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Natural Law

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

Edited by

Alejandro N. García, Mario Šilar and José M. Torralba

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches, Edited by Alejandro N. García, Mario Šilar and José M. Torralba This book first published 2008 by Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2008 by Alejandro N. García, Mario Šilar and José M. Torralba and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-84718-643-2, ISBN (13): 9781847186430

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Part I: Historical Approaches Chapter One................................................................................................ 9 Marcus Tullius Cicero and the Role of Nature in the Knowledge of Moral Good Laura E. Corso de Estrada Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 23 Rom 1:18–2:16 and Natural Law: A Rhetorical Approach Juan-Luis Caballero Chapter Three ........................................................................................... 43 Practical Truth and Practical Falsehood in Thomas Aquinas Joaquín García-Huidobro Chapter Four............................................................................................. 65 The Darkening of Natural Reason and the Force of Law and Custom María Elton Chapter Five ............................................................................................. 85 Some Reflections on Ethical Rationality in the Economic Theory of the School of Salamanca Maria Idoya Zorroza Chapter Six ............................................................................................. 109 Phillip Melanchthon and the Reception of Aristotelian Natural Law Theory in the European Reformation Manfred Svensson Chapter Seven......................................................................................... 127 Montaigne and Descartes: A Dialogue on Morals Raquel Lázaro

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Chapter Eight.......................................................................................... 149 Natural law in Hume: An Imitation of Divine Voluntarism? Ángel Beleña López Chapter Nine........................................................................................... 159 The Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Law in the Early Writings of Leibniz Agustín Echavarría Chapter Ten ............................................................................................ 181 Edmund Burke and the Natural Law Ivone Moreira Chapter Eleven ....................................................................................... 195 Kant on the Law of Nature as the Type of Moral Law: On the “Typic of the Faculty of Pure Practical Judgment” and the Good as the Object of Practical Reason José M. Torralba Part II: Contemporary Reception of Natural Law Chapter Twelve ...................................................................................... 225 Phenomenological Perspectives on Natural Law Encarna Llamas Chapter Thirteen..................................................................................... 237 Guaranteeing the Right to Have Rights: Hannah Arendt’s Theory of Politics Julia Urabayen Chapter Fourteen .................................................................................... 259 Alasdair MacIntyre: On Natural Law Margarita Mauri Chapter Fifteen ....................................................................................... 267 The Relation between Natural Law and the Law of Christ in the Context of the Current Debate on the Specificity of Christian Morality Tomás Trigo

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Part III: Systematic Approaches Chapter Sixteen ...................................................................................... 289 Naturalistic Fallacy and Ethics: Problems of the Normativity of Nature in Aristotelian-Thomistic Philosophy Héctor Zagal Chapter Seventeen .................................................................................. 301 The Practical Value of Natural Law Theory in the Work of St Thomas Aquinas Mario Šilar Chapter Eighteen .................................................................................... 329 Imperium, Instinct and Natural Law Teresa Enríquez Chapter Nineteen .................................................................................... 349 Natural Law, Essential Law and Personal Law: A Study on the Nature, Hierarchy and Aim of these Human “laws” Juan Fernando Sellés Chapter Twenty ...................................................................................... 361 Health as a Norm and Principle of Intelligibility José Ignacio Murillo Part IV: Juridical Approaches Chapter Twenty One............................................................................... 379 Practical Reason, Morality and Law Angela Aparisi Miralles Chapter Twenty Two .............................................................................. 393 Philosophical Hermeneutics and Natural Law: Some Critical and Evaluative Considerations Carlos I. Massini-Correas Chapter Twenty Three ............................................................................ 409 Rules of Imputation and Human Rationality Pablo Sanchez-Ostiz

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Chapter Twenty Four.............................................................................. 427 Practical Reason, Justice and Law (the Present Relevance of the Aristotelean-Thomistic Perspective) Diego Poole Chapter Twenty Five .............................................................................. 451 Exigibility in Legal Obligations Caridad Velarde Bibliography........................................................................................... 469 List of Contributors ................................................................................ 489 Subject Index.......................................................................................... 495 Name Index ............................................................................................ 511

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Angela Aparisi Miralles Doctor of Law (University of Valencia). She is currently Lecturer and Director of the Department of Philosophy of Law and the Institute of Human Rights at the University of Navarra. She has served as a Deputy Judge on the Provincial Court of Valencia. Her publications include: Los orígenes ideológicos de la Revolución Norteamericana, El Proyecto Genoma Humano. Reflexiones sobre sus relaciones con el Derecho, and Ética y Deontología para juristas. Research interests: Philosophy of Law, Human Rights, Bioethics. Ángel Beleña López Doctor of Philosophy. He is Honorary Fellow in the Department of Moral and Political Philosophy II at the Universidad Complutense (Madrid). He has recently published Obligación y consecuencialismo en los “moralistas británicos” (2005), and Sociopolítica del hecho religioso. Una introducción (2007). His research interest is in the field of utilitarian and consequentialist philosophy. Juan-Luis Caballero B.A. in Sacred Scripture (Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome) and Ph.D. in Biblical Theology. He is currently Professor of New Testament at the University of Navarra. The following biblical studies comprise a number of his contributions to the study of conscience and human behaviour: “Retorica y teología. La Carta a Filemón” (2005), “La ‘verdad’ en la Biblia” (2006), and “Creación y pecado en el pensamiento paulino. Juan Pablo II, lector de Rm 8,19-22” (forthcoming). His research interests include the New Testament, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Pauline Theology. Laura Estela Corso de Estrada Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Researcher and Professor at the Catholic University of Argentina and Researcher at the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina. Her recent publications include: Naturaleza y vida moral. Marco Tulio Cicerón y Tomás de Aquino (2008), Marco Tulio Cicerón. Sobre Las Leyes. Estudio preliminar

490

List of Contributors

y edición bilingüe anotada (2008) and “Natura y ratio en la especulación sobre el cosmos. Guillermo de Auxerre y Felipe el Canciller” (2008). Her main research interests are the sources of Stoic tradition in Mediaeval philosophy in the 12th and 13th centuries. Agustín Ignacio Echavarría He is currently Research Assistant and Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra. He has been DAAD Visiting scholar at Münster University. His recent publications include: “Harmony, Dissonance and the Permission of Evil in the Early Writings of Leibniz” (2006), “Existencia y optimidad en Leibniz: una encrucijada entre arbitrarismo y necesitarismo” (2006) and “Voluntad antecedente y voluntad consecuente: las aporías de una herencia escolástica en el sistema de Leibniz” (forthcoming). His research interests are in the areas of metaphysics and theodicy, with special interest in the problem of evil in authors such as Leibniz, Thomas Aquinas and Maritain. María Elton Bulnes Doctor of Philosophy and currently Professor at the University de los Andes (Santiago, Chile). She has been a Visiting Scholar at Glasgow University, Boston University and Cambridge University. She has published five books, among which are: Amor y reflexión. El amor puro de Fénelon en el contexto del pensamiento moderno (1989) and La is-ought question. La crítica de T. Reid a la filosofía moral de D. Hume (2000). Her main research interests are on Ethics and Modern Moral Philosophy. Teresa Enríquez B.A. in Philosophy and M.A. in the History of Thought. She is currently Professor at the Universidad Panamericana (Aguascalientes, Mexico). She has been Scholarship Researcher by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology. Her research interests lie in moral philosophy and theory of action. Joaquín García Huidobro Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Professor of Legal Philosophy at the Universidad de los Andes (Santiago, Chile). His recent publications include: Filosofía y retórica del iusnaturalismo (2002), and Simpatía por la política (2006). Research interests: ethics and political philosophy. He is a former DAAD and Humboldt Foundation scholar.

