Idea Transcript
Conference “Our Common Future under Climate Change” July 9th, 2015
Scientific Session S3343:
Innovative Technologies to Mitigate Climate Change: Priorities by country
Innovative Technologies to Mitigate Climate Change: Session panellists, from left to right Roland Risser (DOE), Ellen von Zitzewitz (BMWI), François Moisan (ADEME), Xie Ji (NDRC) et Hiroshi Kuniyoshi (NEDO).
1) Participants / Speakers: Madame Ellen von Zitzewitz, Deputy Head, Division of General Affairs for international cooperation, energy foreign policy, multilateral energy cooperation, energy cooperation with industrial countries (IIA1) – Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWI), Germany M. François Moisan, Executive Director Strategy, Research, International – Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME), France M. Xie Ji, Deputy Director-General, Department of Climate Change – National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), People´s Republic of China M. Hiroshi Kuniyoshi, Executive Director – New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan M. Roland Risser, Director of the Building Technologies Office in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Department of Energy (DOE), USA Moderator: M. Philippe Rocher, Founder and Director of METROL Consultancy, France ADEME Conference – Innovative Technologies to Mitigate Climate Change – UNESCO, 9 July 2015 – Summary Report
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Background to the conference New technologies for energy will have to be developed in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. To achieve this, governments support R&D and innovative work conducted by companies and laboratories, with the objective of accelerating the pace of market development and penetration for these technologies. The future markets of a “green” economy will spur new activities and new jobs. Among all the available technologies, each country and each government has set priorities and allocated public funding to specific portfolios of targeted innovation. At the national level these priorities are established via forward-looking scenarios, such as roadmaps drawn up in collaboration with the business community. Nonetheless, much uncertainty remains as to the materialization of these new technologies in new markets. The conference “Innovative Technologies to Mitigate Climate Change: Priorities by country” was devoted to discussion and exchange between governmental decision-makers from various major countries. The focus of this discussion was the priority targets that have been identified as the most promising for mitigating climate change, as well as for creating new economic activity. The panellists' presentations provided an occasion to learn about the specific targets chosen according to the circumstances of each country, and to see areas of convergence between countries regarding certain technologies.
2) Opening Address by the organizing entity: Mr François Moisan, Executive Director for Strategy, Research and International Affairs, ADEME François Moisan underscored the two main points that are the backdrop to this conference. The first is the uncertainty that persists as to the realization of a global agreement, as ambitious as possible, between all the countries at the COP21 summit in Paris in late 2015. The second is that in general, and more and more frequently at international conferences around the world devoted to fighting climate change, the participating countries state that they are convinced that new technologies will not only meet this challenge, but will also create new jobs and new markets. In recent years we have seen how the falling price of certain renewable technologies has spurred the emergence of new industries in the energy sector. At this stage it is not well known which technologies different countries have chosen for their own portfolio. What are the best options? What should we focus on? To date there is no international meeting or forum where countries can share their visions and outlooks on technology, and the anticipated benefits in terms of markets and jobs. At this international event, the Our Common Future Facing Climate Change conference, ADEME initiated a first series of discussions on these topics with representatives of several countries, in order to identify differences and convergences of viewpoints in their approaches.
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3) Presentation by Mr Xie Ji: Deputy Director-General, Department of Climate Change, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), People's Republic of China
Mr Xie Ji NDRC – China
China, world leader in reducing energy demand China is one of the emerging economies in the world. It has experienced spectacular growth in recent years, which goes hand in hand with an equally spectacular increase in energy consumption. It has thus become the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. If China manages to reduce its CO2 emissions, it can play a significant role in mitigating climate change. The question is: How can the country ensure continued economic development when faced with the challenge of climate change? Even though the emerging economies have very different individual circumstances, contributing specific responses in the fight against climate change, the case of China may nonetheless serve as an example. As seen in a statistical study carried out by the World Bank for the period 1990-2010, China ranks first among all countries for reduction of energy consumption over these two decades. With cumulative energy savings of 1,320 Exajoules, (31.5 Mtoe) during this period, China is well ahead of the United States, in second position in this comparison, with 369 Exajoules (8.8 Mtoe). China's performance is close to four times better. Over these two decades China alone accounted for 58% of the reduction in world energy demand.
In this period China became the world leader in energy savings, far ahead of the United States.
