Overview of Recent Trends in the Airline Industry [PDF]

ICAT. Overview of Recent Trends in the Airline Industry. Prof. R. John Hansman. With the help of the Faculty and Student

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MIT ICAT

Overview of Recent Trends in the Airline Industry

Prof. R. John Hansman With the help of the Faculty and Students of the MIT Global Industry Study Traffic Source: Sage Analysis courtesy Prof Ian Waitz

[email protected]

MIT ICAT

World Population Distribution & 2002 Air Transportation Activity

North America 37% Pax 26% Cargo

Europe 27% Pax 28% Cargo

~160 Airlines ~4100 Airports

~200 Airlines ~2400 Airports

Latin America/ Caribbean 5% Pax 3% Cargo ~50 Airlines ~580 Airports

Asia/ Pacific 26% Pax 36% Cargo

Africa 2% Pax 2% Cargo

Middle East 4% Pax 5% Cargo

~20 Airlines ~300 Airports

~20 Airlines ~230 Airports

Population Source:http://www.ciesin.org/datasets/gpw/globldem.doc.html Air Transport Source: ICAO, R. Schild/Airbus Passenger and freight traffic represent RPK and FTK share in 2002

~80 Airlines ~1800 Airports

MIT ICAT

RPK by Region

Scheduled Revenue Passenger-Kilomters by Region 1400 1200 North America

RPK (billion)

1000

Europe

800

Asia and Pacific Latin America & Caribbean

600

Middle East

400

Africa

200 0 1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

Source: ICAO, scheduled services of commercial air carriers

2000

2005

MIT ICAT

Freight Trends by Region Freight Tonne-Kilomters by Region

45 40 35 North America

FTK (billion)

30

Europe

25

Asia and Pacific

20

Latin America & Caribbean

15

Middle East Africa

10 5 0 1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

Source: ICAO, scheduled services of commercial air carriers

2000

2005

MIT ICAT

Rapid Cargo Growth since Mid 90s US Scheduled Pax Traffic vs. Cargo Traffic

500 Normalized Traffic Index (1978=100)

Pax (RPM) Freight (FTM)

400

300

200

100

0 1975

1980

Source: Form41 data, all US carriers

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

MIT ICAT

Impact of September 11 US Domestic RPMs Domestic Traffic -- RPMs (Billions)

50 45 40 35 30 25 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

20 Jan Feb Mar

Apr May Jun

Source: ATA Monthly Passenger Traffic Report

Jul

Source: ATA, US member airlines, scheduled mainline service

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

MIT ICAT

Cargo Traffic Is Immunized (US Monthly Scheduled FTMs) Scheduled Cargo Traffic -- FTMs (Billions)

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

1.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Source: ATA Monthly Passenger Traffic Report

Source: Form41, all US carriers, scheduled cargo traffic

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

MIT ICAT

US Airline Load Factors 2000-2003 Monthly Load Factor -- System (Percent)

85 80 75 70 65 60 55 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

50 Jan Feb

Mar Apr May Jun

Source: ATA Monthly Passenger Traffic Report

Jul

Source: ATA, US member airlines, scheduled mainline service

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

Annual Change in Average Domestic Fare (2000-2004)

MIT ICAT

Average Domestic Air Fare (Percent Change from Previous Year) 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

-25 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

Source: ATA Monthly Airfare Report; eight US major airlines excluding Southwest (WN)

MIT ICAT

Airline Profitability Impact of Sept 11 Quick Recovery

$/ASM

Slow Recovery

Insolvency

Security costs

CASM

RASM

9/11-9/13

Time

MIT ICAT

All Major Carriers On “Slow Recovery” Trajectory Except Southwest

$800

9/11 Attacks Net Income (Loss) in millions

$400

$0 2000Q1

2000Q3

2001Q1

2001Q3

$(400)

$(800)

$(1,200)

AA

UA

DL

NW

CO

WN

$(1,600)

