Idea Transcript
The International Scientific Conference
Protection of Cultural Heritage from Natural and Man-Made Disasters
Zagreb and Šibenik, Croatia, 8th to 10th May 2014
Central Institute for Conservation in Belgrade, Serbia
PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Unified protection system for cultural and natural heritage INTEGRATIVE HERITAGE PROTECTION
Prof. Dr. Mila Popović-Živančević Central Institute for Conservation in Belgrade Director
Cultural and natural heritage is our environment Protection of cultural and natural heritage should be defined as the key asset and integral part of the overall framework of sustainable development that consists of: • balanced economic development • social balance • protection of environment and cultural heritage Endangering the survival of cultural heritage is a consequence of: • inadequate economic development • social imbalance • disturbed natural environment Integrative concept of heritage protection – a collective, unified care for natural and cultural heritage.
The integrative concept of heritage includes:
• preserved objects used by people in the past (archeological, historical, ethnographic, and art heritage objects); • architectural achievements, archeological sites, cave habitats, signs, etc. (monuments and sites); • groups of separate or connected buildings, due to their architecture, homogeneity or their place in the landscape (historical centers); • all traces of human activity in our physical environment, including places associated with historical events, beliefs and tradition; oral tradition, life philosophies, beliefs, traditional ways of life (intangible heritage); • natural sites, comprised of specific flora and fauna, natural resources, environment (natural heritage objects).
A unified, protected heritage complex should consist of: 1. tangible cultural heritage – immovable (architectural and
monumental heritage, archeological sites) and movable (museum, archival, and library materials; photographic, audiovisual, and digital materials); 2. intangible cultural heritage – living cultural heritage; oral tradition; performing arts; social practices, lifestyles, rituals, holidays; knowledge and practice related to nature and the universe; traditional crafts and art; 3. protected areas – immediate surroundings of monuments, protected sectors, cultural landscapes, protected zones,
Southwestern Serbia
Eastern Serbia
The integrative concept of protection implies an integrated and comprehensive conservation treatment of all contents of tangible and intangible cultural heritage in their natural environment.
Why preventive conservation? The nature and the aim of preventive conservation is: • to take care of endangered heritage and its identity; • to take care of cultural heritage within its natural environment.
Heritage conservation theory seeks to recognize the necessity for protection before any damage occurs: • it is an approach of preventing damage; prediction of destructive factors; • effect of preventive conservation on cultural goods’ environmental conditions, before performing direct repair (curative conservation and restoration treatments).
Why preventive conservation?
Preventive conservation is based on scientific research regarding: 1. original materials of cultural goods; 2. immediate surroundings and natural environment; 3. destructive impacts deriving from the nature of materials used and from the environment; 4. aging process and deterioration mechanisms that affect the condition of cultural goods.
Why preventive conservation?
Science interdisciplinary connects: • the nature of original materials and deterioration mechanisms with • the condition of cultural goods’ immediate surroundings and the condition of the environment, and • scientifically determines the most reliable methods of protection.
Preventive conservation should help overcome and alleviate the problem of natural aging and deterioration of a cultural good’s original material due to the impact of the environment.
Why preventive conservation? Preventive conservation is defined as multidisciplinary heritage management (coordinating and handling); It elaborates basic requirements and procedures necessary for the proper functioning of institutions for protection, communities and state bodies:
• • • • • •
keeping managing handling financing presentation interpretation
• education • research • protection and conservation procedures • behavior of the community, authorities and the Government
Mutual relationship between the concept of integrative protection and the preventive conservation methodology
The comprehensive, integrative theoretical concept, which incorporates all contents and areas of heritage into a unified protection system, uses the methodology of preventive conservation for its application in practice. The integrative concept of protection and successful application of preventive conservation methodology are in direct interactive relationship.
Unpolluted environment and immediate surroundings of cultural heritage are of vital importance for the stability, preservation of values and future of all categories of cultural goods.
Why preventive conservation? Through applying measures of preventive conservation, we established a direct link between the condition of all areas of cultural heritage with the condition of their natural environment.