China has significant capacity to reduce its carbon emissions:
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This shows that China already possesses the capacity to significantly cut its energy consumption, following a green growth strategy. Comparing the 2005-2010 period to 2000-2005, we see that energy consumption grew less rapidly than GDP. For 2000-2005 China's energy elasticity was 1.04, for 9.8% growth in GDP. In 2005-2010 energy elasticity fell to 0.59, while GDP grew by 11.2% This spectacular improvement is due to a radical change in economic development, implemented by the Chinese government via its five-year plans. For 2005-2010 the government designated energy efficiency as a priority in this 11th five-year plan (11th FYP), whereas during the preceding FYP energy intensity had continued to rise. China thus has high ambitions to pursue development with sustained growth, while consuming less energy, fewer resources, reducing CO2 emissions and the impact on the environment.
With energy elasticity of 0.59 for 2005-2010, China succeeded in producing more while consuming much less energy.
Energy savings and energy performance To achieve these results China is working on a broad range of technologies and innovative approaches, covering all sectors of activity, with the aim of improving energy efficiency. The key sectors are industry, construction and transport. In all these sectors the goal is to reduce energy consumption, and carbon emissions. In the area of low-carbon transport, China is developing highspeed trains for intercity connections. For urban travel the priority is on public transport, electric cars and electric bicycles. This said, a number of problems remain to be resolved for electric cars, e.g. vehicle price, battery price, capacity and life span, and availability in sufficiently large quantity. EV charging stations must also be developed. There are close to 5,000 energy service companies (ESCOs) in the energy sector in China, working to improve energy performance. To support this activity, NDRC has developed the concept of energy performance, and three pilot projects are underway. A low-carbon strategy in all sectors of activity Mitigation of CO2 emissions calls for the creation of a carbon trading market. Seven pilot projects have been set up in China, located in five cities in two provinces. In the same perspective, the emergence of low-carbon cities is an important focus of NDRC's action. There are currently 42 cities conducting pilot projects, as well as 55 pilot industrial estates, and 1,000 residential community projects. The local government of the city of Beijing is an interesting example of the types of measures that can be implemented as part of a low-carbon strategy. Four coal-fired power plants have recently been shut down, and the coal fuel will be replaced by natural gas. This action ADEME Conference – Innovative Technologies to Mitigate Climate Change – UNESCO, 9 July 2015 – Summary Report
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represents a reduction of coal consumption amounting to 9 million tonnes annually, or 40% of overall coal consumption for the city of Beijing. Renewable photovoltaic and wind energy The other major segment of this climate change mitigation action plan is based on renewable energy technologies, principally photovoltaic solar (PV) energy and wind power. Programmes have been set up for ground-mounted solar plants, and for rooftop PV installations. The targeted buildings are railroad stations, factories, shopping centres and residential buildings. In this area there is substantial potential for increasing PV electricity generating capacity. Commitments to the development of a society based on green growth In just a few years China has succeeded in sharply reducing energy consumption, and consequently is on the way to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, given the projections of economic growth established by Chinese authorities, overall emissions will continue to rise, and peak in 2030.
NDRC objectives targeting climate change mitigation for 2020 and 2030
Per unit of GDP, greenhouse gas emissions will have dropped by 60% to 65% by 2030, compared to 2005. Thanks to action undertaken during the two five-year plans, energy intensity fell by 30% and the intensity of carbon emissions by 34% for 2005-2014. Drawing upon these achievements and the experience acquired, NDRC is confident that its objectives are ambitious, but attainable. China hopes to be a promoter of green growth as a way to fight climate change, and to enable developing countries to benefit from the experience acquired.
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4) Presentation by Mr Roland Risser: Director, Building Technologies Office, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, United States Department of Energy (DOE)
Mr Roland Risser DOE – United States
US objectives for climate mitigation The president of the United States has declared the country's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 17% from their 2005 level by 2020. Following a meeting with the president of China, the United States have agreed to reduce these emissions by 26% to 28% by 2025, and will aim for an 83% reduction by 2050. In 2035 80% of electricity is slated to be generated by a mix of clean energy sources, compared to a proportion of about 45% in 2014. Energy efficiency is expected to double by 2030, and cumulative CO2 emissions should be reduced by 3 billion tonnes as new standards and regulations take effect. New policies will cover all sectors and carbon-emitting energy resources:
Policies implemented by DOE to combat climate change cover all sectors of activity and forms of energy.