Source: Airline reports

2002Q1

2002Q3

2003Q1

2003Q3

2004Q1

MIT ICAT

Operating Performance of Major Pax and Cargo Carriers

$1,600

West Coast Dock Strike

Net Income (Loss) in millions

$1,200

9/11 Attacks

$800

SARS Iraq War

$400 $0 2000Q1

2000Q3

2001Q1

$(400) $(800) $(1,200)

AA

UA

DL

NW

CO

WN

UPS

FedEx

$(1,600)

Source: companies’ annual reports

2001Q3

2002Q1

2002Q3

2003Q1

2003Q3

2004Q1

MIT ICAT America West 1.7%

Market Cap: US Majors, 6/10/04 With Jet Blue

ATA 0.3%

US Airways Alaska 0.7% 2.9%

United 0.6%

Continental 3.4%

Northwest 4.3% Delta 3.6%

Jet Blue 13.8%

American 9.4% Southwest 59.3%

Total Market Cap: $20.9 billion Source: Yahoo! Finance. Includes ATA

MIT Current Market Cap vs. RPM Share US Majors and ATA ICAT

Monthly RPM Share 05/04

25%

20%

American

United Delta 15% Northwest 10% Continental

Southwest

US Airways 5%

American West Alaska

JetBlue

ATA 0% 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Relative Market Cap 06/04

Network vs. Cost Efficiency Questions Source: Yahoo! Finance and airline traffic reports

60%

MIT ICAT

Weak Carriers Vulnerable to LCC Attack Southwest PHL Entry Service since May 9: Chicago (Midway) Las Vegas Orlando Providence

US Airways match many of Southwest's fares with its own new, less restricted "GoFares.“ Both airlines offer the lowest available fares on many competing routes.

US Airways Network Sources:http://www.southwest.com/cities/philadelphia.html, ETMS Data Analysis

$ 79 $ 99 $ 79 $ 29

one-way one-way one-way one-way

MIT ICAT

Emergence of Low-Cost Carriers Europe (60, 3 in 2004)

Canada (7, 1 in 2004) CanJet HMY Airways JetsGo Airlines Tango Airlines

Westjet Zip Canada West

USA (19, 4 in 2003/2004) AirTran Allegiant Air American West ATA Frontier Airlines Interstate Jet JetBlue Airways Midwest Express Pan American Southeast Airlines Southwest Airlines

Spirit Airlines Song Air Sun Country USA 3000 Airlines Vacation Express Ted Independence Virgin USA

Aer Arann Air 2000 Air Baltic Air Berlin Air Finland Air Luxor Lite Air Polonia Air Scotland Air Southwest Air Wales Alpi Eagles Azzurra Air

Baboo Basiq Air Bexx Air BMI Baby British European BudgetAir Corendon Deutsche BA EasyJet Evolavia Excel Airways Fairline Austria

Bra Gol U Air

Sun Express Swedline ThomsonFly V Bird Virgin Express VLM Airlines VolareWeb Windjet Vola Smart Wings Wizz Air Hop

Asia/Pacific (20, 8 in 2004) Africa (2)

South America (3)

Fare4U German Wings Germania Express Globespan Hapag Lloyd Express Hellas Jet Helvetic Airways Iceland Express Ryanair Snalskjutsen SnowFlake Airlines Sterling

1Time Kulula

Source: http://www.etn.nl/lcostair.htm, airline news

Air Arabia Air Asia Air Deccan Athena Air Services Citilink Freedom Air Lion Airways One-Two-Go Skymark Airlines Skynet Asia Airways

ValuAir Virgin Blue Air Blue Air One BackpackersXpress Jetstar Nok Air Pacific Blue SkyAsia Tiger Airways

Total 111 LCCs, 16 started/to start in 2003/2004

MIT ICAT

Macro Scale Drivers US Airline Net Profit

Cyclic Industry with Exponential Growth In Volatility Since Deregulation 6 4

Net Profit (2000 US$B)

2 0 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03

-2 -4 -6

Deregulation

-8 -10 -12

Source: ATA, Form41, US Airlines all services

NB: 2001 data includes Air Trans Stabilization Act receipts

US Airlines Net Profit Model - 2002

MIT ICAT

Best Fit of Undamped Oscillation Cycle Period = 11.3 yr

eFolding Time = 7.9 yr

40

Predictions 2003 ($14.3B) 2004 ($13.2B) 2005 ($ 7.0B)

Net Profit (2000 US$B)

30

20

10

0 78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

-10

-20 US

US Fit

-30 NB: Predictions are in constant 2000 dollars.

