National
R esearch
Council
Statistics on Research and Innovation
Italy
Institute
for
Economic
Research
on
Firms
and
Growth
Intese Grafiche Brescia - Roma
ISBN 978-88-8080-076-7
Copyright @ 2007 by National Research Council of Italy
This document is published by Ufficio Pubblicazioni e Informazioni Scientifiche - CNR Director: Mario Apice
Various staff of the Research team on “Institutions and Policies for Science and Technology” of the Rome office of CERIS, most notably, the researchers R. Azzaro, C. Basili, M. De Marchi, E. Lorenzetti, B.M. Potì, E. Reale and M. Rocchi have contributed to the preparation of this publication. Anna Maria Scarda (associated with CERIS), in addition to her role of supervision participated, with Mario De Marchi, in the planning of the work and in the selection and development of the most significant indicators. All of which effort has found in the considerable and arduous labour of Cinzia Spaziani, who took care of the collection and elaboration of data, not to mention the preparation of diagrams and tables, its just completion. Sincere thanks are extended to all of them by their colleagues.
Foreword
It is my pleasure to present this statistical publication with data on science and technology in Italy in the international context. It is both an information and a work tool. For this reason it presents, where possible, recent data on the human and financial resources employed without carrying out further elaboration to permit analysis of various aspects and utilisation of various methods. In completion of the quantitative picture of research the publication of other indicators, patent applications and patents granted, exchange of technology balance of payments and high technology products, scientific publications in the most important international journals, the operating financial instruments and the principal characteristics of innovative manufacturing companies in Italy. The entirety of the information on the scale, characteristics and evolution of science and technology shows the commitment of the country to a sector which is of extreme importance for social and economic development and constitutes the basis from which to launch and support fruitful debate.
Angelo Guerrini Director General of CNR
The Nature and Significance of Indicators on Research and Innovation The study of indicators on science and technology has constituted one of the traditional veins of research at the Rome office of the Institute for Economic Research on Firms and Growth (CERIS) since the research group was still part of the Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation (ISRDS). In this publication a selected collection of the principal indicators traditionally used to describe a state’s commitment to research are gathered together. This selection is the fruit of well established conventions and methodological choices regarding, principally, the nature of research and development (R&D), the classification for expenditure on R&D and the scale of a state’s economic potential.
For the measurement of this activity precise criteria have been elaborated, by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development among others, which have been uniformly adopted by both member and nonmember states. This uniformity is a guarantee of comparability of statistical information on research between states. According to the Frascati Manual1 the term research indicates “creative work undertaken on a systematic basis with the aim of increasing the fund of knowledge and the use of that knowledge in devising new applications”. This all-embracing definition is sufficient at first analysis to characterise the activity which determines scientific progress and which, in the long term, forms the basis for technological change and development. Overall internal expenditure on research and development by a statistical entity- be it a state, economic sector or company- is a useful indicator in evaluating the scale and potential of commitment to research. Absolute values 1
Ibidem, OECD, Paris, 2002
for expenditure on research and development are also reported here in terms of constants, that is deflated on the basis of indices related to determined base years. For reasons of simplicity and verifiability this will be done, as is normal and particularly in this case by resorting to the same deflator used for gross domestic product. As far as regards international comparison of overall volumes of expenditure, we may add to the problem of inflation or deflation of monetary value within each country that of the frequently conspicuous difference between market exchange rates between currencies (which depend also on fickle changes in exchange rate speculation) and the relationship between their effective purchasing powers. This problem is solved by calculating relationships of ideal exchange on the basis of the effective purchasing power of the currency of each country based on a basket of goods common to each country.
To make a realistic and balanced evaluation of the degree of effort supported by a state we must take into account the economic size and potential of the state which carries the burden of that effort. Amongst the various measures of the economic potential of a state proposed by economists, that which appears most suitable in considering expenditure on research and development, in order to pass from an absolute value of commitment to research to one of relative intensity, is, in the view of many experts, gross domestic product. At the systemic level the sources of finance for and the sectors carrying out research are multiple, generating a complex network of inward and outward flows between groups of operators in the research system who are normally schematised in central or local public administration, in the business sector, in the non-profit sector or abroad.
Finally, given that technology is increasingly subject to international exchange in a modern knowledge-based economy, information on balance of payments regarding them are conveniently presented alongside domestic production. Maurizio Rocchi Head of Research Unit “Institutions and Policies for Science and Technology”
Glossary Research and Experimental Development (R&D) comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.
Applied research is also original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective. Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience, that is directed to producing new materials, products and devices; to installing new processes, systems and services; or to improving substantially those already produced or installed. R&D expenditure is all expenditure for R&D carried out within a research unit or sector of the economy, whatever the source of funds. It includes both current and capital expenditures. Public funding of R&D includes government financing of R&D performed in universities, state agencies and research institutes, other public bodies, non-profit institutions, the business sector, abroad and in international agencies. R&D appropriations include the funds allocated by central and local governments to R&D units.
Research personnel include three groups of personnel: researchers, technicians and other supporting staff. - Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods and systems and also in the management of the projects concerned. - Technicians and equivalent staff are persons whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in one ore more fields of engineering, physical and life sciences or social sciences and humanities. They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks, involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of a researcher. Equivalent staff performs the corresponding R&D tasks under the supervision of researchers in the social sciences and humanities.
- Other supporting staff includes skilled and unskilled craftsmen, secretarial and clerical staff participating in R&D projects or directly associated with such projects. Full-time equivalent (FTE): the number of research personnel performing R&D on a part time basis is reduced to the equivalent number of full-time personnel. Human resources in science and technology (HRST) identifies the number of people employed or qualified to work in R&D, where a post-secondary or tertiary degree be necessary. The Government sector includes: - ministries and agencies which depend directly on central Government; - public research agencies and institutes with budget autonomy;
- local authorities and other public bodies which fund or carry out R&D. The number of teachers, university students and doctoral students in Italy always refers to an academic year, the number reported by OECD and other international organisations refers to solar years. Small and medium enterprises (SME) are companies employing up to 249 persons and which satisfy specific financial parameters.
Scientific publications are those included in data bases used by the NSF and consist of scientific and engineering articles published in the set of 5,315 (in 2003) journals covered by the Thomson ISI (Institute of Scientific Information) Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). The patent for industrial invention represents the right of the inventor to exclusive industrial and commercial use for a limited period and a given country. The Technological balance of payments (TBP) measures the “invisible” transactions in a country’s balance of payments. These relate to the purchase and sale of technological know-how and information, such as patents, licences, trademarks, designs, know-how and closely related technical services (including technical assistance) and for industrial R&D carried out abroad. Data on technological innovation refer to those Italian manufacturing firms which have introduced, in the period 2002-2004, technologically new or substantially improved products or processes, defined as those requiring changes or advances in the underlying technology. Technology is defined as knowledge, competence, entrepreneurial capaci-
ty, equipment, procedures and technical solutions necessary for the production of a good. The Gross domestic product (GDP) includes the total production of goods and services of a country’s economy in a given year, less intermediate consumption and plus indirect taxation on imports. The GDP deflator is the ratio between GDP at current prices and GDP at constant prices. The basis year is 2000. Purchasing power parities (ppp) are exchange rates measuring the ratio of purchasing power in terms of a basket of goods and services between two currencies. In this data book the OECD purchasing power parities have been used.
10
The 15 EU countries are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden. China (which shows a significant development in its scientific activity) and Israel (which traditionally invests a remarkable share of its national income in research) have sometimes been added to selected OECD countries.
Abbreviations
11
Cnr Cnvsu Epo Esa EUROSTAT Evca Istat Jpo Miur Nsf Oecd eu Uic Uspto
Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche (National Research Council) Comitato nazionale per la valutazione del sistema universitario (National Committee for the Evaluation of the Research System) European Patent Office European Space Agency Statistical Office of the European Community European Private Equity & Venture Capital Association Istituto nazionale di statistica (National Institute of Statistics) Japanese Patent Office Ministero dell’università e della ricerca (Ministry of University and Research), MUR since the 18 of May 2006 National Science Foundation Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development European Union Ufficio italiano dei cambi (Italian Exchange Office) United States Patent and Trademark Office
Table of contents 1. R&D data
Tbl. 1.1
R&D expenditure in Italy, 1975-2006
Fig. 1.1
R&D expenditure over GDP in Italy, 1980-2004
12
Tbl. 1.2 Fig. 1.2
Fig. 1.3a
Fig. 1.3b Fig. 1.4 Fig. 1.5
Fig. 1.6a
Fig. 1.6b Tbl. 1.3
Fig. 1.7 Fig. 1.8 Fig. 1.9
R&D expenditure by source of funds in Italy, 1997-2004 R&D expenditure by institutional sector over GDP in Italy, 1995-2004
Governmental R&D expenditure by type of research in Italy, 1980-2004 Company R&D expenditure by type of research in Italy, 1980-2004 R&D expenditure by institutional sector and region in Italy, 2004
Trends in R&D government and company expenditure by region in Italy, 1997-2004 R&D expenditure by main institutional sector and region in Italy, 2004
Research personnel by main institutional sector and region in Italy, 2004
R&D expenditure in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 1981-2005
R&D expenditure in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 Intramural R&D expenditure by institutional sector in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 R&D expenditure by financing sector in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
Fig. 1.10
Fig. 1.11 Tbl. 1.4
Fig. 1.12
R&D expenditure over GDP in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
Research personnel over labour force in several OECD countries and China, 2004 Performance indicators concerning the economy and knowledge in Italy and other European countries, 2002 and 2003
Investment in the production of scientific and technological knowledge over GDP in several OECD countries, 2002
2. Government sector 13
Fig. 2.1 Government appropriations for R&D by socio-economic objectives in Italy, 2005 and 2006 Fig. 2.2 Government appropriations for R&D over civil budget by large socio-economic objectives in several OECD countries, 2005 Fig. 2.3 Government appropriations for R&D in the sector of defence over total appropriations in several OECD countries, 2005
Fig. 2.4
Fig. 2.5
Fig. 2.6
Government intramural R&D expenditure in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 Government intramural expenditure over GDP in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
Research personnel in public administration over total employees in several OECD countries and China, 2004
3. University
Fig. 3.1
University teaching and research personnel by faculty in Italy, academic year 2004-2005
Fig. 3.2 Enrolled and graduated university students from courses under previous regulations by groups of courses in Italy, academic year 2004-2005 Fig. 3.3
14
Fig. 3.4
Enrolled and graduated university students in the new triennial degree courses by groups of courses in Italy, academic year 2004-2005
Enrolled and graduated university students in specialising degree courses by groups of
courses in Italy, academic year 2004-2005
Fig. 3.6
Fig. 3.7
Fig. 3.5
Enrolled foreign university students by geographical area of origin in Italy, academic year 2004-2005
University income in Italy, 2001-2003
Tbl. 3.1 Fig. 3.8 Fig. 3.9
Fig. 3.10
Enrolled students in PhD courses by discipline in Italy, academic year 2004-2005
Graduated students in science and engineering in several European countries, 2004
PhD students over population of corresponding age in several OECD countries, 2002 Foreign scholars in the United States by country of origin, 2003-2004
University R&D expenditure over GDP in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
Fig. 3.11
University research personnel over total employees in several OECD countries and China, 2004
4. Business enterprise sector
Fig. 4.1
Company R&D expenditure by group of economic activities in Italy, 1995-2004
Fig. 4.3
Financing sources for company R&D in Italy, 1995 -2004
15
Fig. 4.2 Fig. 4.4 Fig. 4.5
Fig. 4.6
Fig. 4.7
Trends of R&D expenditure in some economic activities in Italy, 1995-2004
Company intramural R&D expenditure by number of employees in Italy, 1997 and 2004 Funding to company R&D in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
Company R&D expenditure over industry’s value added in several OECD countries and Israel, 2004
Company R&D expenditure in research intensive sectors over company total expenses in
several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
Fig. 4.9
Company research personnel over total employees in several OECD countries, China and
Fig. 4.8
Fig. 4.10
Company R&D expenditure over GDP in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 Israel, 2004
SME’s R&D expenditure over total expenditure by manufacturing industries in several
OECD countries, 2002
Fig. 4.11
Public financing to SMEs’ R&D over total expenditure by manufacturing industries in
Fig. 4.12
R&D expenditure by a company’s foreign affiliates over total expenditure by companies in several OECD countries, 2004
Fig. 4.13 Tbl. 4.1
16
several OECD countries, 2002
R&D expenditure by manufacturing firms in the telecommunication industry over GDP in several OECD countries, 1995 and 2002
Companies that have access to the web over total number of companies in some EU countries, 2005
5. Policy measures for science and technology in Italy
Tbl. 5.1
Financial instruments for R&D in Italy, 2002 and 2003
(2002-2006) by type of participant
Tbl. 5.2 Tbl. 5.3
Tbl. 5.4
Fig. 5.1a
Italian financial participation in research projects of the 6th EU Framework Programme Italian participation in research projects of the 5th and 6th EU Framework Programme by large projects
Synopsis of R&D investments envisaged by several OECD countries and Israel, 2003 and 2004 Distribution of venture capital in some European countries: funds raised, 2004
Fig. 5.1b
Distribution of venture capital in some European countries: funds invested, 2004
6. R&D personnel in Italy
Tbl. 6.1
R&D personnel in Italy, 1980-2004
Fig. 6.2
Companies R&D personnel in some Italian economic activities, 2004
17
Fig. 6.1
R&D personnel by institutional sector in Italy, 1980-2004
Fig. 6.3
Researchers in several OECD countries and China, 2004
Fig. 6.5
Researchers per 1000 employees in several OECD countries and China, 2004
Fig. 6.4
Fig. 6.6 Fig. 6.7
Female researchers by employment sectors over the total researchers in several OECD countries, 2003 Human resources in science and technology (25-64 years old) over labour force in some
European countries, 2005
International mobility of highly qualified personnel between some OECD countries, 2001
7. Patents
Fig. 7.1
Total patent applications to the EPO and applications in the ICT and Biotechnology sectors in several OECD countries, 2003
Fig. 7.2
Total patents granted by USPTO and patents granted in the ICT and Biotechnology sectors in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2000
OECD countries over the OECD total, 2003
Fig. 7.3 Fig. 7.4
Fig. 7.5
Triadic patents: applications to the EPO and the JPO, patents granted by USPTO in several International co-operation and co-operation with US in patent applications to the EPO,
1999-2001 Patents granted by US that cite scientific literature by inventor nationality, 2001
8. Articles and citations 18
Fig. 8.1
Articles by Italian scientists in the most important international journals, 1988-2003
2003
Fig. 8.4
Scientific articles by authors of the EU, US and Japan over world total, 2003
Fig. 8.2
Fig. 8.3
Fig. 8.5 Fig. 8.6
Italian authors’ articles in the most important international journals sorted by discipline,
Scientific articles by authors of the EU, US and Japan per million people, 2003 Articles co-authored by US and EU scientists over total international collaboration, 2003
Citations of articles in the scientific publications of several OECD countries and China
over world total, 1992 and 2003
9. Technological Balance of Payments
Fig. 9.1
The TBP in Italy, 1992-2005
Fig. 9.2
The balance of TBP sorted by diverse items in Italy, 1995 and 2005
Fig. 9.3
Fig. 9.5
Tbl. 9.1
Tbl. 9.2
19
Fig. 9.4 Fig. 9.6
The TBP sorted by diverse items in Italy, 2005
Ratio bewween payments for purchase of technology and R&D expenditure in Italy, 1992 and 2004
The balance of TBP over R&D expenditure in Italy, 1992 and 2004 Italy’s TBP with its largest partner countries, 2005
Payments of TBP over R&D expenditure in several OECD countries, 1992 and 2004 The balance of TBP in several OECD countries, 1992 and 2004
10. Trade in high-technology products
Fig. 10.1
Fig. 10.2 Fig. 10.3
Italian trade in certain sets of high-technology products, 2000 and 2004
Share of Italian exports over total OECD exports in certain high-technology manufacturing sectors, 1981-2004
Exports of high-technology manufacturing industries over total exports in some OECD countries, 2003
Fig. 10.4
Trends in world market share of exports in high-technology in manufacturing industries in some OECD countries, 1997-2002
11. Innovation
Tbl. 11.1
Tbl. 11.2
Fig. 11.1
20
Fig. 11.2 Fig. 11.3
Principal innovation indicators in Italian companies, 2002-2004
Innovation expenditure in innovating manufacturing firms by industry in Italy, 2004
Innovation expenditure in innovating manufacturing firms by taxonomic macrosectors and type of innovative activity in Italy, 2004 Innovation expenditure in innovating manufacturing firms by taxonomic macrosectors sorted by number of employees in Italy, 2004
Innovation expenditure in innovating manufacturing firms sorted by number of employees and type of innovative activity in Italy, 2004
1. R&D data Data presented in this section are necessary to estimate the amount of R&D activity in the country and place it in the international context; data sources are the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) for Italy and OECD for international comparisons. Since 2002 ISTAT has been identifying the non-profit sector, setting it alongside the other institutional sectors made up of government, university and firms.