DOE has a global vision to meet the climate change challenge. Each objective concerns all activity sectors across the country. All activity sectors, energy types and uses are covered by a targeted policy to reach the objectives that have been set. This global vision constitutes a major challenge, and
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innovative technologies are at the heart of the corresponding policies. The best technologies must be found for each sector, industry and type of energy use, and transposed into innovative applications that will ensure market penetration. This process is supported by policy action and by standards. Some results to date To assess the effectiveness of this approach we can look at the achievements already registered by this policy. Here are three examples from three different sectors. The first is transport. In the United States 80% of freight is transported by truck. This represents 20% of fuel consumed for transport. Working with five companies, a project was set up to reduce fuel consumption per tonne-km of goods transported by 50% for Class 8 trucks. In this framework Daimler Trucks designed a truck that showed an energy efficiency improvement of 115%. As of today, installed wind energy capacity represents the equivalent of 60 nuclear power reactors. Wind power capacity has increased three-fold since 2009. With respect to PV power, the US government has launched the SunShot programme, which aims to align the cost of PV with that of conventional energy sources. In four years the cost of solar electricity has dropped from $0.21/kWh to $0.11/kWh. In terms of energy savings, a leading example is the replacement of incandescent light bulbs with low-energy lamps, in particular LED lighting. Sales of LEDs have been multiplied by a factor of 90 in four years. This is due in large part to the improved quality of these light sources, and to lower costs. Costs have gone from $50 to $10 per lamp in just a few years. The three top priorities Transport, of all kinds, is a priority for the federal government. The focus is on three major technology areas, with objectives clearly outlined for each area. The first area is vehicle technology, targeting lower vehicle weights, electric vehicles, all the issues related to electric motors and battery technology, and lastly fuel consumption of internal combustion engines. The second area is technology to produce biofuels that are competitive with traditional fossil fuels in terms of price. The third area is fuel cells and hydrogen technology, aimed at improving equipment costs and life span. The second area of focus is renewable energy, and specifically solar, wind and hydropower, including pumped energy storage, wave energy and geothermal power. The third priority is energy efficiency, targeting all final users. In industry the aim is to cut energy intensity by 2.5% each year. The goal is to halve final energy consumption in housing by 2040, via improved lighting, heating, cooling, building envelope etc. And lastly, an ambitious programme has been instituted to improve the energy performance of existing housing occupied by low-income households. Grid modernization To address the massive and continuing injection of renewable electricity into a power grid that was not designed for this type of electricity, DOE has launched a modernization initiative focusing on system interoperability. Transformation of the grid will allow all emerging technologies to be
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progressively integrated, while ensuring safe and reliable power distribution. This must be achieved while holding down costs, so that technologies can be deployed on a large scale.
DOE has implemented grid modernization to integrate electricity from renewable resources.
Stimulating technology adoption Beyond the environmental and energy advantages of new technologies, what counts is rapid market penetration. We must find ways to identify the technologies that will have the greatest impact, at the lowest cost, in efforts to mitigate climate change. At the same time potential barriers must be detected, in order to reach "early adopters" as quickly as possible, and then progress to mass dissemination of each innovation. This approach is supported by the High Impact Technology (HIT) Catalyst Programme. A typical example from this programme is the campaign conducted to launch LED lighting.
The US DOE HIT scheme is designed to stimulate market penetration of new technologies that will have a strong impact in terms of meeting climate change mitigations goals. ADEME Conference – Innovative Technologies to Mitigate Climate Change – UNESCO, 9 July 2015 – Summary Report
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The importance of standards and regulation Standards and regulations are major tools for attaining the objectives that have been defined. In this respect ISO 50001 provides a good opportunity for overall energy management strategy. This standard enables users to measure progress made in a project, at the beginning or at any other stage in the project. International cooperation In addition to these national objectives and the strategies devised to accomplish them, it is important to look beyond our borders and think of how US DOE can help other regions, the Caribbean or Africa, for example, to set up energy efficiency programmes. Already underway are bilateral programmes with India and China, with work on building energy efficiency.
5) Presentation by Dr Hiroshi Kuniyoshi: Executive Director, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan
Mr Hiroshi Kuniyoshi NEDO – Japan
Japanese energy objectives Looking ahead to 2030 Japan plans to reduce its final energy consumption by 50.3 billion litres oilequivalent, roughly 538 TWh, compared to 2013. This will be achieved through a series of measures, in industry, in the residential and commercial sector, and in transport. Today Japan is highly dependent on outside sources for its energy supply. The country has thus decided to attain 25% selfsufficiency in primary energy production by 2030; this would break down into 10%-11% nuclear power, and 22%-24% renewable energy, the latter contributing greatly to reducing energy dependence. To reduce the share of nuclear power and oil in its electricity mix, Japan plans to slightly increase coal consumption, and to double electricity generation using renewable resources compared to 2000-2010.
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Japan intends to double the proportion of renewable energy in its electricity mix by 2030.