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

491

Raquel Lázaro Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra. She has been a Visiting Scholar in Glasgow and Paris. Her recent publications include: “Montaigne el escéptico: ¿un filósofo moderno o postmoderno?” (2005), “Adam Smith: Individuo, Organización Social y Participación” (2003) and La sociedad comercial en Adam Smith : método, moral, religión (2002). Her research interests are in the Scottish Enlightenment and 17th century French philosophy . Encarna Llamas PhD. in Philosophical Anthropology. She is currently Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the Catholic University of Valencia. She has been Fulbright Visiting Scholar at the Catholic University of America. Her publications include: Charles Taylor: una antropología de la identidad (2001), “La imaginación creadora” (2004), and “Intencionalidad como constitución en el conocimiento práctico” (2005). Research interests: phenomenology in philosophical anthropology, ethics and the social sciences. Margarita Mauri Álvarez Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Professor of Ethics in the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Barcelona. Her publications include: “Moral Knowledge in Aristotle’s Ethics” (1992), Les virtuts en el pensament contemporani (1992), and El conocimiento moral (2005). Her research interest is in the field of moral philosophy. Carlos I. Massini Correas Doctor of Law and Doctor of Philosophy (2001). He is currently Professor of Philosophy of Law and Ethics at the University of Mendoza (Argentina) and of Practical Philosophy at Austral University (Buenos Aires). He has been Visiting Professor at many European and American universities; he is Academic Secretary of the University of Mendoza and a member of the Board of the Argentine Association of Philosophy of Law. His recent publications include: Philosophy of Law (2005), La ley natural y su interpretación contemporánea (2006), La falacia de la “falacia naturalista” (1995). His research interests are in the philosophy of law and ethics.

492

List of Contributors

Ivone Moreira Master in Philosophy. She is currently Reader at the Catholic University of Portugal. Her recent publications include: “A Virtude da Prudência no Pensamento Político de Edmund Burke” (2006), “Sociedade Política e Contrato Social – As Perspectivas de Locke e Burke” (2005), and “Conceito e Fins da Educação em Sérgio” (2004). Researchs interests: political and moral philosophy. José Ignacio Murillo Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy and a Board Member of the Institute of Anthropology and Ethics at the University of Navarra. He has been a Visiting Research Scholar at the University of Munich, Catholic University of America, Oxford University and the University of Notre Dame. His publications include: Operación, hábito y reflexión. El conocimiento como clave antropológica en Tomás de Aquino (1999), and El valor revelador de la muerte (1999). His research interests are in philosophical anthropology. Diego Poole Doctor of Law (Universidad Complutense, Madrid). He is currently Professor in the School of Law at the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Madrid). He is the author of El derecho de los juristas (1998). His research interests are in the philosophy of law. Pablo Sanchez-Ostiz Doctor of Law and Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Policy in the School of Law at the University of Navarra. He has been a Fellow of the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (1996), and of the Humboldt Foundation since 2002. He is the author of El delito contable tributario (1995), and ¿Encubridores o cómplices? (2004), and he was the Spanish editor of Imputación y Derecho penal (by Joachim Hruschka, 2005). His research interest relate to the theory of imputation, accessory liability, legal argumentation and ‘white-collar’ crime. Juan Fernando Sellés Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarre. He has been Visiting Professor at Notre Dame University. His recent publications include: Propuestas antropológicas del siglo XX (2004-2007), Antropología para inconformes. Una antropologia abierta al futuro (2006), and El conocer personal.

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

493

Estudio del entendimiento agente según Leonardo Polo (2003). His research interests are in the fields of philosophical anthropology and medieval philosophy. Mario Šilar He is currently Research Assistant and Assistant Lecturer in Ethics in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra. He has been a Visiting Scholar at the University of Reading. His research interests are moral and social philosophy, natural law in Thomas Aquinas, the philosophy of law, and the relations between culture and philosophy. Select publications include: Metodología de investigación y técnicas para la elaboración de tesis (2006), and “Trascendentales, encuentro entre ética y religión” (2007). Manfred Svensson Doctor of Philosophy (University of Munich). He is currently Professor of Ethics at the University of los Andes (Santiago, Chile). His research interests include moral philosophy, St. Augustine and Melanchthon. He has translated Kierkegaard’s The Present Age into Spanish (2001), and is the author of “Felipe Melanchthon y la teoría de la primera historiografía protestante” (2005) and of Das Theorie-Praxis-Problem bei Augustin (forthcoming). José M. Torralba PhD. in Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra. He has been a Visiting Scholar at the Universities of Oxford and Munich. Research interests: moral philosophy, theory of action and theory of judgment. He is the author of Acción intencional y razomaniento práctico según G.E.M. Anscombe (2005), and La facultad del juicio en la filosofía práctica de Kant (forthcoming), and the editor of Two Hundred Years Later: Returns and Re-interpretations of Kant (2005). Tomás Trigo Doctor of Theology and Philosophy (Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, Rome). He is currently Professor of Moral Theology in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Navarra. His recent publications include: El debate sobre la especificidad de la moral cristiana (2003), and Moral de la persona (2006). His research interests centre on moral theology and virtue ethics.

494

List of Contributors

Julia Urabayen Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra, and Secretary of the Humanities Department and of the journal, Anuario Filosófico. Her recent publications include: El pensamiento antropológico de Gabriel Marcel. Un canto al ser humano (2001), Las sendas del pensamiento hacia el misterio del ser. La filosofía concreta de Gabriel Marcel (2001), and Las raíces del humanismo de Emmanuel Levinas: el judaísmo y la fenomenología (2005). Her main research interest is 20th century French Philosophy. Caridad Velarde Ph. D. in Law. She is currently Professor of Philosophy and Theory of Law at the University of Cádiz. She has been a Visiting Scholar at the Universities of Oxford, Toronto and New York. She is the author of Hayek. Una teoría de la justicia, la moral y el derecho (1994) and Universalismo de derechos humanos. Análisis a la luz del debate anglosajón (2003). Her research interests concern social reality in legal hermeneutics. Héctor Zagal Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at Universidad Panamericana (Mexico City). He has been a Visiting Scholar at the University of Notre Dame. His recent publications include: Ethik für junge Menschen (2000), Horismós, syllogismós, asápheia en Aristóteles (2002), and Método y ciencia en Aristóteles (2005). María Idoya Zorroza Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently working as a Research Specialist with the Special Research Group on “Classical Spanish Thought (14th–16th centuries): its Medieval Inspiration and Influence on Contemporary Philosophy” in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra. She has translated and edited a number of books by Báñez, Aquinas, Francisco de Vitoria, and has published a number of papers on these topics. She is also a Visiting Professor at the University of Piura, Peru.