UNESCO’s resolution on preventive conservation as the basic principle of heritage protection particularly suitable for countries in transition and developing countries, which was adopted by the General Assembly of UNESCO on 10 October 2003. in Paris, at the proposal of Serbia and Montenegro. (the text of the Resolution, including the rationale, was prepared in its entirety by the Diana Center, at that time being part of the National Museum in Belgrade)
The concept of integrative protection of an area includes: • integrative, unified protection of cultural and natural heritage; • general framework of harmonious, sustainable development based on integrative heritage protection; • regional collaboration and orientation; respect for diversity and expression; • preventive conservation, curative conservation and restoration as a methodological conservational system of heritage protection; • institutional arrangements for practical application of theory and practice of integrative heritage protection concept and adequate conservation methodologies.
Integrative protection instruments PROTECTED AREAS Different categories of protected areas constitute an entirety of protected areas of cultural and natural heritage: • Protected immediate surroundings of a historical monument (a 500m radius), the beginning, of the 20th century. • Protected heritage sector, the entirety of an urban - built monument complex and space, harmonious wholes of a monument complex and the surrounding areas, of the 1960s. • Protected landscape - natural site - cultural landscape, landscapes of cultural and natural importance, monumental heritage in the overall landscape, the 1970s and the 1990s. • Protected zone of architectural, urban and landscape-natural heritage, integral heritage zone, which includes all cultural and natural monuments and landscapes, cultural monuments, flora and fauna; natural rarities and particularities; climate particularities; natural resources; environment, atmosphere, view, the 1980s and the 1990s.
PROTECTED AREAS Protected areas represent special heritage protection systems and should include protective measures clearly defined by national legislation and local and regional regulations. Establishing protected areas should help in rational and longterm solving of cultural and natural heritage protection problems. Each category of protected areas can be applied independently or in conjunction with the others. In some cases, one protected area does not exclude the other. Thus, for example, immediate protected surroundings can exist within a cultural landscape, protected sector or protected zone, and directly become a part of them.
Protected zone Integrative protection of an area can function organizationally through the Protected Zone instrument. Protected zone of an area can also include other instruments and categories of protected areas: immediate surroundings, protected sector, and protected landscape. Protective measures are applied in each protected area, and they are necessarily merged into a unified protection system provided by the Protected Zone instrument. Protected zone can be an adequate and efficient general framework for including other instruments of protected areas in its system, as well.
Southwestern Serbia
Protected zone- the Uvac
Protected zone – Uvac (Area Uvac river, Zlatar,Polimlje, Pešter, Sjenica)
Protected sector of Prijepolje Protected sector of Nova Varoš Protected sector of Sjenica
Protected zone of the Uvac Between Zlatar and Javor massifs. The total area is 7543ha. Territory of Nova Varoš, Prijepolje and Sjenica municipalities. The minimum altitude in the reserve is 760m, while the maximum altitude is 1322m above sea level. The Uvac area constitutes the “Uvac” Special Nature Reserve, a protected natural heritage site of great importance.
The Uvac Canyon, with its tributaries, represents the central morphological whole. Of particular value are the curved meanders, whose capes’ relative height reaches up to 100m.
Lakes The Uvac, Zlatar and Radoinja lakes in the Uvac Canyon
The surrounding area is characterized by numerous karst formations: karst surfaces, coves, sinkholes, rock shelters, pits.
The Uvac cave system (6185m)
The caves are rich in cave ornaments: stalactites, stalagmites, columns, draperies, glassy needlelike crystals, etc.
The Griffon Vulture
a “mythical”, high-flying bird, rises to the height of 2500m using the vertical current of air and then flies like a glider, without flapping its wings.
It once inhabited the entire territory of Serbia and it was the heraldic symbol of the Nemanjić dynasty.
Uvac is also rich in ornithofauna, as well as in rare and endangered species of mammals and other fauna.
The variety of pristine habitats and the presence of endemic, relict and endangered plant and animal species are of particular importance for maintaining biodiversity and geodiversity.
Naturally clean water of streams and reservoirs represents the habitat of 11 fish species, natural spawning site for huchen, brown trout, lake trout, European chub, common nase, Mediterranean barbel, etc.
Environment changes over seasons
Environment changes over seasons
The Uvac monastery, in Stublo village. The entire monastery complex of Uvac represents a testimony of the existence of a large spiritual center in this area. A church book from the year 1622 reveals that the temple is dedicated to the Birth of the Virgin Mary.