Disseminating existing technologies and developing innovative technologies: To achieve a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions it is essential that existing highly energy-efficient technologies be deployed in Japan. NEDO observes, however, that this will not be sufficient, and that many other innovative technologies will have to be developed and deployed. Existing advanced technology and future technologies go hand in hand, as shown in the diagram above. The technologies to be harnessed in the medium and long term to address the energy and environmental challenges of climate change are very diverse. Dissemination of all these technologies is expected to yield a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Looking at the total NEDO budget for all these technologies together – ¥393 billion (€2.9 billion) for 2013-2015 – we see that the largest part of this budget, ¥119 billion (€883 million) is allocated to new energies, a category including renewables, hydrogen and fuel cells. The share devoted to innovative energy technologies is thus greater than 30% of the total. We can also see that 25% of this budget is attributed to international projects in which Japan participates with other countries. Among these, NEDO has substantial projects to support technology transfer to emerging economies. NEDO is also involved in experimental Smart City projects, in particular the Grand Lyon Smart Community project in France.
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To achieve a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, Japan will have recourse to a diversified set of technologies, both existing and new.
R&D projects for the dissemination and commercialization of innovation From its beginnings in 1980 NEDO focused on reducing energy intensity in a number of electricityintensive industries, the steel industry for example. And of course Japan was a pioneer in the development of photovoltaic panels. In 2020 the cost of 1 kWh of photovoltaic electricity should come to about ¥14 (€0.104). By 2030 this cost should be just half of the 2020 figure. This will happen only if new high-yield solar cells are developed. Other energy technologies are already penetrating the market in a significant way, for example the ENE-Farm fuel cell micro-cogeneration system that uses natural gas to generate electricity and heat for residential use. In the transport sector the TOYOTA Mirai electric vehicle that also uses fuel cells has been developed and recently brought to market. These developments and innovative results have been achieved with support not only from NEDO; they are the outcome of coordination with all actors in order to advance to commercial applications. This coordination involves the development of infrastructure and also flexibility in applying certain regulations. NEDO's prime concern is to keep in mind that the results of all these R&D projects and all these innovative achievements must be disseminated, by commercialization via industrial partners. The goal is to produce 2 million hydrogen vehicles in 2025, with a network of 1,000 charging stations. New technologies for cleaner and more efficient coal The share of coal in the energy mix is likely to rise from 24% in 2000-2010, to 26% in 2030. This trend would appear to be in contradiction with the stated goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2050! NEDO's response is to constantly pursue research to develop and finalize highefficiency coal combustion techniques. Coal-fired power plants in Japan today are very efficient, using integrated gasification combined cycle technologies (IGCC). These technologies were chosen for their high yields, along with lower greenhouse gas emissions. Another system is now being
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explored, coupling integrated gasification with fuel cell technology in a combined cycle (IGFC). NEDO projects that IGGC could achieve a final output efficiency of 65%. Effective choices for energy efficiency project targets and funding: Energy efficiency calls for a broad range of technologies, from energy production techniques to final use in the different sectors of economic activity in the country. To make the best use of funding for these technologies, NEDO regularly reviews key technologies, to optimally target its accompanying action and support for R&D in these areas. NEDO has identified five sectors in which improving energy efficiency is crucial, if the objective of economizing 50.3 billion litres oil-equivalent by 2030 is to be met. First of these is energy production, conversion and distribution. Next comes industry, followed by the residential/commercial (tertiary) sector. The fourth sector is transport. The fifth area singled out by NEDO is a cross-sectoral domain grouping future energy management systems and future generations of heat pumps. With this classification NEDO has a tool to validate the technologies on which it will focus, while avoiding redundant funding and overlapping projects.
In its energy efficiency strategy Japan has outlined three major vertical sectors, framed by two horizontal sectors; in this way the energy domain is fully covered, from production to final use.
Increasing battery life Energy storage is key to achieving Japan's objectives, with applications in three main areas: electric vehicles, power grid stability, and the development of smart neighbourhoods and cities. NEDO's prime focus is to increase battery life. The goal is to extend battery life span to 20 years by 2020, and at the same time lower costs, principally with lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride technologies. In conclusion, NEDO defends three fundamental ideas, that can be summed up in a few words: innovation is essential to finding a solution to climate change. This said, technology is pointless if it is not put into use, hence the importance of technology transfer and international cooperation.