SUBJECT INDEX

action and desire, 51 and human goods, 230 and human rationality, 102, 166. and knowledge, 138, 412 and omission, 413 and performance, 100 and reflexiveness, 424 as effect in the world, 208 as movement, 329 author of an, 411; see also agent causes of, 268, 269; see also causality contingency of human, 93 ethics and external, 111, 121, 122 evil, 283 form and matter of, 276, 338 good, 58, 225, 304, 323, 324 institutionalization of, 252 natural and free, 329, 345 object of, 77, 79, 91, 276, 333 secundum naturam, 291 social character of human, 246 species of, 77 theory of, 204 transcendent and immanent end of, 269 truth of the, 93; see also practical truth voluntary, 412 adiaphorist controversy, 120, 121

agency and moral order, 232 and rules, 423 as defining human beings, 239 agent and imputation, 410 and knowledge, 416 as causa libera, 411 as executor, 337 as origin of conduct, 410 permanence of the, 422 anthropology, 322, 326, 372 and ethics, 199, 363, 374 Christian, 279, 374, 381 dualist, 280, 371 appetite, 46-59, 305, 311, 340, 341, 430-436, 444, 445 and end, 53, 57, 329 and good, 430 and knowledge, 335 and virtue, 46 animal and human, 430 conformity with intellect, 57 free, 336 hierarchy of, 434 intellectual, concupiscible and irascible, 46, 59 natural, 344 object of, 303 order of, 309 rational and sensible, 340, 341, 430 rectitude of, 52, 61, 62, 437 right, 46, 50-52, 56-62 unruly, 69

496

Subject Index

application applicatio legis ad factum, 414-424 levels of, 211 of moral law to actions, 211214, 232, 294 of norms, 3, 54, 427 of principles of natural law, 120 authority, 12, 81, 87, 92, 134, 147, 222, 325, 426, 446 and law, 447 legitimate, 211, 514 of reason, 381 political, 91 religious, 141, 156 autonomy, 205, 411 and obligation, 461 person and nature, 234 theonomous, 274 bindingness, 197, 201 of law and morality, 452 of legal rules, 399 of the law, 316, 444 see also obligation casuistry, 99 causality, 206, 214-216, 336, 366, 411 cause causa libera, 411, 416 efficient, 268, 269, 364 final, 154, 366 formal, 228, 268, 354 material, 443 charity, 268 city citizenship, 3, 238, 239, 255 civic harmony, 14 coercion

type of, 201 see also bindingness and obligation cogito, 134-136, 144 commanding, 340 see also obligation and duty common good, 4, 14, 72, 77, 81, 91, 98, 100, 172, 174, 263, 317, 323, 388, 391, 427, 435, 436, 441-447, 456 and human law, 443, 446 as the harmony of the world, 173 political, 442 universal, 445 common sense, 293, 384 conscience, 33-41, 56, 69, 72, 98, 128, 272, 280, 374 and action, 39 and law, 23 and natural law, 23 and truth, 39, 322 defective or erroneous, 71, 388 dignity of, 389 historical progress of, 71 Pauline conception of, 39 judgment of, 100 see also moral judgment consequences, 387 desirable, 432 good, 432 immediate, 246 of actions, 432, 462, 511 consequentialism, 388 contract and law, 463 and obligation, 458 of deposit, 383 relations of, 92 see also economics

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

creation creation and knowledge, 31 creation and redemption, 272 see also God and natural law Decalogue, 32, 119, 270 as a summary of natural law, 119 decisionism, 398 deliberation, 100, 434 democracy, 248 desire, 208 rational, 217 see also appetite determinism, 355 dignity human, 255, 256, 349, 370, 402, 436 disposition natural and human, 18, 19 moral, 216 duty, 37, 150, 197, 208, 209, 363, 365, 420, 448, 454-458 and law, 457 and moral good, 217 and obligation, 452, 454 and right, 457 civil, 115 contrary to, 209 ends that are, 211 juridical, 200 kinds of, 458 knowledge of, 20, 458 legal and moral, 452, 454, 457, 459 parental, 462 particular, 201 perfect and imperfect, 208, 210, 211 positive, 211 see also obligation

497

economics, 2, 85-87, 245, 250 and common good, 98 and contracts, 91 and interest, 95; see also usury and justice, 88 and law of supply and demand, 89, 90, 98 and lucrum cessans, 89, 90 and prudent man, 93, 96 as an order of practical reason, 90, 91, 98 as human action, 89 see also property emotivism, 63, 260, 381, 459, 465 empiricism, 150, 260, 381 psychology of, 152 end and living beings, 368 aprehended as good, 68 basic in human action, 47 desire of, 209 different from purpose, 228 given by nature, 47, 50 internal, 368 in knowledge and action, 309 last, 435, 438 mediate and immediate, 310 natural, 20, 47, 48, 226, 296 orientation toward the, 47 perfective, 14 practicable, 306 see also mean and teleology Enlightenment, 69, 83, 110, 125, 260, 394 ethics and grace, 268 and metaphysics, 394 and nature, 150, 289

498

Subject Index

as inexact science, 294; see also moral science and prudence as natural science, 155 as scientia practica, 305 Christian, 267, 268, 276, 277, 319, 326 public and private, 439 evil a priori knowledge of, 207 and illness, 368 and sin, 31 as fruit of the ignorance, 51 as object of the will, 205 intrinsically, 283 exceptions, 66 exigibility, 5, 452, 460 and definition of law, 457 and endorsement, 461 and obligation, 455 faith, 268 and reason, 140 Faktum, 212, 214, 363 feeling and moral judgment, 157 moral, 156 fideism, 130, 140 finality, 366, 368 and organic being, 366 see also teleology flourishing human, 265 see also happiness form natural, 338, 339 formalism, 212, 216 foundation anti-foundationalism, 394395, 405 of Christian morality, 275

of ethics, 395 of knowledge, 394 free will, 78, 142, 216, 217, 246, 329, 333, 342, 343, 441 and imperium, 330 freedom, 342, 358, 363, 375, 422 and contingency, 137 and divine command, 316 and evil, 316 and grace, 269 and human condition, 239 and human identity, 254 and imputation, 411 and personal law, 357 as autonomy, 411 as cause, 215 411 categories of, 205-212 legality of, 201 and necessity, 213 right to, 199 transcendental, 272 God, 13, 26-40, 52, 69, 73, 80, 99, 110-119, 130, 134, 136, 139, 141-144, 151, 156, 157, 160-174, 184, 188, 197, 231, 233, 259, 268-282, 315, 320, 321, 325, 334, 339, 342, 343, 350, 362, 380, 385, 435, 436, 443-447 and person, 359 and sin, 164 as a judge, 33 as author of the moral law, 164 as basis of natural law, 165, 173 as creator, 269, 339 divine command, 339

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

divine retribution, 27, 31, 32, 33 justice of, 26, 27 knowledge of, 30, 32 obedience to, 117 omnipotence, 160, 164 personal, 350 will of, 188 good and health, 368 and natural inclinations, 320 and reason, 344 and truth, 321 as a natural property, 153 as conformity to reason, 314 as end, 228 as object of the appetite, 303 as object of the will, 204, 205 as perfection, 161 basic human goods, 402, 431, 438 concrete, 232 constitutive, 23-234 definition of, 67 external and internal, 260 general, 156 greatest possible, 163 highest, 112 inconditional character of, 207 individual and common, 264 kinds of, 207 knowledge of the, 16, 198, 207, 225, 233, 261 life, 47, 48, 62, 127, 144, 261, 262, 264, 384 moral, 65 moving to act, 226 nature of the, 232, 261 not property of the object, 204 of human life, 20

499

real and apparent, 53, 304 sensitive, 341 tendency towards, 336; see also appetite transcendental, 334, 356 universal, 174, 233 see also common good Gospel, 25-27, 32, 116 and outer actions, 121 guilt universal, 26 habits innate, 357 theoretical and practical, 355 see also virtues happiness, 48, 52, 138, 154, 185, 187, 207, 343, 372, 430, 431, 444 and good, 172 and harmony of the universe, 161 as human success, 372 as wisdom, 185 imperative of, 209 health, 4, 289, 370-375, 438 and evolution, 370 and happiness, 372 and human perfection, 369, 371 and virtue, 373 as a normative ideal, 368 biological, 370, 371 definition of, 368, 370 human and moral, 369, 374, 375 hedonism, 216, 217 hermeneutics, 393, 395, 397 history and change of customs, 133

