takes the number of only one of the routes, while the other routes are considered to have a gap and are signed in brackets 36. Elevated freeway – A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following Vienna convention, the motorway qualification implies they are forbidden for walking or parking, a controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with roads, railways, or pedestrian paths. Entrances and exits to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads, on the controlledaccess highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety and capacity, controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924 connecting Milan to Varese, Germany began to build its first 30kilometre autobahn controlled-access highway without speed limits in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn. It then rapidly constructed a system of such roads in anticipation of their use in the Second World War. The first North American freeways opened in the New York City area in the 1920s, Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature a network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel. Many have a national-level or even international-level system of route numbering, exit is marked with another symbol. The definitions of motorway from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical, british Standards Motorway, Limited-access dual carriageway road, not crossed on the same level by other traffic lanes, for the exclusive use of certain classes of motor vehicle. ITE Freeway, A divided major roadway with full control of access and this definition applies to toll as well as tollfree roads. Freeway A, This designates roadways with greater complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway will be found in areas in or near the central core. Freeway B, This designates all other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed, principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control, other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads 37. Port of Cape Town – The Port of Cape Town is the port of the city of Cape Town, South Africa. It is situated in Table Bay, the port also has significant repair and maintenance facilities that are used by several large fishing fleets and parts of the West African oil industry. Because of the many tourist attractions offered by Cape Town and its surrounding region, the history of the port follows that of Cape Town, which traces its roots back to 6 April 1652 when Jan van Riebeeck of the Dutch East India Company established a revictualing station there. Earlier explorers had called it Table Bay from the late 15th century onwards, the first harbour construction was a jetty built in 1654 by van Riebeeck. Ships all anchored in the bay, and goods were transferred to, Table Bay is notorious for violent winter storms, when the wind blows on to a lee shore. A vicious storm in 1858, long after the demise of the VOC, saw 30 ships blown ashore and wrecked, with huge loss of life. Lloyds of London declined all further insurance on ships in Table Bay in winter, resulting in the British Colonial Government starting the construction, in 1860 and this developed into the Victoria and Alfred Basin, the first safe harbour. There has been extensive expansion since then, the Duncan Dock, This is the smaller and the older inner dock, containing the multi-purpose and fruit terminals as well as a dry dock, repair quay and tanker basin. The Victoria and Alfred Basins, These were the main piers of the original Cape Town harbour, however, these basins are still used by smaller commercial vessels such as fishing and pleasure boats and also by smaller



1. Towers of Great Zimbabwe 2. Flag 3. Opening of the railway to Umtali in 1899 4. Ian Smith signing the Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965 with his cabinet in audience. Beit Bridge – Beitbridge or Mzingwane is a border town in the province of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. The name also refers to the border post and bridge spanning the Limpopo River, the town lies just north of the Limpopo River about 1 km from the Alfred Beit Road Bridge which spans the Limpopo River between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The main roads lead from t





1. Beitbridge Borderpost, Zimbabwe 2. Seal 3. In the town of Beitbridge ladies in their Sunday best, 2006 Paarl – Paarl is a city with 191,013 inhabitants in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is the third oldest town and European settlement in the Republic of South Africa, due to the growth of the Mbekweni township, it is now a de facto urban unit with Wellington. It is situated about 60 kilometres northeast of Cape Town in the Western Cape Provinc







1. Aerial view of Paarl, looking in a south-easterly direction 2. Paarl from the summit of Paarl Mountain, looking across to the Klein-Drakenstein and Du Toitskloof Mountains 3. Paarl Rock 4. Paarl Rock in foreground with the town behind it and Du Toit's Peak towering behind Worcester, Western Cape – Worcester is a town in the Western Cape, South Africa. It is located 120 kilometres north-east of Cape Town on the N1 highway north to Johannesburg, the town also serves as the hub of the Western Capes interior commercial, distribution and retail activity with a shopping mall, well developed central business district and infrastructure. Worcester i







1. High Street in the Worcester CBD looking south-west 2. Pokkekraal Worcester District 3. Western Wine and Brandy Company Porter Street 4. View of Worcester and Breede River Valley from Ben Heatlie peak looking west Kroonstad – Kroonstad is the third-largest city of the Free State province of South Africa and lies two hours drive from Gauteng. Kroonstad was established in 1855 by the Irish pioneer Joseph Orpen, while Kroon means crown, this was in fact the name of a horse that had drowned in the nearby ford. A lover of animals, Orpen had witnessed the incident, similarly,