In 1994, church ruins (17 x 12m) were discovered and excavated at the archeological site.
The monastery of Dubrava
Cultural, rural tourism
Tourism
Cultural landscape and the view
Cuisine The traditional region of the Dinaric Alps in Serbia covers the mainly mountainous region of the southwestern Serbia. There weren’t many outside influences, thus the gastronomic heritage is of old Balkan and Slavic origin.
Dairy products have a strong mountainous taste: kaymak (similar to clotted cream), cheese, and sour milk. The Zlatar and Sjenica cheese, and mature kaymak in bags made of animal rumen are very famous. in bags made of animal rumen are very famous.
Cuisine Polenta, popara (type of panada), fritters, flatbread, proja and projara (types of cornbread), buckwheat pie – all of these are dishes made with barley, corn, wheat or buckwheat, cheese and kaymak ..
Polenta with cheese and kaymak
Fritters- wheat flour dough, some milk, eggs; fried in hot fat
Cuisine
Proja, cornbread – just corn flour and water
Projara – corn flour, cheese and kaymak
Buckwheat pie
Cuisine The traditional cuisine also includes cooked dishes, with fresh meat (usually lamb) or dried meat (mutton and beef). Cooked dishes with meat and vegetables that are eaten with a spoon are: various stews and soups, sweet and sour cabbage (including wedding cabbage), cooked beans, cabbage rolls.
Lamb stew
Sour veal stew
Cuisine Cooked beans
Sour cabbage rolls
Wedding cabbage
Cuisine Indispensable dishes are those made with lamb and veal roasted under the bell, often with milk; they are soft, juicy and delicious.
Cuisine Baked apples in honey and juice obtained from fermenting dried fruit in a vat were the only kind of sweets in this area for a long time. Today, there are also sweet pies with apples, cherries or plums.
Apple pie and cherry pie
Baked apples in honey
Cuisine
Protected sector of Prijepolje • Protected sector is defined as a harmonious whole of urban cultural heritage complex and space, an integral complex of tangible and intangible cultural monuments in an urban context that represent a harmonious historical, artistic, cultural, and economic whole. • Protected sector of an area is based on the harmony and quality of an entirety consisting of architectural monuments and its surroundings.
The Museum in Prijepolje
Museum in Prijepolje was awarded with Special Commendation of the European Museum of the Year Award 2012
House of the Musabegović family, over 200 years old
House of the Bišnjić family, over 200 years old
Memorial to the fallen heroes of 1912-1918 wars, sculptor: Ivan Rendić
Big mosque
Small mosque
The first hotel in Prijepolje
Preserved environmental wholes around the former hotel.
The house of the Cvijović family, protected as a cultural property.
Traditional environmental wholes in the modern town life, near the house of the Cvijović family.
A fine example of a smaller “Serbian” town house.
Church of St. Basil of Ostrog and the bell tower, built between 1881 and 1894.
In addition to having sacral significance for Prijepolje, the church contains important printed and handwritten books and old icons.
Immediate surroundings of the church
Preserved traditional architecture in the town center, in the vicinity the church of St. Basil of Ostrog.
Industrial heritage in the town center
House covered with wooden shingles, in Vakuf
and Permeation of traditional and modern environment and mentality
Preserved Preservedtraditional traditionalenvironment environmentin inmodern modernlife life
Preserved traditional environment in modern life
Preserved traditional environment in modern life
The house of the architect Minić, inadequate adaptation
A view at a small Catholic church
A small Catholic church, the only monument to the Catholic provenance in the territory of middle Polimlje, built in 1887.
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Clock tower
Memorial complex to the battle of Prijepolje of the II World War
The architectural and sculptural design by the sculptor Lojze Dolinar marks this place (1954) .
Busts of national heroes in the town park
The protected sector of Nova Varoš
KARAĐORĐEVA STREET
Preserved examples of traditional architecture and environment
Nova Varoš
Preserved traditional environmental wholes
The house of the Đurišić family
Nova Varoš
The building has been adapted for modern living
The house of the Nović (Srbljanović) family
Remainders of the Sokol gymnasium
Nova Varoš
The house of the Aničić family, the 19th century
The house of the Stevović family, the 19th century
Buildings from the 19th century, adapted for the needs of modern living, but without using authentic materials.