500

Subject Index

human identity, 262 and nature, 252 moral sources of, 225 human nature, 1, 3, 4, 12-18, 35, 70, 75-79, 116, 129, 141, 157, 188, 225-230, 234, 238-241, 253, 270, 289-296, 331, 349359, 370, 371, 384, 391 and creation, 116 and culture, 295, 355 and ethics, 225, 226, 355 and God, 350 and grace, 35 and history, 362 and human condition, 239, 241, 253 and human essence, 349, 355, 357 and inclinations, 350 and institutions, 361 and person, 233, 272, 350 and politics, 253 and statistics, 350 and supernatural, 269 and synderesis, 352 and teleology, 226, 234 and totalitarism, 238 body and soul, 371 Christ and, 283 constitutive goods and, 233 definition of, 291, 296 empirical and rational, 199 immutability of, 75 imperfection of, 214 inclinations of, 117 knowledge of, 118, 289 normative character of, 225, 229, 230, 234, 335 and personal act of being, 349 plenitude of, 225, 230, 234

sin and fallen, 79, 80, 116, 351, 374 unity of, 371 universality of, 357 variability of, 351 weakness of, 70 see also nature human rights, 3, 110, 181, 238, 254-256, 402 abstract concept of, 192 and plurality, 251 and politics, 255 basic natural, 388 imperative and moral judgment, 202, 205 of humanity as an end in itself, 210 categorical, 196, 201, 203, 208, 212 formula of the law of nature, 219, 214 formula of universal law, 210 three kinds of, 207, 209 imperium, 4, 102, 329-340 and incontinence, 342 and instinct, 331 and virtues, 345 senses of, 340 imputation, 4, 409-425 and application of the law, 418 and causation, 410 and evaluation of the imputed act, 415 and ignorance, 417, 421 and necessity, 421 and responsibility, 419; see also responsibility as attribution of meaning, 416

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

imputatio facti, 414-424 imputatio iuris, 414, 415, 419, 421, 424 judgment of, 413 merit and demerit, 414 rules of, 409, 415, 417 objects of, 410, 415 see also knowledge incentive, 209 and law, 317 inclinations ends of natural, 68 natural, 14, 20, 66, 68, 80, 199, 297, 320, 322, 371, 384, 445 to act in accordance with reason, 66 see also dispositions ans instinct incontinence, 49, 51, 58, 70, 324, 342 and continence, 324 instinct, 292 and inclination, 331 divine, 338 cognitive character of, 338 inner, 338 institutions and happiness, 182 and legality, 459 intellect, 57 and innate ideas, 68 divine, 61, 68 dual form of knowledge of, 68 habits of, 69 practical, 46, 50, 56, 60, 61, 303, 304, 321 theoretical, 379 see also reason and practical reason

501

intellectualism, 118, 119, 198, 357 intention, 91, 434, 459 and imputation, 416, 417 see also action interpretation of law, 400, 455 see also hermeneutics iusnaturalism, 195, 199, 200, 201, 395, 428, 464, 465 as essentialism, 427 classical, 427 hermeneutic, 396, 405 modern and classical, 201, 398 rationalist, 427, 458 realist, 405 Jacobinism, 183 Judaism, 24, 30, 40 judgment and application, 68, 211 and imputation of action, 411 and practical knowledge, 308 as instinct, 335 connaturality with the good and moral, 100 diversity of, 132 faculty of, 101, 103, 202-207, 213, 215 moral, 3, 103, 202, 203, 210213, 237, 434 natural, 132, 344 of action, 304 of duty, 453 practical, 19, 49, 53, 100, 202-206, 212, 213, 434 prudence and moral, 93 synderesis and moral, 68 teleological, 367

502

Subject Index

Typik, 202 see also knowledge and practical knowledge justice, 26-29, 33, 34, 75, 89, 90, 98, 116, 154, 160-178, 187, 252, 356, 389, 390, 397, 399, 429, 438, 440, 441, 446-448, 460, 464 and divine will, 160 and economics, 91 and equity, 173, 389 and law, 75, 460, 463 and legal praxis, 404 and nature of things, 390 as artificial virtue, 155 as potentiori utile, 161, 172 as public utility, 174 as the charity of the wise, 160 as the working of God, 28 commutative, 441 definition of, 171 distributive, 441 divine, 2, 26, 28, 29, 32, 116, 159, 160, 174 formal reason of, 160 immutability of principles of, 75 inner and outer, 123 jurisprudence, 169, 390 jus strictum, 172, 173 legal, 441 particular and general, 438, 441 perfect and imperfect, 208, 210 suum cuique tribuere, 172 theory of, 382 universal, 167, 172 virtue of, 88, 427, 438, 441 voluntarist basis for, 161 justification

of Jews and pagans, 29 universality of, 29 knowledge and eidetic intuition, 291 charity and moral, 269 eternal reasons, 374 ignorantia facti, 421 ignorantia iuris, 421 interrelation with trend, 19, 48 legal, 16, 380 metaphysical status of, 395 moral, 18, 19, 47, 229, 232, 396 natural aptitude towards moral, 17 natural notitiae and moral, 165 objectivity in, 132 recta ratio scibilium and moral, 307, 311 practice and moral, 225 scientific and legal, 380 strong evaluation and moral, 230 see also practical knowledge law agraphos nomos or unwritten, 23, 38, 398 and coercion, 317, 458 and circumcision of the heart, 28-36 and community, 443 and customs, 71 and Gospel, 113 and grace, 316 and justice, 456 and morality, 448 and normativity, 455 and rationality, 114, 425, 455

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

and rules, 72 as a dictamen of reason, 165 as reason existing in God, 15, 165 as a social practice, 400 as force of nature, 15 as right reason, 20 as the reason inherent to nature, 15 be under the, 316 common to all times, 15 disobedience of, 454 divine and human, 114 divine retribution by the, 27 educational value of, 79 essential, 349 eternal, 69, 110, 118, 154, 188, 278, 319-322, 336, 342, 436, 444 for themselves, 23, 34, 35, 39 formal constituent of, 457 formal nature of the moral, 217 formal requirements of, 400 ignorance of the, 421 incentive for action and moral, 209 international, 459 justification by the, 26 lex vetera, 273 moral, 3, 4, 65, 79, 129, 150, 197, 200-218, 278, 355, 363 Mosaic, 23-41 old and new, 267-281 obligatory nature of, 317, 451 of Christ, 3, 23, 267-276 of freedom, 213 of nature, 38, 151, 201-213, 363 of the cross, 270

503

permissive, 210 personal, 4, 277, 349, 357 positive, 381 prescription of the, 317 promulgation of, 72, 111 rule of, 29, 400 source of, 160, 170 type of moral, 212, 214 universal, 2, 191, 201, 202, 203, 218, 294 unjust, 443, 451 unto oneself, 302, 317 utility as foundation of, 186 written in the hearts, 23, 37 see also natural law legalism, 461 man as lord and master of nature, 135 as measure of things, 130 inner and outer, 122 maxims, 203-206, 210, 213 as relation between will and action, 206 modality of, 207 of provisional moral code, 139 two levels of, 204 means and end, 51 see also action mercy, 32 metaphysics, 86, 138, 160, 199, 211, 212, 306, 320, 334, 366, 393, 397 moral absolutes, 453 and physical possibility, 208 autonomy, 203, 270 modalities, 205, 206, 211