1. Church Square, Kroonstad 2. The Sarel Cilliers memorial in the grounds of the NG Moederkerk, Kroonstad. Cilliers is depicted standing on a gun carriage, making the Blood River vow. Johannesburg – Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africas three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court, the city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand







1. Clockwise, from top: Johannesburg Art Gallery, the Hillbrow skyline at night, Nelson Mandela Square in Sandton, Johannesburg CBD looking east over the M1 Freeway, the University of the Witwatersrand 's East Campus and Montecasino in Fourways. 2. The farm where gold was first discovered in 1886 3. Pritchard Street c. 1940 4. Street scene in Johannesburg in 1970 Polokwane – Polokwane, meaning Place of Safety in Northern Sotho, is a city in the Polokwane Local Municipality and the capital of the Limpopo province, South Africa. It is also referred to by its former official name. Polokwane is South Africas largest urban centre north of Gauteng and it was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In the 1840s, Vo





1. Polokwane Gae Pietersburg 2. Jacaranda trees lines many streets in Polokwane, blooming purples blossoms in October every year. 3. Nelson Mandela road traffic island on the approach to Polokwane Numbered routes of South Africa – In South Africa some roads are designated as numbered routes to help with navigation. There is a numbering scheme consisting of national, provincial and regional routes. Route numbers are allocated to classes as follows, National routes. Regional parallel routes, R101 to R120, regional routes in the former Cape Province, R300 to R499. Regional rout

1. National route marker National route (South Africa) – National routes in South Africa are a class of roads and freeways which connect major cities. They form the highest category in the South African route numbering scheme, most segments of the national route network are maintained by the South African National Roads Agency, but some are maintained by provincial or local road authorities. The system w

1. Map of National Routes. South Africa – South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variet







1. Mapungubwe Hill, the site of the former capital of the Kingdom of Mapungubwe 2. Flag 3. Arrival of Jan van Riebeeck, the first European to settle in South Africa, with Devil's Peak in the background 4. Depiction of a Zulu attack on a Boer camp in February 1838 Cape to Cairo Road – The proposal was similar to the Cape to Cairo Railway, another proposed infrastructure project through the same colonies. Neither were completed before British colonial rule ended in the colonies, the road would also link some of the most important cities on the continent, including Cape Town, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Harare, Lusaka, Nairobi, Kharto

1. The Rhodes Colossus: Caricature of Cecil Rhodes, after he announced plans for a telegraph line and railroad from Cape Town to Cairo. De Doorns – De Doorns is a town in Cape Winelands District Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It lies in the Hex River Valley,32 km north-east of Worcester and 40 km south-west of Touwsrivier and it is in the centre of an export grape growing region, surrounded by over 200 table grape farms. The town takes its name from the farm De Door

1. De Doorns Victoria & Alfred Waterfront – The Victoria & Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town is situated on the Atlantic shore, Table Bay Harbour, the City of Cape Town and Table Mountain. Adrian van der Vyver designed the complex, the Waterfront attracts more than 23 million visitors a year. Situated in South Africa’s oldest working harbour, the 123 hectares area has developed for mixed-use. P





1. Victoria & Alfred Waterfront 2. Clock Tower (built 1882) at the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront Concurrency (road) – A concurrency in a road network is an instance of one physical road bearing two or more different highway, motorway, or other route numbers. When two freeways share the same right-of-way, it is called a common section or commons. Other terminology for a concurrency includes overlap, coincidence, duplex, triplex, multiplex, concurrent numbering can







1. Signs indicating a concurrency of Interstate 93, U.S. Route 1, and Massachusetts Route 3 in Boston, Massachusetts 2. An extreme example: I-40, Business I-85, US 29, US 70, US 220, and US 421 run concurrently in Greensboro, North Carolina. US 220 and US 421 have since been rerouted from this concurrency. 3. The concurrent eastern and northern termini of OK-20 and AR-43 at MO-43 near Southwest City, Missouri 4. The QEW concurrent with Highway 403 in Ontario Elevated freeway – A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a