21
In this section, the role of the institutional expenditure sectors and financing sources is emphasised. Furthermore Figure 1.1 allows the reader to estimate the trend of R&D expenditure since 1980. Figure 1.2 presents the expenditure over the last decade, broken down into the principal institutional sectors; Figure 1.3 highlights investment by various institutional sectors into basic research, applied research and experimental development. The human and financial resources of the Italian regions for scientific activity are also shown (Figures 1.4, 1.5, 1.6). The R&D expenditure over GDP ratio represents the size of investment in science over the wealth generated by a country. It is the most widely used indicator in international comparisons (Table 1.3). Also in international comparisons, we refer to institutional sectors of R&D expenditure (Figures 1.7, 1.8) and funding (Figure 1.9). Figures 1.10 and 1.11 show the situation in 2004 regarding financial and human resources in several countries. Table 1.4 presents a set of performance indicators concerning the economy and knowledge in Italy and other
large European countries, which are useful in comparing a country’s technological and economic evolution in a recent period. Figure 1.12 shows expenditure on research, higher education and software (net of duplications) incurred by several OECD countries. These expenses are considered fundamental for economic growth generating new jobs and achieving a higher standard of living.
22
Table 1.1 - R&D expenditure in Italy, 1975-2006 (million current euros) Institutional sectors
23
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004 2005(a) 2006(a)
Government sector Research agencies Other public institutions
135
372 1,126 1,839 1,949 1,976 2,093 2,316 2,213 2,356 2,493 2,565 2,582 2,722 1,618 1,618 1,675 1,863 1,757 1,886 1,923 2,115 2,113 331 358 418 453 456 470 570 450 469 -
University
132
241
Private non-profit institutions
2,738 -
2,869 -
-
-
233
282
304
904 1,821 2,349 2,625 3,319 3,595 3,627 3,865 4,418 4,792 5,000 5,004 186
208
Business
336
883 2,686 5,120 4,928 5,292 5,377 5,533 5,684 6,239 6,661 7,057 6,979 7,293
7,806
8,101
Total
603 1,496 4,717 8,780 9,226 9,893 10,789 11,444 11,524 12,460 13,572 14,600 14,769 15,252
-
-
5,257 5,900 9,571 12,738 10,555 10,758 11,441 11,829 11,754 12,460 13,178 13,714 13,461 13,507
-
-
Total (2000 constant prices)
Notes: Since 1995 only intramural R&D expenditure is considered. (a) ISTAT estimate on provisional data released by enterprises, public institutions, private non-profit institutions. Source: ISTAT
Table 1.2 - R&D expenditure by source of funds in Italy, 1997-2004
24
Source of funds
1997
Business enterprise sector Government University Private non-profit sector Abroad Total million euros (2000 constant prices)
1.4 93.3 0.1 2.7 2.5 2,220
Business enterprise sector Government University Private non-profit sector Abroad Total million euros (2000 constant prices) Business enterprise sector Government University Private non-profit sector Abroad Total million euros (2000 constant prices)
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Government sector expenditure
(percentages)
2003
2004
1.1 94.6 0.0 1.2 3.0 2,394
1.1 94.8 0.1 1.3 2.8 2,258
1.7 93.3 0.1 1.1 3.8 2,356
3.5 87.0 0.3 5.2 4.0 2,421
3.4 90.5 0.3 1.6 4.3 2,409
1.2 92.2 0.1 1.7 4.9 2,353
2.9 88.2 0.1 3.0 5.8 2,411
77.5 13.1 0.0 0.4 9.0 5,702
80.8 11.0 0.0 0.2 8.1 5,719
78.7 13.0 0.0 0.2 8.1 5,799
80.5 11.0 0.1 0.3 8.2 6,239
78.2 14.9 0.0 0.3 6.6 6,468
77.4 12.2 0.0 0.1 10.3 6,629
76.1 14.1 0.0 0.1 9.6 6,361
75.1 13.8 0.0 0.1 11.0 6,459
-
-
-
-
-
12.7 44.1 0.5 36.8 5.9 175
9.5 36.0 0.3 48.2 6.0 190
9.7 34.5 0.2 48.8 6.8 206
Business sector expenditure
Private non-profit institutions expenditure
Note: Data for private non-profit sector are available from 2002 onward. Data concerning university are not available. Source: ISTAT
milioni di euro a prezzi Figure 1.1 - R&D expenditure over GDP in Italy, 1980-2004 2000 16.000 million euros milioni di euro a prezzi (2000 constant prices)
14.000
16,000 16.000
12.000
10,000 10.000
6.000
8.000 8,000
0
25
%% 1,4 1.4 1,2 1.2
12,000 12.000
8.000
2.000
1,4
14,000 14.000
10.000
4.000
2000
%
0,8
0,8 0.8
0,6
0,4 0.4
4.000 4,000
1,0
1,0 1.0
0,6 0.6
6.000 6,000
1,2
2.000 2,000
0,2 0.2
00
0,0 0.0
0,4 0,2 0,0
19801984 1981 1982 1984 19851988 1986 1987 19891991 1990 1992 1991 1992 19941995 1995 1996 1996 1997 1998 19991999 2000 2001 2003 20042003 2004 1980 1981 1982 1983 19851983 1986 1987 19891988 1990 19931993 1994 1997 1998 20002002 2001 2002
R&D expenditure Spesa per R&S
Spesa per R&S
Note: Since 1995 only intramural R&D expenditure is considered. Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on ISTAT data
% of GDP Rapporto sul Pil Rapporto sul Pil
Figure 1.2 - R&D expenditure by institutional sector over GDP in Italy, 1995-2004 million euros (2000 constant prices)
% of GDP
7.000
7,000 7.000
0.6 0,60
0,60
6.000
6,000 6.000
0.5 0,50
0,50
5.000
5,000 5.000 4,000 4.000
0.4 0,40
0,40
4.000 3.000
3.000 3,000
0,30 0.3
0,30
2.000
2.000 2,000
0,20 0.2
0,20
1.000
1.000 1,000
0,10 0.1
0,10
0,00 0.0 2004
0,00
26
0
00 1995
1995 1996 1996 19971997 1998 1998 Amministrazioni pubbliche Government Government Non profit Non-profit Non-profit Imprese % Pil Business Business%%ofofGDP GDP
Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on ISTAT data
1999 1999
2000 2000
Università University University AP % Pil Government %%ofofGDP GDP NonGovernment profit % Pil Non-profit Non-profit%%ofofGDP GDP
2001 2001
20022002 2003 2003 2004 Imprese Business Business Università % Pil
University University%%ofofGDP GDP
1985
%
Figure 1.3a - Governmental R&D expenditure by type of research in Italy, 1980-2004 %
%
70 60 50 40
27
30 20 10
1990
0
1995
1980
1985
1997 1990
1995
1998 1997
1998
Basic research
Basicresearch research Basic
1999
1999
Applied research
Appliedresearch research Applied
2000
2000
2001
2001
2002
2003
2002 2004
Experimental development
Experimentaldevelopment development Experimental
Note: In 1980-1997 university R&D expenditure is included too. Comparisons with subsequent values are not possible. Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on ISTAT data
2003
1985
%
Figure 1.3b - Company R&D expenditure by type of research in Italy, 1980-2004 %
%
70 60 50 40
28
30 20 10
1990
0
1995
1980
1985
1997 1990
1995
1998 1997
Basicresearch research Basic
1998
Basic research
1999
1999
Applied research
Appliedresearch research Applied
2000
2000
2001
2001
2002
Experimental development
Experimentaldevelopment development Experimental
Note: Since 2002 the business sector includes R&D expenditure by private non-profit institutions. Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on ISTAT data
2003
2002 2004
2003
Figure 1.4 - R&D expenditure by institutional sector and region in Italy, 2004
29
Piedmont Piemonte Valle d’Aosta Lombardy Lombardia Trento aut.province Bolzano aut.province Prov.auton. Bolzano Veneto Friuli-VeneziaGiulia Giulia Friuli-Venezia Liguria Emilia-Romagna Emilia-Romagna Tuscany Umbria Umbria Marches Latium Lazio Abruzzi Molise Molise Campania Puglia Apulia Basilicata Calabria Calabria Sicily Sardegna Sardinia
0%
Source: ISTAT
20% Amministrazioni Government pubbliche
40% 60% 80% Istituzioni Imprese Non-profitprivate sector non profit Business
million euros 1,895 1.895 13 13 3,234 3.234 147 147 67 67 839 839 368 368 488 488 1,372 1.372 1,039 1.039 153 153 191 191 2.674 2,674 264 264 24 24 1.027 1,027 403 403 5656 118 118 682 682 199 199
100% Università University
Figure 1.5 - Trends in R&D government and company expenditure by region in Italy, 1997-2004
Piemonte Piemonte
ombardia Lombardia Veneto Veneto Liguria Liguria Toscana Toscana Marche Marche Abruzzo Abruzzo
Campania Campania
Basilicata Basilicata Sicilia Sicilia
(%average annual growth rate at 2000 constant prices)
Piedmont Piemonte
Valle d’Aosta Lombardy Trentino Alto Adige Veneto Veneto Friuli-Venezia G. Liguria Liguria Emilia-Romagna Tuscany Toscana Umbria Marches Marche Latium 30 Abruzzi Abruzzo Molise Campania Campania Apulia Basilicata Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sicilia Sardinia
Lombardia
-15-15
-10 -5 -10 0 -50 -15 -10 -5
5
05
10
10 5
15
10 15
20
15 20
25
20 25
Amministrazione Imprese Amministrazione Amministrazione pubblica pubblica Imprese (b)2000) Imprese (b) (variazione % media annua a(a) prezzi 2000) (variazione %pubblica (variazione media annua %a(a) media prezzi annua 2000) a(a) prezzi Public administrations (a) Firms (b)
Notes: (a) sum of university and public administrations; (b) sum of firms and private non-profit institutions. Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on ISTAT data
30
25 30
35
30 35
Figure 1.6a - R&D expenditure by main institutional sector and region in Italy, 2004 Piemonte Piedmont
Piemonte
Valle d’Aosta Lombardia Lombardy Piemonte Trento aut. prov. di Lombardia Bolzano Veneto Provincia autonoma Bolzano aut. prov. Veneto di Bolzano Friuli-Venezia Giulia Friuli-Venezia Giulia Liguria Provincia autonoma Liguria Friuli-Venezia Giulia Emilia-Romagna Emilia-Romagna Toscana Tuscany Emilia-Romagna Umbria Umbria Marche Umbria Marches 31 Lazio Latium Lazio Abruzzo Abruzzi Molise Molise Molise Campania Campania Puglia Puglia Apulia Basilicata Basilicata Calabria Calabria Calabria Sicilia Sicily Sardegna Sardegna Sardinia
(million euros)
ombardia
-15 500
-10
0
1.000 0 -500
500
1.000
1,000 (milioni di 1.500 1.0002,000 5 500500 10 15 202.000 25euro) (milioni di euro) (milioni di euro) Amministrazione pubblica (a) Amministrazione pubblica Imprese (variazione % media annua(a) a(a) prezzi 2000) Public administrations Firms (b)
Amministrazione pubblicaand (a) university; Imprese(b) (b) sum of firms and private Amministrazione (a) Notes: (a) sum of public administrations non-profitpubblica institutions. Source: ISTAT
1.500
1.500 2,500 2.500 30
Imprese (b)
Imprese (b)
35
Figure 1.6b - Research personnel by main institutional sector and region in Italy, 2004
Piemonte
ombardia Veneto Liguria Toscana Marche Abruzzo
Campania
Basilicata Sicilia
(FTE units)
Piedmont Piemonte
Valle d’Aosta Lombardy Lombardia Trento aut. prov Bolzano aut. prov. Provincia autonoma di Bolzano Veneto Friuli-Venezia Giulia Friuli-Venezia Giulia Liguria Emilia-Romagna Emilia-Romagna Tuscany Umbria Umbria Marches 32 Latium Lazio Abruzzi Molise Molise Campania Apulia Puglia Basilicata Calabria Calabria Sicily Sardinia Sardegna
-15
5.000
-10
-500 10.000 0
5 5,000 10 5.000 15.000
15
10,000 10.000 2020,000 20.000
(unità in e.t.p.) Amministrazione pubblica Imprese (variazione % media annua(a) a(a) prezzi 2000) Public administrations Firms (b)
25
3025,00025.000 35 15.000
(unità in e.t.p.)
Amministrazione pubblica (a) (b) sum Imprese (b) and private non-profit Amministrazione pubblica (a) Notes: (a) sum of public administrations and university; of firms institutions. Source: ISTAT
Imprese (b)
Table 1.3 - R&D expenditure in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 1981-2005
33
Australia Austria Belgium Canada Korea Denmark Finland France Germany Japan Ireland ITALY Norway Netherlands United Kingd. Spain United States Sweden Switzerland EU15 China Israel
(million US dollars - 2000 constant prices and ppp)
1981
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005(a)
2,589 1,573 .. 6,286 .. 999 968 19,266 29,551 42,795 266 8,600 1,071 4,718 21,470 1,929 123,164 3,519 3,463 96,330 .. ..
.. 1,863 2,999 8,067 .. 1,316 1,447 23,655 34,827 58,297 331 11,839 1,520 5,593 22,637 2,689 165,392 4,837 .. 114,738 .. ..
4,704 2,436 .. 9,874 .. 1,840 2,049 30,040 41,004 80,360 449 15,754 .. 6,846 25,466 5,164 186,741 .. .. 141,066 .. ..
.. 3,063 3,994 12,094 14,679 2,430 2,422 31,327 41,621 83,546 871 13,054 2,015 7,289 25,092 5,509 199,884 6,819 .. 145,053 18,895 3,258
7,931 4,404 5,383 16,724 18,387 .. 4,514 33,800 51,543 98,804 1,232 15,412 .. 8,241 27,991 7,700 267,768 .. 5,622 175,885 44,775 6,996
.. 4,719 5,726 18,570 20,659 3,697 4,576 35,214 52,323 101,599 1,276 16,300 2,621 8,303 28,237 8,046 271,286 10,356 .. 181,915 51,066 7,440
9,491 4,961 5,442 18,666 21,607 3,902 4,725 36,111 52,941 103,280 1,359 16,961 2,685 7,942 28,762 8,911 265,122 .. .. 185,237 62,706 7,434
.. 5,223 5,328 18,671 23,151 4,010 4,916 35,488 53,547 105,807 1,484 16,649 2,812 8,118 28,846 9,769 274,791 9,977 .. 186,464 73,072 7,010
10,585 5,392 5,383 19,371 26,228 3,964 5,130 35,880 53,751 107,719 1,614 16,708 2,809 8,393 28,819 10,233 285,575 .. 6,633 189,221 87,290 7,279
.. 5,833 5,343 19,613 28,686 4,016 5,311 36,076 54,525 .. 1,770 .. 2,856 .. .. 11,098 .. 10,386 .. 192,286 104,661 8,154
Note: (a) provisional. Source: OECD
Figure 1.7 - R&D expenditure in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
34
United Stati States Uniti EU15 Japan Giappone China Germania Germany France Regno Unito United Kingdom Korea Canada Canada ITALY Spagna Spain Australia Svezia (a) Sweden(a) Netherlands Israele Israel Switzerland Belgio Belgium Austria Finlandia Finland Denmark Norvegia Norway Ireland
38,9 38.9 32.2 32,2 28.3 28,3 20.8 20,8 17.9 17,9 11.8 11,8 11.6 11,6 10,4 10.4 9,6 9.6 7.7 7,7 7,6 7.6 6,1 6.1 5,9 5.9 5,5 5.5 4.3 4,3 3.0 3,0 1.8 1,8 0
Note: (a) 2003. Source: OECD
50
59,2 59.2
94,0 94.0
100
118,0 118.0
150 200 (miliardi di dollari Usa a ppa)
(billion US current dollars at ppp) 312,5 312.5
208.1 208,1
250
300
350
Figure 1.8 - Intramural R&D expenditure by institutional sector in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
100% 100 % 80 80%
60% 60 40 40% 20 20%
Netherlands
Israel
China
EU15
Sweden(a)
United States
Spain
United Kingd.
Netherlands
Norway
ITALY
Ireland
Japan
Germany
France
Spain Norway
Sweden(a) Switzer
Ue15 Cina Israele IrlandaITALIA Spagna Francia Svizzera Norvegia Finlandia Germania Giappone Svezia (a) Stati Uniti Danimarca Paesi Bassi Regno Unito Firms Government Privatenon-profit non-profitinstitutions institutions University Firms University Government Private
Corea AustriaBelgio Canada Australia
Note: (a) 2003. Source: OECD
Finland
Denmark
Korea
Canada
Belgium
Austria
Australia
Israel Japan Korea China France Ireland ITALY Austria Canada Finland Belgium00% stralia Germany Denmark
Switzerland
35
Imprese
Università
Stato
Istituzioni private non profit
100% % 100
8080% 6060%
36
4040% 2020%
Notes:(a) 2003; (b) 1996; (c) 2002. Source: OECD
Abroad Abroad Abroad
Israel(c)
China
EU15(a)
Spain Spain
Svizzera Ue15 (a) Stati UnitiSvezia (a)
Estero
Other national sources Other Other national national sources sources
Switzerland
Sweden(a)
Spagna
ITALIA (b) Norvegia (a) Regno Unito Paesi Bassi (a)
Altre fonti nazionali
United States
Spain
United Kingd.