504

Subject Index

morally forbidden and permitted 208, 212 morally necessary, 205, 210 morally possible and impossible, 202-215 norm, 63 order, 9, 11-16, 21, 138, 232, 311 realism, 149, 153, 232 schematism, 213 science; see ethics and prudence sense, 151, 153, 154, 158, 331 theology, 270, 271, 276, 277280, 283, 306, 327 morality and legality, 209, 381, 442, 452, 453, 458, 460, 465 and natural appetites, 431 and nature, 363 and right, 201 and truth, 145 as internal, 458 Christian, 267-275, 279-284 object, end and circumstances, 77 provisional moral code, 137, 138 universality of, 189 natural and artificial, 295 and empirical observation, 290 Hume’s conception of, 153 knowledge of what is, 290 order, 12-15, 433 philosophy, 334 sociability, 14 natural law and Aristotle’s Ethics, 113

and biological nature, 361 and Christian ethics, 73, 78, 270 and civiles mores, 113 and creation, 16, 38, 188 and customs, 73, 79, 80 and divine law, 114 and divine revelation, 73 and eternal law, 278, 320, 336 and human law, 76, 95 and human rights, 192 and inclinations, 119 and instinct, 329, 343 and koinai ennoiai, 119 and marriage, 78 and Mosaic Law, 37 and natural form, 335 and natural reason, 79 and passions, habits and dispositions, 65 and politics, 115 and positive law, 75, 165, 170, 200, 254, 318, 354, 397, 400 and practical reason, 112 and society, 75, 263 and synderesis, 68, 351 and the Germans, 67-70 as abstract, 181 as an aptitude and not a code, 234 as bridge between theology and philosophy, 122 as confirmation of Christian doctrine, 115 as constituted by reason, 314 as source of positive law, 116 as unavailable, 405 connaturality with, 16 contemporary explanations of, 3, 260

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

definition of, 120 degrees in, 121 descriptive-reflexive level of, 312-314, 321 epistemological and real levels of, 302 etsi Deus non daretur, 173, 350, 437 first principles of, 427 foundation of, 73, 111, 116118, 402 founded in innate notions and not in inclinations, 118 honeste vivere, 172, 173 immutable, 350 is not law, 399 ius naturale and ius gentium, 332 knowledge of, 65, 66, 74, 116, 118, 123, 229, 259, 301, 351, 402 legalist conception of, 152 loss of meaning of, 256 metaphysical foundation of, 166 modern theory of, 198 naeminem laedere, 172 obligatory character of, 151 practical value of, 301 precepts of, 67, 69, 74, 76, 77, 201 prescriptive-practical level, 312, 313, 314, 321 principles of, 45, 65, 119, 429 rational justification of, 401 received from Adam through tradition, 123 restricted to external actions, 121 theory, 301, 302, 308, 311, 313, 314, 318-324

505

universality of, 351 voluntarist conception of, 150 without reference to nature, 259 see also law and nature natural right, 11, 195, 200 and natural instincts, 331 and positive right, 76 freedom as a, 199 modern conception of, 199 naturalism, 2, 135, 149, 150, 154, 297, 300 and human nature, 226 and supernaturalism in theology, 269 sources of modern, 149 naturalistic fallacy, 150, 289, 361, 362, 427 and health, 369 is and ought question, 4, 154, 381, 444 nature ad unum, 330, 334, 339 ambiguities of the concept of, 300 and freedom, 217 and grace, 272, 276, 281 and normativity, 292, 299 and person, 272 and teleology, 296 animal and human, 333 as biological process, 254 as limit to human will, 396 as principle of operations, 350 as the condition of being well or unwell, 367 as the mother of justice, 14 cosmic, 14 divine, 12, 16 generic, 335 intelligible, 214, 215

506

Subject Index

knowledge of, 292, 361 legality of, 201, 212, 216 man and, 245 physical, 17 rational, 20, 21, 186, 188, 260 secundum naturam and according to, 20, 34, 290, 291, 352 sensible, 199 state of, 192 technique of, 367 work and, 244, 245 see also natural law and human natue needs of human life, 244 see also inclinations and appetite Neoplatonism, 37, 332 nihilism, 393, 394, 398 nominalism, 2, 85 objectivism universalist, 232 obligation, 212, 301, 453, 459 and agency, 228 and feeling, 363 and law, 444 and natural inclinations, 320 and natural relationships, 462 and nature, 362 and promise, 461 and reason, 319 based on the will of the legislator, 150 capacity to obligate, 72, 454 legal and moral, 453 moral, 155, 453, 459 nature of moral, 150 source of normativity, 197 to obey the law, 399, 452, 460

types of, 458, 460 uses of the term, 453 vis obligandi, 301, 317, 320, 322 see also bindingness and duty oikeíosis, 19 option fundamental, 272, 433 order see reason and moral Patristic, 276 Peasant’s War, 114 perception internal, 19 of the human self, 16 person, 353, 354, 357 and human essence, 349 and human species, 349 and rationality, 425 as subject of imputation, 422 phenomenology, 225 politics, 3, 169, 185, 237, 239, 245-256, 403 and morality, 189 as a basic human activity, 248 government, 191 positivism, 464 legal, 170, 380, 381, 393, 455 practical, 313 agibile, 313 and practicable, 308, 313 meaning of, 307, 311 necessity, 210 sphere, 206 practical knowledge, 4, 48, 229, 234, 303-310, 403, 404, 438 actual and habitual, 308 and practical science, 307, 308, 311

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

moral science as theoreticalpractical, 313 perfect, 306, 309 practical-practical, 307 theoretical and, 305, 379 see also knowledge and judgment practical philosophy rehabilitation of, 43, 382, 451 practical reason, 2-4, 50, 60, 66, 90, 92, 96, 98, 112, 129, 184, 190, 201-205, 208-213, 230, 302-313, 320-323, 355, 383386, 429, 432, 433, 451, 452, 456, 465 and application, 99, 427 and circumstances, 103, 382 and contingency, 66 and legal reasoning, 380 and promulgation of positive law, 120 and teleology, 225 and truth, 321; see also practical truth articulation of goods and, 232 autonomy of, 274 categories of, 206 darkening of, 68 empirically conditioned, 208 its dependence on affects, 68 judicative function of, 202, 322 law of pure, 214 object of, 204, 205, 211, 212 postulates of, 163, 173 principles of, 117, 117, 304, 314, 429 pure, 198, 202, 204 theoretical and, 66, 302, 303, 305, 306, 320, 321, 379 see also intellect

507

practical reasoning, 53, 262, 265, 381, 384, 389, 391, 428, 431-433 and error, 53 and principles of natural law, 429 and virtues, 264 correct and morally good, 432 deductive, 232 knowledge and appetite in, 432 logical-deductive, 389 principles of, 427 specificity of, 428 see also rationality practical syllogism, 58, 432 and deontic syllogism, 58 conclusion of, 58, 432 premises of, 427, 429 practical truth, 2, 18, 43-63, 96, 97, 304, 389 accordance between intellect and appetites, 49, 57 and contingency, 44, 59, 61 and intention, 61 and practical falsehood, 43, 52, 56 and rectitude, 50 and speculative truth, 58 and technical truth, 61, 62 and the truth of moral judgments, 57 and virtues, 45 as order of reason, 98 as the truth of actions, 44, 57 broader and prudential meaning of, 305 elements of, 46 see also truth, prudence and practical knowledge