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6) Ms Ellen von Zitzewitz: Deputy Head, Division of General Affairs for international cooperation, energy foreign policy, multilateral energy cooperation, energy cooperation with industrial countries (IIA1), Federal Ministry for the Economy and Energy, Germany
Ms Ellen von Zitzewitz: BMWI – Germany
The objectives of the German energy transition Through its energy transition plan Energiewende Germany's objective is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80% to 95% from their 1990 level by 2050. In 2014 the reduction achieved was already 27%, in line with the projected trajectory. The two main pillars of this plan to reduce the carbon intensity of the German economy are renewable energy resources and energy efficiency. In 2020 35% of electricity is expected to be generated from renewable resources, compared to 20% today. In fact, Germany is ahead of schedule, so that the pace of green electricity development can slow down a bit. With respect to other renewable resources, Germany is slightly behind schedule, and corrective measures have been taken to reach a level of 18% in 2020, and 60% in 2050.
Summary view of the BMWI roadmap for the energy transition in Germany.
Germany is also slightly behind schedule with respect to its initial programme for energy efficiency. Steps have been taken to improve the situation, and stay on course to achieve a 20% increase in energy efficiency by 2020, and 50% by 2050. Germany adopted a national energy efficiency plan
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(NAPE) in September 2014. This segment of the 2020 action programme to mitigate climate change accounts for the largest chunk of CO2 emissions reductions, about 30% of the objective of 62 to 78 million tonnes in reductions. As in the other countries participating in this conference, the construction sector, transport, industry, agriculture and services, all will have to contribute to this effort. PV energy that is increasingly competitive: To date Germany is still the world leader in photovoltaic installations, with 38 GW of installed capacity. The remarkable progression of this form of energy in Germany is largely due to the country's policy of support, along with falling module and system costs. As costs have evolved, Germany has adjusted its feed-in tariffs and supporting policy measures. For a residential roof-top installation the tariff has dropped from €0.518/kWh in 2006, to €0.124/kWh in 2015. For groundmounted arrays the sale price for PV electricity in offers submitted in calls for tender can be lower than €0.09/kWh. For installations not subject to calls for tender (over 100 kWh) Germany has shifted from a guaranteed feed-in tariff (FIT) to a premium tariff system (FIP). A R&D budget emphasizing RE and energy efficiency: The Federal Ministry for the Economy and Energy devoted a little more than €800 million specifically to support for R&D in the energy sector in 2014. Renewable energy and energy efficiency receive more or less equal funding, more than €300 million for each sector. In parallel the Ministry for Research also supports fundamental research in these areas. The Ministry for Agriculture has a national action plan to support biomass. It is the Ministry for the Economy and Energy, however, that guides research and innovation in the energy sector. Applied research is the priority, in close collaboration with industrial partners. The objectives are lower costs, improved system reliability, and systems that match perceived needs.
R&D priorities in the BMWI energy transition action plan. Renewable energy resources and energy efficiency are the principal focus in funding allocated to support R&D.
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The evolving structure of the energy sector in Germany, and consequences for the power grid The advent of renewable energies has considerably altered the energy sector in Germany. Installed capacity of renewable energy production stood at 72 GW in 2012. An interesting observation is that the four major historic energy companies in Germany hold only 12% of this capacity. Farmers alone hold 11% of RE capacity, and private investors, municipalities and local associations possess 35% of installed capacity. In all 46% of RE production capacity belongs to citizens. Renewable energy has substantially modified the country's energy map, and at the same time has confirmed that this type of energy lends itself to appropriation by citizens, and has the capacity to create local jobs. It is also a challenge: from 30,000 energy producers in 2000, Germany now numbers over 1.5 million in 2015. The power grid must be able to handle the energy generated by all these producers. Achieving grid flexibility: With wind power located mainly in the northern part of the country, and solar PV production in the south, innovative grid solutions must be found. As Germany does not have significant hydropower potential, it must find ways to make the grid much more flexible, notably using smart-grid technology. This is an important area for R&D work and innovation, facing this still unanswered question: how much intermittent renewable energy can the grid handle today? Germany is focusing on four major directions to make the grid more flexible: 1/ grid extension and reinforcement; 2/ flexible production systems, reducing renewable energy input if necessary; 3/ demand management, an area that offers major opportunities for innovation; and 4/ development of the full range of storage techniques. But, unlike Japan that has placed much hope in storage, Germany grants lower priority to this area, because at present it still requires a lot of research and costly investment. Today our approach is to reduce the need for energy storage by integrating renewable energy more effectively in a more flexible power grid.
To achieve its energy transition German must build a flexible electricity system. This diagram illustrates the four domains in which Germany will take action.