1. The interchange between US-131, M-6 and 68th Street in Wyoming, Michigan, shows many of the features of controlled-access highways—opposing traffic on separate carriageways, no atgrade intersections and no direct access to properties. 2. French A10 near Orléans showing hard shoulder and emergency telephone. The broken demarcation line for the hard shoulder is specific to France, and serves as a safety reference mark for drivers: the advisory distance from the vehicle ahead is two dashes minimum. 3. De Lucht Rest Area on the Dutch A2 - A typical rest area with services (fuel, refreshments and toilets). The only access is via the highway that it serves. 4. Traffic congestion, such as this on the Downtown Connector in Atlanta, is tied to photochemical smog. Port of Cape Town – The Port of Cape Town is the port of the city of Cape Town, South Africa. It is situated in Table Bay, the port also has significant repair and maintenance facilities that are used by several large fishing fleets and parts of the West African oil industry. Because of the many tourist attractions offered by Cape Town and its surrounding region, the

1. An aerial view of the main port facilities from the ocean side facing Lions Head. AFB Ysterplaat – Air Force Base Ysterplaat is an airbase of the South African Air Force. It is located in Cape Town, on the southwestern coast of South Africa, the name Ysterplaat is Afrikaans from the Dutch Ysterplaats meaning Iron Place or Place of Iron in English. The bases motto is Fortiter In Re, home to the worlds last technically airworthy Avro Shackleton. T

1. Impala Mk I plinthed at AFB Ysterplaat Century City (Cape Town) – Century City is a 250 ha suburb of Cape Town, South Africa that was the brainchild of Adrian van der Vyver. Century City is structured as a development including entertainment, residential, retail. Development began under Monex Development in 1997 and continues under the new owners, investment thus far exceeds ZAR10 billion. It is located 10 km to





1. Main Canal within Century City, Table Mountain in the background 2. Canal Walk's exterior from the main canal 3. Knightsbridge apartments Namibia – Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south, although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates the two countries







1. German church and monument to colonists in Windhoek 2. Flag 3. Map of Bantustans, land set aside for black inhabitation, in South West Africa 4. Sand dunes in the Namib Desert, Namibia M5 road (Cape Town) – The M5 is an expressway in Cape Town, South Africa. It connects the suburbs to Muizenberg in the south. For part of its length, from the N1 interchange to Plumstead and it begins at the Potsdam interchange at the N7 in the north, then proceeds southward and becomes a dual-carriageway at Blaauwberg Rd and is called Koeberg Road through this section.

1. Route of the M5 highlighted in red Milnerton – Milnerton is a suburb of Cape Town in South Africa situated on the Atlantic Ocean coast 11 kilometres to the north of the citys centre. The Milnerton area of Cape Town includes Cambridge Estate, Century City, Du Noon, Joe Slovo Park, Lagoon Beach, Milnerton Ridge, Royal Ascot, Sanddrift, Tygerhof and Woodbridge Island. One of the most identifiable



1. View of Table Mountain from Milnerton beach 2. View from Milnerton beach towards Cape Town, showing Table Mountain, Lion's Head and Signal Hill. Southern Suburbs, Cape Town

1. Claremont Civic Centre Bellville, Cape Town – Bellville is a city in the greater Cape Town metropolitan area in South Africa. It falls within the area of the City of Cape Town municipality and it was founded as 12 Mile Post because it is located 12 miles from Cape Town city centre. It was founded as a station on the line from Cape Town to Stellenbosch. In 1861 it was renamed Bellville, after t

1. Bellville CBD with Kogelberg Mountains and False Bay in distance R300 (Western Cape)



1. R300 (Kuils River Parkway) with the N1 Stellenberg Interchange in the foreground 2. Regional route R300 Paarl, Western Cape – Paarl is a city with 191,013 inhabitants in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is the third oldest town and European settlement in the Republic of South Africa, due to the growth of the Mbekweni township, it is now a de facto urban unit with Wellington. It is situated about 60 kilometres northeast of Cape Town in the Western Cape Provinc







1. Aerial view of Paarl, looking in a south-easterly direction 2. Paarl from the summit of Paarl Mountain, looking across to the Klein-Drakenstein and Du Toitskloof Mountains 3. Paarl Rock 4. Paarl Rock in foreground with the town behind it and Du Toit's Peak towering behind Huguenot Tunnel – The Huguenot Tunnel is a toll tunnel near Cape Town, South Africa. Geological surveys and design started in 1973, and excavation followed in 1984, the two drilling heads met with an error of only 3 mm over its entire 3.9 km length. The tunnel was opened on 18 March 1988. Currently the tunnel carries one lane of traffic in each direction, plans are