508

Subject Index

praxis, 4, 45, 47, 52, 54, 58-63, 252, 317, 395, 404, 405 and poiesis, 247 politics as a form of, 246 precepts, 346 instincts and natural law, 329 of practical reason, 322 see also duty and obligation prejudice defence of, 182 principles first practical, 345 morally-practical, 208 operative, 336, 338 pre-moral, 384 technically-practical, 208, 210 universal moral, 190 see also practical reason and natural law property, 182 at the base of society, 183 see also economics Protestanstism, 73, 110, 112, 118, 269 and ethics, 110 and natural law theory, 109 Reformation, 2, 109, 110, 114, 118, 122, 125 prudence, 4, 46, 56, 61, 77, 92102, 189, 191, 246, 304, 307310, 313, 330, 337-347, 356, 384, 390, 404, 440 and art, 62 and certainty in moral matters, 128 and law, 444 and legal reasoning, 389 and moral judgment, 92, 311 and moral science, 307, 308, 311 and objectivity, 104

and practical reason, 304 and science, 403 as practical-practical, 313 command of, 102 history as preceptor of, 189 in political decision, 181 phronesis, 294, 384, 403 phronimos, 384 prudent man, 50, 54, 59, 85, 92-97, 101-103, 183 recta ratio agibilium, 307 see also judgment, practical truth and practical knowledge rationalism, 260, 458 rationality, 16, 18 divine, 16 imputation and human, 410 practical, 43, 435 reason ad opposita, 334 and faith, 280, 282 and prejudice, 184 and revelation, 268 as ruler, 319 as unable of seeking truth, 132 corrupt, 70 darkened, 65, 66, 268 divine, 12, 14, 16, 18 eternal, 319 is useless, 129 living in accordance with, 314 lógos spermatikós, 16 natural, 2, 65, 66, 68, 72-81, 100, 103, 156, 319, 321, 323, 335, 336, 346, 352 order of, 47, 68, 282, 354 recta ratio or right, 12, 13, 16, 20, 48, 55, 61, 98, 99, 100,

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

165, 176, 291, 292, 297, 298, 305, 307, 308, 311, 440 secundum rationem, 283, 299, 341, 343 spoiled, 70 true, 48, 50, 53, 58, 59, 62 see also practical reason and intellect relativism, 398 responsibility, 410, 415 attribution of, 409 see also imputation and agent Respublica optima, 163, 169, 179 revelation natural, 30, 40 see also God right and obligation, 460 native, 199 source of, 460 to have rights, 239, 254, 255, 256 see also law and human rights rule and deed, 414 practical, 205 see also law rules of conduct, 4, 276, 409, 413, 415, 416, 420, 423 of imputation, 4, 410, 415, 416, 417, 422, 425 scepticism, 130 Scholastic, 2, 89, 104, 106, 164, 305, 312 Neo-Scholastic, 289, 296 science and values, 365

509

Biology, 367, 368 Mathematics, 364, 365, 367 Mechanics, 364, 365, 367 moral; see ethics and prudence Newtonian, 364 self-legislation, 302, 318 see also autonomy senses pitfall of the, 133 sin, 33 by passion, 70 by vice, 70 reason of, 315 see also human nature and justification synderesis, 47, 53, 67-71, 74, 77-83, 103, 307, 321, 331, 345, 347, 351-357 and conscience, 69 and knowledge of human faculties, 352 as innate habit, 354 light of, 69 see also conscience and judgment teleology, 2, 9, 13-16, 225, 228, 261, 296, 297, 337, 366 and biology, 296 and moral rectitude, 297 epistemological difficulties of, 296 natural, 291 truth, 44 and falsehood, 50 and good, 303 as conformity, 44 divine, 137 divine intellect as the ultimate measure of, 61

510

Subject Index

doing the truth, 57 eternal, 160, 168 in the intellect, 58 moral, 269, 433 see also knowledge and practical truth universal characteristic, 167, 169 harmony, 2, 163, 166-170, 174176 universality, 217 usury, 87, 89; see also economics ut in pluribus, 104, 290, 291 and natural, 290 and statistics, 290 utilitarianism, 2, 3, 161, 169, 181-185, 192 utility, 157 value basic human, 386 see also good and evil vice, 47, 69, 70, 74, 79, 155, 298, 324, 430, 446 virtue, 11, 45-47, 50, 53-55, 71, 73, 77, 80, 83, 93, 96, 164, 260-276, 282, 304, 323, 345, 346, 353-356, 438-441, 446448 and appetite, 431 and community, 260 and habits, 357 and health, 373 and inclinations, 345 and knowledge, 309 and law, 448 and moral education, 264 and passions, 310 and young man, 310

artificial, 153 as determination of the will, 143 as good of human life, 260 as practice, 260 as the conformance to nature, 21 becoming virtuous, 54 charity as the form of, 282 fortitude, 440 intellectual, 112, 262, 345 moral, 4, 47, 61, 73, 99, 100, 282, 323, 438, 439, 440 natural, 153, 155 of recognition, 262 of will, 355 practical judgment and moral, 101 temperance, 440 theological, 270, 282 virtuous man, 12, 49, 50, 56, 100, 141, 143, 187, 313, 318, 324, 430 see also prudence, justice and habits volition theory of, 216 voluntarism, 2, 85, 118, 120, 149-169, 174-176, 196-198 voluntary and ignorance, 417 see also imputation and action will, 49, 52, 218 and charity, 268 and command, 341 and end, 339 and knowledge of the good, 101 and moral judgment, 203 and reason, 144, 305

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

and understanding, 138 as an intellective appetite, 59 autonomy of the, 143 causality of the, 215 determining ground of, 203 divine, 274, 277 good, 62, 205 inclination of the, 339 moral determination of the, 203 perfection of the, 356 pure, 208 voluntas recta, 48

voluntas ut natura, 48, 356 voluntas ut ratio, 356 wisdom and ignorance, 131 divine, 165, 167, 173, 175 experience and moral, 104 moral, 69 practical, 384 wise men, 53 world as the common city of men and gods, 20

511

NAME INDEX

Abbà, G., 403, 406, 428, 449 Abraham, 28, 37, 38 Aceti, G., 176 Achenwall, G., 218 Aertsen, J., 334, 347 Albert the Great, 305, 324, 332 Aletti, J.-N., 40 Alexy, R., 400, 452, 457, 460, 464, 465 Allison, Henry E., 218 Annas, J., 21 Anscombe, G. E. M., 428, 449, 453, 455, 457, 465 Anthiocus of Ascalon, 10, 13 Antognazza, M. R., 176 Aparisi, Á., 391 Aquinas, 2, 4, 34, 43-83, 86, 9099, 100, 101, 104, 117, 118, 124, 150, 158, 164, 176, 185, 190-193, 201, 218, 259, 260, 263, 265, 268, 269, 273, 276, 297, 300-350, 351, 355-359, 379-384, 388, 389, 391, 405, 412, 417, 426-449, 465, 466 Thomism, 2, 3, 4, 67, 75, 77, 79, 82, 83, 86, 90, 98, 164, 190, 201, 259, 289, 292, 300, 302, 306, 311, 314, 318-327, 356, 427, 450 Neo-Thomism, 280, 289 Arana, J., 218 Arbesu, C., 390, 391 Arendt, H., 3, 237-257, 382, 391 Argiroffi, A., 406