Netherlands(a)
Stato
Government Government Government Firms
Norway(a)
Ireland
Irlanda
GermaniaGiappone
Imprese
Firms Firms Firms
ITALY(b)
Danimarca (a)
Francia
Japan
Finlandia
Germany
France
Finland
Canada Belgio (a)
Denmark(a)
Korea
Austria
Canada
Australia
Japan Japan Korea Korea France Ireland Ireland Finland France Israel(c) Israel(c) EU15(a) EU15(a)Finland Germany Germany Denmark Denmark ITALY(b) ITALY(b) Corea
Belgium(a)
Belgium(a) Belgium(a)
China China
Austria
0 0%
Canada Canada
Australia
Austria Austria ia alia
Figure 1.9 - R&D expenditure by financing sector in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
Norway(a) Norway(a)
Cina
Israele (c)
Netherlands Netherlands (a)(a)
Sweden( Swede
Figure 1.10 - R&D expenditure over GDP in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 (percentages) Israel Israele
37
Sweden(a) Finland Finlandia Japan Switzerland Svizzera Korea United StatiStates Uniti Germany Denmark Danimarca Austria France Francia Canada EU15 Ue-15 Belgium Netherlands Paesi Bassi Australia United Kingdom Regno Unito Norway China Cina Ireland ITALY ITALIA Spain
2,2 2.2 2,1 2.1
1,2 1.2 1,2 1.2 1.1 1,1 1.1 1,1 0
Note: (a) 2003. Source: OECD
1
2,5 2.5 2,5 2.5
2,7 2.7
2,9 2.9 2,9 2.9
3,2 3.2
3,5 3.5
4,0 4.0
4,4 4.4
2,0 2.0 1,9 1.9 1,9 1.9 1,8 1.8 1,8 1.8 1,7 1.7 1,6 1.6
2
%
3
4
5
Figure 1.11 - Research personnel over labour force in several OECD countries and China, 2004
38
Finland Finlandia Sweden(b) Denmark Danimarca Japan France Francia Norway Switzerland Svizzera Belgium Germany Germania Australia Netherlands Paesi Bassi Austria Canada(a) Canada(a) EU15 Corea Korea Ireland Spagna Spain ITALY Cina China
0.150 0,150
1,623 1.623 1,481 1.481 1,349 1.349 1,285 1.285 1,249 1.249 1.198 1,198 1.181 1,181 1.179 1,179 1.160 1,160 1.095 1,095 1.089 1,089 1.065 1,065 1,060 1.060
0,829 0.829 0,818 0.818 0,802 0.802 0,673 0.673
0
Notes: (a) 2002; (b) 2003. Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on OECD data
1
%
(percentages) 2,229 2.229
2
3
Table 1.4 - Performance indicators concerning the economy and knowledge in Italy and other European countries, 2002 and 2003 Indicators
Years
ITALY
France
GDP per capita in pps (EU15=100)(a)
2003
98.4
103.5
Educational attainment (20-24 years) (%)(b)
2003
69.9
81.1
Germany
Spain
United Kingdom
99.3
87.3
108.7
73.3
63.4
78.2
Performance Labour productivity (EU15=100)
39
R&D expenditure (% of GDP)
Business investment (% of GDP)
2003
106.0
2002
1.1
113.6
2.2
95.7 2.5
16.9
95.7 1.0
2002
17.8
16.4
21.8
GDP per capita (c)
1999-2003
1.2
1.3
0.8
2.1
Educational attainment (20-24 years) (b)
1999-2003
0.9
0.3
-0.3
-0.4
97.0 1.8
15.0
Average annual % change Labour productivity (c) R&D expenditure
Business investment
1999-2003
-0.1
1999-2002
0.03
1999-2002
0.40
0.4 0.01 0.07
0.8
0.02
-0.90
2.5
0.6
0.04 0.33
1.7 0.7
0.00
-0.33
Notes: (a) purchasing power standard; (b) % of graduated between 20 and 24 years; (c) change rate at constant prices. Source: EU Commission, Doc. COM (2004) 29 def/2
Figure 1.12 - Investment in the production of scientific and technological knowledge over GDP in several OECD countries, 2002
Stati Uniti Corea Giappone Australia Belgio Francia Austria 40
uova Zelanda ITALIA(a) Portogallo 0
(percentages)
Sweden United Stati States Uniti Finland Korea Corea Denmark Stati Uniti Giappone Japan Canada Corea Australia Australia Giappone Germany Belgio Belgium Australia Netherlands Francia Belgio France United Kingdom Francia Austria Austria Spain Austria Nuova NewZelanda Zealand Nuova Zelanda Ireland ITALIA(a) ITALY(a) ITALIA(a) Greece(a) Portogallo Portogallo Portugal
1
0
0
1
1
2
2
2
3
%
3
4
4
3% 4 % R&S Software Istruzione superiore Higher education Software Software Istruzione superiore R&S Software Istruzione superiore
R&S R&S Note: (a) 2001. Source: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
2. Government sector This section is devoted to both government appropriations and their expenditure. The sources of data are ISTAT and OECD for the others. Figure 2.1 breaks down Italy’s public appropriations by socio-economic objectives in 2005 and 2006. The following two figures widen the perspective to include diverse industrialised countries, following a similar subdivision adopted by OECD: Figure 2.2 refers to civil appropriations and allows the reader to understand the remarkable differences in the destination of public investment in the various countries; Figure 2.3 underlines the weight of defence R&D.
41
Other figures describe R&D investment by public administrations: Figure 2.4 shows R&D expenditure by public administrations in industrialised countries; Figures 2.5 and 2.6 show both financial resources over GDP and research personnel as a percentage of employees.
4.000 3.500 3.000 Figure 2.1 - Government appropriations for R&D by socio-economic objectives in Italy, 2005 and 2006 2.500 million euros 4.0002.000 4.000 4.000
3.500
3.500 3.500 1.500
3.000
3.000
1.000 2.5001.000
2.0002.500
500 500
1.5002.000
orientate
Defence
Other civil research
Non-oriented research
Research financed from general university funds
Exploration and exploitation of space
Social structures and relationships
Industrial production and technology
tutela
Agricultural production and technology
tutela
Production, distribution and rational utilisation of energy
0
Protection and improvement of human health
500
Control of environmental pollution
1.000
0
Infrastructure and general planning of land-use
500
Exploration and exploitation of the earth
1.0001.50000
42
Difesa
industriali orientate tecnologie industriali dello spazio Controllo e Produzione tecnologie Controllo e Produzione dello spazio utilizzazione utilizzazione utilizzazione utilizzazione Produzione e e usouso razionale Ricerche nonRicerche non Produzione razionale dell'ambiente tutela dell'ambiente dell'ambiente dell'ambiente Difesa Esplorazione distribuzione Esplorazione e Esplorazionee e distribuzione e e Esplorazione e orientate Central pubblic pubbliche administration 2005 Regions and autonomous provinces 2005 Amministrazioni centrali 2005 tecnologie Regioni e province autonome 2005 industriali Controllo e pubbliche Produzione Amministrazioni centrali 2005 RegioniRegions e province autonome 2005 provinces delloautonome spazio utilizzazione Amministrazioni utilizzazione centrali 2006 ProduzioneRegioni e and province 2006 2006 e Central pubblic pubbliche administration 2006 autonomous
uso razionale Ricerche non dell'ambiente dell'ambiente Esplorazione e distribuzione e Esplorazione e Amministrazioni pubbliche centrali 2006 Regioni e province autonome 2006 Note: Data drawn from final budget. Data for previous years not available to statistical Amministrazioni pubbliche centrali 2005 Regioni edue province autonomediscrepancy. 2005 Source: ISTAT
Amministrazioni pubbliche centrali 2006
Regioni e province autonome 2006
Difesa
Figure 2.2 - Government appropriations for R&D over civil budget by large socio-economic objectives in several OECD countries, 2005 Economic development
43
Australia Australia Austria Belgium Belgio Canada Korea Corea Denmark Finland Finlandia France Germany Germania Japan Ireland Irlanda ITALY Norway Norvegia Netherlands United Kingdom Regno Unito Spain United StatiStates Uniti Sweden Switzerland(a) Svizzera(a) EU15
(percentages)
27,7 27.7
18,4 18.4
37.6 37,6
27,5 27.5 52,9 52.9 14.5 14,5
40,1 40.1 17.5 17,5
20,3 20.3 33.2 33,2
25,7 25.7 23 23 23.4 23,4 23.8 23,8
9,4 9.4 42.9 42,9 11 11 16.7 16,7
7,9 7.9 22.3 22,3
0
20
%
40
60
Figure 2.2 (cont.)- Government appropriations for R&D over civil budget by large socio-economic objectives in several OECD countries, 2005 Environment and health (percentages)
44
Australia Australia Austria Belgium Belgio Canada Korea Corea Denmark Finland Finlandia France Germany Germania Japan Ireland Irlanda ITALY Norway Norvegia Netherlands United Kingdom Regno Unito Spain United StatiStates Uniti Sweden Svizzera(a) Switzerland(a) EU15
8.9 8,9
29.4 29,4
11,7 11.7 19,8 19.8
26,2 26
15.9 15,9 15,3 15.3
13.1 13,1 14,2 14.2 7,6 7.6 12,1 12.1
20 20 19,3 19.3 8,4 8.4 32,4 32.4 1818
58.2 58,2
10,7 10.7 4,2 4.2
17.1 17,1 0
20
%
40
60
Figure 2.2 (cont.)- Government appropriations for R&D over civil budget by large socio-economic objectives in several OECD countries, 2005 Space
45
Australia Australia Austria Belgium Belgio Canada Korea Corea Denmark Finland Finlandia France Germany Germania Japan Ireland Irlanda ITALY Norway Norvegia Netherlands United Kingdom Regno Unito Spain United Stati States Uniti Sweden Switzerland(a) Svizzera(a) EU15
(percentages)
0.8 0.9 8.4 4.5 3.4 2 1.8
11.6 5.2 7
1.7 2.3 3.3 2.9 3.8
7.7
17.8 1.5 4 5.8
0
10
20
%
30
40
50
60
Figure 2.2 (cont.)- Government appropriations for R&D over civil budget by large socio-economic objectives in several OECD countries, 2005 Non-oriented research
Australia Australia
46
6.8
Austria Belgium Belgio Canada Korea Corea Denmark Finland Finlandia France Germany Germania Japan Ireland Irlanda ITALY Norway Norvegia Netherlands United Kingdom Regno Unito Spain United Stati States Uniti Sweden Switzerland(a) Svizzera(a) EU15
(percentages)
13.1 24.2 8.6 23.9 20.8 15.7
23
17.3 16.9 1 10.1
13.8
10.8 23.2 10.2 13 15.4 9.8 16.5
0
10
20
%
30
40
50
60
Figure 2.2 (cont.)- Government appropriations for R&D over civil budget by large socio-economic objectives in several OECD countries, 2005
47
General university funds
Australia Australia Austria Belgium Belgio Canada Korea Corea Denmark Finland Finlandia France Germany Germania Japan Ireland Irlanda ITALY Norway Norvegia Netherlands United Kingdom Regno Unito Spain United StatiStates Uniti Sweden Switzerland(a) Svizzera(a) EU15
55
17.9 31.4
0
44.9 27
31.9 43.1 35.3 58 39 41 48.9 31.4
21.6
0
55.8 59.1 36.7
0
Note: (a) 2004. Source: OECD
(percentages) 35.3
10
20
%
30
40
50
60
Figure 2.3 - Government appropriations for R&D in the sector of defence over total appropriations in several OECD countries, 2005 (percentages)
UnitedUniti States Stati United Kingdom 31,0 France . Francia 22,3 22,3 Sweden 17,4 17,4 . . Spain 16,1 16,1 Spagna EU15 . 13,5 13,5 Korea . Corea 13,3 13,3 . 6,7 6,7 Australia . Norvegia 6,5Norway 6,5 5,8Germany 5,8 . 48 4,0 Giappone . 4,0 Japan . 3,7 3,7 Canada 3,4 3,4 . ITALIA ITALY . 3,3 3,3 Finland . 1,4 Paesi Bassi 1,4 Netherlands . 0,7 0,7 Denmark . 0,4 Svizzera(a) 0,4 Switzerland(a) . 0,3 0,3 Belgium 0,0 Austria 0,0 . Austria
Stati Uniti Francia Spagna Corea Norvegia
Giappone ITALIA
aesi Bassi
vizzera(a) Austria 0
0
Note: (a) 2004. Source: OECD
%
30
%
. 31,0
30
. 57,1
60
Figure 2.4 - Government intramural R&D expenditure in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 (million current US dollars at ppp)
UnitedUniti States Stati
Stati Uniti
EU15
China Cina
Cina
Japan 11.199 Germany Germania 8.062 France 6.626 Korea , 3.412 Corea 3.412 United , 3.308Kingdom 3.308 ITALY , 3.198 ITALIA 3.198 Canada , 1.928 1.928 Spain , 1.883 1.883 Spagna , 1.874 49 1.874 Australia , Netherlands 1.376 Paesi 1.376 Bassi Finland 517 517 Norway 468 468 Norvegia 439 439 Belgium 429 429 Israel Israele 364 364 Sweden(a) 303 Austria 303 Austria 297 297 Denmark 137 Irlanda Ireland 137 82 Switzerland(a) 82
Germania Corea ITALIA Spagna Paesi Bassi Norvegia Israele Austria Irlanda 0
0
Note: (a) 2003. Source: OECD
10.000
, 8.062 , 6.626
, 11.199
21.577
26.840
, 21.577
, , 10.000 20.000 20.000 30.000 (milioni di dollari Usa a ppa) (milioni di dollari Usa a ppa)
26.840 ,
38.128 ,
, 30.000 40.000
Figure 2.5 - Government intramural expenditure over GDP in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
(percentages)
France Francia
50
Korea Germany Germania Finland United Stati States Uniti Japan Australia Australia China Netherlands Paesi Bassi Israel Norway Norvegia EU15 ITALY ITALIA Canada United Kingdom Regno Unito Spain Denmark Danimarca Sweden(a) Belgium Belgio Austria Ireland Irlanda Switzerland
0,03 0
Note: (a) 2003. Source: OECD
0,09 0,1
0,11
0,14 0,13
0,20 0,19 0,18 0,17 0,17
%
0,2
0,26 0,25 0,25 0,24
0,30 0,29 0,28
0,3
0,34 0,34 0,33 0,33
0,37
0,4
Figure 2.6 - Research personnel in public administration over total employees in several OECD countries and China, 2004
51
Finland Finlandia Norway Germany Germania France Netherlands Paesi Bassi Spain Australia Australia Denmark EU15 Ue-15 ITALY Korea Corea Japan Sweden(a) Svezia(a) Belgium Canada(b) Canada(b) United States(b) United RegnoKingdom Unito Ireland China Cina Austria Switzerland Svizzera
(percentages) 0,144
0,178
0,110 0,099 0,094 0,093 0,088 0,083 0,074 0,059 0,054 0,053 0,053 0,051 0,050 0,034 0,030 0,030 0,025 0,025 0,010
0,0
Notes: (a) 2003; (b) 2002. Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on OECD data
%
0,1
0,2
3. University This section presents input and output data of the national university system (e.g. teachers, students, graduates, PhDs), that comprise some indicators on academic research expenditure. Data on teachers, students and graduates come from national teaching statistics (ISTAT) and from OECD and Eurostat for international comparisons, while data on the financial situation of universities are obtained from the National Committee for the Evaluation of the University System (CNVSU).
52
Figure 3.1 shows teaching and research personnel broken down by faculty and qualification. In Figures 3.2 and 3.4 are data concerning university students and graduates in Italy, under the new academic regulations which came into force fully in academic year 2001-2002. Numbers of students enrolled under previous course rules are then reported. Figure 3.5 shows data on foreign university students by geographical area of origin and Figure 3.6 data on students enrolled in PhD courses. This information is useful in estimating the attractiveness of Italian universities for separate scientific disciplines. As for Italian university research expenditure, Table 3.1 shows the datum of income by financing source in years 2001-2003. Figure 3.7 shows female enrolment in science and technology degrees in several European countries. As regards Italy and other OECD countries, Figure 3.8 presents an indicator equal to the number of PhDs over population in the corresponding age group, thus allowing for an evaluation of the absorption capacity, improvement and spread of knowledge in the country, and the supply of highly skilled personnel to the labour market. Figure 3.9 shows, as an example, the attractiveness of American universities to foreign scholars. Figures 3.10 and 3.11 permit comparison of total research investments (human and financial resources) by Italian universities with those of other countries, in respect of the production of wealth on the one side and the employees on the other.
Figure 3.1 - University teaching and research personnel by faculty in Italy, academic year 2004-2005
(thousand units)
Faculty
Agriculture Agraria Agraria
Architecture
ChimicaIndustrial Chimica industriale industriale chemistry
Agraria
Cultural heritage
Chimica industriale
Economics Economia Economia (c) (c) Pharmacy
Economia (c)
Giurisprudenza Giurisprudenza Law
Engineering
Giurisprudenza
Literature and Philosophy Lettere eLettere filosofia e filosofia (d) (d)
Lettere e filosofia (d) Medicina e chirurgia Psicologia
53
Scienze della formazione
Scienze motorie (g) Scienze statistiche Altro 0
Foreign languages and Literature Medicina Medicina e chirurgia e chirurgia Medicine Veterinary Medicine Psicologia Psicologia Psychology Environmental protection sciences ScienzeScienze dellaEducational formazione della formazione sciences Mathematical, Physical and Natural sciences ScienzeScienze motorie motorie (g)education (g) Phisycal Political sciences ScienzeStatistical Scienze statistiche statistiche sciences Sociology 2 Altro Other Altro 4 0
6
0
2
2
4
Full prof.
