GG-01 – NORMAS DE ENSAYO Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE MECANICA DE SUELOS
NORMAS DE ENSAYOS Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE MECANICA DE SUELOS 1 - INTRODUCCIÓN La actividad normal del laboratorio de Suelos y Pavimentos de la Facultad de Minas comprende tanto los servicios docentes convencionales, como la investigación y la prestación de servicios externos de extensión y consultoría. Y si bien es cierto que la presentación de muchos ensayos en la práctica docente deben simplificarse por limitaciones de tiempo, el estudiante debe estar familiarizado con las normas técnicas que regulan los ensayos y procedimientos de laboratorio que deben ser seguidas rigurosamente en la práctica profesional. Por otra parte, los servicios externos del laboratorio y las actividades de investigación, incluidos los trabajos dirigidos de grado deben ceñirse estrictamente a dichas normas. Algunas actividades en Colombia, particularmente las que tienen un alto volumen de contratación, cuentan con sus propias normas y especificaciones. Otras han adoptado normas internacionales particularmente las de la ASTM. Pero lamentablemente en numerosos casos los ensayos de campo y laboratorio no se ajustan a normas establecidas, y apenas si siguen unos procedimientos transmitidos oralmente, que frecuentemente son ejecutados por personas sin la debida preparación académica, o se confunden los textos preparados como material docente con el manual de laboratorio propiamente dicho. El material de laboratorio cuya primera versión ofrecemos en este volumen, consiste básicamente en un conjunto de normas de ensayo y procedimientos de uso frecuente en los laboratorios de geotecnia, adaptados de las normas ASTM, con adiciones y modificaciones que pueden contribuir a hacer un mejor uso de ellas. Como manual de laboratorio su función básica es definir de manera sistemática los procedimientos y métodos de ensayo que deben seguirse en los servicios externos y en las actividades de investigación del Grupo de Geotecnia. A continuación enumeramos las normas ASTM más utilizadas en los laboratorios de geotecnia y que son frecuentemente citadas en este Manual.
2- NORMAS ASTM MÁS FRECUENTEMENTE UTILIZADAS EN LA INGENIERÍA DE SUELOS
ASTM Standard D420-93: Guide for Investigating and Sampling Soil and Rock. ASTM Standard D421-85: Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. ASTM Standard D422-63: Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. ASTM Standard D425-88: Test Method for Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent of Soils. ASTM Standard D427-93: Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils. ASTM Standard D653-90: Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids.
GRUPO DE GEOTECNIA FACULTAD DE MINAS
1/6
GG-01 – NORMAS DE ENSAYO Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE MECANICA DE SUELOS
ASTM Standard D698-91: Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12400ft-lbf/ft 3 (600KNm/m 3 )). ASTM Standard D854-92: Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils. ASTM Standard D1140-92: Test Method for Amount of Materials Soils Finer than the No 200 (75- µ m ) Sieve. ASTM Standard D1194-72: Test Method for Bearing Capacity of Soil for Static Load on Spread Footings. ASTM Standard D1195-93: Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate Load Test of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pavements. ASTM Standard D1196-93: Test Method for Non repetitive Static Plate Load Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pavements. ASTM Standard D1452-80: Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings. ASTM Standard D1556-90: Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil In Place by the Sand-Cone Method. ASTM Standard D1557-91: Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56000 ft − lbf / ft 3 ( 2700kNm / m3 ))
.
ASTM Standard D1558-84: Test Method for Moisture Content Penetration Resistance Relationships of Fine-Grained Soils. ASTM Standard D 1586-84: Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils. ASTM Standard D1587-83: Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils. ASTM Standard D1883-92: Test Method for CBR(California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory – Compacted Soils. ASTM Standard D2113-83: Practice for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Investigation. ASTM Standard D2166-91: Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil. ASTM Standard D2167-84: Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon Method. ASTM Standard D2168-90: Test Methods for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors. ASTM Standard D2216-92: Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock. ASTM Standard D2217-85: Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants. ASTM Standard D2325-68: Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationships for Coarse -and Medium- Textured Soils by Porous –Plate Apparatus. ASTM Standard D2434-68: Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head). ASTM Standard D2435-90: Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils. ASTM Standard D2487-93: Test Method for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes. ASTM Standard D2488-93: Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (VisualManual Procedure). ASTM Standard D2573-72: Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil.