Nova Varoš The house of the Purić family
The house was built in 1867. Adaptation was performed using authentic materials, but the roofing is not consistent with the original look.
Nova Varoš
The house of the Ristić family
The house of the Berberijan family, 1861
The house of the Tomić family, the 19th century
Nova Varoš
Th e hoouse of the Timotijević family
Nova Varoš
The house of the Kovačević family
The house of the Kulić family
Nova Varoš
Two buildings, situated by the highway, representing the 19th century traditional architecture.
Protected sector of Sjenica Preserved environment and atmosphere from the mid-twentieth century
Preserved environment and atmosphere from the mid-twentieth century
Muslim houses
Serbian houses
Specific contents of intangible heritage, mentality, and customs
Legal regulation of integrative concept of protection The concept of integrative heritage protection and sustainable development should be an adequate framework for elaboration of national policy for heritage protection. Simultaneously develop and adapt laws in the field of heritage with other legal and administrative mechanisms related to heritage: • protection of environment; • urbanism and spatial planning; • conservation-restoration of towns and villiges; • local, regional and national policies; • economy; public works; tourism; • pension and social insurance; • primary, academy, permanent education, etc.
The integrative approach implies and requires:
• regulated measures of management, spatial planning and urban development; • commitment of the local, regional and national community; • commitment of the business world; • commitment of social factors that should contribute to the success of this protection policy; • adequate financial support; • fiscal measures to help sustain and protect heritage of an area or region.
Developed marketing of integrative protection
It provides guidelines for developing practice that leads to: • increasing community revenues; • increasing employment; • improving the quality of life; • participating in local economic development, urban and spatial planning; • defining a complex marketing of the entire community, political and cultural maturation; • developing awareness and sensitivity for valuing heritage, so that every citizen becomes an external collaborator.
Integrative protection • connects different disciplines and sectors, institutions, public and cultural organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations, etc.; • encourages interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary mechanisms to merge into a unified system of heritage care within a region; • can efficiently incorporate heritage of a region into the modern life and direct it toward improvement of the quality of life; • can enable us to recognize multiple values of heritage: historical, educational, cultural, esthetic, functional, social, economic, etc.
Resolutions, declarations, charters and recommendations of the Council of Europe and UNESCO are gradually developing and directing conservation activities toward the integrative concept of protection heritage: • • • • • • • • •
• • • •
Venice Charter, The Second Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic Buildings, ICOMOS, Venice, 1964., http://www.international.icomos.org/hist_eng.htm European Cultural Convention, Council of Europe, Paris, 1954 European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage, Council of Europe, London 1969 Convention Concering the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, UNESCO, Paris,17-21 November 1972, www.whc.unesco.org/worl_he.htm, www.icom.museum The Declaration of Amsterdam, Congress on the European Architectural heritage, Council of Europe, 21/25 October 1975, Amsterdam, 1975; www.icomos.org/dosc/amsterdam.htm Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe, Granada, 3. X 1985, Council of Europe, ETS no.121, 1985; www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_co_cooperatio/heritage/resourses European Convention on Offences relating to Cultural Proprety, Council of Europe, CETS no. 119, Delphi, 23 Јunе 1985.; www.conventions.coe.int/treaty/commun. Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage, Documentation Centre UNESCO/ICOMOS, 9th General Assembly in Lausanne, 1990; www.international.icomos.org/charters/arch_e.htm Malta Convention, European code of good practice, Archaeology and the urban project, Council of Europe, Third European Conference of Ministers responsible for the cultural heritage, Malta, 16/17 January 1992; www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_cooperation/heritage/resources/codearcheo.asp UNESCO Convention Concering the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972, revised 1992, у оквиру Convention “World Heritage Convention”; http:/whc.unesco.org/world_he.htm Rec R (95)9E, On the integrated conservation of cultural landscape areas as part of landscape policies, 543 Meeting of the Ministers’ Depuities, 11 Septembar 1995; www.cd.coe.int Rec R (98) 4E, 17 March 1998, On measures to promote the integrated conservation of historic complexes composed of immoveable and moveable proprety, 623 Meeting of the Ministers̉ Depuities; www.cd.coe.int Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intagible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO, 2003
Thank you for the attention