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The stimulus of public R&D policy for private investment Experience in Germany shows the extent to which various political strategies have helped the wind power and PV markets take off. As soon as public authorities were able to create a market for innovative technologies, substantial private investment flowed to the marketplace. It is noteworthy that just 10% of renewable energy research in Europe is publicly funded; 90% of funds come from the private sector. If States draw up a good policy, they can trigger enormous investment in research and innovation, going much further than what governments can invest on their own. The German Ministry for the Economy and Energy has frequent discussions on this subject with other countries, in the context of international cooperation. The question is to figure out how to establish an adaptable policy that can trigger this innovation process everywhere.
7) Presentation by Mr François Moisan: Executive Director for Strategy, Research and International Affairs, ADEME
Mr François Moisan ADEME - France
A scenario for a low-carbon strategy looking ahead to 2030-2050 ADEME has drawn up a long-term scenario that elaborates its vision for France in 2030-2050, in keeping with the objectives set under national Energy Transition legislation. This scenario outlines the deployment of several different possible options, in response to the issues at stake with the energy transition in France. Areas of public investment to support research, development and innovation (RDI) have been identified for each major option. They give the priorities set for public funding directed to laboratories and companies. For 2010-2016 ADEME administers a €3 billion fund to support innovation in low-carbon technologies, under the national Investments for the Future programme. Twenty-five roadmaps have been drawn up in collaboration with industrial stakeholders, covering each of the main technological domains. These roadmaps provide the basis for calls for proposals. In the illustrations given here, the priority ranking in light of deployment objectives and expected scientific and technical advances is indicated by stars, and estimated public funding for the 2010-2014 period is shown by a colour.
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Technological priorities for buildings and construction The construction sector is a top priority in the energy transition policy now being set up in France.
Main priorities for the construction sector in France.
As in Germany, France has set quantitative objectives for building renovation. There is a large stock of old housing, and the aim is to renovate 500,000 units yearly. Industrial solutions are preferred, both for components and for implementation of these technologies designed to improve energy performance in old dwellings. The aim is to offer package solutions that can easily be fitted at inhabited sites. The household appliances industry is not a priority, given that there are few appliance manufacturers in France. Inversely, demand-side management (DSM) is strongly emphasized, with 32 million smart meters to be rolled out by 2020. The energy performance of new construction will naturally get the same attention. Technological priorities for transport ADEME has a broad range of priority goals in this sector. These include the efficiency of internal combustion engines and lighter vehicle weights, which receive top priority and significant budgets. Two other important areas of research are hybrid and electric vehicles, plus EV charging systems. Generally speaking mobility systems and services are a high priority. In this domain innovation is not only a matter of technology, but also pertains to system organization and user behaviour. Although they are ranked as a lower priority and receive less funding that the preceding segments, it is nonetheless important to instigate new practices for personal travel. Rail and maritime transport are also on the list of priorities.
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Main priorities for the transport sector in France.
Technological priorities for renewable energy ADEME anticipates that renewable energy will represent 47% of the electricity mix in France in 2030. Nuclear power will supply about 50% of electricity, as opposed to 75% today, and natural gas 5%. In France hydropower represents a significant proportion of electricity generation, and this share will continue to be substantial up to 2030 and to 2050. We will see strong growth in land-based and offshore wind power, as well as in photovoltaic electricity. Wind power alone will account for 22% of electricity in 2030, and PV 9%. Marine energy and biomass will complement these contributions. ADEME supports a large panel of technologies. Offshore wind, photovoltaic and marine energy are priority areas. All forms of marine energy are the object of special attention in France, in particular tidal energy, with three large industrial projects underway in this domain, and imminent completion of pilot tidal energy farms.
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Technological priorities for a new electricity mix in France.
These priorities are transposed into substantial budget allocations, to support and stimulate R&D and innovation in these technology chains. In parallel to funding from ADEME, research centres and laboratories, public for the most part, also contribute support to R&D and innovation in these domains. Biomass for fuel and heating uses will continue to expand up to 2030. Beyond this date, France will face a problem in terms of use of arable land. Research investment is devoted to second- and thirdgeneration biofuels, and to hydrogen fuels. Grid flexibility, a clear necessity As in many other countries, France will be confronted with the problem of grid flexibility when significant amounts of renewable energy are integrated into the electricity mix. Technologies that increase grid and system flexibility must clearly be given priority. These are for the most part the same technologies cited in earlier presentations. Among these solutions, energy storage is an important option. Like BMWI, ADEME has concluded that electrochemical storage technologies will be costly to develop, and that much research is needed to achieve satisfactory results. All technologies that can be used to manage load represent substantial industrial opportunities, and offer an effective response to the need for grid flexibility. Seventeen smart grid demonstrators are currently underway in France, for the purpose of studying load management, either by shifting consumption, or by reducing it. For the period under consideration public investment to support innovation in these areas will come to about €100 million. Adding investment from the private sector, total investment will come to about €300 million. CO2 capture, sequestration and recovery The French position is that we are still far from attaining commercial solutions for CO2 capture, sequestration and recovery. There are several reasons for this: the market price of CO2 is not high enough to justify deployment of recovery systems; environmental questions persist about storage techniques; and rejection by the public often blocks projects. Nonetheless, ADEME has provided ADEME Conference – Innovative Technologies to Mitigate Climate Change – UNESCO, 9 July 2015 – Summary Report
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significant funding to test an innovative CO2 capture solution at an experimental project site at a power plant located in Le Havre. Using CO2 as a feedstock to produce methane from hydrogen is also being studied.