Aristotle, 13, 43-58, 63, 66, 70, 78, 79, 82, 92, 96, 104, 109, 111-113, 117, 119, 123, 124, 172, 252, 260, 293, 294, 297302, 305, 307-309, 322, 324, 327, 329, 330, 333, 338, 342, 347, 365, 368, 372, 374, 375, 379, 384, 389-391, 396, 403, 406, 407, 412, 417, 425-429, 432, 438-444, 450 Aristotelianism, 2, 3, 12, 45, 50, 54, 55, 58, 61, 79, 86, 88, 106, 109-112, 116, 119, 123, 164, 185, 199, 259, 260, 289, 292, 297-300, 302, 308, 309, 321, 326, 349, 384, 395, 401-404 Armogathe, J.-R., 146 Armstrong, R. A., 67, 75, 82 Arnim, H. F. A. von, 21 Arregui, J. V., 394, 406 Atwood, J., 300 Aubert, J. M., 267-270, 273, 284 Augustine of Hippo, 41, 260, 321, 325, 373 Austin, J., 381 Auxerre, W. of, 330 Averrois, 333, 347 Azpilcueta, M. de, 90, 94, 104 Baillet, A., 146 Ballesteros, J., 324, 326, 380382, 391, 464, 465 Balthasar, H. U. von, 277-279, 281, 285

514

Báñez, D., 90 Barker, E., 193 Barrientos, J., 104 Basso, D., 325 Bastit, M., 325 Bauer, C., 124 Baumgarten, A., 196 Bayón, J. C., 466 Beck, L. W., 218 Beeley, P., 176 Belda, J., 104 Belmans, T. G., 359 Benedict XVI, 39 Benton, R. J., 218 Berman, H., 124 Beuchot, M., 404, 406 Bierbrauer, P., 124 Biffi, I., 281 Bisterfeld, J. H., 166-168, 176, 178 Blank, A., 177 Bobzien, S., 218 Bonaventure, Saint, 331 Boyancé, P., 10, 16, 21 Boyle, J. M., 406 Bozzi, R., 406 Brock, S. L., 325 Brunschvicg, L., 146 Buchheim, T., 218 Burgundius of Pisa, 330 Burke, E., 2, 3, 181-193 Busche, H., 177 Byrne, B., 40 Caesar, J., 82 Caffarra, C., 281 Calixt, G., 124 Camerarius, J., 124 Campillo, N., 257 Canavan, F., 193 Carande, R., 104

Name Index

Carneades, 14 Carpintero, F., 359 Carranza, B., 104 Carrera, J., 104 Castaño, S. R., 359 Chafuen, A., 88,104 Charron, 128, 129, 139, 141, 142, 146 Christ, 25-29, 34, 35, 268, 270283 Christianism, 11, 74, 116, 271, 279, 280 Chrysostom, John, 40 Cicero, 2, 9-21, 110, 172, 185, 187, 188, 193, 333, 347 Congar, Y., 280, 284 Corpus Christi, M. de, 90, 104 Cotta, S., 217, 218, 382, 384, 391, 392 Cottier, G., 325 Couturat, L., 177 Crowe, M. B., 82 Crusius, C. A., 196, 197, 218 Cruz, A., 291, 300-304, 309, 315-325 Cumberland, R., 150, 151, 157, 199 D’Agostino, F., 395-398, 406 Damascene, John, 330, 347 Damasio, A., 63 Daries, J. G., 414, 425 de Albornoz, B., 104 de Roover, R., 88 del Vigo, A., 105 Delgado, J., 463, 464, 466 Delhaye, P., 267, 275-277, 284 Deman, T., 63, 105, 347 Descartes, R. 2, 52, 63, 127-147 Cartesianism, 2, 127-144 Di Blasi, F., 325

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

Diogenes Laertius, 22 Dostoyevski, F., 233 Dupont, J., 41 Dworkin, R., 400, 461, 464, 466 Edwards, J., 219 Ellscheid, G., 407 Elton, M., 359 Enegrén, A., 257 Enskat, R., 219 Epicurus, 172 Eslin, J.-C., 257 Esser, J., 395 Faye, E., 146 Fernández, P., 95, 105 Ferraris, M., 407 Festugière, P., 16, 22 Feuerbach, L., 43, 57, 64 Feuillet, A., 41 Finnis, J., 47, 64, 259, 320, 325, 382, 384-389, 391, 400, 402, 427, 434, 435, 438, 441, 448450, 454, 456, 466 Fitzmyer, J. A., 41 Forti, S., 257 Frank, G., 124 Frey, C., 124 Friedrich, H., 146 Fuchs, J., 267, 270-273, 284 Fuller, L. L., 400, 407 Gadamer, H. G., 43, 196, 219, 395, 396, 402-407 Gadofre, G., 146 Galindo, J., 300 García Sanz, A., 105 García Villoslada, R., 105 García, F., 105 Gardies, J.-L., 177 Gascón, M., 391 Gauthier, R. A., 347

515

George, R. P., 303, 326, 405, 406, 438, 449, 466 Geraghty, R. P., 325 Gómez Camacho, F., 105 Gomez Lobo, A., 300 González, A. M., 9, 77, 83, 101, 105, 196, 202, 219, 221, 295, 300, 301, 304, 305, 325 Goyard-Fabre, S., 177 Graband, C., 219 Grafton, A., 146 Greene, R. A., 347 Grice-Hutchinson, M., 88, 105 Grimaldi, N., 127, 128, 138, 142, 144, 146 Grisez, G., 202, 303, 326, 405, 407, 427, 428, 431, 435, 438, 449, 450 Grondin, J., 407 Grotius, H., 69, 83, 110, 125, 150, 154, 157, 170, 172, 173, 199, 201 Grua, G., 159-162, 172, 177 Guastini, R., 404, 407 Guhrauer, G., 177 Haakonssen, K., 69, 83, 110, 125, 157, 356, 476 Habermas, J., 466 Hadot, P., 375 Hagerström, A., 459 Hall, R. B., 359 Häring, B., 106 Hart, H. L. A., 381, 391, 399, 400, 451-456, 459, 466 Hassemer, W., 395, 407 Heidegger, M., 241, 242, 248, 249, 257, 395 Heinekamp, A., 177 Henrich, D., 203, 219

516

Name Index

Hervada, J., 73, 83, 383-385, 392, 460, 466 Hobbes, T., 160, 161, 165, 168, 170-172, 176-179, 199, 247, 380 Hobbesian, 165, 168, 170 Höffe, O., 219 Hruschka, J., 409-426 Honoré, T., 347 Hume, D., 2, 4, 149-158, 362365, 369, 375, 427, 444 Hutcheson, F., 150-156, 158, 196, 197, 219, 331 Ihering, R. von, 451 Inciarte, F., 54-57, 64, 202, 401, 407 Iparraguirre, D., 106 Irwin, T. H., 407 Isidore of Seville, 331, 332, 347 Jewett, R., 41 Joerden, J. C., 413, 426 Jonas, H., 375 Junges, J. R., 106 Justinian, 332 Kabitz, W., 177 Kafka, F., 255, 257 Kalinowski, G., 407 Kamen, H., 106 Kant, I., 3, 121, 195-221, 253, 273, 363-368, 375, 395, 411, 414, 415, 417, 422, 423, 425, 426 Kantianism, 3, 195-199, 201, 203, 204, 212, 216, 217, 395 Kaufmann, A. 395, 407, 464 Kaulbach, F., 220 Kelsen, H., 381, 392, 399, 400, 451, 455, 459, 465, 466 Kemp Smith, N., 155