1. North entrance to the Huguenot Tunnel 2. View of new road into Huguenot Tunnel Du Toits Peak – Du Toits Peak is the highest seaward facing peak in the Cape Fold Belt ranges, i. e. the highest peak in the Western Cape within direct sight of the ocean. Located between Paarl and Worcester in the south-west of South Africa,70 kilometres to the north-east of the capital of Cape Town. The mountains form a barrier between Cape Town and the rest of

1. Du Toitskloof Mountains from Du Toitskloof Pass Du Toitskloof Pass – Du Toitskloof Pass is situated in the Western Cape province of South Africa, on the Regional road R101 between Paarl and Worcester. The pass was named after Francois Du Toit, a 17th-century Huguenot pioneer who settled in the foothills and it was initially an animal track where a road was built around the time of World War II. Originally 48 km long

1. Highest point sign Karoo – The Karoo is a semi-desert natural region of South Africa. There is no definition of what constitutes the Karoo. The Karoo is partly defined by its topography, geology, and climate — above all, its low rainfall, arid air, cloudless skies, the Karoo also hosted a well-preserved ecosystem hundreds of million years ago which is now represented by many







1. Typical Karoo vegetation to the south of Matjiesfontein, with the Anysberg Mountains visible in the background 2. A view from the top of the Great Escarpment in the Karoo National Park near Beaufort West, looking south across the plains of the Lower Karoo. Note the remnants of the former extent of the central plateau on the plain below the escarpment (see diagram on the right). Also note the dolerite sills which top the escarpment and mountains in the middle distance, giving these structures their characteristic flat-topped appearance. 4. Farmlands along the well-watered, fertile foothills of the more than 2000 m high Swartberg Mountains (in the background) along the northern strip of the Little Karoo. Touws River (town) – Touws River is a small railway town of 6,800 people in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is located on the river of the name, about 160 kilometres north-east of Cape Town. A railway was needed from the port at Cape Town, to service the newly discovered diamond fields in Kimberley, however, several seemingly impregnable ranges of mountai



1. Street in Touws River 2. SAR Class 23 locomotive plinthed in a park in Touws River Matjiesfontein – Matjiesfontein is a settlement in Central Karoo District Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The original inhabitants of the region were the Khoikhoi herders and the San hunter gatherers, following the arrival of the early European colonists, the area was settled by Afrikaner Trekboers and Griqua people. He then handed the ma