MIT ICAT

Net Profit and Aircraft Deliveries Hypothesize that instability driven by capacity response phase lag

World Airlines Net Profits vs. Aircraft Deliveries 15

1200

5

1000

Net Profits 800

0 600 -5

Deliveries 400

-10

-15 1970 Source: ICAO data

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

200 2005

Aircraft Deliveries (unit)

Net Profit (Current US$ Bn)

10

MIT ICAT

Simple Conceptual Model for Capacity Effects

Economy (GDP)

Latent Latent Demand Price Demand Demand Model Elasticity Social Factors

Revenue

Traffic (RPM)

+-

Target LF Load Factor

Demand

Revenue Management

Yield

Variable Cost

Capacity (ASM)

++ Operating Expense

VarCost/ASM

Capacity

Utilization Rate (%)

Potential Lift (PASM)

Delay (months)

Tactical Scheduling

Fixed Cost

Delay (yrs)

Net Orders

Net Profit

Fleet Planning Retirement

MIT ICAT

Growth Limits Constraints vs Damping

40

Net Profit (2000 US$B)

30

20

Upside: Capacity, Market

10

0 78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

-10

Downside: Financial -20

-30

94

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

MIT US Airline Performance Cycling Up ICAT Faster Than Predicted 40

Prediction 2003 ($15.3B) Actual 2003 ($3.6B)

Net Profit (2000 US$B)

30

20

10

0 78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

-10

-20 US

US Fit

-30 NB: predictions are in current dollars.

MIT ICAT

Profitability Improvement Factors



Cargo Airlines Profitable



Yields Turned the Corner



Wage Concessions



Distribution Costs



Debt Restructuring & Chapter 11



Pensions



Security Costs and Insurance?



Operating Efficiencies



Fuel

† US: $1 billion † UA: $2.56 billion † AA: $2 billion † $1 billion

† (Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC))

† $4 billion

MIT ICAT

Trends in Fuel Price

Historical: Average Jet Fuel and Crude Oil Prices 130

45 System (L)

Jan-04

Jan-03

Jan-02

0

Jan-01

40

Jan-00

5 Jan-99

50 Jan-98

10

Jan-97

60

Jan-96

15

Jan-95

70

Jan-94

20

Jan-93

80

Jan-92

25

Jan-91

90

Jan-90

30

Jan-89

100

Jan-88

35

Jan-87

110

Jan-86

Jet Fuel: Cents per Gallon

40

Crude Oil (R)

Source: ATA data; U.S. major, national, large regional passenger and cargo airlines; all services

Crude Oil: Dollars per Barrel

120

MIT ICAT • •

2004 Fuel Hedge Levels

Reduce the risk of high fuel prices by hedging future fuel contracts Many U.S. major carriers lack credit lines or cash to buy hedges

100%

90% 80%

80%

72% 57%

60%

41% 40%

34% 22%

20% 15%

20%

9% 0%

0%

0%

0% AirTran

American Continental JetBlue Northwest EasyJet Qantas Alaska American Delta Southwest Air France Lufthansa West

Source: Lehman Brothers, MSNBC news, Goldman Sachs, airline news

MIT ICAT

Growth Limits Constraints vs Damping

40

Net Profit (2000 US$B)

30

20

Upside: Capacity, Market

10

0 78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

-10

Downside: Financial -20

-30

94

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

MIT ICAT

Flight Delays Reemerging OPSNET National Delays

60000

Total Delays

50000 2004

40000

2003 30000

2002 2001

20000

2000 10000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Source: FAA OPSNET data