Ordinari
Source: ISTAT
8
(migliaia di unità)
4
6
6
10
8
(migliaia(migliaia di unità)di unità) Associati Ricercatori Associated Researchers Ordinari OrdinariAssociati Associati RicercatoriRicercatori
8
10
12
10
12
12
14
14
14
Figure 3.2 - Enrolled and graduated university students from courses under previous regulations by groups of courses in Italy, academic year 2004-2005 (thousand units)
Groups of courses Scientifical Scientificosc.
Scientifico
Pharm.-Chemical
Biol-Geological Geo-biologico Scientifical Medical
Geo-biologico
Engineering Biological-Geological Ingegneria Ingegneria
Architecture Engineering Agriculture Agrario
Agrario
Statistics/Economics Agriculture Sociol./Political sc. Politico-sociale Sociology and Political sciences Law
54
Politico-sociale
Literature Letterario Literature Foreign languages Teaching Teaching Insegnamento
Letterario Insegnamento
Psychology Physical education Physical education Educazione fisica
Educazione fisica
Defence 0
0
200 Source: ISTAT
20
40
4020
60 (thousands units)
6040 8060 Enrolled Graduated Enrolledstudents students Graduated (migliaia di unità) (migliaia di unità) Iscritti
80
100
100 80 Laureati
120
120 100 Iscritti
Laureati
Figure 3.3 - Enrolled and graduated university students in the new triennial degree courses by groups of courses in Italy, academic year 2004-2005 (thousand units)
Groups of courses Scientifical sc. Scientifico
Scientifico
Pharm.-Chemical
Biol-Geological Geo-biologico Scientifical Medical
Geo-biologico
Engineering Biological-Geological Ingegneria Ingegneria
Architecture Engineering Agriculture Agrario
Agrario
Statistics/Economics Agriculture Sociol./Political sc. Politico-sociale Sociology and Political sciences Law
55
Politico-sociale
Literature Letterario Literature Foreign languages Teaching Teaching Insegnamento
Letterario
Insegnamento
Psychology Physical education Physical education Educazione fisica
Educazione fisica
Defence 0
0
20
0 0
20 40
20 20
40
60
40 40
(migliaia di unità)
Source: ISTAT
80
60 (thousands units) 80 60 100 60 80
Enrolled Enrolledstudents students Graduated Iscritti (migliaia di unità) Graduated
80
120 120
Laureati
100
140 140
Iscritti
100 120
Laureati
160 160
120 140
Figure 3.4 - Enrolled and graduated university students in specialising degree courses by groups of courses in Italy, academic year 2004-2005 (thousand units)
Groups of courses Scientifical sc. Scientifico
Pharm.-Chemical
Biol-Geological Geo-biologico Scientifical Medical
Engineering Biological-Geological Ingegneria Architecture Engineering Agriculture Agrario
56
Statistics/Economics Agriculture
Sociol./Political sc. Politico-sociale
Sociology and Political sciences
Law
Literature Letterario Literature Foreign languages TeachingTeaching Insegnamento
Psychology Physical education Physicalfisica education Educazione Defence 0
0
10
Source: ISTAT
20
0
20 (migliaia di unità)
40
10
30
60 (thousands units)
20
Enrolled Enrolledstudents students
40
Graduated Graduated
Iscritti (migliaia di unità) Laureati
80
30
100
50
120
40 Iscritti
60 Laureati
50
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Figure 3.5 - Enrolled foreign university students by geographical area of origin in Italy, academic year 2004-2005
42,9% Units
29,2%
18,000 18
42,9% 42.9
16,000 16 14,000 14
12 12,000
29,2% 29.2
10 10,000
57
10,1%
8 8,000 6 6,000
9,7% 10,1% 10.1
4 4,000
6,3%
9,7% 9.7
6,3% 6.3
2 2,000
Unione europea (15 paesi)
00
(% of the total)
1,7% 1,7% 1.7
Altri paesi EU15 Unione europei europea (15 paesi)
Asia
Other Altri paesi European europei
Asia Asia
AfricaAfrica Africa
Sud America South Sud America America
countries
Totale 38.298, cui studentesse 22.129 Totale n.Total 38.298, di cuiofdistudentesse no.n.38,298, whom females22.129 22,129 Total no. Totale
Totale
di cui studentesse
whom females diofcui studentesse
Source: Statistical Office of MIUR, 2005 Survey on university teaching
0,1% 0,1% 0.1
Nord AmericaOceania Oceania
North Nord America America
Oceania
Ingegneria civile e architettura
Scienze
(44,9) (29,3) (50,9) Figure 3.6 - Enrolled students in PhD courses by discipline in Italy, academic year 2004-2005 (66,8) (56,3) Scienze chimiche Disciplines (% of females) (43,6) Civil engineering and architecture Ingegneria Ingegneria civile civile eearchitettura architettura . (44,9) (44,9) (44.9) (64,1) . Information engineering (23,2) (23.2) . (29,3) (29,3) Industrial engineering (50,0) (29.3) (51,1)(50.9) . Agriculture (50,9) . (43,8) (66,8) (66,8) Biology (66.8) economiche (socio-politiche) ,. Chemistry (33,1) (56,3) (56.3) Scienze Scienzechimiche chimiche (43,6) ,. (43.6) Earth (50,7) ,. Archaelogy and literature (64,1) (64,1) (64.1) (20,1) (50.0) Physical education ,. (50,0) (50,0) (39,5)(51.1) (23,2)
Economics (Business)
Scienze mediche Economics (Social-political) Scienze Scienzeeconomiche economiche (socio-politiche) (socio-politiche) Physics Law Computer sciences Mathematics Medicine Scienze Scienzemediche mediche Teaching sciences Political sciences and Sociology Psychology Statistics History and Philosophy Scienze Scienzestoriche storiche eefilosofiche filosofiche Arts Veterinary medicine Other
(64,5)
58
(33.1) ,. (52,0) (33,1)
(20.1) ., (69,2) (20,1) (20,1) (53,0) (39.5) ,. (39,5)
Scienze storiche e filosofiche
,. (64.5) (64,5) (64,5) (58,7)
(63,0)
(58,4)
,. (69.2) (69,2)
(53.0) ,. (53,0) (53,0)
(58.7) ,. (58,7) 1.000 (58.4) ,. (58,4) (58,4)
0
,. (51,1) (43.8) ,. (43,8)
(52,5)
,. (52.0) (52,0) ,. (52.5) (52,5)
2.000
(63.0) ,. (63,0) (63,0) 0
00
1,000
1.000
(50.7) ,. (50,7) (50,7)
2,000
3.000
4.000
(% di femmine)
2.000
3,000
3.000 3.000
4.000 4.000
Males Females Maschi Femmine (% di di femmine) femmine)
Source: Statistical Office of MIUR, 2005 Survey on university teaching
Maschi Maschi
Femmine Femmine
2,811 1,803 2,357 1,643 3,105 1,813 840 2,792 40 (63,1) 1,176 1,121 1,734 2,983 314 774 ,. (63.1) (63,1) (63,1) 5,541 465 1,272 832 317 1,860 697 551
5.000 5,000
5.000 5.000
Total no. of students
6.000
6,000
6.000 6.000
Table 3.1 - University income in Italy, 2001-2003
(million euros)
MIUR, ordinary fund
MIUR, funds for research projects
59
Funds coming from contracts
2001
2002
2003
6,011
6,210
6,268
731
829
862
537
390
429
Funds coming from enrolment fees
1,044
1,143
1,269
Total
9,765
10,386
10,474
Other funds
Source: CNVSU
1,442
1,813
1,646
Figure 3.7 - Graduated students in science and engineering in several European countries, 2004 Bulgaria Bulgaria
60
Portugal Greece Grecia Romania Lithuania Lituania ITALY Norway Norvegia Slovakia Latvia Lettonia Czech Republic Poland Polonia Ireland United RegnoKingdom Unito Turkey EU15 Ue-15 Spain Sweden Svezia Belgium Hungary Ungheria Denmark Germany Germania Austria Netherlands Paesi Bassi Switzerland
0%
4 19 5 42 23 205 25 5
4 7 5 13 3 27 2 3 1
4 2
2 20 2
3 2
20%
(thousand units)
6 11 8 21 5 46 4 6 2 8 40 11 93 51 467 58 12 11 6 6 66 7 12 11
40%
60% Females Femmine
Males Maschi
Source: EUROSTAT, Science, Technology and Innovation in Europe, 2007
80%
100%
Figure 3.8 - PhD students over population of corresponding age in several OECD countries, 2002
61
(percentages)
Sweden Svezia Switzerland Germany Germania Finland (b) Svezia Austria Austria UnitedGermania Kingdom France(b)(b) Francia Austria Australia Netherlands Paesi Bassi Francia (b) United States PaesiBelgium Bassi Belgio Norway Belgio Spain Spagna Korea Spagna Denmark(b) Danimarca (b) Danimarca (b) Canada(a) Ireland Irlanda Irlanda Japan ITALIA (b) ITALY(b) ITALIA (b) 0,0
0 0,0
0,5
0.5 0,5
1,0
1.0
1,0
%
%
1,5
1.5
1,5
2,0
2.0
2,0
2.5 2,5
Dottorati di ricerca conseguiti nelover 2002 corresponding in rapporto alla popolazione di etàin corrispondente All PhDs obtained in 2002 age population that year nello stesso anno di cui dottorati in scienze naturali e ingegneristiche of whom PhDs in natural and engineering Dottorati di ricerca conseguiti nel sciences 2002 in rapporto alla popolazione di età corrispondente nello stesso anno
cui dottorati in scienze naturali e ingegneristiche Notes: (a) 2000; (b) di 2001. Source: OECD, Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005
2,5
3.0 3,0
3,0
Figure 3.9 - Foreign scholars in the United States by country of origin, 2003-2004 (percentages)
Other countries Altri paesi 32.432,4%
62
China Cina 17,9 17.9
Korea Corea 8,8% 8.8
82,905 foreign 82.905 studiosi scholars are stranieri sono employednelle at impiegati universities università
India India 8,2% 8.2 Spain Spagn a 2.3 ITALI italY A 2.8 Russia France Francia Russia 2.9 3.4 3,4% 2,9% United Kingdom Regno Unito 3.8
Japan Giappone 6,8% 6.8 Canada Canada 5,0% 5.0
Source: OECD, Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005
Germania Germany 5,7% 5.7
Figure 3.10 - University R&D expenditure over GDP in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 (percentages) Sweden(a) Svezia (a)
63
Israel Canada Canada Finland Switzerland Svizzera Denmark Austria Austria Netherlands Australia Australia Norway Japan Giappone Belgium France Francia Germany EU15 Ue-15 United Kingdom ITALY ITALIA United States Ireland Irlanda Spain Korea Corea China
0,13 .
. 0,36 . 0,36 0,33 . 0,31 . . 0,28
0,43 . 0,41 . 0,41 . . 0,41 . 0,41 0,4 .
0 %
Note: (a) 2003. Source: OECD
. 0,5 0,48 . 0,48 .
. 0,5
0,61 . 0,59 .
0,7 . 0,68 . 0,67 .
0,74 .
0,87 .
1
Figure 3.11 - University research personnel over total employees in several OECD countries and China, 2004
64
(percentages)
Finland Finlandia Australia Sweden(b) Svezia(b) Belgium Norway Norvegia Switzerland Denmark Danimarca Spain Japan Giappone France Canada(a) Canada(a) Ireland EU15(b) Ue-15(b) Austria United Kingd.(c) Regno Unito(c) Germany United States(d) Stati Uniti(d) Netherlands(b) ITALIA ITALY Korea Cina China
. 0,027
0,137 . 0,123 . 0,116 . 0,113 .
0,170 . 0,169 .
0
Notes: (a) 2002; (b) 2003; (c) 1998; (d) 1999. Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on OECD data
0,224 . 0,222 . 0,211 . 0,200 .
%
0,309 . 0,296 . 0,295 . 0,286 . 0,279 . 0,279 . 0,262 .
0,3 .
0,395 .
0,492 .
0,551 .
0,6 .
4. Business enterprise sector ISTAT is the source of data on the Italian situation (Figures 4.1 – 4.4), while the OECD provides data for the remaining figures. Eurostat is the source of Table 4.1. Quantitative information on Italian firms concerns research carried out in diverse economic activities over a decade (Figures 4.1 and 4.2). Sources of funding (Figure 4.3) and expenditure by company size are also presented (Figure 4.4). The following figures allow comparison with other countries: financing of company R&D; the ratio between R&D expenditure and value added in a given industry (which is useful in measuring the commitment to allocating available resources in this field) shown in Figure 4.6 and scientific and technological activities carried out in research-intensive and high-technology sectors (Figure 4.7).
65
Figures 4.8 and 4.9 present two parallel ratios: that between research expenditure and GDP, and that between research personnel and total employees. The first ratio is a key indicator of the commitment to research of any country. Figures 4.10 and 4.11 focus on the analysis of manufacturing SMEs; these are of a special importance to Italy which is a country with a large number of SMEs. R&D expenditure in foreign affiliates of companies belonging to industrialised countries (Figure 4.12) over total research expenditure by company is an indicator of internationalisation of R&D investments. As an amplification of the previous description Figures 4.13 and 4.14 are presented. The first one indicates the trend of the R&D-to-GDP ratio in the telecommunications sector, the other shows the position of European firms with regard to web access.
Figure 4.1 - Company R&D expenditure by group of economic activities in Italy, 1995-2004 million euros (2000 constant prices)
7.000 6.000
7.000 7,000 ,
5.000
6,000 6.000 , 5.000 5,000 ,
4.000
4,000 4.000 ,
3.000
66
3.000 3,000 ,
2.000
2,000 2.000 ,
1.000
1.000 1,000 , 00
0 1995
1995 1995 1996
1996 1996 1997
1997 1997 1998
Manufacturing Attività manifatturiere
Source: ISTAT
1998 1998
Attività manifatturiere
1999
1999 1999
2000 2000 2000
Inform, R&S, altre profess.
Computers, estate Inform, R&S,R&D, altre real profess.
2001 2001 2001
2002 2002
2002
Altre attività
Other Altre attività
2003 2003
2003
Totale
2004 2004
Total Totale
2004
Figure 4.2 - Trends of R&D expenditure in some economic activities in Italy, 1995-2004
Economic activities % Chemical industry 24 - Industrie chimiche
. -1,3
. 4,7
Machinery Radio, TVtelecomunicazioni and Telecommunications -2,7 . 32 - Fabbricazione apparecchi radio, tv e delle
. 10,1
Precision and optical instruments and watches
34 - Mezzi trasporto (autoveicoli)Cars
. -1,3 . -0,2
Aerospace
67
Othermanifatturiere manufacturing -2,3 . Altre
. 35,7
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of cars, motorcycles
. 15,7
Finance(a) 65 - Intermediazione monetaria e finanziaria (a) Computers
. 14,2
R&D companies 73 - Società di ricerca e sviluppo Other activities
. 7,2 . 2,2 -5
Note: (a) the change ratio concerns 1997-2004. Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on ISTAT data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
(variazione media annua a prezzi 2000) (average annual growth rate at 2000 constant prices)
35
40
Figure 4.3 - Financing sources for company R&D in Italy, 1995-2004 % 90 80 70 60 50
68
40 30 20 10 0 1995
1995
1996
1996
1997
1997
1998 Imprese Companies
1998
1999
Imprese
1999
2000
2000
Amministrazioni pubbliche
Amministrazioni pubbliche Pubblic administrations
Note: data concerning university not available. Source: ISTAT
2001
2002
Altri soggetti privati 2001
Altri Othersoggetti privateprivati subjects
2003
2002Estero
2004
2003 Estero Abroad
2004
Figure 4.4 - Company intramural R&D expenditure by number of employees in Italy, 1997 and 2004 (percentages) 1997
2,5%
1997 1997
2,0%
2.5 2,5%
2,5%
2004 2004
2.0 2,0%
2,0%
8,7%
8,7%
8.7 8,7%
5.4 5,4%
5,4% 8,6%
8,6%
69
8.6 8,6%
8.1 8,1%
3,5%
8,1%
8.8 8,8%
8,8%
74,2%
%
Fino addetti < 49a 49 employees
Source: ISTAT
5,4% 8,1%
8,8%
74,2% 74.2
78,3% 78.3
Fino a 49 addetti Fino a 4950-99 addetti
3.5 3,5%
3,5%
74,2%
78,3%
78,3%
2004
50-99 50-99
100-249 50-99
100-249 100-249
250-499 100-249
250-499 250-499
50-99 50-99
% 100-249 100-249
500 Fino e oltre a 49 addetti Fino a 4950-99 addetti
100-249 50-99
500 e>oltre 500 >
500 250-499 e oltre
Fino addetti < 49a 49 employees
%
250-499 250-499
250-499 100-249
500 e>oltre 500 >
500 250-499 e oltre
500 e oltre
Figure 4.5 - Funding to company R&D in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 Australia Belgium Korea France Japan Netherlands(a)
70
Spain Sweden(a) China Denmark(a) Norway(a) 0%
0%
Australia Australia Austria Belgium Belgio Canada Korea Corea Finland France Francia Germany Japan Giappone ITALY Netherlands(a) Paesi Bassi(a) United Kingdom Spain Spagna United States Sweden(a) Svezia(a) Switzerland China Cina Israel(b) Danimarca(a) Denmark(a) Ireland Norvegia(a) Norway(a) EU15
20%
0% 20% 40% 20% 60% 40% 80% 80%60% 40% 60% % fonti nazionali % fonti nazionali Imprese Stato Altre Estero Stato Altre % Imprese Business Other Abroad Business Government Government Othernational nationalsources sources Abroad
Notes: (a) 2003; (b) 2002. Source: OECD
100% 100% 80% Estero
Figure 4.6 - Company R&D expenditure over industry’s value added in several OECD countries and Israel, 2004
71
(percentages)
Israele Israel Sweden(a) Finlandia Finland Japan Svizzera Switzerland Korea Danimarca Denmark United States Germania Germany Austria Francia France Belgium EU15 Ue-15 United Kingdom Netherlands Paesi Bassi Canada Norway Norvegia Australia Ireland Irlanda Spain ITALY ITALIA
0,81 . . 0,73 0
Note: (a) 2003. Source: OECD
1
. 1,08
1,3 . . 1,28
1,73 . 1,61 . 1,54 . 1,53 .