8) The word from the experts:
Ellen von Zitzewitz: BMWI - Germany
“All the countries present here are going to pledge their INDCs (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions). This process involves technologies and innovation. The question is how this group of countries could also encourage other countries, which at the moment are still reluctant in this climate change discussion. These countries are developing new technologies and innovation too. But somehow they are not yet ready to link the work they are doing on technology and innovation to the climate change debate. How can we encourage more countries to use innovative technologies for the success of climate change mitigation? ”
Mr Roland Risser DOE – USA
“Bringing new technologies in a country is a challenge. You have there embedded infrastructure where many companies have business models and proprietary solutions. That’s how they make money. So when we talk for example about solutions to allow integration of building systems into the grid at a lower cost and have interoperability with any building and between buildings and grid, the answer is no. So the solution is an interoperability platform that allows both proprietary systems and non-proprietary systems to communicate and interact at a very low cost and open to everyone. Then, companies change their mind because this provides access to a market they can’t get today. They see interoperability as a market opportunity versus market barrier. An example is grid integration and Demand-Side Management.”
Mr Hiroshi Kuniyoshi NEDO – Japan
“About innovative technologies and priorities, as far as NEDO is concerned, it is very difficult to say what is important, what is very important. Because everybody involved in R&D in each sector will tend to believe that what he is doing is the most important. So in the reality we have this kind of discussion at the time of the formulation of the budget. In a sense the budget reflects the idea of the importance of the priority. But when you are considering the future in 20 or 30 years from now, honestly I think this is very difficult for NEDO where the priorities are. All of us say this is very important. That might
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be the reality. Maybe it might be a good idea to discuss this issue among the countries. It might help us to decide what the priorities are in Japan, and it can be useful for other countries as well.”
Mr François Moisan ADEME - France
“About the tension between innovation, cooperation and competition, yes there is an issue there. Where is the handover point and how best can we balance these two things? That is the question, that’s right. But I don’t think there is a defined set point between these phases where you would have on one side cooperation and on the other side competition. I think that even at the beginning stage you have competition, but nevertheless cooperation can be done. I think there is no theory to help us on how to manage this issue. Of course we have concerns about this matter. But despite that, we would like to increase cooperation in R&D and innovation as it is an efficient way to make progress. It is true we are in a competition context between companies when innovation comes to commercialization. This is a big issue and I don’t have an absolute definitive answer. I do think we are permanently experimenting through practice, case by case, how far we can go with technology development cooperation until it moves to the next step in this innovation chain. And sometimes we have good surprises!”
Ms Sylvie Lemmet Director, European and International Affairs, Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, France In charge of the solutions agenda for COP21.
“This particular issue of innovation is going to be very important. We would like to have a special session on this topic during the COP21 and other events taking place, including the Cool Earth Forum during the year. So be it on renewable or transport efficiency, or even the issue of agriculture or others, we would very much like to see how innovation is going to play a role, as well as how dissemination of currently available technologies. For these reasons I think that the particular session here is of relevance, including in the COP context, to enlighten the policy makers about the kind of technology that may be coming and when they may come. A last point: how cooperation can change something in this process, and how can we speed up the delivery of these technologies that the world needs?”
Mr Patrick Criqui Economist, Director of Research at CNRS, in charge of the pole for Economics of Sustainable Development and Energy (EDDEN), PACTE laboratory.
“My point of view is that a smart-energy system is really the future. But our intelligence on how it could be and how it could work is very low. It’s a complex problem of multi level utilization, it’s a problem of market design, of business model and consumer behavior. It seems to me that in R&D policies there should be some kind of push in trying to tackle this very difficult issue. It is a multidisciplinary and multidimensional issue. I think to some extent that this is what we lack the most.” ADEME Conference – Innovative Technologies to Mitigate Climate Change – UNESCO, 9 July 2015 – Summary Report
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Mr Xie Ji NDRC – People’s Republic of China
“Smart communities and smart-energy systems are mainly related to intelligence and energy system. But there are also some other elements like market, business model, security, etc. But the most difficult aspect is that the energy system is installed within a community, within people. Thus there is an interface between the smart energy system and the people of the community that might require a change in the behavior of people. So we need to develop a different paradigm. This is why different countries are conducting demonstration projects. We at NDRC are participating in such smart-city projects in Europe, like the one in Lyon. But the difficulty is that these projects are designed in compliance with local conditions. They are an answer to a specific situation of the community. We have to diffuse these experiments. To do so we have to standardize in order to be able to apply the feedback to other areas as well.”