GRUPO DE GEOTECNIA FACULTAD DE MINAS
2/6
GG-01 – NORMAS DE ENSAYO Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE MECANICA DE SUELOS
ASTM Standard D2844-89: Test Method for Resistance R-Value and Expansion Pressure of Compacted Soils. ASTM Standard D2850-87: Test Method for Unconsolidated, Undrained Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soils in Triaxial Compression. ASTM Standard D2922-91: Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth). ASTM Standard D2937-83: Test Method for Density of Soil In Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method. ASTM Standard D3017-88: Test Method for Water Content of Soil and Rock in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth). ASTM Standard D3080-90: Method for Direct Shear Test of Soil Under Consolidated Drained Conditions. ASTM Standard D3152-72: Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationships for FineTextured Soils by Pressure Membrane Apparatus. ASTM Standard D3155-83: Test Method for Lime Content of Uncured Soil-Lime Mixtures. ASTM Standard D3213-91: Practice for Handling, Storing, and Preparing Soft Undisturbed Marine Soil. ASTM Standard D3282-93: Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes. ASTM Standard D3385-88: Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using DoubleRing Infiltrometer. ASTM Standard D3404-91: Guide to Measuring Metric Potential in the Vadose Zone Using Tensiometers. ASTM Standard D3441-86: Method for Deep, Quasi-Static, Cone and Friction-Cone Penetration Tests of Soil. ASTM Standard D3550-84: Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils. ASTM Standard D3551-90: Method for Laboratory Preparation of Soil-Lime Mixtures Using a Mechanical Mixer. ASTM Standard D3668-78: Test Method for Bearing Ratio of Laboratory-Compacted SoilLime Mixtures. ASTM Standard D3689-90: Method for Testing Individual Piles Under Static Axial Tensile Load. ASTM Standard D3740-92: Practice for the Evaluation of Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction. ASTM Standard D3877-80: Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion, Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures. ASTM Standard D3966-90: Method of Testing Piles Under Lateral Loads. ASTM Standard D3999-91: Test Method for the Determination of the Modulus and Damping Properties of Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus. ASTM Standard D4015-92: Test Methods for Modulus and Damping of Soils by the Resonant-Column Method. ASTM Standard D4016-93: Test Method for Viscosity of Chemical Grouts by the Brookfield Viscometer (Laboratory Method). ASTM Standard D4186-89: Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Controlled-Strain Loading.
GRUPO DE GEOTECNIA FACULTAD DE MINAS
3/6
GG-01 – NORMAS DE ENSAYO Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE MECANICA DE SUELOS
ASTM Standard D4218: Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils ASTM Standard D4219-93: Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength Index Test of Chemical-Grouted Soils. ASTM Standard D4220-89: Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples. ASTM Standard D4221-90: Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay Soil by Double Hydrometer. ASTM Standard D4223-83: Practice for Preparation of Test Specimens of Asphalt –Stabilizes Soils. ASTM Standard D4253-91: Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table. ASTM Standard D4254-91: Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density. ASTM Standard D4318-93: Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. ASTM Standard D4320-93: Method for Laboratory Preparation of Chemically Grouted Soils Specimens for Obtaining Design Strength Parameters. ASTM Standard D4373-84: Test Method for Calcium Carbonate Content of Soils. ASTM Standard D4404-84: Test Method for Determination of Pore Volume and Pore Volume Distribution of Soil and Rock by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry. ASTM Standard D4429-93: Test Method for Bearing Ratio of Soils in Place. ASTM Standard D 4439-92: Terminology for Geosynthetics. ASTM Standard D4452-85: Methods for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples. ASTM Standard D4542-85: Test Method for Pore Water Extraction and Determination of the Soluble Salt Content of Soils by Refractometer. ASTM Standard D4546-90: Test Methods for One-Dimensional Swell or Settlement Potential of Cohesive Soils. ASTM Standard D4564-93: Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Sleeve Method. ASTM Standard D4609-86: Guide for Screening Chemicals for Soil Stabilization . ASTM Standard D4611-86: Test Method for Specific Heat of Rock and Soil. ASTM Standard D4643-93: Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by the Microwave Oven Method. ASTM Standard