2 1,9 .
2
2,12 .
%
2,51 .
2,73 . 2,69 .
2,98 .
3
. 3,21 3,19 .
. 4,64
. 3,57
4
4,85 .
5
Figure 4.7 - Company R&D expenditure in research intensive sectors over company total expenses in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 (percentages)
72
Aerospace
Australia(a) Australia(a) Australia(a) Austria Belgio Belgium Belgio Canada Corea Korea Corea Denmark Finlandia Finland Finlandia France(a) Germania Germany Germania Japan(a) Irlanda Ireland Irlanda ITALY Norvegia Norway Norvegia Netherlands Regno Unito United Kingdom Regno Unito Spain Stati Uniti(a) Stati Uniti(a) United States(a) Sweden(a) Svizzera Svizzera Switzerland China(b) Israele Israel Israele EU15(a)
00
Electrical-electronics
Australia(a) Australia(a) Australia(a) Austria Belgio Belgium Belgio Canada Corea Korea Corea Denmark Finlandia Finland Finlandia France(a) Germania Germany Germania Japan(a) Irlanda Ireland Irlanda ITALY Norvegia Norway Norvegia Netherlands Regno Unito United Kingdom Regno Unito Spain Stati Uniti(a) United Stati States(a) Uniti(a) Sweden(a) Svizzera Switzerland Svizzera China(b) Israele(a) Israel Israele(a) EU15(a)
55
1010 % 1515 %
2020
2525
3030
00
1010
2020 %% 3030
4040
5050
6060
Figure 4.7 (cont.) - Company R&D expenditure in research intensive sectors over company total expenses in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 (percentages)
Office machinery
Australia(a) Australia(a) Australia(a) Austria Belgio Belgium Belgio Canada Korea Corea Corea Denmark Finland FinlandiaFinlandia France(a) Germany GermaniaGermania Japan(a) Ireland Irlanda Irlanda ITALY Norway NorvegiaNorvegia Netherlands Kingdom Regno United Unito Regno Unito Spain United States(a) Stati Uniti(a) Stati Uniti(a) Sweden(a) Switzerland Svizzera Svizzera China(b) Israel Israele Israele EU15(a)
Australia(a) Australia(a) Australia(a) Austria Belgium BelgioBelgio Canada KoreaCorea Corea Denmark Finland Finlandia Finlandia France(a) Germany Germania Germania Japan(a) Irlanda Irlanda Ireland ITALY Norvegia Norvegia Norway Netherlands RegnoKingdom Regno Unito Unito United Spain Stati Uniti(a) Stati Uniti(a) United States(a) Sweden(a) Svizzera Svizzera Switzerland China(b) Israele Israele Israel EU15(a)
73
0
Pharmaceutical
05
510
%
1015
%
1520
2025
25 30
30
0
0 10
10 20
20 30 30 40 % %
40 50 50
60 60
Figure 4.7 (cont.) - Company R&D expenditure in research intensive sectors over company total expenses in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 (percentages)
Measurement instruments
Australia(a) Australia(a) Australia(a) Austria Belgio Belgio Belgium Canada Korea Corea Corea Denmark Finland FinlandiaFinlandia France(a) Germany GermaniaGermania Japan(a) Ireland Irlanda Irlanda ITALY Norway NorvegiaNorvegia Netherlands Kingdom Regno Unito RegnoUnited Unito Spain United States(a) Stati Uniti(a) Stati Uniti(a) Sweden(a) Switzerland Svizzera Svizzera China(b) Israel Israele(a)Israele(a) EU15(a)
Australia(a) Australia(a) Australia(a) Austria Belgio Belgium Belgio Canada Corea Corea Korea Denmark Finlandia Finlandia Finland France(a) Germania Germany Germania Japan(a) Irlanda Irlanda Ireland ITALY Norvegia Norvegia Norway Netherlands Regno Unito Regno Unito United Kingdom Spain Stati Uniti(a) Stati Uniti(a) United States(a) Sweden(a) Svizzera Svizzera Switzerland China(b) Israele Israele Israel EU15(a)
74
0
Services
0 5
5 10
Notes: (a) 2003; (b) 2000. Source: OECD
10 15 15 20 % %
20
25 25
30 30
00
10 10
20 20
% %
30 30
4040
5050
60 60
Figure 4.8 - Company R&D expenditure over GDP in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004 (percentages)
75
Israel Svezia(a) Sweden(a) Finland Giappone Japan Korea Svizzera Switzerland United States Germania Germany Denmark Austria Austria France Belgio Belgium EU15 Canada Canada United Kingdom Paesi Bassi Netherlands Australia Norvegia Norway China Irlanda Ireland Spain ITALIA ITALY
Note: (a) 2003. Source: OECD
0.58 0,58 . 0.53 0,53 .
00
1.34 1,34 . 1.29 1,29 . 1.19 1,19 . 1.12 1,12 . 1.09 1,09 . 1.03 1,03 . 0.95 0,95 . 0,89 0.89 . 0.82 0,82 . 0,78 0.78 .
11
1.51 1,51 .
1.75 1,75 . 1,69 1.69 .
%
1.88 1,88 .
2.18 2,18 2.16 2,16
2.42 2,42 2.39 2,39
22
2.93 2,93
33
3,25 3.25
3.5
Figure 4.9 - Company research personnel over total employees in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2004
76
(percentages)
Israel(c) Finland Finland United States(a) Japan Japan Sweden(b) Denmark Denmark Korea Norway Norway Canada(a) France France Germany Belgium Belgium Austria Ireland Ireland EU15 United Kingdom United Kingdom Switzerland Netherlands Netherlands Australia Spain Spain ITALY China China
0,332 . 0,325 . . 0,316 0,303 . 0,282 . 0,236 . 0,173 . 0,114 . . 0,070
. 0,514 0,482 . 0,448 . . 0,426 . 0,418 . 0,399 . 0,399
0,0
Notes:(a) 2002; (b) 2003; (c) 1999. Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on OECD data
. 0,579
%
0,768 . . 0,716 . 0,655
. 0,7
. 0,989
1.259 1,259
. 1,4
Figure 4.10 - SME’s R&D expenditure over total expenditure by manufacturing industries in several OECD countries, 2002 (percentages)
ITALY ITALIA
77
Greece Ireland Irlanda Denmark Slovakia Slovacchia Spain Poland Polonia Czech Republic Portugal Portogallo Netherlands Finland Finlandia Hungary Austria Austria United Kingdom Germany(a) Germania(a) United States France Francia Sweden(b) Japan(c) Giappone (c)
7,0 .
17,8 . 16,4 . 15,0 . 14,1 . 14,1 . 13,1 .
24,7 . 24,4 .
27,6 .
30,2 . 30,0 .
38,0 .
43,9 . 41,7 . 41,1 .
49,6 . 49,2 .
65,5 .
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 % Notes: Data refer to 2002 or else to last available year. (a) Business R&D centres not included; (b) 20-249 employees; (c) less than 300 employees. Source: EUROSTAT, Key Figures 2005
Figure 4.11 - Public financing to SMEs’ R&D over total expenditure by manufacturing industries in several OECD countries, 2002 (percentages)
Poland Polonia
Slovakia Slovacchia
ITALY ITALIA
Czech Republic Repubblica Ceca Spain Spagna
5.6 5,6 ,.
Hungary Ungheria
Denmark Danimarca
78
2.0 2,0 ,. 1.7 1,7 ,. 1.7 1,7 ,. 1.6 1,6 ., 1.2 1,2 ,. 1.0 1,0 ,. 1.0 1,0 ,. 0.9 0,9 ,. 0.7 0,7 ,.
Finland Finlandia
Portogallo Portugal Austria Austria
Uniti UnitedStati States Germania (a) Germany(a) Svezia Sweden
Francia France
Unito United Regno Kingdom
0
6.4 6,4 ,.
7.3 7,3 ,.
12.6 12,6 .
14.3 14,3 .
5.6 5,6 ,.
%
8
Notes: Data refer to 2002 or else to last available year. (a) Business R&D centres not included. Source: EUROSTAT, Key Figures, 2005
16
Figure 4.12 - R&D expenditure by a company’s foreign affiliates over total expenditure by companies in several OECD countries, 2004 (percentages) Irlanda (a) Ireland(a)
79
Belgium Repubblica Ceca Czech Republic Sweden(a) RegnoKingdom Unito United Canada ITALIA (a) ITALY(a) Netherlands(b) Spagna Spain Germany(a) Francia France Portugal(a) Slovakia Slovacchia Poland Finland Finlandia United States Japan(a) Giappone (a)
4,3 . 0
Notes: (a) 2003; (b) 2002. Source: OECD
16,8 . 16,4 . 13,6 .
20,4 .
27 26,7 . 25,3 . 24,6 .
. 34,9 32,1 . 31,3 .
%
. 38,6
40
45,3 .
48,7 .
55,6 .
72,1 .
80
Figure 4.13 - R&D expenditure by manufacturing firms in the telecommunication industry over GDP in several OECD countries, 1995 and 2002 Finland(a) Sweden(a) Finland(a) Finland(a)
(percentages)
Korea(a)
United States Sweden(a) Sweden(a) Japan
United States United States Netherlands Ireland(b)
Netherlands Netherlands Germany(a) France
80
Germany(a) Germany(a) Belgium Canada(a)
Belgium Belgium
United Kingdom Denmark
Kingdom UnitedUnited Kingdom
ITALY(a) Norway(a)
ITALY(a) ITALY(a)
CzechAustralia Republic(a)
Czech Republic(a) Czech Republic(a)
SpainPoland
Poland Poland
0
0,0
0,0
0.2
0,2
0,2
0.4
0,4
0,4
0.6
0,6
1995
1995
0,6 %
% 0.80,8
2002
2002
0,8
1,0
1.0
1,0
Notes: As for US the Postal sector (covering 2-3% of total) is included; (a) 2003; (b) 2001. Source: OECD, Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005
1,2
1.2
1,2
1,4
1.4
1,4
Table 4.1 - Companies that have access to the web over total number of companies in some EU countries, 2005 Access to Internet
81
Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Greece Spain France Ireland ITALY Latvia Lithuania Hungary Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Norway
95 92 97 94 90 92 90 83 92 92 75 86 78 91 95 87 81 96 92 98 96 90 93
Access to Internet through a wide band connection 78 52 82 62 67 44 76 49 48 57 48 57 48 71 61 43 63 74 48 81 83 65 78
(percentages)
Firms with homepages or web-sites
Note: all firms with at least 10 employees are included. Source: Eurostat, KeyFigures on Europe: Statistical Pocketbook 2006. Data 1995-2006
65 67 82 72 53 56 43 26 60 54 29 41 40 72 70 49 37 59 61 76 85 74 67
5. Policy measures for science and technology in Italy A characteristic of science and technology policy is growth and diversification of sources of financing both at national and international level. The sources in the present section are the Italian Ministry of University and Research, the European Commission and the European Private Equity & Venture Capital Association (EVCA). This section presents diverse data and indicators on the tools adopted by policy makers and a series of international comparisons.
82
Table 5.1 shows data on public funding to R&D through tenders to R&D bids directed towards public and private recipients (so called Project Funding). In the table the administration handling the funds and the principal type of funded research are specified. Three categories are singled out: policy, where the aim is to support science policy targets; academic research for curiosity-driven projects; innovation for pre-competitive research projects. Tables 5.2 and 5.3 refer to Italian participation in the 5th and 6th Framework Programmes by type of participant and large projects, which represent a notable source of financing for Italian research. A synopsis of R&D investment in industrialised countries, as far as data are available, indirect incentives, such as fiscal tools, are also indicated. Besides information on public funding figures on private investment in research are provided (Table 5.4).
Finally, two figures (5.1a and 5.1b) are devoted to the inflows and the outflows of venture capital in several European countries, i.e. the capital movement, which allows particularly risky research projects to be financed. Venture capital is without doubt an essential instrument in promoting the growth of small high-technology firms.
83
Table 5.1 - Financial instruments for R&D in Italy, 2002 and 2003
84
Financing subject
Financial instruments
Miur Miur Miur Miur Miur Miur Miur Mis Map Maf Cnr Cnr Asi Abroad Abroad
Far, Fund for the promotion of research L. 488/92, Measures for the South Pon, Funds to R&D in the South Cofin, Co-financed research Pus, Public Understanding of Science Fisr, Special fund for research Firb, Fund for basic research Finalised research Fit, Fund for technological innovation Finalised research Strategic projects Finalised research Contracts Eufp, European funds Esa, Foreign funds
Type of research Innovation Innovation Finalised research Academic research Finalised research Finalised research Academic research Finalised research Pre-competitive research Finalised research Finalised research Finalised research Innovation Pre-competitive research Innovation
Total Source: “Project Funding” project, Network of Excellence PRIME - EU
(million euros) Budget 2002
2003
72.0 265.0 110.8 133.9 10.4 12.5 375.1 72.7 1,324.0 308.5 0.8 4.5 177.5 239.2 240.1
110.0 137.2 8.6 12.5 66.9 635.0 0.0 0.0 379.5
3,346.9
1,349.7
Table 5.2 - Italian financial participation in research projects of the 6th EU Framework Programme (20022006) by type of participant
(percentages)
Sector
85
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Life sciences, Genomics and Biotechnology for health Information society technologies Nano-technologies and nano-sciences Aeronautics and Space Food Quality and Safety Sustainable develop., Global change and Ecosystems Citizens and Governance in a knowledge-based society RTD supporting policies and anticipating scientific and technological needs Horizontal research activities involving SMEs Specific measures in support of international cooperation Research and Innovation Support for the co-ordination of research activities Euratom Italian average 6th FP average
University
Research Centres
Big Firms
SME
Non industrial
Other
46.0 34.0 36.2 17.2 36.0 26.6 67.6
41.0 19.3 30.6 17.7 36.6 37.1 28.7
2.2 28.6 13.6 47.0 2.7 20.9 0.0
6.9 8.1 11.8 3.6 3.2 6.5 0.1
0.9 3.3 1.3 0.5 1.5 3.2 1.2
3.0 6.6 6.5 14.0 20.0 5.7 2.4
40.1 16.1 47.1 8.1 13.4 17.8 29.8 33.5
42.0 22.1 51.9 19.8 21.0 57.6 32.3 29.5
0.9 6.7 1.0 1.2 0.3 6.5 20.9 18.1
1.7 29.5 0.0 10.6 0.0 6.2 8.8 8.1
1.5 11.1 0.0 32.2 0.7 2.5 2.0 2.5
13.7 14.6 0.0 28.1 73.6 9.5 6.3 8.2
Source: MIUR, 6th R&D Framework Programme. Data on Italian participation, October 2004, quoted from Report by Lombardi L., tables 21 and 22
Table 5.3 - Italian participation in research projects of the 5th and 6th EU Framework Programme by large programmes 5th Framework Programme Programmes
%
6th Framework Programme Programmes
%
Environment and Energy
7.3
Sustainable development
8.2
Competitive and sustainable development
9.8
Nano-technologies and Nano-sciences Aeronautics and Space Information society technologies
10.5 7.9 10.0
Life sciences Security and quality of food products
9.3 7.0
Information society technologies
86
Quality of life Innovation and specific SME activities Inco (international co-operation)
11.6 7.8 11.4 3.1
Innovation Specific SME activities
11.6 9.3
Inco (international co-operation)
3.4 2.1
Euratom (a)
11.7
Euratom
Italy over total Italy over EU15
9.4 10.3
Italy over total Italy over EU15
9.2 10.0
Note: (a) Fusion activities of the 5th Framework Programme (Euratom Programme) are included, in which Italy has a remarkable share; the datum from the 6th Framework Programme, therefore, does not seem significant. Source: MIUR, 6th R&D Framework Programme. Data on Italian participation, October 2004, quoted from Report by Lombardi L., table 31
Table 5.4 - Synopsis of R&D investments envisaged by several OECD countries and Israel, 2003 and 2004 (million euros) Pubblic Funding
Countries
87
Belgium Czech Republic(a) Denmark(a) Germany Greece Spain France(b) Ireland ITALY Hungary Netherlands Austria Poland(a) Portugal Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden(a) United Kingdom(a) Norway(a) Switzerland United States(a, b) Japan(a, b) Israel
2003 1,649.6 437.1 1,405.0 17,101.0 455.0 4,001.0 12,327.0 450.8 6,925.0 407.0 3,188,5 1,768.0 628,2 847.0 144.9 89,0 1,446.0 2,538.4 12,832.6 1,548.4 1,530.0 103,692.5 27,498.7 1,318.0
Direct
2004 1,740.0 480.3 1,391.6 16,812.0 492.0 4,402.3 12,668.0 509.0 7,925.0 440.0 3,228.2 2,049.0 647.6 896.5 194.1 98.5 1,538.0 2,598.8 13,111.6 1,532.4 1,643.0 101,421.0 27,174.8 1,014.0
Private Funding
Fiscal and indirect measures 2003 2004 0.0 264.9 520.0 0.0 0.0 18.0 364.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 939.3 112.5 -
0.0 416.7 985.0 8.0 650.0 22.0 403.0 330.0 0.0 0.0 980.5 173.7 -
2003 4,438.7 602.9 312.0 3,783.8 19,353.8 1,047.0 7,102.0 195.0 4,446.0 2,575.0 428.1 214.7 133.5 3,380.0 155,947.7 3,635.0
2004 4,794.5 662,2 374.0 4,166.9 1,218.0 7,386.0 240.0 4,579.0 449.5 237.1 147.8 142,153.0 3,635.0
Notes: (a) worked out from data in national currency; (b) local financing is excluded. Source: EU Commission, Research Directorate General, Directorate M-Investment in research and links with other policies, 24 September 2004
Figure 5.1a - Distribution of venture capital in some European countries: funds raised, 2004
(billion euros) 4,9 .