17. N14 road (South Africa) – The N14 is a national route in South Africa which runs from Springbok in the Northern Cape to Pretoria. It passes through Upington, Kuruman, Vryburg, Krugersdorp and Centurion, the section between Pretoria and Krugersdorp is maintained by the Gauteng Provincial government and is also designated the P158. The N14 is the only National Route in Gauteng that was not upgraded in 2010 and the only untolled highway 18. Centurion, Gauteng – Centurion is an affluent area with 236,580 inhabitants in Gauteng Province of South Africa, located between Pretoria and Midrand. Formerly an independent municipality, with its own council, it forms part of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality since 2000. Its heart is located at the intersection of the N1 and N14 freeways, the R21 also passes through Centurion. The Waterkloof Air Force Base, as well as the Swartkop Air Force Base are located in Centurion, fossils discovered at the Sterkfontein Caves show that hominids lived in the vicinity of Centurion between 2 and 3 million years ago. The Sterkfontein Caves, a World Heritage Site, is less than 50 km from Centurion, near Mogale City, however, the earliest evidence of modern human habitation in the Centurion area does not go this far back. It dates back to 1200 AD when black African communities settled in this area and they cultivated lands, grazed their cattle, made earthenware containers and melted iron. From 1825 to 1826 the Matabele peoples defeated the Bakwena tribe, in 1841 the Erasmus family arrived and settled in the area that would much later become Centurion. Daniel Jacobus Erasmus settled on the farm Zwartkop, Daniel Elardus Erasmus on the farm Doornkloof, several of the suburbs like Erasmia, Elardus Park, Zwartkop and Doornkloof were named after these 19th-century owners of the land and their properties. In 1889 Alois Hugo Nelmapius bought the northern and north-eastern portions of the farm Doornkloof, as part of the First Boer War, the battle for Rooihuiskraal took place in 1881 here. A Boer commando under the leadership of D. J, Erasmus Jr defeated Colonel Gildea, or The Blasted Colonel as they called him, the British Officer Commanding of the Pretoria Garrison. At its peak the camp had 5,500 inhabitants, mostly women and children, between February 1901 and the end of the war in 1902,1,249 lost their lives here, about 1,000 of them children. The Irene Camp Cemetery is well preserved and contains 576 of the original slate tombstones that were carved by hand in the camp, the town of Irene was established in 1902 when 337 plots were laid out on the farm Doornkloof. Jan Smuts later owned this farm, and died there in 1950, the original Smuts House is a museum today, and regularly hosts open air fleamarkets on its grounds. Centurion developed from the initial Lyttelton Township that was marked out on the farm Droogegrond in 1904, Lyttelton Manor Extension 1 was established in 1942. These two townships initially resorted under the Peri Urban Board in Pretoria, Centurion was granted City Council status in 1962 as Lyttelton. It was formed by combining the areas of Doornkloof, Irene, in 2000, the Centurion local government became part of the newly created City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, which also includes Pretoria, and the town ceased to have its own Town Council. Lyttelton was renamed Verwoerdburg in 1967, after Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, the surrounding areas, as they grew, came under the same name and Lyttelton became known as one of the suburbs of Verwoerdburg. Others included Clubview, Eldoraigne, Kloofsig, Wierdapark, Zwartkop, following the end of apartheid, the Indian township of Laudium and surrounding suburbs including Erasmia and Claudius, which were formerly a part of Pretoria, were made part of Centurion





1. Lord Milner Hotel in Matjiesfontein 2. Matjiesfontein Station Laingsburg, Western Cape – Laingsburg is a town located in the Western Cape province in South Africa. The original inhabitants of the region were the Khoikhoi herders and the San hunter gatherers, following the arrival of the early European colonists, the area was settled by Afrikaner Trekboers and Griqua people. In the 1870s, the government of Prime Minister John Molteno ov



1. A view of Laingsburg 2. This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (August 2014) N12 (South Africa) – The road runs roughly from south to north, however, once it passes Kimberley in the Northern Cape, it gradually turns eastward. Only the section between Soweto and Witbank is a limited access dual motorway, the section between Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom is a dual carriage highway. The Meiringspoort section in the Swartberg between De Rust and Kla



1. The N12 at Perseboom Drift in Meiringspoort as it passes through the Swartberg 2. National route N12 George, Western Cape – George is a city in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The city is a holiday and conference centre and the administrative. The township of Pacaltsdorp lies to the south, the town of George was established as a result of the growing demand for timber and the wood used in building, transport and furniture. In 1776 the Dutch East India Company







1. Dutch Reformed Church in George (Moederkerk) 2. Montagu Pass 3. Outeniqua Choo Tjoe 4. St Mark's Cathedral Northern Cape – The Northern Cape is the largest and most sparsely populated province of South Africa. It was created in 1994 when the Cape Province was split up and it includes the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, part of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, an international park shared with Botswana. It also includes the Augrabies Falls and the mining regions in Kim







1. A waterfall situated a few kilometres north of Nieuwoudtville on the road to Loeriesfontein, in the Northern Cape (Namaqualand region). 3. Windmills in Namaqualand, Northern Cape 4. Springbok viewed from the old cemetery R63 (South Africa)

1. Provincial route R63 Richmond, Northern Cape – Richmond is a town in the central Karoo region of the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. It is situated on the main N1 route, the town was established in 1843 in South Africas inland plateau. Unusually for this region, it was built astride a river which has been cited as the reason for the irregular street grid. The town has a number of well-pre

1. Loopstraat, Richmond N10 (South Africa)



1. The N10 in the Northern Cape 2. National route N10 Hanover, South Africa – Hanover, a small town in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, is named after Hanover in Germany. The town was established in 1854, much of the farming in the area is with Merino sheep. The Fountain, a spring in town, releases about 205,000 litres of water per day. A footpath leads up to Trappieskop which offers views of the area. Hanover cla