Kennedy, G. A., 41 Klinnert, L., 125 Kluxen, W., 325 Kuss, O., 41 Lafer, C., 257 Langholm, O., 106 Larraz, J., 106 Larrú, J., 41 Legros, R., 257 Leibniz, G. W. F., 2, 159-179, 196 Lemaire, J., 146 Levering, M., 325 Levi, A., 146 Levinas, E., 257 Lévy, C., 10, 16, 22, 128 Lipovetsky, G., 462, 466 Llano, A., 220, 325, 407 Locke, J., 150, 151, 157, 158, 243, 247 Loemker, L. E., 178 Lottin, O., 348 Luther, M., 69, 73, 109, 114, 118, 122, 125 Lynch, J., 106 Lyonnet, S., 41 MacCormick, N., 466 MacIntyre, A., 3, 259-265, 381, 392 Mackie, J. L., 466 Mager, I., 125 Maritain, J., 71, 73, 83, 263 Martínez Doral, J. M., 380, 392 Marx, K., 43, 57, 64, 247, 394 Massini, C. I., 64, 407 Maximus the Confessor, 330 Mayer, V., 220 McInerny, R., 326 McKenna, A., 146

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

Medina, B. de, 95, 104 Melanchthon, P., 2, 109-125 Melehy, H., 146 Mercado, T. de, 95, 105 Mercer, C., 178 Mesa, C. A., 359 Mesnard, P., 146 Methuen, C., 125 Millán-Puelles, A., 83 Molina, F., 106, 359 Mommsen, T., 348 Mondolfo, R., 17, 19, 22 Montaigne, M. de, 2, 127-147 Moo, D. J., 41 Moore, E., 106 Moore, G. E., 289 Moreau, J., 13, 22 Mormino, G., 178 Morrice, D. S., 158 Moss, L. S., 106 Mugnai, M., 178 Mulvaney, R. J., 178 Murphy, M., 326 Naert, É., 178 Najman, H., 41 Naus, J. E., 326 Newton, I., 155 Nietzsche, F., 233, 364, 394, 401 Noonan, J. T., 106 Novalis, 43, 64 Nussbaum, M. C., 428, 450, 462, 466 Ollero, A., 466 Origen, 332, 348 Orrego, C., 407 Osuna, A., 348 Pacchiani, C., 392 Pallavicino, P., 172

517

Paton, H. J., 220 Paul, Saint, 2, 22-32, 38, 40, 41, 57, 190 Pelagian, 34 Pembroke, S., 22 Penna, R., 41 Pepin, J., 13, 22 Pereña, L., 106 Pérez del Valle, C., 392 Pfister, H., 125 Philo of Alexandria, 37, 38, 40 Philo of Larisa, 10 Pieper, J., 102, 106, 441, 450 Pierce, C. A., 41 Pinckaers, S., 275, 282-284 Piro, F., 178 Pitta, A., 41 Plamenatz, J., 181-184, 193 Plato, 12, 13, 16, 22, 119, 160, 169, 171, 172, 237, 242, 247, 365, 371, 372, 384, 396, 458 Platonism, 10-13, 16, 21, 119, 164, 166, 174, 232, 242, 247, 248, 249 Christian Platonism, 161 Polo, L., 4, 350-360 Porphyry, 332, 348 Protagoras, 299 Pufendorf, S., 150, 154, 157, 158, 170, 176, 196-201, 220, 411, 417, 420, 425, 458, 466 Quevedo, A., 300 Radbruch, G., 451 Ramírez, S., 326 Raphael, D. D., 158 Ratzinger, J., 41 Rawls, J., 385, 392, 400 Raz, J., 399, 452, 455, 456, 460, 466

518

Name Index

Reale, G., 407 Recaséns, L., 467 Rehm, W., 64 Rhonheimer, M., 3, 70, 83, 275, 282-285, 302- 306, 312, 313, 319-326, 355, 360, 428, 450 Ricoeur, P., 361-365, 375 Riedel, M., 392 Riley, P., 178 Ritter, J., 43, 392 Robinet, A., 178 Röd, W., 178 Rodis-Lewis, G., 147 Rodríguez Luño, A., 446, 450 Rodríguez, R., 220 Rosen, M., 232, 235 Ross, G. M., 178 Rousseau, F., 360 Royce, J., 385, 392 Ruck, E., 178 Sacchi, A., 42 Salamanca, School of, 2, 85101, 105 Sánchez Muñoz, C., 257 Sanchez-Ostiz, P., 426 Sandbach, F., 22 Scarpelli, U., 467 Sharrok, R., 172 Scheler, M., 365 Schiedermair, H., 179 Schmucker, J., 220 Schneewind, J. B., 220 Schneider, H.-P., 179 Schneiders, W., 179 Schönecker, D., 220 Schröer, C., 327 Schumpeter, J. A., 88, 106 Schürmann, H., 277 Schwartz, L., 290, 300 Schwartz, M., 220

Scola, A., 278, 279, 281, 285 Segalla, G., 42 Sellés, J. F., 107, 360 Serna, P., 408 Sève, R., 179 Sgreccia, E., 429, 450 Shaftesbury, A. A. C., 150-154, 158 Sierra, R., 107 Silber, J., 220 Skarica, M., 64 Slade, F., 227, 235 Soaje, G., 408 Socrates, 80, 242, 247, 374, 385, 392 Sokolowski, R., 3, 225-231, 234, 235 Solari, G., 179 Soto, D. de, 85, 90, 94, 105 Spaemann, R., 300, 392 Spicq, C., 38, 39, 42 Stoa, 2, 12, 16-22, 111, 119, 330, 332 Stoicism, 11-21, 30, 37, 38, 45, 128, 165 Stöckle, B., 275, 280 Strohm, C., 125 Suarez, F., 427 Svensson, M., 125 Taylor, C., 3, 225, 230-235 Thomasius, C., 458, 459, 467 Thomasius, J., 164, 170, 171 Thrall, M. E., 42 Thrasymachus, 160-163, 169176 Thweatt, V., 147 Tierney, B., 327 Timmermann, J., 220 Tommasi, C., 179 Tönnies, F., 179

Natural Law: Historical, Systematic and Juridical Approaches

Torralba, J. M., 220 Toulmin, S., 147 Tremblay, R., 280, 285 Trigo, T., 285 Ulpian, 331-333, 347 Urabayen, J., 360 Vanni, U., 42 Vasoli, C., 179 Vattimo, G., 408 Vázquez de Prada, V., 107 Vereecke, L., 106 Vial, J. de D., 450 Vienna Circle, 394 Vigo, A. G., 51, 52, 55, 64, 86, 196, 199, 200, 214, 220, 393, 394, 404, 408 Vilar, P., 107 Villey, M., 327, 390, 392 Viola, F., 395-401, 404-408 Vitoria, F. de, 85, 86, 90-94, 97, 98, 105-107 Voelke, A., 19, 22 Volpi, F., 408 Von Arnim, I., 22

519

von Wolff-Metternich, B.-S., 221 Wallace, W. A., 327 Walton, K., 467 Wand, B., 156, 158 Welzel, H., 179 Westberg, D., 327 Wieland, G., 327 Wieland, W., 221 Wilkins, B. T., 193 Willaschek, M., 221 Williams, G., 125 Wittgenstein, L., 392 Wolff, C., 196, 197, 221, 411, 419, 426 Wood, A. W., 209, 220 Worland, S. T., 107 Yarza, I., 408 Zaccaria, G., 395, 398, 408 Zagal, H., 300 Zarka, C. Y., 179 Zimmermann, R., 179