MIT ICAT

Total Delays at Chicago O’Hare Intl ORD: Total Delays

14000

Total Delays

12000 10000

2004

8000

2003

6000

2002 2001

4000 2000 2000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Source: FAA OPSNET data

MIT ICAT •

Runways



Weather

Airport System Capacity Limit Factors

† Capacity Variability † Convective Weather



Landside Limits † Gates † Terminals & Security † Road Access



Downstream Constraints



Controller Workload



Environmental † Community Noise † Emissions



Safety

MIT ICAT

Emergence of Secondary Airports

MSP MHT DTW

ORD

ORH

BOS PVD

MDW

OAK/ SJC

STL

SFO

PHL

BLV CVG

BUR

ISP LGA / JFK / EWR

BWI DCA

ONT SNA

LAX

PHX LGB

ATL DFW

Congested major airport

IAH

Secondary airport FLL MIA

(Traffic above 5% MAS M.S.)

Secondary airport (Traffic below 5% MAS M.S.)

Constrained secondary airport Failed secondary airport

MIT ICAT

Additional Capacity at Region Level

18

Number of usable runways (at any time and longer than 5000 ft)

16 14 12 Runways at surrounding airports (50miles)

10 8

Core airports runways

6 4 2 0 Boston region

Chicago region

New York region

Washington Miami region Los Angeles region region

San Fransisco region

MIT ICAT

Identification of Secondary Airports Case study of the Boston Metropolitan Area

PSM MHT ASH LWM BVY BED BOS Logan International Airport

50 m iles

ORH

SFZ PVD EWB

Core airport Secondary airport Surrounding airports (with runways length greater than 5000 ft)

MIT ICAT

Density of Population

Population density

MHT

BOS Logan International Airport

50 m iles

PVD

Population:

Core airport Boston Logan (BOS)

Distribution of Population around Core and Secondary Airports Thousands

MIT ICAT

Factors Influencing the Emergence of Sec. Airports

Distribution of population

300

Primary Basin

250

of Population

200 150 100

Population within 20 miles:

50

44

48

44

48

40

36

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

0

4

0

2.6 millions

Secondary airports

Thousands

Distance (in miles) from BOS airport Dis tribution of population

300 250 200 150

Secondary Basin

100

of Population

50

Manchester (MHT)

40

36

32

28

24

20

16

12

250 200 150 100

Secondary Basin

50

Dis tanc e (in miles ) f rom PV D airport

1.2 million

48

44

40

36

32

28

24

20

16

12

of Population 8

0

0

Population within 20 miles:

8

Dis tr ib ution of popu lation

300

4

Providence (PVD)

Distance (in miles) f rom M HT airport

Thousands

0.6 million

0

Population within 20 miles:

4

0

MIT ICAT

Factors Influencing the Emergence of Sec. Airports Population:

Evolution in the Secondary Airport Location Relative to Primary Basin of Population

Distance (miles) from the primary basin of population to the secondary airport

50

PVD

ISP

40 MHT 30

?

BWI

20 OAK 10

EWR

FLL

MDW IAD

0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Ye ar of Em e rge nce

MIT ICAT

Factors Influencing the Emergence of Sec. Airports Low Cost Carriers: correlated

Secondary Airport Emergence is with Low Cost Carrier entry.