1. View of Hanover from Trappieskop N9 (South Africa) – The N9 is a national route in South Africa that connects George with the N1 at Colesberg, via Graaff-Reinet and Middelburg. The N9 begins just south-east of George at an intersection with the N2 and it runs concurrently with the N12 through the center of George and then north over the Outeniqua Pass. From Willowmore, the N9 travels across the Easte

1. National route N9 Orange River – The Orange River is the longest river in South Africa. It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, the river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Namibia and between South Africa and Lesotho, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa. Exc







1. Sunset over the Orange River near Upington in the Northern Cape 2. This image shows only the last c. 100 kilometers of the Orange River. In this last stretch the gravel deposits in the river bed and along the banks are rich with diamonds, and several diamond mines operate along the stretch pictured here. 3. The Augrabies Falls in full flow. 4. Panorama taken from a fluorspar -rich hill overlooking a bend in the River, which was in flood due to above-normal rains. Free State (South African province) – The Free State is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africas judicial capital and its historical origins lie in the Orange Free State Boer republic and later Orange Free State Province. The current borders of the date from 1994 when the Bantustans were abolished and reincorporated into South Africa. It is a







1. Free State flats, outside Odendaalsrus. 2. Flag 3. Parliament Buildings in Bloemfontein with the statue of Christiaan De Wet 4. Cattle grazing near Winburg. Ventersburg – Ventersburg is a small town in the Lejweleputswa District Municipality of the Free State province in South Africa,148 km north of Bloemfontein. It was established on the farm Kromfontein which was owned by PA Venter who died in 1857 and his son allowed a Reform Church to be established on the farm in 1864 and by 1871, the first plots of the origina

1. The N1 National Road passing through Ventersburg. N6 (South Africa)



1. The N6 crosses the Orange River on the General Hertzog Bridge at Aliwal North 2. National route N6 East London, Eastern Cape – East London is a city on the southeast coast of South Africa in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality of the Eastern Cape province. The city lies on the Indian Ocean coast, largely between the Buffalo River and the Nahoon River, and hosts the only river port. East London today has a population of over 267,000 with over 755,000 in the metropoli





1. East London Town Hall 2. East London Airport 3. East London Esplanade N8 (South Africa) – The N8 is a national route in South Africa that connects Upington, Kimberley, Bloemfontein and Maseru in Lesotho. It is maintained by the South African National Roads Agency, the road starts at Groblershoop in the Northern Cape, at a junction with the N10 from Upington. It runs east through Griquatown to Kimberley, from Kimberley it runs south-east

1. National route N8 Kimberley, Northern Cape – Kimberley is the largest and capital city of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. It is located approximately 110 km east of the confluence of the Vaal, the city has considerable historical significance due to its diamond mining past and the siege during the Second Boer War. Notable personalities such as Cecil Rhodes and Barney Barnato made







1. City centre seen over the Big Hole 2. Fleetwood Rawstone's "Red Cap Party" of prospectors on Colesberg Kopje 3. The Big Hole. 4. A sign next to the Big Hole, reading "If all the diamonds recovered from the Kimberley Mine could be gathered together they would fill three cocopans such as these" Maseru – Maseru is the capital and largest city of Lesotho. It is also the capital of the Maseru District, located on the Caledon River, Maseru lies directly on the Lesotho-South Africa border. Maseru is Lesothos capital city with a population of approximately 253,000, the city was established as a police camp and assigned as the capital after the country b







1. Maseru as seen from Parliament Hill 2. Panoramic view of Maseru in 2007 3. Kingsway traffic 4. View from the main road south in Maseru Lesotho – Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved, landlocked country in southern Africa completely surrounded by South Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 in size and has a slightly over two million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru, previously known as Basutoland, Lesotho declared independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 19







1. King Moshoeshoe I with his Ministers. 2. Flag 3. 1959 stamps for the Basutoland National Council. 4. Lesotho mountain village N5 (South Africa)

1. National route N5 N3 (South Africa) – The N3 is a national route in South Africa that connects Johannesburg and Durban, respectively South Africas largest and third-largest cities. Durban is the port through which Johannesburg imports and exports most of its goods, as a result, the N3 is a very busy highway and has a high volume of traffic. The N3 is divided into 12 sections, starting