9) Closing speech by the session organizer: Mr François Moisan, Executive Director for
Strategy, Research and International Affairs, ADEME I would like to thank all the speakers who gave presentations at this session for sharing their views with us on innovative technology to mitigate climate change. I also thank the members of the audience for their active participation in this most interesting and constructive discussion. From my standpoint, this was a first attempt to develop some common thinking on the priorities that different countries accord to innovation when facing climate change. In the light of the success of this session, I feel sure that we can build on this foundation in future talks. The questions raised by the speakers and the audience alike demonstrate the range of issues that need to be studied and debated in this kind of encounter. Of course, as I clearly heard, there is competition at work in the innovation process, but that does not prevent cooperation from also finding a place. I am convinced that sharing our points of view with respect to R&D and innovative priorities, the criteria for choosing those that should be supported and how, is a crucial step if we want to move more quickly to fight climate change. ADEME will therefore continue to support this approach in drawing up the agenda of solutions and the action plan for the Paris 2015 Climate Conference, with the aim of building a platform dedicated to this subject, with your commitment, if, like us, this is what you want.
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10) The main findings of this session This session has shown that facing climate change and the need to find solutions through
innovation, countries have established different priorities. Nonetheless, there are many common points in their ways of developing and supporting innovative technology to tackle these issues. A series of shared concerns emerges from the discussion among the panelists, and between the panelists and the audience, enabling us to compile a list of themes that can be addressed in further debate, as underscored by François Moisan in his concluding remarks.
Ten major themes emerge from this session: 1) Technology tranfer, and access to new technology and innovation for developing countries 2) Innovation issues, between cooperation and competition 3) Typology of priorities by country, and distinguishing features: incremental innovation and integration in existing infrastructure, vs breakthrough technologies 4) What conclusions can be drawn from feedback and experience, to accelerate the pace of cooperation and transfer of technology to other countries? 5) Public support as an accelerator and amplifier of private-sector development of innovative approaches and technology 6) The success of innovative technology is measured by their functional value: how can this transformation be encouraged and accelerated? 7) Long-term uncertainty regarding technology: can we really continue to designate priorities? 8) Economic and social innovation in adoption by the public of renewable energy technology, energy efficiency, and project financing. 9) Transforming electricity and energy systems: smart design and flexibility 10) Paradigm shift with smart cities and communities
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11) To explore these topics further, we supply these links to documents related the speakers' presentations. 12.1 China “China’s INDCs: July 17, 2015” http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Japan/1/20150717_Japan's%20INDC.pdf
“An analysis of China’s INDCs” https://gallery.mailchimp.com/d3bc64666dfd7124281abff35/files/Comments_on_China_s_INDC_01.pdf
12.2 United States “US INDCs: March 31, 2015” http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/United%20States%20of%20America/1/U.S. %20Cover%20Note%20INDC%20and%20Accompanying%20Information.pdf
“lmplementing EPA’s Clean Power Plan: a menu of options” http://www.4cleanair.org/sites/default/files/Documents/NACAA_Menu_of_Options_LR.pdf
12.3 Japan “Japan’s INDCs: July 17, 2015” http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Japan/1/20150717_Japan's%20INDC.pdf
“Frontier of Energy Conservation Technologies”: Focus 2013 N°49 / NEDO http://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100587801.pdf
“Awakening New Energies”: Focus 2014 N°53 / NEDO http://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100577502.pdf
12.4 Germany “EU’s INDCs: March 6, 2015” http://ec.europa.eu/clima/news/docs/2015030601_eu_indc_en.pdf
“Making more out of energy: National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency”: BMWI Dec., 2014 http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/nape-national-action-plan-on-energyefficiency,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf
12.5 France “Contribution de l’ADEME à l’élaboration de visions énergétiques 2030/2050”: Synthèse http://www.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/assets/documents/85536_scenarios_2030_2050_synthese_0613.pdf
“EU’s INDCs: March 6, 2015” http://ec.europa.eu/clima/news/docs/2015030601_eu_indc_en.pdf
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