United Kingdom Regno Unito 4,2 .
Netherlands Paesi Bassi 2,6 .
France Francia
88
2,3 .
Germania Germany 2,0 .
Svezia Sweden 1,2 .
Spagna Spain ITALIA ITALY 0,0
0,9 . 1,0 .
2,0 .
3,0 . (miliardi di euro)
4,0 .
5,0 .
6,0 .
Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on data drawn from 2004 Annual European Private Equity Survey conducted on behalf of EVCA by Thomson Venture Economics and PricewaterhouseCoopers
Figure 5.1b - Distribution of venture capital in some European countries: funds invested, 2004
(billion euros) United Kingdom Regno Unito
9,7 . 6,4 .
France Francia 5,1 .
Germany Germania
89
3,5 .
Paesi Bassi Netherlands 2,3 .
Spagna Spain
2,2 .
Svezia Sweden ITALIA ITALY 0,0
1,9 . 2,0 .
4,0 .
(miliardi di euro)
6,0 .
8,0 .
10,0 .
Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on data drawn from 2004 Annual European Private Equity Survey conducted on behalf of EVCA by Thomson Venture Economics and PricewaterhouseCoopers
6. R&D personnel in Italy The data presented are selected on the basis of information on personnel: they present indicators on gender, the burden on overall population and mobility of scholars. The source for national data is ISTAT and for international comparisons the OECD and Eurostat. R&D personnel in Italy are separated by qualification (Table 6.1), by institutional sector of research (Figure 6.1) and by sector of economic activity (Figure 6.2). The Figures (6.3-6.5) outline international comparisons, giving the numbers of researchers in some countries as an absolute value (Figure 6.3), over total employees (Figure 6.5) and female researchers in various institutional sectors (Figure 6.4).
90
Figure 6.6 presents human resources for science and technology (HRST) over labour force in several European countries in 2005. In this figure data refer to the concept of HRST elaborated in the OECD’s Canberra Manual: HRST identify the set of people occupied in or qualified for a job in research, for which a PhD degree is necessary. Therefore, by providing a large amount of information, such indicators estimate not only current research capacity, but also its potential and may be useful in checking the sustainability of growth in investment in R&D. Figure 6.7 gives an idea of the complexity of international flows of highly qualified personnel.
Table 6.1 - R&D personnel in Italy, 1980-2004
(FTE units)
91
Public administrations
29,046
18,636
-
-
Companies
17,953
Total
46,999
Source: ISTAT
Other personnel
Researchers
2004 Other personnel
Researchers
2003 Other personnel
Researchers
2002 Other personnel
Researchers
Other personnel
Researchers
2001
14,502
18,611
14,315
16,916
13,006
16,759
13,565
17,357
13,976
17,487
14,237
18,164
31,844
12,464
25,696
29,141
27,146
31,723
28,301
31,986
27,774
31,632
28,226
32,468
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,357
1,229
1,716
1,285
1,955
1,457
30,168
31,530
35,966
26,099
37,899
26,550
38,721
28,019
42,209
26,866
41,092
27,594
39, 925
48,804
77,876
67,041
66,110
83,956
66,702
87,203
71,242
92,781
70,332
91,496
72,012
92,014
University Private non-profit institutions
2000 Other personnel
Researchers
1990
Other personnel
Research sectors
Researchers
1980
Figure 6.1 - R&D personnel by institutional sector in Italy, 1980-2004 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
2092 10 0
FTE units
100 100,000 90 90,000 80 80,000 70 70,000 60 60,000 50 50,000 40 40,000 30 30,000 20 20,000 10 10,000 00
1980 1981 19831985 1984 1986 1985 1986 19881989 1989 1990 19921992 1993 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 20011999 2002 2000 2003 2004 1980 1981 1982 19831982 1984 19871987 1988 19901991 1991 1994 1995 1996 1998 2001 2002 2003 2004 1997(a) 1997(a) Amministrazioni pubbliche e università Imprese di cui ricercatori (AP e università) di cui ricercatori (imprese) Publicadministrations administrations andUniversities Universities Companies Public and Companies whomresearchers researchers(Companies) (Companies) whomresearchers researchers(PubAdmin (PubAdminand andUniv) Univ) ofofwhom ofofwhom
Note: (a) in 1997 the way R&D university personnel is counted was changed Source: ISTAT
Figurechimiche 6.2 - Companies R&D personnel in some Italian economic activities, 2004 Industrie Economic activities
Fabbricazione macchine per ufficio
(FTE units)
Chemical industry Industrie chimiche Machinery and equipment
adio, tv e delle telecomunicazioni
Office Fabbricazione macchine permachinery ufficio Electrical machinery
utoveicoli, rimorchi e semirimorchi television, communication equip. Fabbricazione apparecchiRadio, radio, tv e delle telecomunicazioni Medical, precision/optical instruments
taglio; riparazioni di autoveicoli, Motor rimorchi vehicles,etrailer/semi-trailers Fabbricazione autoveicoli, semirimorchi e per la casa; alberghi e ristoranti Other transport equipment
93
Commercio all'ingrosso e al dettaglio; riparazioni di autoveicoli, Wholes. retail trade, repairs, hotels/restaurants motocicli eedifinanziaria beni personali e per la casa; alberghi e ristoranti rmediazione monetaria Transport and storage, post and tlc Financiale intermediation Intermediazione monetaria finanziaria
Società di ricerca e sviluppo
Computer and related activities
Società di ricerca e sviluppo Research and development
(unità in e.t.p.)
0
Other business activities
(unità in e.t.p.)
3.000
6.000
, 3.000
0
Total Totale Source: ISTAT
, 6.000
of researchers di whom cui Ricercatori Totale
9.000
di cui Ricercatori
, 9.000
Figure 6.3 - Researchers in several OECD countries and China, 2004 United States(a) Stati Uniti(a) EU15 China Cina Cina Japan Germany . Germania Germania 270,7 270,7 France 200,1 200,1 . UnitedUnito(c) Kingd.(c) 157,7 . Regno Unito(c) Regno 157,7 Korea 156,2 . 156,2 Canada(a) . Canada(a) Canada(a) 112,6 112,6 Spain 101,0 101,0 . Austria Australia Australia 81,7 81,7 . 94 ITALY . 72,0 72,0 Sweden(b) Svezia(b) Svezia(b) 47,8 47,8 . Finland 41,0 41,0 . Netherlands(b) . Paesi Bassi(b) Paesi 37,3 Bassi(b) 37,3 Belgium . 31,9 31,9 Denmark Danimarca Danimarca 26,2 26,2 . . 26,0 Austria 26,0 25,4 25,4 Switzerland . Svizzera Svizzera 21,2 Norway 21,2 . . Irlanda 10,9 Irlanda Ireland 10,9
(thousand FTE units)
Stati Uniti(a)
0
1500
300 150
Notes: (a) 2002; (b) 2003; (c) 1998. Source: OECD
450 300
. 677,2
677,2
600 450 750 600 900 750 (migliaia di unità (migliaia in e.t.p.) di unità in e.t.p.)
, . 1.334,6 1.087,2
, . 1.087,2 926,3
. 926,3
, 900 1.050
, 1.050 1.200
, 1.200 1.350
1.334,6
1.350
Figure 6.4 - Female researchers by employment sectors over the total researchers in several OECD countries, 2003 (percentages)
Portugal(b) Portogallo(b)
Slovakia Slovacchia
Portugal(b)
Poland(c) Polonia(c) Poland(c)
Spagna Spain Turchia(a) Turkey(a)
Turkey(a)
Grecia(b) Greece(b) Ungheria Hungary
Hungary
Norvegia Norway Finland(a) Finland(a) Finlandia(a) 95 ITALIA(a) ITALY(a) Czech Republic Repubblica Ceca Czech Republic
France(a)
Danimarca(b) Denmark(b) Francia(a) France(a)
Svizzera(c) Switzerland(c)
Austria(a)
Austria(a) Austria(a) Giappone Japan
Korea 0
Corea Korea
5 0
10 5
15 10
15
%
%
20
25 20
25
Firms Government University Istituzioni Privatenon-profit non-profit institutions Firms Government University Private institutions Imprese Stato Università private non profit
Notes: (a) 2002; (b) 2001; (c) 2000. Source: OECD, Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005
30 30
35 35
Figure 6.5 - Researchers per 1000 employees in several OECD countries and China, 2004
96
Finland Finlandia Sweden(b) Japan Giappone United States(a) Denmark Danimarca Norway Australia Australia France Belgium Belgio Canada(a) Germany Germania Korea Austria Austria EU15 Switzerland Svizzera Ireland Spain Spagna United Kingd.(c) Netherlands Paesi Bassi(b) ITALY China Cina
. 1,2
0
4,5 .
. 3,0
2
Notes: (a) 2002; (b) 2003; (c) 1998. Source: OECD
4
6,3 . 6,2 . 6,1 . 5,8 . 5,5 . 5,5 .
6
7,2 . 7,0 . 6,9 .
8,0 . 7,7 .
8
8,4 .
%
9,6 . 9,5 . 9,2 .
10
(percentages) 17,3 .
11,0 . 10,6 .
12
14
16
18
Figure 6.6 - Human resources in science and technology (25-64 years old) over labour force in some European countries, 2005 (percentages) 26,8 .
Norway
. 26,5
Denmark Danimarca Netherlands
24 23,9 .
Sweden Svezia
23,4 .
Finland
21,6 .
Belgium Belgio
97
21
Switzerland
18,7 .
Unito UnitedRegno Kingdom
. 18,1
Spain
17,8 .
Germania Germany
. 17,8
France
17,4 .
Ue15 EU15 12,9 .
Austria
11,1 .
ITALIA ITALY 0
5
10
%
15
20
Source: EUROSTAT, Pocketbooks, Science, Technology and Innovation in Europe 2007
25
30
Figure 6.7 - International mobility of highly qualified personnel between some OECD countries, 2001
percentages from OECD countries towards United States (7,8 million highly skilled migrants)
Mexico Messico Germany Germania
4 3.5
Canada Canada
3 2.8
Regno Unito United Kingd. Giappone Japan
4.5 4,5 .
5
United Kingd. United States Stati Uniti 1,4
Polonia
Polonia Poland
2,5
France
0
10
%
15 30
percentages from OECD countries towards EU19(a) (4,7 million highly skilled migrants)
Germany Germania
Stati Uniti
27
3.9 . 3,9
0
Germania
2727.1
4.4 4,4 .
2,6 2,4 2,3
0
3,7 1,4 1.4 3,7
4,9 4,4 2,5 2.5 2,6 2.6 2.4 2,4 2,3 2.3
5
6,0 3,7 .
4,4 .
4,9 4.9
.
98
1 1.4
2 2.5 2.7 2,7 .
5.7 , 5,7
6,0 .
3,7 .
5%
%
10
10
15
15
Figure 6.7(cont.) - International mobility of highly qualified personnel between some OECD countries, 2001
percentages from OECD countries towards Canada (2 million highly skilled migrants)
United RegnoKingd. Unito Germany Germania
1,4 , 1.4
France
1,4 , 1.4
Korea Corea
3.2 3,23.4 , 3,4
2.0 2,0 ,
, 1.9 1,9
0
to
99
5
2,7 , 2.7 2.8 2,8
2,2 ITALY ITALIA 2,1 1,5 Netherlands
1,3 0
10
15
3,5
Germany2,8
nda
%
percentages from OECD countries towards Australia (1,4 million highly skilled migrants)
United RegnoKingd. Unito 2,7
LIA
12,3 11,5 12.3 11.5
6.2 , 6,2
, 4,6 4.6
United States
1.5 , 1,5 1,3 , 1.3
Ireland Irlanda
0
3.5 , 3,5
26.3 , 26,3
5,7
, 28,6
5.7 5,7 ,
2.2 2,2 , 2,1 2.1
5
28,6 26,3
10 10 % % highly skilled migrants total migrant workforce %% immigrati altamente qualificati %%% totale lavoratori immigrati % immigrati altamente qualificati totale lavoratori immigrati 5
Note: (a) to EU15 are added: Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic. Source: OECD, Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005
15
15
7. Patents Patents on industrial inventions represent the inventor’s right protected by the State to industrial and commercial exploitation of an original idea, for a limited duration in a given country. They are a useful measurement of inventive activity among researchers and laboratories located in different countries and also of technology flows.
100
The source of the four initial figures is OECD: Figures 7.1 and 7.2 show patent applications in two interesting sectors, information and telecommunication technology (ICT) and biotechnologies. The triad of patents refers to inventions patented at the three larger patent offices: the European Patent Office (EPO), the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the Japan Patent Office (JPO) with the aim of protecting a specific invention (Figure 7.3). They are weighted on the total patenting activities in OECD countries. It is commonly held that this threefold application offers better protection. Statistics on these sets of patents allow more accurate international comparison, because what the OECD defines as home advantaged is factored in. Figure 7.4 shows joint patent activity by inventors in different countries, an indicator of the internationalisation of science and technology. The US is the principal partner in the patent activity of most countries; a consequence of both the US’s commitment for R&D and their position at the technological frontier. Figure 7.5 comes from a report on science and technology by the US National Science Foundation. Citations of technical and scientific literature in US patents are considered an indicator of the impact that science has on industrial inventions.