Case : Boston Region

Millions

Enplanements at airports within 50 miles of BOS 16 14 BOS

Enplanements

12 10 8

Southwest entry 6 4

Southwest entry

PVD

2 MHT 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 ASH MHT

BED ORH

Data source: Historical data from FAA Terminal Area Forecasts

BOS PSM

BVY PVD

EWB SFZ

LWM

MIT ICAT •

FAA Air Traffic Responses

Air Traffic Organization Stood Up † Russ Chew COO † Performance Based Organization † In Transition



Schedule Reductions at ORD † “Voluntary” reduction* ‹ United and American to reduce flights by 5 percent between March and October 2004 ‹ United cancelled 50 daily flights, American cancelled 27 † Collaborative Decision Making ‹ Pilot Case



“Express Lanes” from Congested Core Systems † Delay “peripheral” airports

Source: Subcommittee on Aviation; Hearing on Avoiding Summer Delays And A Review Of The FAA’s Air Traffic Organization; May 13, 2004; http://www.house.gov/transportation/aviation/05-13-04/05-13-04memo.html

New York Center Airspace

MIT ICAT

With Primary EWR Departure Fixes/Jet-routes

MSP, SEA PDX, SLC SFO

YMQ BVT J95

ELM, MKE ORD

ZBW ZNY

J3 6

GAYEL ZOB ZNY

PIT, CLE IND, MCI DEN, PHX LAS, LAX HNL

J6 0

J64

J8 0

ZNY ZDC

8 J4

LGA JKF

WHITE

J20

5

9

J6

J7

IAD, BNA DFW, SAN MEX

COATE TEB ELIOT PARKE LANNA BIGGY EWR

GREKI MERIT

BOS Europe

RIC, ORF, CHS, MCO, PBI, MIA ATL, MSY, IAH BWI, DCA, GSO, CLT, TPA Central and South America Based on Lincoln Laboratory ITWS Map

220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80

Trends in Aircraft Size Domestic

International

Total

19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03

Average seats per departure

MIT ICAT

Data source: Form 41 Traffic data from Bureau of Transportation Statistics (includes Regional Jets and Turboprops)

MIT ICAT

World Jet Fleet Summary (as of May 14, 2003) Total 17,995 Jet Aircraft

2500 Boeing

Airbus

BAe

Embraer

Bombardier

Dornier

Fokker

2558

Other

1918

2000

1500 1222 1129

1108 1019

966

1000

863

856

764

716 528

491

429

500

228

182

489 390 264

198

186

258

208

104 103

71

94 2

161 191

100 64

81 43

11

0

Source: Airclaims, published by ATW, July 2003

Other

Fokker 70

328JET

BAe 146

Avro RJ-85/100

Avro RJ-70

ERJ-145

ERJ-140

ERJ-135

CRJ900

CRJ700

CRJ200

A340

A330

A310

A300

A321

A320

A319

MD-11

DC-10

777

747

767

757

737NG

717

MD-90

MD-80

DC-9

DC-8

737 (CFMI)

737 (JT8D)

727

707

0

Others include L-1011, Fokker 100, Russia/Ukraine a/c

MIT ICAT

U.S. Regional Jet Growth

1400 1200 1000

CRJ900 CRJ700 CRJ200 CRJ100 EMB135 EMB145 BAE145

800 600 400 200

Source: FAA registration data from 1995 until the present

2003Q4

2003Q2

2002Q4

2002Q2

2001Q4

2001Q2

2000Q4

2000Q2

1999Q4

1999Q2

1998Q4

1998Q2

1997Q4

1997Q2

1996Q4

1996Q1

1995Q3

1995Q1

0

MIT ICAT

Most Common Regional Jets

ERJ 145 (50 seats)

CRJ 200 (50 seats)

About 400 aircraft in national fleet About 2000 daily flights in January 2003 About 400 aircraft in national fleet About 1500 daily flights in January 2003