D4644-87: Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks. ASTM Standard D4647-93: Test Method for Identification and Classification of Dispersive Clay Soils by the Pinhole Test. ASTM Standard D4648-87: Test Method for Miniature Vane Shear Test for Satured Fine – Grained Clayey Soil. ASTM Standard D4700-91: Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone. ASTM Standard D4718-87: Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles. ASTM Standard D4719-87: Test Method for Pressurometer Testing in Soils. ASTM Standard D4753-92: Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil and Rock Testing. ASTM Standard D4767-88: Test Method for Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Compression Test on Cohesive Soils. GRUPO DE GEOTECNIA FACULTAD DE MINAS
4/6
GG-01 – NORMAS DE ENSAYO Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE MECANICA DE SUELOS
ASTM Standard D4829-88: Test Method for Expansion Index of Soils. ASTM Standard D4914-89: Test Methods for Density of Soil and Rock in Place by the Sand Replacement Method in a Test Pit. ASTM Standard D4943-89: Test Method for Shrinkage Factor of Soils by the Wax Method. ASTM Standard D4944-89: Test Method for Field Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure Tester Method. ASTM Standard D4959-89: Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by Direct Heating Method. ASTM Standard D4972-89: Test Method for pH of Soils. ASTM Standard D5030-89: Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Place by the Water Replacement Method in a Test Pit. ASTM Standard D5080-93: Test Method for Rapid Determination of Percent Compaction. ASTM Standard D5084-90: Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. ASTM Standard D5093-90: Test Method for Field Measurement of Infiltration Rate Using a Double-Ring Infiltrometer with a Sealed-Inner Ring. ASTM Standard D 5102-90: Methods for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-Lime Mixtures. ASTM Standard D5126-90: Guide for Comparison Of Field Methods for Determining Hydraulic Conductivity in the Vadose Zone. ASTM Standard D5195-91: Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below the Surface by Nuclear Methods. ASTM Standard D5202-91: Test Method for Determining Triaxial Compression in Creep Strength of Chemical Grouted Soils. ASTM Standard D5220-92: Test Method for Water Content of Soil and Rock In-Place by the Neutron Depth Probe Method. ASTM Standard D5239-92: Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization. ASTM Standard D5255-92: Practice for Certification of Personal Engaged in the Testing of Soil and Rock. ASTM Standard D5298-92: Test Method for Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper. ASTM Standard D5311-92: Test Method for Load Controlled Cyclic Triaxial Strength of Soil. ASTM Standard D5333-92: Test Method for Measurement of Collapse Potential of Soils. ASTM Standard D5334-92: Test Method for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Soil and Soft Rock by Thermal Needle Probe Procedure. ASTM Standard E11-87: Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes. ASTM Standard E100-93: Specification for ASTM Hydrometers. El manual, tal como está concebido, puede ser utilizado con provecho como material docente en los cursos de Mecánica de Suelos o de Introducción a la Geotecnia, en los que se incluyan prácticas de laboratorio. Además de las normas de ensayos y procedimientos, hemos incluido un primer capitulo que presenta un conjunto de criterios generales que deben tenerse en cuenta en la ejecución de ellos y que con frecuencia son ignorados. En el segundo capitulo hemos incluido las normas que describen los requisitos que deben cumplir las empresas y personas dedicadas profesionalmente a prestar servicios de ensayos e inspección de materiales geotécnicos. GRUPO DE GEOTECNIA FACULTAD DE MINAS
5/6
GG-01 – NORMAS DE ENSAYO Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE MECANICA DE SUELOS
La terminología propia de la Mecánica de Suelos y de los ensayos correspondientes, ha sido compilada en otro texto “Geotecnia, Diccionario Básico” cuya primera edición fue publicada por Hombre Nuevo Editores (Fabián Hoyos P, 2001). Este manual se ofrece como un tomo convencional, pero puede ser solicitado igualmente en un legajador, o como texto digital en disco de 3 ½ ”, o en disco compacto a: Grupo de Geotecnia Facultad de Minas Medellín Teléfono 4255188 - 4255188 Fax 2341002 - 2340710 Email:
[email protected]
3 - REFERENCIAS AASHTO, ASTM, 1994, Book of Standards. V 4.08 y 4.09, Philadelphia. Hoyos Patiño, F, 2001, Geotecnia. Diccionario Básico, Hombre Nuevo Editores, Medellín , 2001, pp.1 Instituto Nacional de Vías, 1998, Normas de ensayo de materiales para carretera, tomo I Suelos, INVIAS, Bogotá.
GRUPO DE GEOTECNIA FACULTAD DE MINAS
6/6