Figure 7.1 - Total patent applications to the EPO and applications in the ICT and Biotechnology sectors in several OECD countries, 2003 number 100.000
(logarithmic scale)
100.000 , 10.000 10.000 , 1.000 1.000 ,
101
100 100 10 10 1 1
Canad Canad CA a a 1,737 Total no. 1.737 , N. totale 1.737 N. totale 693 693 ITC Ict 693 Ict 132 132 Biotech. Biotec 132 Biotec
Source: oECD
Finlan Corea KR Finlan FI Corea dia dia 3,113 1,254 3.113 1.254 , , 3.113 1.254 1,893 700 1.893 700 , 1.893 700 7070 3434 70 34
Franci Franci FR a a 7,779 7.779 , 7.779 2,382 2.382 , 2.382 260 260 260
Germa Germa DE nia nia 21,442 21.442 , 21.442 5,204 5.204 , 5.204 666 666 666
Giappo Giappo JP ne ne 20,625 20.625 , 20.625 9,157 9.157 , 9.157 737 737 737
ITALI ITALI IT A A 4,279 4.279 , 4.279 727 727 727 8080 80
Paesi Paesi NL Bassi Bassi 3,376 3.376 , 3.376 1,504 1.504 , 1.504 144 144 144
Regno Regno UK Unito Unito 5,255 5.255 , 5.255 1,812 1.812 , 1.812 285 285 285
Stati Stati US Uniti Uniti 30,942 , 30.942 30.942 11,561 11.561 , 11.561 2,071 2.071 , 2.071
Svizze Svezia Ue-15 SE Svizze CH EU15 ra Svezia Ue-15 ra 1,969 2,678 50,285 1.969 2.678 50.285 , , , 1.969 2.678 50.285 646 590 590 14.052 14,052 646 , 646 590 14.052 101 1.848 1,848 7474 101 , 74 101 1.848
Cina CN Israele IL Cina Israele 794 794 794 382 382 382 4343 43
975 975 975 380 380 380 8383 83
Figure 7.2 - Total patents granted by USPTO and patents granted in the ICT and Biotechnology sectors in several OECD countries, China and Israel, 2000 number 1.000.000 1.000.000 , ,
(logarithmic scale)
100.000 , 100.000 10.000 , 10.000
102
1.000 , 1.000 100 100 10 10 1 1 Canada CA Canada , 4,578 Total no. 4.578 N. totale 4.578 N. 1,234 , ITC Ict totale 1.234 1.234 Ict 146 146 Biotech. Biotec 146 Biotec
Source: oECD
Finlan Germa Giappo Corea Francia DE JP KR Finlan FI FR Germa dia nia Giappo ne Corea Francia dia nia ne , , , , , 4.333 1.137 4.644 14.513 40.828 4,333 1,137 4,644 14,513 40,828 4.333 1.137 14.513 40.828 2,439 358 4.644 1,112 2,748 18,432 , , , , 2.439 358 1.112 2.748 18.432 2.439 218 18.432 353 5858 358 6 6 1.112 9797 2.748 218 353 58
6
97
218
353
ITALI IT ITALI A A , 1.938 1,938 1.938 441 441 441 2121 21
Paesi NL Paesi Bassi Bassi , 1.559 1,559 1.559 566 566
Regno UK Regno Unito Unito , 4.909 4,909 4.909 1,305 , 1.305
Stati US Stati Uniti Uniti , 115.215 115,215 115.215 36,553 , 36.553
Svizzer Svezia Ue-15 Cina Israele SE Svizzer CH EU15 CN IL Sviza Svezia Ue-15 Cina Israele zera a , , , , 1.923 1.676 33.269 450 1,923 1,676 33,269 450 1.419 1,419 1.923 450 497 1.676 317 33.269 7,580 132 1.419 577 497 317 7.580 132 577 , 566 497 3,355 613 132 , 3939 1.305 9292 36.553 3.355 2626 317 3636 7.580 613 1212 577 4848 39 92 3.355 26 36 613 12 48
Figure 7.3 - Triadic patents: applications to the EPO and the JPO, patents granted by USPTO in several OECD countries over the OECD total, 2003
% 100
(logarithmic scale)
%
25,85
30,6
37,56
13,82 10
Source: oECD
Switzerland
Netherlands
United States
Korea
EU15
ITALY
1
Japan
1,72
Germany
1,6
4,54
France
1,56
United Kingdom
1,51
1,94
1,4
Sweden
1,21
Canada
3,76
Finland
103
Belgio
Figure 7.4 - International co-operation and co-operation with US in patent applications to the EPO, 1999-2001
India
izzera
Unito
stralia
rancia
104
andia
mania
e Epo
ppone 0
(percentages)
Russia Belgium Belgio China India India Canada Switzerland Svizzera Austria United Kingdom Regno Unito Spain Australia Australia Sweden France Francia Netherlands Finland Finlandia United States Germany Germania ITALY Totale EPO Epo Korea Japan Giappone 0
15 15
15
15
30 30 % Quota di brevetti in comune con inventori stranieri
30
30Stati Uniti di cui:
% %with %inventors of whom from United Quota Quota di brevetti di brevetti Quota inbrevetti comune incon comune inventori inventori con stranieri stranieri inventori stranieri di cui: di cui: Stati Stati Uniti di Uniti cui:States Stati Uniti Sharein ofdicomune patents heldcon common foreign Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on data from OECD, Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005
45
45 45
Figure 7.5 - Patents granted by US that cite scientific literature by inventor nationality, 2001
%
%% 70,0 70,0 60,0 60,0
United States Stati StatiUniti Uniti
% % % 25,0 25,0
65,4 65,4
52,7 52,7
20,0 20,0
50,0 50,0 40,0 40,0
15,0 15,0
30,0 30,0
105
20,0 20,0
10,0 10,0 10,0
10,0 10,0
10,0
0,0 0,0 0,0
5,0 5,0 5,0
0,0 0,0 0,0
Germani Paesi Paesi Canada Francia ITALIA CA FR Germani DE IT NL Canada Francia ITALIA a Bassi Germani Paesi a Canada Francia ITALIA Bassi a Bassi 2,2 2,4 6,8 1,0 0,8 Totale brevetti USA 2001 (166.039) 2,2 2,4 6,8 1,0 0,8 TotaleUS brevetti USA 2001 (166.039) Total patents 2001 (166,039) 2,2 2,4 6,8 1,0 0,8 2,6 2,5 4,8 0,9 0,9 Totale brevetti USA 2001 (166.039) Brevetti USA 2001 che citano letteratura US 2001 patents citing S&E literature 2,6 2,5 4,8 0,9 0,9 Brevetti USA 2001 che citano letteratura scientifico-tecnica (21.155) 2,6 2,5 4,8 0,9 0,9 (21,155) Brevetti USA 2001 (21.155) che citano letteratura scientifico-tecnica scientifico-tecnica (21.155)
Source: National Science Foundation, Science & Engineering Indicators, 2004
Regno Giappon Altri Other Regno Giappon Altri Svezia SE Svizzera UK JP CH Svezia Svizzera Unito e paesi Regno Giappon Altri countries e paesi Svezia Svizzera Unito Unito 20,0e paesi 1,0 0,9 3,2 9,0 1,0 0,9 3,2 20,0 9,0 1,0 0,9 3,2 20,0 0,9 1,1 3,3 10,6 7,0 0,9 1,1 3,3 10,6 7,09,0
0,9
1,1
3,3
10,6
7,0
8. Articles and citations Data concerning the number of articles, collaborations and citations presented in this section concern a set of scientific publications released in a large number of scientific and technological journals selected by Thomson ISI (previously Institute for Scientific Information). It monitors publications and runs the Science Citation Index (SCI) and the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). The source of information (Figures 8.1, 8.2, 8.5 and 8.6) is the US National Science Foundation, using data elaborated by ipIQ, Inc. (previously CHI Research, Inc.). The number of journals has gradually increased over time from 4,458 journals in 1988 to 5,315 in 2003.
106
The number of articles in international journals is a proxy of the scientific productiveness of a country. Furthermore, they provide information on content and priorities of activities in a research system, on the ability to transfer R&D results into practical applications, on connections between scientific sectors. Figure 8.3 establishes a connection between scientific production in several (generally EU) countries and their populations. Figure 8.4 shows the relative weight of publications by industrialised countries over total world scientific production. The number of articles written in co-operation with scientists from other countries (Figure 8.5) provides clear indications on the interdependency on scientific activity and the links between researchers and institutions in various countries. The number of citations (Figure 8.6) is an indicator of the impact that publications have on the science community both at national and international level.
Figure 8.1 - Articles by Italian scientists in the most important international journals, 1988-2003 number of articles
, 30.000 , 25.000 20.000 ,
107
15.000 , 10.000 ,
, 5.000 0 1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Source: National Science Foundation, Science & Engineering Indicators, 2006
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Figure 8.2 - Italian authors’ articles in the most important international journals sorted by discipline, 2003 Medicina clinica
16,7
Biomedical research Ricerche biomediche
12,3
Chimica Chemistry
Chimica
ngegneria/Tecnologia
34,8
Physics Fisica
Fisica
Ricerche biomediche
108 Biologia
Psicologia
2,8 Psicologia Psychology 1,2 Scienze Social sociali sciences
Altro Scienze della salute
0,9
Matematica Mathematics
0,5Professional Altro fields Scienze 0,3 Health della salute sciences
ubblicazioni:N. 24.696 di pubblicazioni: 24.696 0 5 00
11,5
8
8 6,2
Biologia 4,9 Biology
Scienze sociali
16,7 12,3
11,5
Ingegneria/Tecnologia Engineering/Technology
o/Scienze della Terra Spazio/Scienze della Terra Earth/Space sciences 6,2
Matematica
(percentages over Italian total)
Disciplines Clinical medicine Medicina clinica
4,9 2,8 1,2 0,9 0,5 0,3 10
5
15 10 20 (% sul totale italiano)
15 25 20 (% sul totale italiano)
No. of articles: 24,696
Source: National Science Foundation, Science & Engineering Indicators, 2006
30
25
35
30
Figure 8.3 - Scientific articles by authors of the EU, US and Japan per million people, 2003 (number of articles)
109
Svezia Sweden Denmark Finlandia Finland Netherlands Regno Unito United Kingdom Belgium Austria Austria Slovenia Stati Uniti United States France Germania Germany Ireland Ue-25 EU25 ITALY Spagna Spain Japan Grecia Greece Czech Republic Ungheria Hungary Estonia Portugal Portogallo Slovakia Poland Polonia
303 298 0
200
463 412 408 406
400
Source: EUROSTAT, Key Figures 2005
639 611 588 569 525
600
697
827 809 773 772
959
1.086 , 1.017 ,
800 1.000 , (numero di pubblicazioni)
1.177 ,
1.200 ,
1.457 , 1.397 ,
1.400 ,
1.600 ,
1.642 ,
1.800 ,
Figure 8.4 - Scientific articles by authors of the EU, US and Japan over world total, 2003 (percentages)
110
EU25 Ue-25 United States Japan Giappone United Kingdom Germany Germania France ITALY ITALIA Spain Paesi Bassi Netherlands Sweden Polonia Poland Belgium Danimarca Denmark Austria Finland Finlandia Greece Repubblica Ceca Czech Republic Portugal Ungheria Hungary Ireland
38,31 31,1
9,55 8,49 8,4 6,08 4,62 3,22 2,51 1,94 1,5 1,39 1,03 1,02 0,96 0,76 0,62 0,56 0,55 0,36 0
Source: EUROSTAT, Key Figures 2005
Slovenia Slovenia Slovakia Lituania Lithuania Estonia Lettonia Latvia
0,22 0,22 0,08 0,07 0,04 0
10
0,1
%
20
0,2
30
0,25
40
Australia Canada8.5 - Articles co-authored by US and EU scientists over total international collaboration, 2003 Figure Cina (percentages)
Ue-15 27.3
Australia Australia Francia
Canada Canada
Germania
26.2
Giappone Ue-15 EU15 Paesi Bassi
Giappone Japan
43.7 37.9 34.5
25 24.2
Regno UnitoITALIA ITALY
48.7
21,2
Paesi Bassi Netherlands Russia
53.1
23.8
Regno Unito United Kingdom
41.2
18.5
Russia Russia
52.1
19.5
Stati Uniti Spagna Spain StatiStates Uniti United Svezia
52.5 44.4
20
Svezia Sweden
Svizzera
47.1
20.8
Svizzera Switzerland
0
38.6
22.7
Germania Germany
Spagna
33.1
18.7
France ITALIAFrancia
111
43.7
24.1
Cina China
36.7
0
20 20
57.8
40 40
%% Stati Uniti US Uniti Stati
Ue-15 EU15 Ue-15
Source: National Science Foundation, Science & Engineering Indicators, 2006
60
60
Figure 8.6 - Citations of articles in the scientific publications of several OECD countries and China over world total, 1992 and 2003 Australia
Australia Australia
Canada
Canada Canada
Cina
China Cina
Francia
France Francia
Germania
Germany Germania
Giappone
Japan Giappone
ITALIA
112
Paesi Bassi
ITALY ITALIA Netherlands Paesi Bassi United Kingdom Regno Unito
Regno Unito Spagna
Spain Spagna
Stati Uniti
United StatiStates Uniti
Svezia
Sweden Svezia
Svizzera
Switzerland Svizzera 10 0
1.86 2.11
4.16 3.72
0.37 1.51
4.34 4.65 5.86 7.04 6.5 7.34
2.04 3.01 2.14 2.29 8.27 8.1
0.83 1.9
51.75
42.39
1.82 1.65 1.62 1.71
0 10 20
%20
1992
30 10
2003
%
1992
30
40 20
2003
Source: National Science Foundation, Science & Engineering Indicators, 2006
40
1992
%
50 30
2003
50
40
9. Technological Balance of Payments The Technological Balance of Payments (TBP) measures the invisible transactions of a country’s balance of payments concerning technological trade: patents, inventions, licences, know-how, trademarks, patterns and designs, services with a technological content such as technical assistance, engineering, training of personnel, R&D services and technology exchange. The source of data is the Italian Exchange Office (UIC). Table 9.1 and Figures 9.1, 9.2, 9.4 show the characteristics of Italy’s TBP both in its trends and in its relationships with other countries.
113
The ratio between payments for the purchase of technology and R&D expenditures (Table 9.2) measures the flow of purchased technology over that autonomously generated. The ratio between TBP balance and R&D expenditure (Figure 9.3) shows the kind of transactions in which a country’s technology is more (positive balance) or less (negative balance) competitive. Figures 9.5 and 9.6, with international comparisons, come from an OECD source.
94
Figure 9.1 - The TBP in Italy, 1992-2005 million euros (at 2000 constant prices) 5,000 5.000 , 4,000 4.000 , 3,000 3.000 , 2.000 , 2,000
114
, 1.000 1,000 00
, -1.000 -1,000 -2.000 , -2,000
1995
1992 1992
1996
1993 1993
1997
1994 1994
1995 1995
1998
1996 1996
1997 1997
1999 Receipts Incassi
Source: UIC
1998 1998
1999 1998
2000 2000
2000 Incassi
Payments Pagamenti
2001 2001
2001
Pagamenti
2002 2002 Saldo
2003 2003
2002
Balance Saldo
2004 2004
2003
2005 2005
2004
20
Table 9.1 - The TBP sorted by diverse items in Italy, 2005 Receipts
115
Payments
Balance
million euros
%
million euros
%
million euros
Trade in technology Transfer of patents Royalties on patents Know how Transfer of inventions
393.1 77.0 213.6 101.4 1.2
11.5 2.2 6.2 3.0 0.0
464.9 60.9 350.0 50.9 3.2
12.7 1.7 9.6 1.4 0.1
-71.8 16.1 -136.4 50.5 -2.0
Transfer of trademarks, models and designs Royalties on trademarks, models and designs Transfer of trademarks, models and designs
245.4 149.2 96.2
7.2 4.4 2.8
766.6 672.9 93.7
20.9 18.4 2.6
-521.2 -523.6 2.5
1,914.7 362.3 169.8 21.6 1,361.0
55.8 10.6 4.9 0.6 39.7
1,123.5 374.6 112.3 103.6 533.1
30.7 10.2 3.1 2.8 14.6
791.1 -12.3 57.5 -82.0 827.9
805.6 805.6
23.5 23.5
504.6 504.6
13.8 13.8
301.1 301.1
Total
3,358.8
97.9
2,859.6
78.1
499.2
Other
70.9
2.1
801.7
21.9
-731
3,429.7
100.0
3,661.4
100.0
-231.6
Services with a technical content Technical assistance linked to sales and licensing Commitment of technicians and experts Training of personnel Technical and engineering studies
R&D financed abroad R&D services
Grand total
Source: UIC
Figure 9.2 - The balance of TBP sorted by diverse items in Italy, 1995 and 2005 million euros (2000 constant prices)
6.864 ,
7.000 ,
3.283 ,
3.500 ,
116
880
438
122
1.765 ,
2.612 ,
0 -599 -2.234 ,
, -3.500
-1.183 , -2.785 -4.522 ,
, -7.000
Cessione/Acquisto Trade in patents di brevetti e and inventions invenzioni
Diritti dion Royalties sfruttamento patents di brevetti
Know-how Know-how
1995
Source: UIC
Transazioni in Trade in trademarks marchi fabbrica e anddidesigns disegni
2005
Servizi with con a Services contenuto technical content tecnologico
Servizi di ricerca Industrial R&De sviluppo
Table 9.2 - Ratio between payments for purchase of technology and R&D expenditure in Italy, 1992 and 2004
(percentages)
117
1992
2004
Trade in patents and inventions
1.11
0.38
Royalties on patents
3.02
1.52
Know how
0.80
0.69
Trade in trademarks and designs
1.49
1.51
Industrial R&D
3.86
5.75
Services with a technical content
12.73
10.03
Total
28.82
20.39
Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on UIC and ISTAT data
Trade in patents and inventions
-0,80 -0,33
-2,45 Royalties on patents Figure 9.3 - The balance of TBP over R&D expenditure -0,95 in Italy, 1992 and 2004 Know how
e in trademarks and designs Industrial R&D
%
-4,70
0,29 -0,80 -0,80 -0,33 -0,33
Trade in patents and
di TradeCessione/Acquisto in patents and inventions
inventions brevetti e invenzioni
Diritti diRoyalties sfruttamento di Royalties ononpatents patents brevetti
-0,58 -2,45 -2,45
-2,93
-0,95 -0,95
-4,70 -4,70
Know how Knowhow how Know
-1,97
Trade in trademarks Transazioni in marchiand di designs fabbrica e disegni
Trade in trademarks and designs
0,29 0,29
ces with a technical 118 Industrial R&D Industrial R&D e sviluppo content Servizi di ricerca
2,13
-0,58 -0,58
-2,93 -2,93 -1,97 -1,97
Services technical Serviziwith con acontenuto
Services with a technical content tecnologico content Total-6,35 Total-6,35 Total Totale
-6,35
-7,00
-3,50 -7,00
4,67
2,71
2,13 2,13
2,71 2,71
-1,10
4,67 4,67
-1,10 -1,10
-3,50
0,00 %
1992 Source: CERIS-CNR elaboration on UIC and ISTAT data
3,50 3,50 3,50
0,00 % % 1992 1992
2004 2004
2004
7,00 7,00
7,00
000 639 Figure 9.4 - Italy’s TBP with its largest partner countries, 2005 502 395
500
million euros
249
131
96
40
70
639
0
502
-42
500
-96
395 249
-233
40
119
-64
240
131
96
-38
284
-224
70
0 -42
-224
-233
-698
-500
-38-425
-64
-502
-96
-425
-502
-893 -698
000
Source: UIC
Regno Unito
Receipts Incassi
Payments Pagamenti
Svizzera
Stati Uniti
Japan
Spagna Spagna Svizzera
United States
Spain
Germania Germania Incassi Paesi Pagamenti Bassi Regno Paesi Unito Bassi
Switzerland
Lussemburgo
Germany
Francia
Netherlands
Lussemburgo
Francia
France
Belgio
Luxembourg
Belgio
-893
Belgium
-1.000 ,
United Kingd.