‘98 ‘99 ‘00 Ap r Ju l O ct Ja n Ap r Ja n

Ja n Ap r Ju l O ct Ja n Ap r Ju l O ct Ja n Ap r Ju l O ct Ja n

MIT ICAT

Regional Jet Density Growth

‘01 ‘02 ‘03

MIT ICAT

Significant Regional Jet Growth at Hub Airports

100%

80%

60%

Non-Hub, Non-Hub Hub, Non-Hub Hub, Hub

40%

20%

0% 1998



1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

About 90% of regional jet flights depart from or arrive at a hub airport

MIT ICAT

Form 41 Averages by Aircraft Type

Average Trip Length

Pilot Cost/Block Hour

Total Aircraft Operating Cost/ASM

Total Aircraft Operating Cost/Trip

B737

663

430

0.05

4505

B757

1236

547

0.05

10326

A320

1094

411

0.04

6836

A319

931

460

0.05

5359

CRJ200

459

287

0.13

2838

CRJ700

542

215

0.06

2214

EMB135

351

181

0.10

1341

EMB145

354

169

0.09

1572

EMB140

386

187

0.08

1412

Aircraft Type

MIT ICAT

Total Operating Cost per ASM when Pilot Cost/Block Hour is Normalized to $450

0.12 0.1

Base Line

0.08 0.06 0.04

Pilot Cost/Block Hour = 450

0.02 0

B7 37 B7 57 A3 20 A3 CR 19 J2 CR 00 J EM 7 00 B1 EM 3 5 B1 EM 4 5 B1 40

Cost/ASM

($)

0.16 0.14

MIT ICAT

Total Operating Cost per Trip when Pilot Cost/Block Hour is Normalized to $450

($)

12000

Base Line

8000 6000

Pilot Cost/Block Hour = 450

4000 2000 EMB140

EMB145

EMB135

CRJ700

CRJ200

A319

A320

B757

0 B737

Cost/Trip

10000

MIT ICAT

RJ-NB Boundary Blurred

Regional Jets

2400

New Aircraft

2200

B735/6

Range (nm)

ERJ170

Narrow-body B737

ERJ190

2000

MD-90

1800

CRJ700

CRJ900 A319

CRJ200 1600

ERJ145

A318

1400

B717

1200

MD-80

DC-9

1000 20

40

60

80

100

120

A/C Seats Source: based on manufactures’ a/c specifications. Full pax range of standard version

140

160

MIT ICAT •

March Deliveries † Lot † Alitalia † US Airways



Orders † US Airways ‹ 85

EMB 170

MIT ICAT •

First Flight † 3/12/04



Orders † Jet Blue ‹ 100 † Air Canada ‹ 45

EMB 190

MIT ICAT

A-380 •

A380 Baseline † Shrink † Stretch † ER Variants



555 passengers (3 class)



14,800km/8,000nm range



Payload: 330,000lbs over 10,400km/5,600nm



Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engines or GP7200 engines

•http://www.airbus.com/

MIT ICAT

Boeing 7E7

•200 pax, 7800 nm range •50 firm orders by All Nippon Airways (ANA) •http://www.boeing.com/commercial/7e7/k62790.html

MIT ICAT

Small Turbofan Passenger Aircraft

Eclipse Jet

Cessna Mustang

2100 orders

330+ orders

Adam 700 75 orders

HondaJet

MIT ICAT

Security?

MIT ICAT

Passenger Delays Variable Airport as an Adaptive System

Add’l Pax Screen

Gate Boarding

Security Check

Passengers

Check-In Ckd Bag Screen

Bags/Cargo Ground Transport

Gates

Bag Claim Security Point

Airside

Drop-off Parking

Landside

Pick-up Parking

MIT ICAT

Declining Airport Screener Workforce Workforce of Federal Screeners

60000 56,000

55,600

55000 50000

48,300 45,300

43,800

Jan-04

May-04

45000

Congressional Cap

40000 35000 30000 Dec-02

• •

May-03

Sep-03

Deployed at 451 commercial airports Allocation revised to cover busier airports this summer

Source: Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure – Aviation, Hearing on Aviation Security: Progress And Problems In Passenger And Baggage Screening, Feb 12 2004; http://www.house.gov/transportation/aviation/02-12-04/02-12-04memo.html TSA press releases; Washingtonpost (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34892-2004May17.html)

MIT ICAT •

Immigration

US-VISIT System † Photo, Fingerprinting, Biometrics † Countries in the Visa Waiver Program: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom



Parity Programs † Brazil, China

MIT ICAT

Source: Boeing Statistical Abstract

Safety Trend

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