1. N3 freeway approaching Durban, N2/N3 E.B. Cloete Interchange in the foreground 2. National route N3 3. A section of the N3 in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, showing the dual-carriageway freeway. Harrismith – Harrismith is a large town in the Free State province of South Africa. It was named for Sir Harry Smith, a 19th century British governor of the Cape Colony and it is situated by the Wilge River, alongside the N3 highway, about midway between Johannesburg, about 300 km to the north-west, and Durban to the southeast. The town is located at the juncti





1. View from the north 2. Platberg's western aspect 3. Sterkfontein Dam with Platberg in the distance Vaal River – The Vaal River is the largest tributary of the Orange River in South Africa. The river has its source near Breyten in Mpumalanga province, east of Johannesburg and about 30 kilometres north of Ermelo and it then flows westwards to its conjunction with the Orange River southwest of Kimberley in the Northern Cape. It is 1,120 kilometres long, and for

1. The Vaal River seen from the N3 national freeway, upstream from the Vaal Dam. Here it forms the border between the Mpumalanga and Free State provinces. Gauteng – Gauteng, which means place of gold, is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. It was formed part of the old Transvaal Province after South Africas first all-race elections on 27 April 1994. It was initially named Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging and was renamed Gauteng in December 1994, situated in the Highveld, Gauteng is the smallest provin







1. The Johannesburg City Hall, home of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature 2. Location of Gauteng in South Africa 3. Sandton Gautrain Station in August 2010 4. University of Pretoria 's Old Arts Building Ben Schoeman Highway – The Ben Schoeman Freeway or Ben Schoeman Highway is the main freeway between Johannesburg and Pretoria, and consists of portions of the M1, N1, and N14. Opened in 1968, it is named after a former Minister of Transport Ben Schoeman, the Ben Schoeman Highway begins under the designation of the M1, just north of the Corlett Drive exit, where the M1 is

1. Contents Vanderbijlpark – Vanderbijlpark is an industrial city with 95000 inhabitants on the Vaal River in the south of the Gauteng province of South Africa. Named after Hendrik van der Bijl, an engineer and industrialist. With neighbouring towns Vereeniging and Sasolburg it forms the Vaal Triangle, located in the district municipality of Sedibeng and the local municipality



1. Vanderbijlpark 2. The steel mill at Vanderbijlpark, owned by ArcelorMittal. N12 Southern Bypass (South Africa) – The N12 Southern Bypass is a section of the Johannesburg Ring Road located in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. The freeway was the last section of the Ring Road to be built and it was initially called the N13. From the west, the Southern Bypass begins at the Diepkloof Interchange and it ends at the Elands Interchange, where it merges with th

1. The N12 Southern Bypass. Johannesburg Ring Road

1. The Johannesburg Ring Road. N1 Western Bypass (South Africa)

1. The N1 Western Bypass. N3 Eastern Bypass (South Africa)

1. The N3 Eastern Bypass. Durban







N14 (South Africa)

1. National route N14 R21 (Gauteng)

1. Provincial route R21 N4 (South Africa)



1. The N4 road eastbound at the interchange with the R556 road near Modderspruit. 2. National route N4 Witbank



1. Aerial view over the suburbs 2. Witbank railway station Limpopo



1. Ajoite in quartz, from the Messina mine, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Scale at bottom is one inch, with a rule at one cm. [citation needed] Bela Bela



1. Slides and pools in the hot springs resort 2. Coat of arms Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal











1. Ladysmith central business district 2. Windsor Dam 3. Soofi Mosque 4. Ladysmith railway station N11 (South Africa)

1. National route N11 N18 (South Africa)

1. National route N18 National Roads in South Africa

1. Map of National Routes. Tropic of Capricorn



1. Tropic of Capricorn in 1794 Dunn Map of the World 2. World map showing the Tropic of Capricorn 3. Monument marking the Tropic of Capricorn just north of Antofagasta, Chile 4. Longreach, Queensland, Australia Louis Trichardt

1. Aerial view of Louis Trichardt Soutpansberg







1. The western extremity of the Soutpansberg – as seen from Vivo, 10 km from the salt pan 2. Hanglip promontory, overlooking Louis Trichardt 3. Composite image of landscape photographs from the Southern Soutpansberg. 4. Hikers in the central Soutpansberg Musina

1. Copper and Papagoite in Quartz, specimen from the old Messina mine. Such crystals are highly desirable to mineral collectors.