500
284
240
1.000 ,
Giappone Stati
Uniti
Giappo
Figure 9.5 - Payments of TBP over R&D expenditure in several OECD countries, 1992 and 2004
Belgio(a)
Canada(b) Canada(b)
Finlandia
11.6
30.1
8.7 8.3
France(b) Francia(b)
Germania
20.6
Germany Germania
Giappone
120
3
Japan Giappone ITALY ITALIA
21.5 22.5
United States Stati Uniti
Svizzera(b)
3.1
10 20
36.6 37.5
7.4 13.9
Switzerland(b) Svizzera(b)
0 10
28.8
13.4
United Kingdom Regno Unito
Stati Uniti
37.5
3.6
Norway(a) Norvegia(a)
Regno Unito
0
79.7
9.1
5.1
Finland Finlandia
Francia(b)
Norvegia(a)
72.5
Belgium(a) Belgio(a)
Canada(b)
ITALIA
(percentages)
0
0
20 30
10 10
30 40
%
Notes: (a) 1991; (b) 2003. Source: OECD
1992
69.8
40 50
20 20 %
2004
1992
30 30
2004
50 60
60 70 70
40 40
% 1992
2004
50
70 80 80
60
80
Figure 9.6 - The balance of TBP in several OECD countries, 1992 and 2004 Belgio -314,3 Belgio
elgio
da(a)
ndia
Canada(a) Canada(a) Finlandia -245,2 Finlandia
ia(a)
Francia(a) -857,0 Francia(a)
ania
Germania
pone
Giappone
-278,1
-278,1Giappone Japan
Regno Unito
Svizzera
zera
Uniti
Svizzera -607,0
Stati Uniti
-4.000
Stati Uniti
-4.000
-4.000 0
276,3 United 276,3 Regno Unito Kingdom
, -1.196,5 -184,5 -335,6
1.345,5
-607,0 1.345,5 Svizzera 1.345,5 Switzerland(b) -607,0
1.576,5 , -278,1
-1.196,5 ITALIA -184,5 ITALIA -1.196,5 -1.196,5 121 ITALY ALIA ITALIA -184,5 -184,5 -335,6 Norvegia 393,4 -335,6 -335,6Norvegia Norway egia Norvegia 393,4 393,4 276,3 Regno Unito
Unito
.
-2.935,0 , 1.576,5 Germany 1.576,5 Germania 1.576,5
-2.935,0-2.935,0 -2.935,0 Germania
Giappone -278,1
(million US dollars - 2000 constant prices)
-314,3 -314,3 Belgium -314,3 720,1 . Belgio 720,1 720,1 720,1 . 72,5 72,5 72,5795,3 72,5 Canada(a) Canada(a) 795,3 795,3 795,3 . -245,2 -245,2Finlandia -245,2 . Finland 221,0 221,0 221,0 221,0 . -857,0 -857,0 Francia(a) -857,0 . 1.837,7 France(a) 1.837,7 1.837,7 1.837,7 ,
-607,0
11.743,1
11.743,1 ,
11.743,1
393,4 276,3
14.008,2
14.008,2 ,
14.008,2
1.345,5 ,
18.148,1
Stati States Uniti United
0
, 04.000 -4.000
4.000
8.000
12.000
14.008,2
18.148,1
, 18.148,1
16.000
20.000
, dollari12.000 , a prezzi , , 4.000 8.000 0 8.000 12.0004.000 16.000 8.000 2000) 16.000 20.000 12.000 20.000 24.000 16.000 (milioni di Usa (milioni di dollari(milioni Usa a prezzi di dollari 2000) Usa a prezzi (milioni 2000)di dollari Usa a prezzi 2000)
Note: (a) 2003. Source: OECD
11.743,1
1992
2004 1992 1992
2004 2004
1992
2004
18.148,1 26.773,6 ,
24.000
, 20.000 24.000 28.000
26.773,6
26.773,6
28.000
28.000 24.
10. Trade of high-technology products ISTAT is the source of data for Italy (Figure 10.1), the OECD and Eurostat are the sources for international comparisons. Figures 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 show some specific indicators for high-technology industries (i.e. R&D intensive sectors, according to the OECD definition). Industries belonging in this category are:
122
- - - - -
the aerospace industry, the telecommunications industry, the office machinery and computer industry, the pharmaceutical industry, the medical industry, precision and optical instruments and watches.
The capability of producing goods in these sectors, whose products are highly requested in the global market, measures the strength of an industrial system to stay at the forefront of technology. As a consequence, the competitiveness of companies belonging to a country is more accurately measured by analysing the trends of its market shares in the high-technology international trade. It is expected that those countries spending more on R&D will hold the best positions.
Figure 10.1 – Italian trade in certain sets of high-technology products, 2000 and 2004 million euros (2000 constant prices) , 10.000
7,587
8,555
8,111
, 5.000
3,484
5,916
6,285
5,619
4,448
1,828
2,923
0
123
-2,507 -4,290
, -5.000 -10.000 ,
-7,093 -7,701
-6,876
-7,076 -10,187
-9,063 -11,878 -13,602
, -15.000
2
1
2 Esportazioni 2000
Export 2000 2000 Esportazioni
3
3
Esportazioni 2004
Export 2004 2004 Esportazioni
4 Importazioni 2000
Importazioni 2004
Import 2000 2000 Importazioni
4
5
Import 2004 2004 Importazioni
Legenda: 1) Pharmaceutical products, chemical products; 2) Office machinery and computers; 3) Radio, TV and telecommunications; 4) Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches; 5) Aerospace vehicles. Source: ISTAT
Figure 10.2 - Share of Italian exports over total OECD exports in certain high-technology manufacturing sectors, 1981-2004 % % 7.0 7,0
6.0 6,0 5.0 5,0 7,0
%
4.0 4,0 6,0
124
3,0 3.0 2,0 2.0
5,0 4,0 3,0
1,0 2,0 1.0
00,0
1,0 0,0
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals Aerospace Aerospace Electric-electronics Electric-electronics
Source: OECD
Farmaceutica Office machinery machinery Macchine per ufficio Office Machinery and instruments Machinery andmeasurement measurement instruments Aerospazio Macchinario e strumenti di misurazione Elettrico-elettronico
Figure 10.3 - Exports of high-technology manufacturing industries over total exports in some OECD countries, 2003 Ireland Irlanda
Irlanda
(percentages) 51,6 51,6
Hungary
30,0 30,0 28,5 28,5 26,5 26,5 Japan(a) 24,3 RegnoKingdom Unito 24,3 United 23,5 23,5 Netherlands 22,5 Francia 22,5 France 21,3 21,3 Finland 17,8 17,8 Svezia Sweden 16,9 16,9 Belgium 16,0 Danimarca 16,0 Denmark 14,7 14,7 Germany 14,2 Austria 14,2 Austria 13,5 13,5 Czech Republic 11,6 11,6 Portogallo Portugal 10,9 Slovenia 10,9 9,8 Grecia Greece 9,8 9,3 Spain9,3 8,6 ITALIA 8,6 ITALY 8,6 8,6 Estonia 5,5 5,5 Slovacchia Slovakia 4,7 Poland 4,7 UnitedUniti States Stati
Stati Uniti Regno Unito Francia Svezia Danimarca
125
Austria Portogallo Grecia ITALIA Slovacchia 0
0
20
Note: (a) 2002. Source: EUROSTAT, Key Figures 2005
%
%
30
40
60
60
Figure 10.4 - Trends in world market share of exports in high-technology manufacturing industries in some OECD countries, 1997-2002
(% average annual growth rate)
CzechCeca Republic Repubblica
Repubblica Ceca
Belgium/Luxembourg Greece Grecia Hungary Austria Austria Ireland Polonia Poland Portugal Slovacchia Slovakia Denmark Spagna Spain Slovenia Germania Germany Estonia Paesi Bassi Netherlands ITALY Finlandia Finland -0,6 United Kingdom -1,5 Francia France -4,5 United States -5,1 Svezia Sweden -6,2 Japan
Grecia Austria Polonia Slovacchia Spagna
126
Germania Paesi Bassi Finlandia Francia Svezia -10
-5
-10
1,6 0,7 0,1 0,0
3,0 2,9
-4,5 -5,1 -6,2 0
-5
7,3 7,2
4,4 4,1
-0,6 -1,5
5
Source: EUROSTAT, Key Figures 2005
12,2 11,6 10,2 9,6
1,6 0,7 0,1 0,0
3,0 2,9
4,4 4,1
14,1
15,7
7,3 7,2
12,2 11,6 10,2 9,6
14,1
31,4
15,7
0 10 5 15 10 20 15 25 (variazione % media annua) (variazione % media annua)
20
30
25
31,4
35
30
35
11. Innovation Tables and figures presented here come from a specific survey carried out by ISTAT on the basis of criteria and methodologies shared by all EU countries, within the fourth European survey on innovation (Community Innovation Survey – CIS). The respondents are Italian companies with at least 10 employees, operating in industries and services in the period 2002-2004. As far as Italy is concerned, the survey is limited to a sample for companies employing 10249 units but covers all companies with 250 or more employees.
127
The principal indicator of innovation in Italian companies is the number and percentage of them that brought an innovation to the market during the three years under consideration. Other indicators describe distribution by type of innovation (i.e. process, product or both) (Table 11.1). Table 11.2 shows data on expenditures for innovation introduced by manufacturing firms, sorted by industry. Innovation expenditure includes intramural and extramural R&D expenditure, investment in innovative machinery and equipment and in disembodied technology, design, marketing and training. In Figure 11.1 various innovative activities are shown which gather firms into four large macrosectors (in accordance with Pavitt’s taxonomy which identifies industry clusters mainly on the basis of innovation sources): research-intensive science-based firms; scale-intensive firms; specialised suppliers of capital goods and suppliers-dominated firms. The Figures 11.2, 11.3 show expenses by company size. Figure 11.3 also shows various components of total expenditure.
Table 11.1 - Principal innovation indicators in Italian companies, 2002-2004 Number Industrial companies of which: Innovating companies
87,272
Service companies of which: Innovating companies
78,838
32,687
21,771 Approximate number
Industrial and service companies interviewed
128
Companies that introduced innovation of which industrial companies service companies
22,000 Percentages 36.4 27,1
Industrial companies that introduced process innovation product innovation both process and product innovation
17.4 6.3 12.7
Service companies that introduced process innovation product innovation both process and product innovation
51.4 16.9 31.7
Note: Survey on a sample for companies employing 10-249 units and on all companies with at least 250 employees. Source: ISTAT, L’innovazione nelle imprese italiane. Anni 2002-2004, “Statistiche in breve”, novembre 2006
Table 11.2 - Innovation expenditure in innovating manufacturing firms by industry in Italy, 2004 Industries
129
Food and tobacco Textiles Wearing apparel Leather and footwear Wood Pulp, paper Printing and publishing Oil and coke Chemicals Rubber and plastics Other non-metallic mineral products Basic metals Fabricated metal products Machinery and equipment Office machines Electrical machinery Telecommunications Medical precision and optical instruments Motor vehicles Other transport equipment Other manufacturing industries
Total expenditure million euros 1,016.2 548.5 127.8 232.7 222.2 363.6 705.7 132.4 2,455.3 890.0 617.2 594.5 1,694.2 2,882.3 201.6 808.1 1,341.7 903.1 1,125.9 993.4 495.6
Expenditure by employee thousand euros 6.9 5.6 3.4 5.9 6.9 9.1 12.0 14.0 18.5 8.8 5.9 7.2 7.6 9.0 24.1 8.1 23.3 18.4 9.0 13.1 5.0
Source: ISTAT, L’innovazione nelle imprese italiane. Anni 2002-2004. “Statistiche in breve”, novembre 2006
Figure 11.1 - Innovation expenditure in innovating manufacturing firms by taxonomic macrosectors and type of innovative activity in Italy, 2004 Science based
(percentages)
2.1
2,1
8.3 8,3
1.4 2.9 1,42,9 40.9
40,9
41.2 41,2
130 Scale intensive
6.7
6,7
48.3 48,3
% 4.0
1.6
3.2 3,2
2.8
4,0 1,6 2,8
27.7
27,7
9.0 9,0
%
Figure 11.1 (cont.) - Innovation expenditure in innovating manufacturing firms by taxonomic macrosectors and type of innovative activity in Italy, 2004 Specialized suppliers
2.02,0
131
Suppliers dominated
9.4 9,4
2.5 2,5
2.6
2,6
41.5 41,5
36.1 36,1
6.0 6,0 1.9 3.1 1,9 4,3 3,1 8.3 4,3
3,1 1,9
5.7 5,7
22.3 22,3
5,7
22,3 2,5
60.2 60,2 60,2
interna Internal R&D R&S R&S interna Purchase innovativeeequipment Acquisto of macchinari impianti innovativi Acquisto macchinari e impianti innovativi Designs Progettazione Progettazione Marketing Marketing
Marketing
%
2,5 2.5
%
Purchase of R&Ddiservices Acquisto servizi R&S Acquisto servizi di R&S Purchase technology embodied in capital goods Acquisto of tecnologia nonnotinc. in beni capitali
Acquisto tecnologia non inc. in beni capitali Formazione
Training Formazione
Source: ISTAT, L’innovazione nelle imprese italiane. Anni 2002-2004, “Statistiche in breve”, novembre 2006
8,1 Figure 11.2 - Innovation expenditure in innovating 26,1 manufacturing firms by taxonomic macrosectors sorted by number of employees in Italy, 2004
9,5
26,5
% Spesa su totale
8,1 . 26,1 .
9,5 . 26,5 .
132
Expenditure Expenditure over total 47,3total over (%) (%) 47,3 .
Spesa per addetto (migliaia di euro) Expenditure by employeeExpenditure per (thousand euros)employee
(thousands euros)
10,2 Total expenditure of innovation = 19,216.3 (million euros)
ovazione = 19.216,3 (milioni di euro) Expenditure per employee = 9.4 (thousand euros) Total expenditure for innovation = 19,216.3 (million euros) 9,4 (migliaia di euro) Expenditure per employee = 9.4 (thousands euros)
employees 10-49 addetti 10-49 employees
10,2 .
employees or more or more 50-249 addetti 250 employees addetti oltre 50-249 employees 250ed employees
Source: ISTAT, L’innovazione nelle imprese italiane. Anni 2002-2004, “Statistiche in breve”, novembre 2006
Figure 11.3 - Innovation expenditure in innovating manufacturing firms sorted by number of employees and type of innovative activity in Italy, 2004 10-4910-49 addetti addetti 10-49 addetti20,5 20,5
20,5 3,7 3,7 20,5 ,.
10-49 employees 10-49 addetti
29,3 29,3
50-249 50-249 addetti addetti 50-249 addetti 50-249 addetti 50-249 employees
3,7
63,3 63,3
3,7 .
29,3
2,6 2,69,9 9,92,6
63,3 .
5,3 5,3
29,3 .
63,3
5,3 5,3 .
9,9 .
2,.6
50,7 50,7
50,7
3,8 3,8 10,9 10,9 3,8
50,7 .
3,8 .
9,9
10,9
10,9 .
133 250 addetti 250 addetti e oltre 250 e oltre addetti e oltre 250 employees 250 addetti e oltre or more
0% 0%
0%0%
R&S R&S interna R&S interna R&Sinterna interna Internal R&D
39,3 39,3
20% 20%
39,3
9,1 9,1
20% 20%
40% 40%40% 40%
39,3 .
9,1 .
9,1
34,5 34,5 34,5 .
60% 60% 60%
servizi diR&D R&Sdiservices Acquisto Acquisto di Acquisto servizi diAcquisto servizi didiR&S didiR&S servizi R&S Purchase of
60%
34,5
6,9 6,9 10,26,9 10,2 6,9 10,2 . .
80% 80%80%
80%
100%100% 100%
Acquisto dimacchinari impianti innovativi Acquisto Acquisto di macchinari diAcquisto e impianti di macchinari eeimpianti innovativi innovativi e impianti innovativi Purchase ofmacchinari innovative equipment
Acquisto diof tecnologia inc.embodied in beni capitali formazione, marketing Acquisto Acquisto di tecnologia di Acquisto tecnologia non di inc. non tecnologia ininc. beninon incapitali beni non inc. capitali in beni Progettazione, formazione, Progettazione, formazione, marketing formazione, marketing marketing Purchase technology not incapitali capitalProgettazione, goodsProgettazione, Design, Training and Marketing
Source: ISTAT, L’innovazione nelle imprese italiane. Anni 2002-2004, “Statistiche in breve”, novembre 2006
10,2
100%
This publication provides statistical information on Italian science and technology based on the data available in mid-2007. Figures are provided on human and financial resources for R&D, publications, patents, the Technological Balance of Payments, R&D-intensive product exports/imports and innovation in Italy’s economic system. R&D data concerning other countries are also reported to facilitate international comparisons. In addition, the publication provides detailed information on the public sector research activity and funding at both national and local government level.
Institute for Economic Research on Firms and Growth (CERIS) by CNR Director: Secondo Rolfo Research Unit: “Institutions and Policies for Science and Technology” Head of Research Unit: Maurizio Rocchi Via dei Taurini, 19 00185 Roma - Italy http://www.ceris.cnr.it Contact person: Cinzia Spaziani Tel.: +39 06 4993 7813 E-mail:
[email protected]